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Copyright of Nefrologia is the property of Revista Nefrologia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Introduction: Hyperuricemia has been proposed as an independent factor in the development and progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD). However, the effect of uric acid-lowering therapies on delaying CKD progression is still uncertain. Therefore, this systemic review aims to assess the effect of uric acid-lowering therapies on renal outcomes in pre-dialysis CKD patients. Methods: PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Lilacs databases were searched until April 24, 2021, for randomized clinical trials of CKD patients on uric acid-lowering treatment with xanthine-oxidase (XO) inhibitors. The weighted mean difference (WMD) or standard mean difference (SMD) with confidence interval (CI) were pooled using a random-effects model. Results: Among 567 studies found, eighteen met the inclusion criteria (n = 2463 participants). Compared to the patient's control group, the WMD for the glomerular filtration ratio (GFR) and serum creatinine changes of the treated group was 2.02 ml/min/1.73 m2 (95%CI 0.41 to 3.63, P = 0.014) and −0.19 mg/dl (95%CI −0.34 to −0.04, I2 = 86.2%, P = 0.011), respectively. Subgroup analyses showed that the difference in follow-up time and CKD population type in the studies may explain the controversy about the role of uric acid-lowering therapies in CKD progression. The GFR and creatinine outcomes analysis by types of XO inhibitors showed no difference between the control and treated groups. Uric acid-lowering therapies were strongly associated with decreased serum uric acid and urinary protein–creatinine ratio and urinary albumin–creatinine ratio. Conclusions: These findings suggest that uric acid-lowering treatment may slow CKD progress and reduce protein and albumin excretion. However, larger and properly powered randomized clinical trials with specific CKD populations are needed to confirm these findings. Resumen: Antecedentes: La hiperuricemia se ha propuesto como un factor independiente en el desarrollo y la progresión de la enfermedad renal crónica (ERC). Sin embargo, el efecto de las terapias para reducir el ácido úrico en el retraso de la progresión de la ERC aún es incierto. Por lo tanto, esta revisión sistémica tiene como objetivo evaluar el efecto de los tratamientos para reducir el ácido úrico sobre los resultados renales en pacientes con ERC antes de la diálisis. Métodos: Se realizaron búsquedas en las bases de datos de PubMed, Cochrane Library y Lilacs hasta el 24 de abril de 2021 en busca de ensayos clínicos aleatorizados de pacientes con ERC en tratamiento para reducir el ácido úrico con inhibidores de la xantina-oxidasa (XO). La diferencia de medias ponderada (DMP) o la diferencia de medias estándar (DME) con el intervalo de confianza (IC) se agruparon mediante un modelo de efectos aleatorizados. Resultados: Entre los 567 estudios encontrados, 18 cumplieron los criterios de inclusión (n = 2.463 participantes). En comparación con los pacientes del grupo control, la DMP para la tasa de filtración glomerular (TFG) y los cambios en la creatinina sérica del grupo tratado fueron de 2,02 ml/min/1,73 m2 (IC del 95%: 0,41 a 3,63, P = 0,014) y −0,19 mg/dl (IC del 95%: −0,34 a −0,04, I2 = 86,2%, P = 0,011), respectivamente. Los análisis de subgrupos mostraron que la diferencia en el tiempo de seguimiento y el tipo de población con ERC en los estudios puede explicar la controversia sobre el papel de las terapias para reducir el ácido úrico en la progresión de la ERC. El análisis de resultados de TFG y de creatinina por tipos de inhibidores de la XO no mostró diferencias entre el grupo control y el grupo tratado. Las terapias para reducir el ácido úrico se asociaron fuertemente con una disminución del ácido úrico sérico y de la relación proteína-creatinina urinaria y la relación albúmina-creatinina urinaria. Conclusión: Estos hallazgos sugieren que el tratamiento para reducir el ácido úrico puede retrasar el progreso de la ERC y reducir la excreción de proteínas y de albúmina. Sin embargo, se necesitan ensayos clínicos aleatorizados más grandes y con el poder estadístico adecuado con una población específica con ERC para confirmar estos hallazgos.

Copyright of Revista Española de Cardiología (18855857) is the property of Elsevier B.V. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Preeclampsia is a hypertensive complication of pregnancy, which is associated with high levels of maternal and fetal morbidity. About 5 to 8% of pregnancies are affected by this gestational disorder. Renal, cardiac, pulmonary, hepatic, neurologic dysfunction; hematologic disorders; fetal growth restriction; stillbirth; and maternal death are the serious complications that can occur in preeclampsia. Hyperuricemia is a biomarker that shows the progression of gestational hypertension and the risk of fetal and maternal complications as it induces the release of proinflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-a, IL-1ß and IL6. According to different investigations, authors indicate that high uric acid levels were notable in the second trimester in women who developed preeclampsia. Investigators estimate concentrations reported to be 6.08 ± 0.49 mg/dL versus 5.20 ± 0.19 mg/dL, and emphasize that at least 25.9% of hyperuricemic preeclamptic women (>6 mg/dL) were referred to the special care unit. The present study aims to collect current information with the purpose of clarifying the role of uric acid as a predictive biomarker in preeclampsia, in order to determine its diagnostic value in this gestational complication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: obesity in the pediatric population is a public health problem. The correlation of uric acid and carotid intima media thickness in adults has been demonstrated. Objective: to identify the correlation of uric acid and carotid intima media thickness in adolescents with obesity. Material and methods: an observational, cross-sectional study was carried out. Patients aged ten to 16 years with a diagnosis of obesity were included. Uric acid, lipid profile and carotid intima media thickness were determined. In relation to the statistical analysis, carotid intima media thickness was correlated with uric acid levels through Spearman’s correlation coefficient. Results: one hundred and sixty-nine adolescents were included with a median age of 13 years, without predominance of sex. A positive correlation of uric acid with carotid intima media thickness was identified (r = 0.242, p = 0.001). When stratified according to sex, there was no correlation in women (r = -0.187, p = 0.074), while in men it increased (r = 0.36, p = 0.001) and by pubertal stage, pubertal male adolescents had a positive correlation (p = 0.384, p = 0.002). Conclusion: a weak positive correlation was identified between carotid intimal thickness and uric acid in obese adolescents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Nefrologia is the property of Revista Nefrologia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Resumo Fundamento A hipertensão causa inflamação subendotelial e disfunção na aterosclerose resultante. A espessura média-intimal da carótida (EMIC) é um marcador útil de disfunção endotelial e aterosclerose. A razão ácido úrico/albumina (RUA) emergiu como um novo marcador para prever eventos cardiovasculares. Objetivo Nosso objetivo foi investigar a associação da RUA com a EIMC em pacientes hipertensos. Método Duzentos e dezesseis pacientes hipertensos consecutivos foram incluídos neste estudo prospectivo. Todos os pacientes foram submetidos a ultrassonografia de carótida para classificar baixos (EMIC < 0,9 mm) e altos (EMIC≥0,9 mm) grupos de EMIC. A capacidade preditiva da RUA para EMIC alta foi comparada com o índice de inflamação imune sistêmica (IIS), razão neutrófilo/linfócito (RNL), razão plaqueta/linfócito (RPL) e razão proteína C reativa/albumina (RCA). Um valor de p bilateral

Introduction: High uric acid levels are commonly encountered in kidney transplant recipients, and can be associated with allograft dysfunction. Our study aims to examine the relationship between UA levels and graft function in patients discontinuing steroids. Methods: In this single-center-retrospective study, 56 patients discontinued steroid therapy from among 678 RT patients transplanted from living donors between 1999-2020 were included. The mean age of the study group was 45.8±8.8 years. Causes of steroid discontinuation, creatinine levels concurrent with uric acid levels before and after steroid discontinuation (mean 3.9 ± 2.1 years), acute rejection numbers, demographics, durations of dialysis and transplantation, medications, laboratory data, human leukocyte antigen (HLA) mismatch numbers, blood-pressure (BP), body mass index, delayed acute rejection (DAR) numbers (3 months post-transplantation) were all recorded. Results: Creatinine and uric acid levels were seen to have increased after steroid discontinuation, there was a significant relationship between them (p<0.001). Statistically significant correlation was found between increased creatinine levels after steroid discontinuation and graft survival with higher HLA mismatch; 39 (69.6%) patients with mismatch =2, and 17 patients with mismatch <2 (30.4%) (p=0.049). No significant relationship was found between DAR numbers before and after steroid discontinuation, and creatinine levels after steroid discontinuation. Conclusion: Per model obtained as a result of multivariate linear analysis, hyperuricemia and HLA mismatch numbers (p= 0.048 and p= 0.044, respectively) are independent predictive factors for graft dysfunction in patients discontinuing steroids. Accordingly, negative effects of modeling should be kept in mind for long-term graft survival in patients who plan to continue with steroid-sparing regimens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Brazilian Journal of Biology is the property of Instituto Internacional de Ecologia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria is the property of Thieme Medical Publishing Inc. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Contexto: el ácido úrico es el producto final de la degradación de las purinas en los primates, en condiciones normales es un agente antioxidante endógeno y participa en varias vías fisiológicas, sin embargo, cuando los niveles séricos de urato se incrementan, estos participan en el desarrollo de diversas enfermedades. Desde el siglo XIX se conoce de la asociación entre hiperuricemia y daño renal, aunque ninguna guía de manejo recomienda el uso de fármacos hipouricemiantes en pacientes asintomáticos, en algunos casos especiales, el manejo farmacológico beneficiará a pacientes con hiperuricemia, brindando protección al riñón y disminuyendo el riesgo de desarrollar enfermedad renal terminal. Objetivo: describir la relación entre hiperuricemia y daño renal, y analizar los casos en los que el manejo de esta condición con medicamentos resultará en un beneficio para el riñón de los pacientes. Metodología: revisión de la literatura sobre la participación de la hiperuricemia en el daño renal y análisis de los artículos revisados. Resultados: el manejo de la hiperuricemia asintomática puede proteger el riñón en algunas situaciones específicas. Conclusiones: hay situaciones específicas para la disminución de los niveles séricos de ácido úrico.

Introduction: High uric acid levels are commonly encountered in kidney transplant recipients, and can be associated with allograft dysfunction. Our study aims to examine the relationship between UA levels and graft function in patients discontinuing steroids. Methods: In this single-center-retrospective study, 56 patients discontinued steroid therapy from among 678 RT patients transplanted from living donors between 1999-2020 were included. The mean age of the study group was 45.8±8.8 years. Causes of steroid discontinuation, creatinine levels concurrent with uric acid levels before and after steroid discontinuation (mean 3.9 ± 2.1 years), acute rejection numbers, demographics, durations of dialysis and transplantation, medications, laboratory data, human leukocyte antigen (HLA) mismatch numbers, blood-pressure (BP), body mass index, delayed acute rejection (DAR) numbers (3 months post-transplantation) were all recorded. Results: Creatinine and uric acid levels were seen to have increased after steroid discontinuation, there was a significant relationship between them (p<0.001). Statistically significant correlation was found between increased creatinine levels after steroid discontinuation and graft survival with higher HLA mismatch; 39 (69.6%) patients with mismatch =2, and 17 patients with mismatch <2 (30.4%) (p=0.049). No significant relationship was found between DAR numbers before and after steroid discontinuation, and creatinine levels after steroid discontinuation. Conclusion: Per model obtained as a result of multivariate linear analysis, hyperuricemia and HLA mismatch numbers (p= 0.048 and p= 0.044, respectively) are independent predictive factors for graft dysfunction in patients discontinuing steroids. Accordingly, negative effects of modeling should be kept in mind for long-term graft survival in patients who plan to continue with steroid-sparing regimens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Resumo Fundamento: A hiperuricemia é um achado frequente em pacientes com hipertensão arterial e há evidências cada vez maiores de que essa entidade seja também um fator de risco para doença cardiovascular. Objetivos: No contexto da população em processo de envelhecimento, este estudo tem o objetivo de avaliar níveis de ácido úrico sérico e a prevalência e o controle da hipertensão arterial em um subgrupo da população de adultos romenos (>65 anos), em relação à influência da idade nesses parâmetros. Métodos: A amostra do estudo consiste em 1920 adultos incluídos na pesquisa SEPHAR III, dos quais 447 eram pacientes idosos (>65 anos de idade). Durante as duas visitas do estudo, três aferições de pressão arterial (PA) foram realizadas em intervalos de 1 minuto, e foram realizadas medições de níveis de ácido úrico sérico, função renal por taxa de filtração glomerular, pressão arterial e espessura íntima-média. A hipertensão e os controles foram definidos de acordo com as diretrizes atuais. A avaliação da espessura íntima-média foi determinada pela avaliação por ultrassom Doppler modo B. Um nível de significância p < 0,05 foi adotado para a análise estatística. Resultados: Pacientes adultos tinham níveis de ácido úrico sérico significativamente mais baixos, se comparados a pacientes idosos, independentemente dos níveis de taxa de filtração glomerular. Pacientes adultos tinham níveis de espessura íntima-média, comparados a pacientes idosos. Conclusão: De forma semelhante às pesquisas anteriores, neste estudo, a idade representou um dos fatores contribuintes ao nível aumentado de ácido úrico sérico. Também foi obtido um aumento da prevalência da hipertensão arterial com a idade, com um mau controle da pressão arterial.

Resumo Fundamento O ácido úrico (AU), produto final do metabolismo dos nucleotídeos das purinas, participa dos processos de doenças metabólicas e cardiovasculares. Evidências experimentais sugerem que o ácido úrico é um mediador importante na resposta fisiológica ao aumento da pressão arterial. Objetivo Avaliar a associação entre os níveis séricos de AU e pré-hipertensão e hipertensão em uma população chinesa. Métodos Conduziu-se um estudo transversal entre março e setembro de 2017, e 1.138 participantes com idades entre 35 e 75 anos foram incluídos neste estudo, onde 223 normotensos, 316 pré-hipertensos e 599 hipertensos foram selecionados para avaliar a associação entre níveis séricos de AU e hipertensão. Considerou-se um valor de p

Introduction: Recent studies on uric acid as a biomarker for the prognosis of acute stroke have found conflicting results. Methods: We collected blood samples from 600 consecutively admitted patients at our tertiary hospital and analysed the relationship between uric acid levels and functional prognosis (measured using the modified Rankin Scale [mRS]). Patients who had received reperfusion therapy were excluded since this may have influenced uric acid levels. Results: A total of 73% of patients had mRS scores ≤2; the mean uric acid level was 5.22 mg/dL. We found a nonlinear relationship between functional prognosis at discharge and serum uric acid levels at admission when the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score was excluded from the analysis. Conclusions: Serum uric acid levels in patients with acute ischaemic stroke are significantly associated with functional prognosis at discharge, although this relationship is nonlinear. In fact, poorer prognosis is associated both with very low and with very high concentrations of uric acid. This suggests a dual role of uric acid in relation to stroke: on the one hand, as an associated risk factor, and on the other, as a possible neuroprotective factor due to its antioxidant effect. Resumen: Introducción: En el proceso de búsqueda de biomarcadores para el pronóstico del ictus agudo, en los últimos años los estudios realizados en torno al ácido úrico (AU) han mostrado resultados contradictorios. Métodos: Se recogieron muestras analíticas de 600 pacientes ingresados de manera consecutiva en un hospital de tercer nivel y se analizó la relación entre los niveles de ácido úrico y el pronóstico funcional de los pacientes medido mediante la escala de Rankin modificada (mRS). Se excluyeron los pacientes que habían recibido terapias de reperfusión ya que podría existir un efecto diferencial en los mismos respecto a los no tratados. Resultados: El 73% de los pacientes tuvieron una mRS ≤ 2 y los niveles medios de ácido úrico fueron de 5,22 mg/dl. Se encontró una relación no lineal entre el pronóstico funcional al alta y los niveles de ácido úrico sérico en el momento del ingreso al excluir del análisis la medida de la National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS). Conclusiones: Los valores séricos de AU en pacientes afectos de un ictus isquémico agudo se asocian significativamente con el pronóstico funcional en el momento de su alta, pero esta relación es no lineal. Se asocia un peor pronóstico a las concentraciones extremas, muy bajas o muy elevadas de AU. Esto podría revelar un doble papel del AU en su relación con el ictus, como factor de riesgo asociado y/o como posible neuroprotector dado su papel antioxidante.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the correlation between the biomarkers: total proteins, albumin in dialysis fluid, serum albumin and uric acid in patients with peritonitis associated with dialysis in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis modality. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Case-control, observational, analytical, cross-sectional, recuenretrospective, retrolective study that included patients with peritonitis associated with peritoneal dialysis, from 2018 to 2020. χ² and odds ratio (OR) were used, as well as Pearson's correlation for the variables total proteins, serum albumin, peritoneal albumin and uric acid. RESULTS: A population of 60 subjects was studied. A decreased total serum protein was observed with a correlation of 0.792, OR 2.5 higher (p = 0.01). A low serum albumin with a correlation of 0.751, OR 1.7 higher (p = 0.025). Low peritoneal albumin has a correlation of 0.751, OR 2 higher (p = 0.021), with uric acid under a correlation of 0.832, OR 4.3 higher (p = 0.019). CONCLUSIONS: It was possible to identify a statistically significant correlation among the biomarkers total proteins, albumin and uric acid with peritonitis associated with dialysis in patients with chronic kidney disease stage 5 KDIGO in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hypouricemia is a biochemical disorder and marker for primary or secondary tubulophaty and other underlying illnesses, defined as a serum uric acid concentration lesser than 2 mg/dL. It occurs in approximately 2% of hospitalized patients and in lesser than 0.5% of general population. Hypouricemia may be caused by decreased uric acid production, uric acid oxidation or decreased renal tubular reabsortion. Differential diagnosis of hypouricemia is usually made by evaluating the fractional excretion of uric acid. Patients with hypouricemia may have an increased incidence of acute kidney injury related to exercise and reduced kidney function. The aim of this paper is to review current concepts related to hypouricemia and emphasize the importance of its evaluation and follow-up. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Hypertension is responsible for a substantial number of deaths due to cardiovascular disease and stroke. A crucial step toward its control is the identification of modifiable predictors of hypertension. Objectives: To estimate the relationship between salt intake, serum uric acid and incident hypertension in a primary care setting. Methods: Retrospective cohort of the CAMELIA study in which a non-randomized sample of 1098 participants who were ≥ 20 year-old was recruited from a primary care program. Originally, the sample consisted of hypertensive, diabetic and non-diabetic/non-hypertensive subjects. For the analysis, 258 participants with blood pressure (BP) lower than 140/90 mm Hg not using antihypertensive drugs and without diabetes mellitus were included. Five years after the first visit, their medical records were reviewed. Patients were divided into two groups according to BP in the first visit: normal BP group (systolic BP ≤ 120 mm Hg and diastolic BP ≤ 80 mm Hg) and high-normal BP group (systolic BP 121-139 mm Hg and/or diastolic BP 81-89 mm Hg). Results: In multivariate analysis, high-normal BP, hyperuricemia and salt intake ≥ 6 g/day predicted incident hypertension. In participants of thenormal BP group, high salt intake conferred the highest risk. In the high-normal BP group, smoking and serum uric acid were found to be the most important ones. Conclusion: In a healthy, multiethnic, and normotensive population from an urban primary care program, high-normal BP, hyperuricemia and high salt intake were found to be predictors of incident hypertension. Resumen: Antecedentes: La hipertensión es responsable de un gran número de muertes debido a cardiopatías e ictus. Un paso esencial para su control es la identificación de factores modificables predictivos de la hipertensión. Objetivos: Calcular la relación entre ingesta de sal, ácido úrico sérico e hipertensión incidental en un centro de atención primaria. Métodos: Cohorte retrospectiva del estudio CAMELIA, en el que se incluyó una muestra no aleatorizada de 1.098 participantes con edades ≥ 20 años, obtenida de un programa de atención primaria. Originalmente, la muestra incluía sujetos hipertensos, diabéticos y no diabéticos/no hipertensos. Para el análisis, se estudiaron 258 participantes con presión arterial (PA) inferior a 140/90 mm Hg, sin prescripción de fármacos antihipertensivos, y no diabéticos. Transcurridos cinco años de la primera visita, se revisaron sus historias médicas. Se dividió a los pacientes en dos grupos, con arreglo a su PA en la primera visita: grupo con PA normal (PA sistólica ≤ 120 mm Hg y PA diastólica ≤ 80 mm Hg), y grupo con PA alta-normal BP (PA sistólica 121-139 mm Hg y/o PA diastólica 81-89 mm Hg). Resultados: En el análisis multivariante, la PA alta-normal, hiperuricemia e ingesta de sal ≥ 6 g/día predijeron la hipertensión incidental. En los participantes del grupo de PA normal, la ingesta elevada de sal confirió el mayor riesgo. En el grupo de PA alta-normal, el tabaquismo y el ácido úrico sérico fueron los factores más importantes. Conclusión: En una población sana, multiétnica y normotensa, procedente de un programa de atención primaria urbana la PA alta-normal, hiperuricemia e ingesta elevada de sal constituyeron los factores predictivos de la hipertensión incidental.

Objectives. Our aim was to examine prospectively pre­dictors of subclinical renal alterations among adults without chronic kidney disease. Materials and methods. We analyzed data from a cohort of Mexican adults (n=757). Kidney function (2010) was assessed with the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR-Cr), serum creatinine and uric acid. Predictors of each kidney function marker (2004) were identified with linear and logistic regression models. Results. 33% had an eGFR-Cr 40 years old and users of antihypertensive medication; and higher among those with a high protein intake. Serum creatinine predictors were similar to those observed for eGFR-Cr. Uric acid decreased in men, among those with obesity, hypertension and high cholesterol. Conclusion. Conventional kidney function biomarkers are useful to identify subclinical alterations. Some predictors of kidney function are potentially modifiable, therefore suscep­tible for intervention among high-risk groups.

Purpose: It is unclear whether preoperative serum uric acid (SUA) elevation may play a role in the development of acute kidney injury (AKI) associated with cardiac surgery (CSA-AKI). We conducted a cohort study to evaluate the influence of preoperative hyperuricemia on AKI in patients at high risk for developing SC-AKI., Design: Multicenter prospective international cohort study., Setting: Fourteen university hospitals in Spain and the United Kingdom., Participants: We studied 261 consecutive patients at high risk of developing CSA-AKI, according to a Cleveland score ≥ 4 points, from July to December 2017., Interventions: None., Measurements and Main Results: AKIN criteria were used for the definition of AKI. Multivariable logistic regression models and propensity score-matched pairwise analysis were used to determine the adjusted association between preoperative hyperuricemia (≥7 mg/dL) and AKI. Elevated preoperative AUS (≥7 mg/dL) was present in 190 patients (72.8%), whereas CSA-AKI occurred in 145 patients (55.5%). In multivariable logistic regression models, hyperuricemia was not associated with a significantly increased risk of AKI (adjusted Odds Ratio [OR]: 1.58; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.81-3; P = .17). In propensity score-matched analysis of 140 patients, the hyperuricemia group experienced similar adjusted odds of AKI (OR 1.05, 95%CI 0.93-1.19, P = .37)., Conclusions: Hyperuricemia was not associated with an increased risk of AKI in this cohort of patients undergoing cardiac surgery at high risk of developing CSA-AKI., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Publicado por Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.)

Gout is a disease caused by the chronic deposition of monosodium urate crystals. Its clinical presentation as an acute, self-limiting arthritis and the belief that it is a banal, self-inflicted disease have led to its poor management. Despite advances in the knowledge of the disease and the simplicity of its management, no more than 30% of patients are well treated. In Spain, the prevalence of gout is 2.5% and its incidence is increasing. In the following article we will review the pathogenesis of gout and hyperuricaemia, highlighting the greater weight of genetics and renal function over diet. We will look at the consequences of crystal deposition. Gout, in addition to its joint presentation and renal involvement, has been shown to be an independent cardiovascular risk factor. Hypouricemic therapy is the most important treatment, as it is the one that dissolves the crystals and cures the disease. This requires the sustained achievement of uricemia levels below 6mg/dl. We will also review preventive and flares treatment, as well as the role of patient education in terms of both lifestyle and dietary habits and adherence to pharmacological treatment., (Copyright © 2023 Sociedad Española de Médicos de Atención Primaria (SEMERGEN). Publicado por Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: Although some studies have reported the association between uric acid (UA) and hypertension, evidence on prehypertension is still lacking. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine the levels of UA and other cardiovascular markers among prehypertensive and hypertensive patients and assess their risk for developing arterial hypertension., Methods: 157 individuals were recruited: 67 normotensive, 23 pre-hypertensive and 67 hypertensive. Blood samples were collected to measure biochemical parameters and anthropometric measurements and blood pressure were evaluated. We calculated the product of lipid accumulation and the visceral adiposity index to assess cardiovascular risk., Results: Our data showed an increase in UA levels in normotensives (4.9±1.3mg/dL), prehypertensives (5.2±1.3mg/dL) and hypertensives (5.9±1.6mg/dL) (p=0.004). We found a higher frequency of hyperuricemia in the hypertensive group (34.3%) than in the normotensive group (13.4%, p<0.05). Hypertensive volunteers had lower levels of HDL-C (p=0.004 and p=0.003) and higher body mass indexes (p<0.001 and p=0.007), glucose (p<0.001 and p=0.033), triglycerides (p=0.001 and p=0.005), visceral adiposity index (p<0.001 and p=0.002) and lipid accumulation product (p<0.001 and p=0.007) than normotensive and prehypertensive participants. We also observed that individuals with UA≥6.2mg/dL had an increased risk of hypertension of 4.77 (p=0.003) compared to individuals with levels≤4.3mg/dL., Conclusion: Our results showed that UA is associated with increased blood pressure and unfavorable changes in anthropometric and biochemical parameters, which represent risk factors for hypertension and cardiovascular diseases., (Copyright © 2024 SEH-LELHA. Publicado por Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: The oxidative process in severe clinically ill patient with mechanical ventilation, base the possible association of serum uric acid with mortality and morbidity. Objectives: To identify the possible association of serum uric acid with the mortality and morbidity of severe clinically ill patients with invasive mechanical ventilation. Methods: A longitudinal and prospective observational study was carried out in 89 patients with invasive mechanical ventilation, admitted to the intensive care unit of the Hospital "Dr. Luís Díaz Soto", from January 2000 to August 2007. On admission and for three consecutive days, the serum uric acid was determined with a Hitachi 902 microprocessor. The mean value was contrasted with mortality, morbidity, and mechanical ventilation time. Quantitative variables were expressed as mean and standard deviation; the comparison of means was made with Student's t test. Qualitative variables were expressed with absolute frequencies and percentages; the association was evaluated with the chi square. Results: Male sex predominated (58,4 %) and mean age of 51,2 ± 14,9 years. The most frequent diagnosis on admission was sepsis (47,1 %). The mortality was 59,6 % and 66,3% in the hospital. The higher value of uric acid was associated to hospital mortality, the multiple organ damage syndrome (316,8 ± 165 mmol/l p=0,04) and the longer mechanical ventilation time (307,3 ± 157 mmol/l p=0,016). Conclusions: The association of mortality and morbidity, with serum uric acid on admission, was evident in severe clinical patients with mechanical ventilation.

Introducción: Los procesos oxidativos en el paciente clínico grave con ventilación mecánica, justifican investigar la posible asociación de los niveles del ácido úrico sérico, con la mortalidad y morbilidad. Objetivo: Identificar la posible asociación del ácido úrico sérico al ingreso, con la mortalidad y morbilidad de pacientes clínicos graves, con ventilación mecánica invasiva. Métodos: Se realizó estudio descriptivo longitudinal y prospectivo, en 89 pacientes clínicos graves con ventilación mecánica, ingresados en cuidados intensivos del hospital "Dr. Luís Díaz Soto" de enero del 2000 a agosto del 2007. Al ingreso y por 72 horas se determinó el ácido úrico sérico, cuyo valor medio se contrastó con la mortalidad, la morbilidad y el tiempo de ventilación mecánica. Las variables cuantitativas se expresaron como media con una desviación estándar; las cualitativas, como frecuencias absolutas o porcentajes. La comparación de medias se realizó con la t de Student. La asociación entre variables cualitativas se evaluó con el ji cuadrado. Resultados: Predominó el sexo masculino (58,4 %), edad media de 51,2 años y como mayor diagnóstico al ingreso, la sepsis (47,1 %). Se asociaron los valores elevados del ácido úrico a la mortalidad hospitalaria, la presencia del síndrome de daño múltiple de órganos (316,8 ± 165 mmol/L, p = 0,04) y al mayor tiempo de ventilación mecánica (307,3 ± 157 mmol/L, p = 0,016). Conclusiones: La asociación del ácido úrico sérico con la mortalidad y morbilidad, es evidente, en pacientes con afecciones clínicas graves y ventilación mecánica.

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Introduction: For many years, uric acid was considered to be an inert product of purine metabolism; however, it has recently been associated with a number of chronic diseases. Nowadays, there are no conclusive findings available regarding a clear action plan to treat serum uric acid or which specific therapeutic goals it would have. Methods: Given this controversy, a survey was conducted in order to evaluate which decisions are taken regarding this situation within the Argentinian medical community. The question was in which cases serum uric acid was routinely assessed and the result was 53.2% no matter the pathology; 11% of physicians did not assess it routinely. Regarding its treatment, 62.5% of them reported to have treated it as part of kidney disease; 61.7 % as part of diabetes; 60.4% as part of metabolic syndrome; 50.3% as part of cardiovascular disease; 91.3 % as part of gout; 74% as part of renal stones, and 36.1% as part of joint pain. Results: The data collected by means of the survey show a lack of evidence for establishing the patient selection criteria when evaluating levels of serum uric acid and its treatment. Conclusions: Therefore, it is concluded that it is necessary to conduct prospective and randomized studies of conditions with a high incidence of elevated uricemia in order to develop guidelines for specialists according to results; this decision should not be based on experts’ opinion alone.

Introducción: La urolitiasis es una enfermedad frecuente de la cual en Colombia se han publicado estudios previos; sin embargo, estos no comparan las características sociodemográficas y clínicas de los pacientes con las comorbilidades y los factores predisponentes de litiasis como hiperuricemia, hipertensión arterial (HTA), obesidad y enfermedad renal crónica (ERC). Objetivo: Caracterizar clínica y metabólicamente los pacientes con diagnóstico de urolitiasis atendidos en una clínica de cuarto nivel de Barranquilla, Colombia, en el año 2019. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional, descriptivo y transversal en 49 pacientes con base en el estudio de fichas clínicas. Resultados: El 53,1 % de los participantes eran hombres y las medianas de edad y de índice de masa corporal (IMC) fueron 58 años y 26,4 kg/m2, respectivamente. Algunas de las comorbilidades identificadas fueron, en orden de frecuencia, HTA (69,4 %), ERC (36,7 %), infección de vías urinarias recurrente (24,5 %), hiperuricemia (44,9 %), hipercalcemia (16,3 %) e hiperfosfatemia (12,2 %). Los tipos de cristal encontrados fueron oxalato (20,4 %), urato (12,2 %), mezcla de oxalato y urato (4,1 %), fosfato (4,1 %), hipercalciuria e hiperoxaluria (38,8 %), hiperuricosuria e hipocalciuria (18,4 %) y hipofosfaturia o hipofosfaturia (4,1 %). Asimismo, la hiperuricemia se asoció a edad (p=0,028), ERC (p=0,026), medicamentos antihipertensivos (p=0,022), posición del cálculo en cáliz renal (p=0,012), hiperparatiroidismo (p=0,007), depuración de creatinina (p=0,046) e hipercalciuria (p=0,049). El IMC ? 30 se asoció con ERC estadio 5 (p=0,025), diálisis (p=0,025) e hiperoxaluria (p=0,021). Conclusión: En la población analizada se evidenció una frecuencia significativa de ERC, hiperuricemia, obesidad e HTA.

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Copyright of Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria is the property of Thieme Medical Publishing Inc. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Introducción: Las enfermedades cardiovasculares constituyen la principal causa de mortalidad y morbilidad a nivel mundial. Reconocidas como problemas de salud de impacto social, han motivado a muchos científicos a tratar de explicar su patogénesis. Actualmente se plantea de la existencia de otros factores de riesgo, independientemente de los clásicos. Entre estos factores se describen el papel de las altas concentraciones de ácido úrico y la actividad de la enzima gamma-glutamiltransferasa en sangre, biomarcadores de estrés oxidativo. Estos elementos que de manera individual pudieran contribuir a las enfermedades cardiovasculares, parecen tener un efecto sinérgico. Objetivo: Revisar las evidencias que sostienen que altas concentraciones de ácido úrico y la actividad de la enzima gamma-glutamiltransferasa en sangre pueden constituir factores de riesgo que desde el estrés oxidativo contribuyan a las enfermedades cardiovasculares. Métodos: Se recopiló la información a partir de las bases de datos de diferentes buscadores (Medline-Pubmed, Cochrane, Scopus y SciELO) entre el 1 de marzo del 2019 y el 23 de mayo 2020. Conclusiones: Se encontró que, tanto el ácido úrico como la gamma-glutamiltransferasa son productos horméticos que a bajas concentraciones tienen efecto antioxidante en el organismo, pero al elevarse involucran la ocurrencia de procesos oxidativos que conducen a la disfunción endotelial y las enfermedades cardiovasculares.

Introducción. La fatiga central en el deporte está asociada a los efectos del amonio. La principal fuente de producción de amonio durante el ejercicio es el músculo esquelético. El amonio se genera como consecuencia del metabolismo energético, debido a la oxidación de aminoácidos y a la desaminación del nucleótido de adenosin trifosfato. Objetivo. Presentar una reflexión sobre el efecto del amonio durante el ejercicio de alta intensidad y su relación con la fatiga central en atletas. Discusión. Durante el ejercicio, la concentración de amonio alcanza valores superiores a 200μM (micromolar); sin embargo, en un adulto promedio se considera que valores superiores a 60μM en sangre manifiestan un trastorno por hiperamonemia. El amonio influye en la disminución del rendimiento en atletas y está asociado con los efectos nocivos para la salud en pacientes con encefalopatía hepática. Conclusiones. La práctica del ejercicio físico genera neuroprotección contra las altas concentraciones de amonio en el cerebro, pues, durante el ejercicio con altas concentraciones de amonio, los atletas no presentan los síntomas de pacientes con encefalopatía hepática, lo que implica adaptaciones metabólicas que juegan un papel importante en el metabolismo del amonio en el cerebro.

Background: Allopurinol is a xanthine oxidase inhibitor used in the treatment of patients with gout. Approximately 2% of patients are affected by adverse reactions to this drug. Severity ranges from mild rashes to severe reactions in up to 0.4% of cases. De-sensitization is carried out by administering increasing doses of the drug. Case report: Thirty-year old man diagnosed with hypercholesterolemia and hypertriglyceridemia treated with bezafibrate and pravastatin, systemic arterial hypertension treated with losartan and a 10-year history of hyperuricemia with gout. Tophi were found in metacarpophalangeal joints and elbows. Treatment was started with allopurinol 300 mg/day. Two weeks later, he experienced facial erythema with itching and maculopapular lesions on the malar region 1 hour after the medication was ingested. An outpatient drug de-sensitization protocol was initiated, starting with 5 mg, and with gradual dose increases every 4 to 5 days for 59 days until the desired maintenance dose (300 mg) was reached. Conclusions: Experience shows that de-sensitization to allopurinol is a safe alternative when there is hypersensitivity and treatment with this drug is required.

Introduction: Diabetes Mellitus is one of the most common chronic noncommunicable diseases in the world, the fourth or fifth cause of death in most high-income countries. The World Health Organization reported in 2014 a prevalence of 422 million diabetics worldwide. Objective: to assess the effect of vitamin E on endogenous nucleophilic antioxidants in a biomodel of streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus. Methods: 40 male Wistar rats were used in four groups of 10 rats each: non-diabetic control, diabetic control, and two diabetic groups that received supplementation with doses of 25 and 50 mg / kg / day of vitamin E, respectively. Serum values of glucose, albumin, uric acid and total bilirubin were determined in all animals at 15-day intervals for one month. The U-tests of Mann-Whitney and Wilcoxon with a significance level of 5% were used to compare the central values of the biochemical variables between the groups of rats. Results: with vitamin E supplementation in diabetic rats, no variation of serum albumin was found (median in g / L 36,70 and 36,40), while uric acid (median in mmol / L 76, 50 and 187.5) and BT (median in mmol / L 2.90 and 5.00) decreased significantly, regardless of the antioxidant dose. The reduction of uric acid was faster and at a lower dose than BT. Conclusions: supplementation with vitamin E in the experimental model of diabetes mellitus, reduces serum levels of nucleophilic antioxidants, which at high concentrations represent a risk of morbid processes associated with tissue damage.

Introduction: Introduction: obese patients present an inflammatory and metabolic profile that leads to oxidative stress and cellular damage. Phase angle is an indicator of cellular integrity and has been proposed as a prognostic parameter for changes in the metabolic profile. Objective: to investigate the possible association between phase angle and metabolic parameters in obese patients. Material and method: this was a cross-sectional study of adult obese patients who attended a specialized clinic between 2014 and 2016. All patients were ≥ 18 years of age, with a body mass index ≥ 35 kg/m2. All data were obtained from medical records and made part of the clinical protocol. Patients were divided into two groups using a cutoff point for phase angle, and the groups were compared using the Kruskal-Wallis or Chi-squared test for quantitative and categorical variables, respectively. Correlations were identified by Spearman's and Pearson's correlation analyses. All between-group differences were considered statistically significant at p ≤ 0.05. Results: a low phase angle was present in 30.5 % of the 141 patients enrolled in the study. We found an association between low phase angle and presence of hyperuricemia (p = 0.018) when adjusted for waist circumference, dysglycemia, arterial hypertension, and hyperuricemia. There was no correlation between phase angle and the components of body composition. Conclusions: there is an association of phase angle with uric acid levels, but not with other metabolic parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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William Gregory (1803-1858), an English physician turned chemist, carried extensive research on a wide variety of subjects in inorganic, organic, and biochemistry. His most important contribution was the development of a new method for separating morphine from opium, based on extraction with water, precipitation with ammonia, and treatment with HCl. This method was faster, had a very high yield, and avoided the use of alcohol, an expensive reagent. Therapeutic tests showed that Gregory's morphine hydrochloride was more efficient and economical than the painkillers used at that time. Gregory studied uric acid and the preparation and properties of several of its derivatives, among them alloxan, alloxantin, ammonium dialurate, dialuric acid, ammonia acid thionurate, and alloxanic acid. Gregory developed also a very efficient process for preparing glycocoll, for purifying chloroform and making it a safer anesthesia, based on washing it with sulfuric acid. He also proved that lead sulfite, used for extracting sugar cane, was not toxic to humans, and developed an efficient modification of Baup's procedure for preparing potassium iodide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Overweight children and adolescents are more susceptible to metabolic disorders. However, changes in lifestyle can prevent or delay the appearance of risk factors, highlighting the importance of intervening early in this population. Objective: To analyze the effects of a six months interdisciplinary intervention program on the indicators of insulin resistance and uric acid levels in overweight and obese students. Methods: This is an interventional study in overweight adolescents, composed of a control group (n=19) and an intervention group (n=20). The group participated in a sixmonth program with nutritional, psychological and physical exercise intervention, three times a week. The values of waist circumference, glucose, insulin, uric acid assessment and HOMA-IR index, were evaluated before and after the program. Results: After 6 months, the intervention group had a significant reduction in waist circumference (p=0.007), HOMA-IR index (p=0.048) and uric acid (p=0.036); the control group did not present differences in the pre and post evaluation. Conclusion: The intervention program was effective in reducing waist circumference, HOMA-IR and uric acid levels in overweight adolescents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives. Our aim was to examine prospectively predictors of subclinical renal alterations among adults without chronic kidney disease. Materials and methods. We analyzed data from a cohort of Mexican adults (n=757). Kidney function (2010) was assessed with the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR-Cr), serum creatinine and uric acid. Predictors of each kidney function marker (2004) were identified with linear and logistic regression models. Results. 33% had an eGFR-Cr <90 ml/min/1.73 m2. eGFRCr was lower among men, those >40 years old and users of antihypertensive medication; and higher among those with a high protein intake. Serum creatinine predictors were similar to those observed for eGFR-Cr. Uric acid decreased in men, among those with obesity, hypertension and high cholesterol. Conclusion. Conventional kidney function biomarkers are useful to identify subclinical alterations. Some predictors of kidney function are potentially modifiable, therefore susceptible for intervention among high-risk groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Asymptomatic hyperuricemia (AH) and other disorders associated with uric acid (UA) are treated differently according to the patient’s clinical state and to the stage of renal disease (RD). There is a relation between UA level, high blood pressure (HBP), age, cardiovascular disease (CVD) and RD. The causation of this relation is still controversial, as well as the role of UA in the onset, progression and development of RD and transplantation. The different drugs used for UA disorders therapy may be classified according to their anti-inflammatory effect in an acute episode; their prophylaxis to avoid recurrence, and their action to prevent or reverse complications caused by urate crystal depositions in the joints (gouty arthritis), in the urinary tract (lithiasis, tubulointerstitial nephritis) and in the tissues (tophi). It is vital to keep plasma rate levels below 6.8 mg/dL; lower concentrations may be associated with better progress in gouty patients: fewer episodes, faster reduction of tophus size and absence of monosodium urate crystals in synovial fluid.

Introducción: A lo largo de los años se han investigado posibles factores de riesgo que podrían desencadenar la cardiopatía isquémica en un individuo, es decir, aquellas características que aumenten su probabilidad de padecer dicha enfermedad. Recientemente se ha resaltado al aumento del ácido úrico en sangre como uno de estos factores. Objetivo: Analizar la correlación existente entre la hiperuricemia y la cardiopatía isquémica en pacientes hospitalizados en los servicios de Cuidados Coronarios y Medicina B del Hospital Central de Valencia, del Estado Carabobo, República Bolivariana de Venezuela. Metodología: El presente fue estudio observacional, analítico transversal, temporalmente retrospectivo, con muestreo no probabilístico a criterio. Se evaluaron historias clínicas de pacientes ingresados en los servicios de Cuidados Coronarios y Medicina B del Hospital Central de Valencia, con diagnóstico de algún tipo de síndrome coronario agudo comprobado, relacionándolo con los niveles de ácido úrico en sangre. Se aplicó estadística descriptiva para resumir las variables de interés. La estadística analítica consistió en la prueba de correlación de Pearson, considerándose significativa una p0,05). Discusión: En esta investigación, según sus resultados, se establece que la hiperuricemia aparentemente no es un factor predisponente en formas graves de cardiopatía isquémica, estando mayormente presente en patologías menos severas, como la angina estable.

The results of epidemiological observations have led to a revaluation of uric acid role in different metabolic, cardiovascular and renal illnesses. The role of hyperuricemia as an independent cardiovascular risk factor is difficult to evaluate even in multivariate models analysis, since there are inconclusive and weak results in most studies. This difficulty is observed due to the strong association of uric acid with other classic cardiovascular risk factors which do not allow its distinction as an independently risk factor. For many years it was considered a biologically inert substance, but later, it was found that it has many biological properties which could be beneficial or harmful for human beings. Nowadays there is a controversial discussion about its role, whether it is protective for having anti-oxidant properties or harmful due to its pro-oxidants in the atherosclerotic plaque and in adipose tissue which could determine that it is not only a risk marker, but also a causal factor for metabolic illnesses as diabetes mellitus, metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular and/or renal illnesses. In this consensus we have updated these concepts trying to clarify the mentioned role, so that in the future, regulations could be introduced, which are not established so far, in order to decide whether hyperuricemia must be treated, in which cases, which cut-off levels must be used and which should be the therapeutic objectives in each circumstance.

The increase of incidence and prevalence of asymptomatic hyperuricemia, closely related to the traditional cardiovascular risk factors, and the difficulty to establish a drug therapy for this condition have attached importance to dietary treatment; the aim is to identify foods which can prevent plasma uric acid (UA) concentrations from reaching abnormally high levels. UA level depends on endogenous production (10%), reduced excretion (90%) or both. Although UA production depends on the consumption of purine, a diet rich in purines is believed to be responsible only for a serum UA increase of 1 to 2 mg/dL. Losing < 5 kg reduces the risk of UA increase by up to 45%, whereas higher losses could lead to a risk at least 60 % lower. In the same way, maximum weight loss and weight stability minimize the risk of hyperuricemia. Weight loss, however, should not be sudden so as to avoid muscle catabolism, which may cause loss of muscle mass and strength (sarcopenia) and a concomitant UA increase. The following foods can help reduce serum UA levels: milk, yogurt, fresh cheese, vitamin C-rich fruits, eggs, unsalted nuts, legumes (including soy), chicken, salmon, codfish and lobster. Red meat intake (pork, beef, goat meat) should be limited, and seafood, fish (trout, tuna, pompano, scallop, anchovy, herring, sardine and tuna in oil), bacon, viscera, turkey and lamb should be avoided.

La determinación de la concentración de ácido úrico se realiza con frecuencia en los servicios de salud. Los niveles plasmáticos de ácido úrico se han asociado con las enfermedades cardiovasculares, y con sus factores de riesgo. Sin embargo, la relevancia de esta asociación aún es controvertida, razón por la que se propone fundamentar la relación entre el ácido úrico, el estrés oxidativo y mecanismos involucrados en la enfermedad cardiovascular. Se realizó la búsqueda de la información mediante las bases de datos de diferentes buscadores (Medline-PubMed, Cochrane, Scielo). La hiperuricemia estimula la producción de especies reactivas oxidantes intracelulares y la reacción del ácido úrico con el óxido nítrico se relaciona con la disfunción endotelial y la resistencia a la insulina. Los niveles de ácido úrico se asocian con la hipertensión arterial, la diabetes mellitus, el síndrome metabólico y la enfermedad cardiovascular. Se considera además, que el ácido úrico es un factor de riesgo independiente para eventos cardiovasculares y un predictor de la morbilidad y la mortalidad por estas enfermedades, aunque se requiere de estudios de intervención con hipouricémicos o uricosúricos para el análisis de los beneficios que pudiera representar modificar la concentración de ácido úrico en sangre en determinadas condiciones.

La presente revisión literaria analiza aspectos parciales del impacto del consumo excesivo de fructosa sobre el metabolismo humano. Define la vía de la fructosa hacia el ácido úrico por medio del agotamiento del fosfato hepático y la conversión de adenosina monofosfato en inosina monofosfato y más allá vía la xantina al producto final. Describe la paradoja (anti-)oxidativa del ácido úrico y esclarece sus posibles contribuciones para el desarrollo del síndrome metabólico y sus manifestaciones, como la hipertensión por interferencia con la sintasa de óxido nítrico y la degradación directa del mismo, la estimulación directa del músculo liso vascular de los vasos aferentes renales; el desarrollo de la gota y de cálculos renales y, finalmente, la resistencia a la insulina. Concluye que ya es hora de reducir los azúcares agregados en nuestra dieta y reforzar nuestro conocimiento de la nutrición como médicos. Asimismo exhorta a la academia a que dedique más tiempo a la enseñanza de métodos de tratamiento no farmacológico.

Nephrolithiasis is a globally prevalent urologic condition associated with significant morbidity and patient discomfort. Current management of kidney stones includes both surgical and pharmacologic interventions. Though surgery may be necessary under certain circumstances, pharmacologic treatment is a more affordable, readily available, and a less invasive option for patients. A comprehensive scoping review was conducted to summarize the available literature on the pharmacologic strategies for managing the predominant stone types including calcium oxalate, calcium phosphate, uric acid, struvite, and cystine stones. Central to these therapeutic approaches is the regulation of factors such as urine pH, stone crystallization, and patient metabolics that precipitate stone development and growth. This review highlights the pharmacological options available for treating each kidney stone type, emphasizing the importance of patient tailored medical management that should be considered by every physician., (Copyright © 2023 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.)