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Objectives: In this study, we aimed to evaluate microvascular changes using nailfold capillaroscopy in patients who underwent digit replantation and revascularization., Patients and Methods: A total of 46 patients (34 males, 12 females; mean age: 45.8±17.6 years; range, 18 to 75 years) who underwent replantation or revascularization procedures between February 2012 and May 2023 were retrospectively analyzed. Nailfold capillaroscopy images were assessed for various parameters including capillary count, diameter, dilatation, presence of giant capillaries, capillary disarrangement, microhemorrhages, neoangiogenesis, subpapillary plexus appearance, crossing capillaries, tortuosity, and microaneurysm. We investigated the association between microvascular alterations and clinical outcomes., Results: Of 46 patients, 25 patients underwent replantation and 21 patients underwent revascularization. Significant microvascular changes, including subpapillary venous plexus, microvascular enlargement, microhemorrhages, neoangiogenesis, and tortuosity were observed in replantation patients (p=0.000 b , p=0.020, p=0.021 b , p=0.001, and p=0.004, respectively). However, these changes were not significant in revascularization patients. Revascularization patients exhibited an increase in capillary diameter and disarrangement (p=0.019 and p=0.016 b , respectively). A significant negative correlation existed between digital nerve repairs and microvascular enlargement in replantation patients. Hyperesthesia was significantly correlated with neoangiogenesis and capillary disarrangement, while a statistically significant positive relationship was found between subpapillary venous plexus and patient satisfaction in replantation patients., Conclusion: Our study showed that replantation patients who underwent two nerve repairs exhibited a well-regulated microvascular tone. However, we did not observe a statistically significant relationship between the number of nerve repairs and cold intolerance. Based on these findings, we highlight the potential of nailfold capillaroscopy in detecting microvascular changes following replantation and revascularization, which may contribute to a better understanding of the etiology of neurovascular complications.

Peptide-based nanomaterials can be easily functionalized due to their functional groups, as well as being biocompatible, stable under physiological conditions, and nontoxic. Here, diphenylalanineamide-based nanomaterials (FFANMs) were synthesized, decorated with Ca 2+ ions to set the surface charge, and characterized for possible use in gene delivery and drug release studies. FFANMs were characterized by SEM, TEM, dynamic light scattering (DLS), and LC-MS/MS. Corona formation and biocompatible studies were also carried out. Some of the data obtained are as follows: FFANMs have a diameter of approximately 87.93 nm. While the zeta potentials of FFANMs and Ca 2+ @FFANMs were -20.1 mV and +9.3 mV, respectively, after corona formation with HSA and IgG proteins, they were shifted to -7.6 mV and -3.7 mV, respectively. For gene delivery studies, zeta potentials of Ca 2+ @FFANMs and DNA interactions were also studied and found to shift to -9.7 mV. Cytotoxicity and biocompatibility studies of NMs were also studied on HeLa and HT29 cell lines, and decreases of about 5% and 10% in viability at the end of 24 h and 72 h incubation times were found. We think that the results obtained from this study will assist the groups working in the relevant field.

Breast cancer is most common cancer among women in the World. Thymoquinone (TQ) exhibits a wide range of biological activities such as anticancer, antidiabetic, antimicrobial, analgesic, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory effects. However, its effectiveness in cancer treatment is hindered by its poor bioavailability, attributed to its limited solubility in water. Hence, novel strategies are required to enhance the bioavailability of TQ, which possesses remarkable anticancer characteristics. The aim of this study is to prepare pHEMA-based magnetic nanoparticles carrying TQ (TQ-MNPs) to improve bioavailability, and therapeutic efficacy against breast cancer. For this purpose, TQ-MNPs were synthesized and characterized with Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometer (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), dynamic light scattering (DLS), magnetic field using a vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). The loading capabilities of synthesized magentic nanostructures were evaluated, and release investigations were conducted under experimental conditions that mimic the cellular environment. The findings of the studies indicated that the TQ carrying capacity of MNPs was deemed satisfactory, and the release efficiency was adequate. MNPs and TQ-MNPs showed biocompatibility against HDFa cells. TQ-MNPs showed stronger anti-proliferative activity against MCF-7 breast cancer cells compared to free TQ (p < 0.05). TQ-MNPs induced apoptosis in MCF-7 breast cancer cells., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing interest On behalf of all authors, the corresponding authors state that there is no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Nanopolymers represent a significant group of delivery vehicles for hydrophobic drugs. In particular, dual stimuli-responsive smart polymer nanomaterials might be extremely useful for drug delivery and release. We analyzed the possibility to include the known antitumor drug doxorubicin (DOX), which has antimitotic and antiproliferative effects, in a nanopolymer complex. Thus, doxorubicin-loaded temperature- and pH-sensitive smart nanopolymers (DOX-SNPs) were produced. Characterizations of the synthesized nanostructures were carried out including zeta potential measurements, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. The loading capacity of the nanopolymers for DOX was investigated, and encapsulation and release studies were carried out. In a final step, the cytotoxicity of the DOX-nanopolymer complexes against the HeLa cancer cell line at different concentrations and incubation times was studied. The DOX release depended on temperature and pH value of the release medium, with the highest release at pH 6.0 and 41 °C. This effect was similar to that observed for the commercial liposomal formulation of doxorubicin Doxil. The obtained results demonstrated that smart nanopolymers can be efficiently used to create new types of doxorubicin-based drugs., Competing Interests: The corresponding authors state that there is no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2024, Acet et al.)

Nanoparticles (NPs) are extremely important tools to overcome the limitations imposed by therapeutic agents and effectively overcome biological barriers. Smart designed/tuned nanostructures can be extremely effective for cancer treatment. The selection and design of nanostructures and the adjustment of size and surface properties are extremely important, especially for some precision treatments and drug delivery (DD). By designing specific methods, an important era can be opened in the biomedical field for personalized and precise treatment. Here, we focus on advances in the selection and design of nanostructures, as well as on how the structure and shape, size, charge, and surface properties of nanostructures in biological fluids (BFs) can be affected. We discussed the applications of specialized nanostructures in the therapy of head and neck cancer (HNC), which is a difficult and aggressive type of cancer to treat, to give an impetus for novel treatment approaches in this field. We also comprehensively touched on the shortcomings, current trends, and future perspectives when using nanostructures in the treatment of cancer., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Understanding both the physicochemical and biological interactions of nanoparticles is mandatory for the biomedical application of nanomaterials. By binding proteins, nanoparticles acquire new surface identities in biological fluids, the protein corona. Various studies have revealed the dynamic structure and nano-bio interactions of the protein corona. The binding of proteins not only imparts new surface identities to nanoparticles in biological fluids but also significantly influences their bioactivity, stability, and targeting specificity. Interestingly, recent endeavors have been undertaken to harness the potential of the protein corona instead of evading its presence. Exploitation of this 'protein-nanoparticle alliance' has significant potential to change the field of nanomedicine. Here, we present a thorough examination of the latest research on protein corona, encompassing its formation, dynamics, recent developments, and diverse bioapplications. Furthermore, we also aim to explore the interactions at the nano-bio interface, paving the way for innovative strategies to advance the application potential of the protein corona. By addressing challenges and promises in controlling protein corona formation, this review provides insights into the evolving landscape of the 'protein-nanoparticle alliance' and highlights emerging.

Wild boar-inflicted nerve injuries have been very rarely reported in the literature. A 62-year-old man was attacked by a wild boar in eastern Turkey and brought to the emergency department. He had 5 lacerations on the lower extremities and 2 on the posterior thoracic region. In addition to soft tissue lacerations, he sustained a complete laceration of the left common peroneal nerve with a foot drop. The common peroneal nerve was repaired primarily the day after the attack. The patient was discharged after a short hospital stay without any immediate complications; however, at the 10-mo follow-up, he still had a left foot drop.

In this study, a L-asparagine (L-Asn) imprinted membranes (L-Asn-MIPs) were synthesized via molecular imprinting for selective and efficient removal of L-Asn. The L-Asn-MIP membrane was prepared by using acrylamide (AAm) and hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) as a functional monomer and a comonomer, respectively. The membrane was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier Transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The L-Asn adsorption capacity of the membrane was investigated in detail. The maximum L-Asn adsorption capacity was determined as 408.2 mg/g at pH: 7.2, 24 °C. Determination of L-Asn binding behaviors of L-Asn-MIPs also shown with Scatchard analyses. The effect of pH on L-Asn adsorption onto the membrane and also the selectivity and reusability of the L-Asn-MIPs for L-Asn adsorption were determined through L-asparaginase (L-ASNase) enzyme activity measurements. The selectivity of the membrane was investigated by using two different ternary mixtures; L-glycine (L-Gly)/L-histidine (L-His)/L-Asn and L-tyrosin (L-Tyr)/L-cystein(L-Cys)/L-Asn. The obtained results showed that the L-Asn-MIP membranes have a high selectivity towards L-Asn., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Short peptides are important in the design of self-assembled materials due to their versatility and flexibility. Self-assembled dipeptides, a group of peptide nanostructures, have highly attractive uses in the field of biomedicine. Recently these materials have proved to be important nanostructures because of their biocompatibility, low-cost and simplicity of synthesis, functionality/easy tunability and nano dimensions. Although there are different studies on peptide and protein-based nanostructures, more information about self-assembled nanostructures for dipeptides is still required to discover the advantages, challenges, importance, synthesis, interactions, and applications. This review describes and discusses the self-assembled dipeptide nanostructures especially for biomedical applications., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Microbial adhesion and formation of biofilms cause a serious problem in several areas including but not limited to food spoilage, industrial corrosion and nosocomial infections. These microbial biofilms pose a serious threat to human health since microbial communities in the biofilm matrix are protected with exopolymeric substances and difficult to eradicate with antibiotics. Hence, the prevention of microbial adhesion followed by biofilm formation is one of the promising strategies to prevent these consequences. The attachment of antimicrobial agents, coatings of nanomaterials and synthesis of hybrid materials are widely used approach to develop surfaces having potential to hinder bacterial adhesion and biofilm formation. In this study, epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) is attached on p(HEMA-co-GMA) membranes to prevent the bacterial colonization. The attachment of EGCG to membranes was proved by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). The synthesized membrane showed porous structure (SEM), and desirable swelling degree, which are ideal when it comes to the application in biotechnology and biomedicine. Furthermore, EGCG attached membrane showed significant potential to prevent the microbial colonization on the surface. The obtained results suggest that EGCG attached polymer could be used as an alternative approach to prevent the microbial colonization on the biomedical surfaces, food processing equipment as well as development of microbial resistant food packaging systems., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2022 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Impairment of the arteries is a product of sustained exposure to various deleterious factors and progresses with time; a phenomenon inherent to vascular aging. Oxidative stress, inflammation, the accumulation of harmful agents in high cardiovascular risk conditions, changes to the extracellular matrix, and/or alterations of the epigenetic modification of molecules, are all vital pathophysiological processes proven to contribute to vascular aging, and also lead to changes in levels of associated circulating molecules. Many of these molecules are consequently recognized as markers of vascular impairment and accelerated vascular aging in clinical and research settings, however, for these molecules to be classified as biomarkers of vascular aging, further criteria must be met. In this paper, we conducted a scoping literature review identifying thirty of the most important, and eight less important, biomarkers of vascular aging. Herein, we overview a selection of the most important molecules connected with the above-mentioned pathological conditions and study their usefulness as circulating biomarkers of vascular aging., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2021 Gopcevic, Gkaliagkousi, Nemcsik, Acet, Bernal-Lopez, Bruno, Climie, Fountoulakis, Fraenkel, Lazaridis, Navickas, Rochfort, Šatrauskienė, Zupkauskienė and Terentes-Printzios.)

Bacteria utilize small signal molecules to monitor population densities. Bacteria arrange gene regulation in a method called Quorum Sensing (QS). The most widespread signalling molecules are N-Acyl Homoserine Lactones (AHLs/HSLs) for Gram-negative bacteria communities. QS plays significant role in the organizing of the bacterial gene that adapts to harsh environmental conditions for bacteria. It is involved in the arrangement of duties, such as biofilm formation occurrence, virulence activity of bacteria, production of antibiotics, plasmid conjugal transfer incident, pigmentation phenomenon and production of exopolysaccharide (EPS). QS obviously impacts on human health, agriculture and environment. AHL-related QS researches have been extensively studied and understood in depth for cell to cell intercommunication channel in Gram-negative bacteria. It is understood that AHL-based QS research has been extensively studied for cell-to-cell communication in Gram-negative bacteria; hence, a comprehensive study of AHLs, which are bacterial signal molecules, is required. The purpose of this review is to examine the effects of QS-mediated AHLs in many areas by looking at them from a different perspectives, such as clinic samples, food industry, aquatic life and wastewater treatment system., (© 2021. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

Stability of enzymes is a significant factor for their industrial feasibility. α-Amylase is an important enzyme for some industries, i.e., textile, food, paper, and pharmaceutics. Pumice particles (PPa) are non-toxic, natural, and low-cost alternative adsorbents with high adsorption capacity. In this study, Cu 2+ ions were attached to pumice particles (Cu 2+ -APPa). Then, Cu 2+ -APPa embedded composite cryogel was synthesized (Cu 2+ -APPaC) via polymerization of gel-forming agents at minus temperatures. Characterization studies of the Cu 2+ -APPaC cryogel column were performed by X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Brunauer, Emmett, Teller (BET) method. The experiments were carried out in a continuous column system. α-Amylase was adsorbed onto Cu 2+ -APPaC cryogel with maximum amount of 858.7 mg/g particles at pH 4.0. Effects of pH and temperature on the activity profiles of the free and the immobilized α-amylase were investigated, and results indicate that immobilization did not alter the optimum pH and temperature values. k cat value of the immobilized α-amylase is higher than that of the free α-amylase while K M value increases by immobilization. Storage and operational stabilities of the free and the immobilized α-amylase were determined for 35 days and for 20 runs, respectively., (© 2021. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.)

Selection of purification method and type of adsorbent has high significance for separation of a biomolecule like deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). Nanoflowers are a newly improved class of adsorbent. Due to showing very structural similarity to plant flowers, they are named as nanoflowers. Herein, after synthesize of copper phosphate three hydrate nanoflowers [(Cu 3 (PO 4 ) 2 .3H 2 O), CP-NFs], Fe 3+ ions were attached to their surfaces. Obtained Fe 3+ -CP-NFs, before investigation of some adsorption parameters for DNA, they were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Some attained data from the results of adsorption experiments as follows: While maximum DNA adsorption on Fe 3+ -CP-NFs was found as an excellent value of 845.8 mg/g, nanoflowers without Fe 3+ ions adsorbed DNA as only 25.3 mg/g. Optimum media conditions for DNA adsorption were observed at pH 7 and 25 °C with an initial concentration of 1.5 mg/mL DNA. Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption equations were applied to determine which adsorption model was appropriate, and it was seen that Langmuir model was fit with a R 2 of 0.9885., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest On behalf of all authors, the corresponding author states that there is no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Preparation of new sorbents specific to DNA has a great significance in many biomedical fields. This study reports a new sorbent with high surface area and porosity to immobilize nucleic acids having both high molecular weight like genomic DNA (gDNA) for potential use in therapy of some immune system disease and low molecular weight like plasmid DNA (pDNA) for diagnosis, gene therapy and DNA vaccination. For this aim, silica-based pore-expanded SBA-15 nanoparticles with aminopropyl-trimethoxysilane (APTMS) for decoration of Fe +3 ions (PE SBA-15-APTMS/Fe +3 ) were synthesized to get high surface area for high adsorption, and embedded into cryogel column for obtaining interconnected pores to avoid diffusion limitation of DNA samples because of their viscosity features. SEM, XRD, BET, and FTIR techniques were used for characterization of samples. Synthesized hybrid column showed a superior adsorption capacity of 751.5 mg/g NP for gDNA at pH 6 with an initial concentration of 2.0 mg/mL. Hybrid column presented excellent performance for pDNA when evaluated with agarose gel electrophoresis., (Copyright © 2019. Published by Elsevier B.V.)

Monitoring of groundwater is fundamentally important due to it has emerged as a major source of drinking water and also used for irrigation purposes in many places in the world. Arsenic contamination in surface water and groundwater resources is a major concern due to its presence at high concentration and associated adverse health effects. Thus, the remediation of As in water resources, alongside other chemical species including fluoride, lithium, vanadium aluminium and nitrate is necessary. We have designed a hybrid [polyethyleneimine (PEI)-supported Fe 3+ -attached poly-(HEMA-co-GMA)] column for the reduction of arsenic (III and V) and other groundwater chemicals from natural groundwater as a potential contribution to water resource management. Swelling behaviour and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were performed for the characterization of hybrid material. For the optimization of experimental conditions, the effects of pH and initial arsenic concentrations on adsorption were studied using arsenic solutions. Maximum adsorption capacity in equilibrium was 11.44 and 5.79 mg/g polymer for As(III) and As(V), respectively at pH 7. The reduction of metalloids and other subsurface chemicals were carried out with natural groundwater samples obtained from local sources. The mean concentrations of arsenic were recorded between 44.96 and 219.04 μg/L and of which 71.3-95.4 % (0.32-1.22 mg/g) were removed. The average removals were determined as F -1 50-86%, Li + 43.2-99.7%, Al +3 83.8-91.4%, NO 3 - 48.4-72.2% and V 91.3-95.7. Chemical-loaded hybrid columns were regenerated successfully 15 times with only a loss of 5% in adsorption capacity by 0.01 M NaCl - treatment for potential adaptation into water industry. No pre-oxidation of As species was performed for the treatment of ground water samples prior to the hybrid column testing.

Nanoflowers - new nanostructures - have aroused the interest of scientists due to the topographic features of nanolayers, the special location of which allows a higher surface-to-volume ratio compared to classic spherical nanoparticles, which significantly increases the efficiency of surface reactions for nanoflowers. The main purpose of these types of nanomaterials is their use as enzyme stabilizers. To facilitate the functioning of enzymes under different conditions, organic-inorganic hybrid nanomaterials have been developed, the name of which indicates that all components of inorganic nanoparticles are associated with organic materials. These nanoparticles have many promising applications in catalysis, as biosensors, and for drug delivery. Organic-inorganic hybrid nanoflowers have led to the development of a new branch of chemistry - the chemistry of hybrid nanomaterials - in which research is rapidly developing. Thus, studying organic-inorganic hybrid nanocrystals can lead to creative new solutions in the field of chemistry of enzyme systems and the rapid development of bionanomaterials and new biotechnology industries. Present review focuses on wide biomedical applications of nanoflowers including biocatalysis, detection of substances, electrochemical biosensors based on nanoflowers, photosensitizers, drug and gene carriers and detection of various diseases, photothermal and other treatments. It will be interesting for wide range of scientists focusing in topic of new kinds of nanoparticles., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

We synthesized Ni 2+ -attached O-Carboxymethyl chitosan Schiff base complexes embedded composite cryogels (Ni 2+ -O-CMCS-CCs) by means of polymerization of gel-forming precursors at subzero temperatures. Prepared affinity cryogel showed excellent adsorption performance for lysozyme selected as model protein to test adsorption parameters, demonstrating an adsorption capacity of 244.6 mg/g (15.3 mg/g for Ni 2+ minus O-CMCS-CCs), with fast adsorption equilibrium within 30 min and good reversibility. The performance of Ni 2+ -O-CMCS-CCs for lysozyme was also evaluated by SDS-PAGE, and a purification efficiency of 86.9% with 89.5% purification yield was determined. The swelling test, FT-IR, and SEM analysis were carried out for the characterization of Ni 2+ -O-CMCS-CCs. At the end of 35 adsorption-desorption cycles, there was no significant change in the adsorption capacity., (Copyright © 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Molecularly imprinted polymers which have been extensively investigated as selective adsorbents were constructed using a template molecule during the polymerization to gain template-specific cavities. In this study, we prepared cholesterol imprinted poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate-methacryloyamidotryptophan) (PHEMA-MTrp) particles embedded composite membranes. These membranes were characterized through elemental analysis, FTIR, SEM, swelling tests, and surface area measurements. Adsorption experiments were performed in a batch experimental set-up, and the adsorption medium was either a methanol or intestinal-mimicking solution. Stigmasterol and estradiol were used as competing molecules in selectivity tests. Some results are as follows: the specific surface areas of MIP particle-embedded membranes, NIP particle-embedded membranes, and membranes without particles were 36.5, 29.2 and 13.7 m 2 /g, respectively. The imprinted membranes were 1.96 and 2.13 times more selective for cholesterol when compared to stigmasterol and estradiol used as competitor agents, respectively. Cholesterol adsorption capacity increased up to 23.43 mg/g with increasing cholesterol concentration of 2 mg/mL. The MIP particle-embedded composite membranes showed a negligible loss in cholesterol adsorption capacity after ten consecutive adsorption cycles using the same adsorbent., (Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

In order to investigate the biocatalytic properties of α-amylase on a composite cryogel matrix with immobilized metal affinity chromatography, Cu +2 -attached poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (Cu +2 -PHEMA) beads, (2 µm size) were synthesized, then composite cryogel column was prepared by composing beads and PHEMA cryogels. After the preparation of Cu +2 -PHEMA beads embedded cryogel column (Cu +2 -BEC), some experiments were tested. Accordingly, the highest adsorption capacity (676.8 mg/g particles) of cryogels was achieved at acetate buffer of pH 5.0 with initial α-amylase concentration of 4 mg/mL. Immobilized enzyme has more stable pH range, between 6 and 7.5 than, the free one. Immobilization also increased the optimal activity from 25 to temperature range of 25-35 °C. V max and K m of α-amylase were detected as 1.149 U/mg protein, and 11.6 × 10 -1 mM, respectively. α-Amylase was utilized 35 times repeatedly without losing the productivity.

In this study, a supermacroporous poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (PHEMA)-based Cu 2+ -attached bentonite particles embedded hybrid monolithic cryogel (Cu 2+ -ABPs EHMC) was prepared by radical cryo-copolymerization of HEMA with N,N'-methylene-bis-acrylamide (MBAAm) as a cross-linker directly in a plastic syringe in the presence of Cu 2+ -ABPs, and used for hemoglobin (Hb) separation from aqueous solution. Due to the naturally abundant hydroxyl groups on bentonite, Cu 2 -attached bentonite particles (Cu 2+ -ABPs) embedded hybrid monolithic cryogel (HMC) showed a good adsorption performance for Hb, covering an excellent adsorption capacity of 521.6mg/g bentonite in phosphate buffer at pH6.0 with a flow rate of 0.5mL/min, fast binding stability within 60min, well selectivity and reversibility. Compared with other adsorbent systems used for protein separation, this sorbent has many advantages such as excellent adsorption performance, ease of preparation, suitable, effective and environment-friendly to perform, which can serve as a more sustainable material in protein separation and purification., (Copyright © 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)