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Hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) has attracted much attention because it is a harmful pollutant. In this study, acid hydrolyzed hydrothermal double modified starch (AHS) and hydroperoxide oxidized starch (HOS) are prepared from natural starch and used for the reduction of chromium (VI) in aqueous systems. The effects of hydrothermal acidolysis and oxidative modification of starch on the reduction rate of Cr(VI) are discussed, including the changes of solubility, swelling power, particle size, content of straight‐chain starch, and carbonyl/carboxylic group content. The results of response surface methodology (RSM) optimization show that the influence of reaction conditions on the reduction rate of Cr(VI) by NS is as follows: reaction time > initial pH of solution > reaction temperature > starch to Cr(VI) mass ratio; and on the reduction rate of Cr(VI) by AHS and HOS is as follows: initial pH of solution > reaction time > starch to Cr(VI) mass ratio > reaction temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Short-chain organic acids are readily biodegradable to CO 2 and H 2 O. • Selective leaching of Mo/V and Ni from HDS catalysts with organic acids is achieved. • The leaching of metals is jointly influenced by acidolysis and complexolysis. • Roasting pre-treatment is applied to maximize extraction efficiency. • Different leaching processes of Mo and V in HDS catalysts were identified. This article employs six organic acids to selectively dissolve Mo, Ni and V from spent catalysts, and the most effective acid is identified. Then, the effects of key leaching parameters, including acid concentration, temperature, and S/L ratio, on metal leaching are systematically explored to determine the leaching mechanism. The results demonstrate that the leaching ability of organic acids followed the order: oxalic acid > citric acid > tartaric acid > malonic acid > acetic acid > formic acid. The leaching process of metals was jointly influenced by acidolysis and complexolysis. Among them, more than 93.07 % of Mo, 86.64 % of V, and 74.21 % of Ni were selectively leached with oxalic acid at the optimum condition: S/l: 1/20, oxalic acid: 1.0 mol/L, temp: 60 °C. From the correlation coefficients, the resulting activation energies, and n values, it was demonstrated that Mo and V followed the Avrami dissolution reaction model, V leaching was controlled by the diffusion mode, and Mo leaching was controlled by a mixed mode of chemical reaction and diffusion. The dissolution behavior of both metals consistently adhered to the linear trend of the Avrami kinetic model under varying S/L ratios and oxalic acid concentrations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polyurethane (PU) stands out as a crucial category of polymers which have become indispensable in improving our quality of life, revolutionizing various aspects of human existence. However, this convenience comes with a dark side – the environmental impact associated with its disposal. Nevertheless, recycling presents a promising solution, aligning with the principles of a circular economy by transforming polymer waste into new materials. A notable focus within this realm is the utilization of dicarboxylic acids (DA) as depolymerization agents, achieved through a process known as acidolysis. This method has proven to be an exceptional solution, primarily explored for recycling PU foams and subsequently employed in the production of new foams. The resulting recycled polyol finds successful applications in various PU products, including rigid and flexible foams, adhesives, and coatings. Analyzing the impact of recycled polyol on the properties of new PU products reveals interesting insights. While it slightly affects the morphology and color of foams, there is no significant impact on density or thermal conductivity. Notably, flexible foams exhibit increased stiffness when produced using recycled polyol. Additionally, the strength of PU adhesives and the surface hardness of PU coatings are enhanced with the incorporation of recycled polyol, albeit with a reduction in gloss. The recycled PU coatings also display a more hydrophobic surface. Considering both environmental and economic benefits, the advantages of this approach are evident. With the aim of catering to the needs of both the academic and industrial sectors, this review delves into the subject of PU recycling via acidolysis, subsequently exploring the utilization of recycled materials in the creation of new PU products. The review offers an in-depth explanation of the acidolysis process and thoroughly examines the degradation mechanisms involved. Additionally, it scrutinizes the impact of reaction conditions on the properties of the recycled materials and investigates their applicability in the production of novel materials. Moreover, the review presents an analysis of the environmental and economic implications associated with these processes. In summary, this review overviews the current status of acidolysis of PU and prospects for its future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), especially arachidonic acid (ARA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), are extremely important fatty acids for brain development in the fetus and early childhood. Premature infants face challenges obtaining these two fatty acids from their mothers. It has been reported that supplementation with triacylglycerols (TAGs) with an ARA:DHA (w/w) ratio of 2:1 may be optimal for preterm infants, as presented in commercial formulas such as Formulaid™. This study explored methods to produce TAGs with a 2:1 ratio (ARA:DHA), particularly at the more bioavailable sn-2 position of the glycerol backbone. Blending and enzymatic acidolysis of microalgae oil (rich in DHA) and ARA-rich oil yielded products with the desired ARA:DHA ratio, enhancing sn-2 composition compared to Formulaid™ (1.6 for blending and 2.3 for acidolysis versus 0.9 in Formulaid™). Optimal acidolysis conditions were 45 °C, a 1:3 substrate molar ratio, 10% Candida antarctica lipase, and 4 h. The process was reproducible, and scalable, and the lipase could be reused. In vitro digestion showed that 75.5% of the final product mixture was bio-accessible, comprising 19.1% monoacylglycerols, ~50% free fatty acids, 14.6% TAGs, and 10.1% diacylglycerols, indicating better bio-accessibility than precursor oils. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Waste plastics are serious environmental threats due to their low degradability and low recycling rate. Rapid and efficient waste plastics recycling technologies are urgently demanded for a sustainable future. Herein, we report a rapid, closed-loop, and streamlined process to convert polyesters such as poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) back to its purified monomers. Using trifluoromethanesulfonic acid or metal triflates as the recyclable catalyst, polyesters such as PET can be completely depolymerized by simple carboxylic acids within 1 h. By coupling this acidolysis with a subsequent hydrogenolysis process, the consumed carboxylic acid was recovered and the closed-loop of PET depolymerization could be established. All catalysts and depolymerization agents are fully recycled while only PET and hydrogen are consumed.

The increased production and use of electrical and electronic equipment leads to obsolescence and disposal problems, necessitating materials recovery and recycling. This paper reports results on metal bioleaching from printed circuit boards (PCBs) using chemolithotrophic bacteria isolated at different sulphide ore biotopes in Armenia. Different ways of generating lixiviants were investigated, namely using combination of Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans 61 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans SO-1 bacteria generating biogenic Fe2(SO4)3 and biogenic H2SO4. The sequence between these leaching agents permitted design of a 2-step process based on acidolysis and redoxolysis to leach non-ferrous metals from PCBs. To compare the efficiency of the sequential bioleaching of PCBs, several experimental runs were realised under the six modes at 10% pulp density. The flasks-based tests have witnessed almost complete recovery of Cu with the rest of the metals reaching extraction degree above 80%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the global production of polymers exceeded 400 million tons in 2022, it is imperative that recycling rates are increased to prevent the predominant end-of-life handling through landfilling and incineration processes. With an increasing reliance on polyurethane (PU), the 2022 global production of PU reached almost 26 million tons. As PU is mainly utilised as a thermoset material, the extensive cross-linked networks render melting and remolding processes known from thermoplastic materials incompatible. As such, the majority of PU that is recycled is processed through mechanical shredding and gluing processes or chemical recycling via glycolysis and acidolysis processes for polyol recovery, all providing a secondary material with properties different from the parent material. Here, we show that the well-established acidolysis process can be used to both depolymerise PU and separate the polyol and dianiline adducts with a specific focus on analysing and valorising the dianiline component arising from the hard segment of PU. By evaluation of the reaction outcome from acidolysis of flexible PU foam with succinic acid, adipic acid or phthalic acid under neat conditions, succinic acid was found to form the corresponding succinimide of toluene diamines that is readily separable from the polyol. The toluene diamine could in turn be reformed through ruthenium-catalysed hydrogenation or simple hydrolysis. Ultimately, the combined acidolysis/hydrolysis of a flexible PU foam yields the polyol and dianiline in a combined 83 wt% recovery. A similar recovery rate was achieved for a commercial rebonded flexible foam. As current PU recycling methods only target the polyol fraction often obtained in a low quality, this advancement shows that current industrially applied acidolysis could be altered so that both the diamines and polyol can be obtained from flexible PU foam. Preliminary results show that the process is applicable to rigid PU foams, a PU fraction that is difficult to recycle due to its molecular complexity. Finally, a mechanistic pathway is suggested to account for the observed product distributions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objectives were to optimize the reaction conditions for C10:0 incorporation into grapeseed (GS) oil, characterize the structured lipid (SL) product, and study the changes in antioxidant activity of the SL. Taguchi method was used to optimize C10:0 incorporation by combining parameters in a total of 9 experiments. Lipozyme® RM IM (Rhizomucor miehei immobilized lipase) and Lipozyme® 435 (Candida antarctica recombinant immobilized lipase) were used as biocatalysts for the acidolysis reactions. C10:0 incorporation and triacylglycerol (TAG) species of the SL were analyzed to determine optimal conditions and enzyme type that gave higher incorporation. The optimal conditions were the same for both enzymes as follows: substrate molar ratio 1:3 (GS oil: C10:0), enzyme load 5% (w/w) of substrates, temperature 65℃, and time 12 h. HPLC analysis of SL gave MLM-type TAG species of 11.51±0.11 mol% and 12.68±0.34 mol% for Lipozyme® RM IM and Lipozyme® 435, respectively. GC analysis indicated that C10:0 incorporated at the sn-1,3 positions of the SL were 46.03±0.55 mol% and 47.28±1.22 mol%, respectively, for Lipozyme® RM IM and Lipozyme® 435. However, the total C10:0 incorporated into TAG species with Lipozyme® RM IM was significantly higher (60.08±0.04 mol%) compared to 50.78±0.44 mol% for Lipozyme® 435. Scaled-up (300 g) acidolysis reaction and characterization were done on SL synthesized using Lipozyme® RM IM. SL reaction product was purified using short path distillation and fully characterized in terms of lipid classes, tocopherol, thermal behavior, and oxidative stability. The yield of purified scaled-up SL after short path distillation (SPD) was 72.96 wt%. The antioxidant in SL was reduced after SPD due to loss of tocopherols. This MLM-type-SL synthesized within 12 h using Lipozyme® RM IM had a high content of C10:0 and may have functional and health benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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In cells, phospholipids contain acyl chains of variable lengths and saturation, features that affect their functions. Their de novo synthesis in the endoplasmic reticulum takes place via the cytidine diphosphate diacylglycerol (CDP‐DAG) and Kennedy pathways, which are conserved in eukaryotes. PA is a key intermediate for all phospholipids (PI, PIPs, PS, PE, PC, PG and CL). The de novo synthesis of PA occurs by acylation of glycerophosphate leading to the synthesis of 1‐acyl lysoPA and subsequent acylation of 1‐acyl lysoPA at the sn‐2 position. Using membranes from Escherichia coli overexpressing MLG1, we showed that the yeast gene MLG1 encodes an acyltransferase, leading specifically to the synthesis of PA from 1‐acyl lysoPA. Moreover, after their de novo synthesis, phospholipids can be remodelled by acyl exchange with one and/or two acyl chains exchanged at the sn‐1 and/or sn‐2 position. Based on shotgun lipidomics of the reference and mlg1Δ strains, as well as biochemical assays for acyltransferase activities, we identified an additional remodelling activity for Mlg1p, namely, incorporation of palmitic acid into the sn‐1 position of PS and PE. By using confocal microscopy and subcellular fractionation, we also found that this acyltransferase is located in ER membranes associated with mitochondria, a finding that highlights the importance of these organelles in the global cellular metabolism of lipids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A commercial lipase from Rhizopus japonicus was activated and utilized for triglyceride (TG) modification for producing structured lipids via acidolysis of TGs and fatty acids. To activate the lipase, lipase powder was mixed with glass beads (GBs) in 1-dodecanol and then a buffer solution were added dropwise to form hydrated lipase aggregates. After removal of liquid phase in the mixuture, the residue consisting of hydrated lipases and GBs was lyophilized and then the hydration – aggregation-pretreated lipase loaded onto GBs was recovered. The acidolytic activity of the lipase was significantly enhanced after hydration – aggregation pretreatment, whereas untreated lipase exhibited little activity. The effects of the surface hydrophobicity, diameter, and amount of lipase loading on GBs on the acidolytic activity of the lipase were investigated. The optimal GBs and lipase loadings were 0.428 mm in diameter with a hydrophobic surface and 89.2 U/g-GB, respectively. Under these conditions, the lipase exhibited an 8-fold higher catalytic activity than that of the hydration – aggregation-pretreated lipase without GBs. Furthermore, continuous modification of olive oil with palmitic acid via acidolysis using the hydration – aggregation-pretreated lipase packed in a column reactor was achieved for 116 h. The half-life of the packed-bed reactor was 149 h. [Display omitted] ● Lyophilizing lipase aggregates with glass beads enhanced acidolytic activity. ● Activated lipase can modify olive oil with palmitic acid via acidolysis. ● A packed bed reactor was developed using the activated lipases. ● Water content affected activity and stability of lipase during continuous run. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mancozeb is an extensively consumed fungicide, which often leaves high residue levels on agricultural products. The conventional method for detecting mancozeb involves a time-consuming process using gas chromatography (GC) after a 2-hour water-bath acidolysis, resulting in low efficiency and recovery rates. This study developed a rapid method for detecting mancozeb in fruits and vegetables using microwave-assisted acidolysis and extraction coupled with GC analysis. Mancozeb underwent "one-pot" acidolysis to generate CS2 gas and was subsequently extracted from samples using microwave treatment, requiring only 50 seconds of pretreatment time. The average recoveries of mancozeb ranged from 81% to 112%. The limit of detection and limit of quantification were 0.003 and 0.01 mg kg−1, respectively. The scanning electron microscope imaging showed that strong cell crumpling after microwave treatment improved the acidolysis rate significantly, where the acidolysis rate was 91.8% for mancozeb. In addition, this method is rapid, simple, and precise for detecting residues of mancozeb and other dithiocarbamate fungicides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although solid‐phase peptide synthesis combining with chemical ligation provides a way to build up customized polypeptides in general, many targets are still presenting challenges for the conventional synthetic process, such as hydrophobic proteins. New methods and strategies are still required to overcome these obstacles. In this study, kinetic studies of Cys/Pen ligation and its acidolysis were performed, from which the fast acidolysis of substituted N,S‐benzylidene thioacetals (NBTs) was discovered. The study demonstrates the potential of NBTs as a promising Cys switchable protection, facilitating the chemical synthesis of peptides and proteins by efficiently disrupting peptide aggregation. The compatibility of NBTs with other commonly adopted Cys protecting groups and their applications in sequential disulfide bond formation were also investigated. The first chemical synthesis of the native human programmed death ligand 1 immunoglobulin V‐like (PD‐L1 IgV) domain was achieved using the NBT strategy, showcasing its potential in difficult protein synthesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A phenolic β-O-4-type lignin model compound with a C6-C3-type side-chain and two guaiacyl nuclei and its derivatives were individually acidolyzed in aqueous 82 vol% 1,4-dioxane containing 0.2 mol/L HBr, HCl, or H2SO4 at 85 °C in this study. The obtained results, combined with those in the series of this study in which phenolic and non-phenolic C6-C3- and C6-C2-type analogues were used, generated the following results and proposals. The H2O addition reproducing the original compound is preponderant as a reaction mode of the benzyl cation intermediate (BC) over the other modes leading to the β-O-4 bond cleavage, especially in the acidolyses using H2SO4 and those of C6-C3-type compounds. A well-known phenomenon whether formaldehyde is liberated from C6-C3-type compounds is regulated by acid types appears less clearly in phenolic than in non-phenolic compounds. Br¯ as well as Cl¯ nucleophilically assists the H¯ transfer from the β- to α-carbon of BC, especially in C6-C3-types, which accelerates and regulates the acidolyses using HBr as well as HCl. Furthermore, Br¯ is suggested to nucleophilically attack the β-carbon of non-phenolic C6-C3-type BC to cleave the β-O-4 bond, which explains the characteristically peculiar observation in the acidolysis of the non-phenolic C6-C3-type compound using HBr described in our previous report. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biodiesel, an alternative to traditional diesel, is essential for the sustainability of long-term energy supplies and often synthesized through a non-alcoholic route called interesterification. The described synthesis method facilitates the modification of oil and fat by exchanging acyl radical groups between triglyceride and alcoholic acid (alcoholysis), fat (acidolysis), or ester (transesterification). Therefore, this research aimed to determine the effect of the reactant ratio between crude palm oil (CPO) and dimethyl carbonate (DMC), along with the use of an eco-enzyme catalyst, on biodiesel characteristics. The CPO:DMC ratio was 1:1.5, 1:2, 1:2.5, and 1:3, while the immobilized eco-enzyme catalyst was 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, and 6% of CPO mass. The results showed that interesterification with a 1:3 reactant ratio using a 4%wt catalyst was the best procedure, producing biodiesel yield of 73.65%, density of 0.860 g/mL, viscosity of 4.63 mm2/s (cSt), flash point of 113 °C, calorific value of 34.454 MJ/kg, and cetane number of 70.6%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the incorporation of nervonic acid into the chemical structure of phosphatidylcholine via a lipase-catalyzed acidolysis reaction to obtain a functional phospholipid. Lipase immobilization was conducted, and Amberlite XAD7-HP was selected as a carrier to immobilize phospholipase A1 (PLA1) for subsequent experiments. The main acidolysis reaction parameters, including enzyme load, substrate ratio, temperature, and water content, were studied against the reaction time. The optimum reaction conditions obtained were enzyme load, 20%; reaction temperature, 55 °C; water content, 1%; and reaction time, 9 h. The maximum incorporation of nervonic acid into phosphatidylcholine was 48 mol%, with PC recovery at 61.6 mol%. The positional distribution of structured phosphatidylcholine shows that nervonic acid was found in the sn-1 position due to enzyme specificity and in the sn-2 position, possibly due to acyl migration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The outcomes of every batch of anaerobic digesters vary due to differences in equipment, feed composition, and operating conditions. The performance of a bench-scale anaerobic digestion system was investigated in this study with the goal of biomethane production, considering mesophilic requirements at 37°C and thermophilic conditions at 57°C. Three experiments were carried out under mesophilic and thermophilic conditions. A blend of water and solid organic waste was used in the first experiment. The second test involved a mixture of water, material that had undergone prior digestion, and solid organic waste. The third trial incorporated water, previously digested material, solid organic waste, and cow manure as part of the feed. Based on the result, in the third experiment, over 32 days within mesophilic conditions, the average daily biogas and biomethane production per unit of feed mass was quantified as 1610 and 447.10 ml, respectively. Furthermore, the measurements indicated 62.22% and 99.99% increases compared to similar feed subjected to thermophilic conditions. Moreover, the data displayed growth rates of 8.05%, 96.04%, and a substantial rise of 69.47% and 147.7% compared to the outcomes of the second and third experiments performed under mesophilic conditions. Additionally, it can be included that the digestion period of the third test was 60 days shorter than that of the second and one day less than the first trial when operating under mesophilic conditions. As a result, the most effective method for anaerobic digestion involved blending solid organic waste, previously digested material, cow manure, and water under mesophilic conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), especially arachidonic acid (ARA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), are extremely important fatty acids for brain development in the fetus and early childhood. Premature infants face challenges obtaining these two fatty acids from their mothers. It has been reported that supplementation with triacylglycerols (TAGs) with an ARA:DHA (w/w) ratio of 2:1 may be optimal for preterm infants, as presented in commercial formulas such as Formulaid™. This study explored methods to produce TAGs with a 2:1 ratio (ARA:DHA), particularly at the more bioavailable sn-2 position of the glycerol backbone. Blending and enzymatic acidolysis of microalgae oil (rich in DHA) and ARA-rich oil yielded products with the desired ARA:DHA ratio, enhancing sn-2 composition compared to Formulaid™ (1.6 for blending and 2.3 for acidolysis versus 0.9 in Formulaid™). Optimal acidolysis conditions were 45 °C, a 1:3 substrate molar ratio, 10% Candida antarctica lipase, and 4 h. The process was reproducible, and scalable, and the lipase could be reused. In vitro digestion showed that 75.5% of the final product mixture was bio-accessible, comprising 19.1% monoacylglycerols, ~50% free fatty acids, 14.6% TAGs, and 10.1% diacylglycerols, indicating better bio-accessibility than precursor oils.

Ti-bearing blast furnace slag is a kind of solid waste produced by Pangang Group Company through the blast furnace smelting method. A variety of valuable components can be extracted from the Ti-bearing blast furnace slag after acidolysis with concentrated sulphuric acid. In order to study the kinetics of acidolysis, this paper investigated the effects of the acidolysis temperature, acid- slag ratio and raw material particle size on the overall extraction rate of Ti4+, Mg2+ and Al3+ components at different reaction times, and simulated the acidolysis process by using the unreacted shrinking core model. The results showed that the acidolysis process was controlled by internal diffusion with an apparent activation energy of 19.05 kJ mol-1 and the semi-empirical kinetic equation of the acidolysis process was obtained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Efficient recycling of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) plastics is a global concern due to the growing volume of plastic waste and its environmental impact. We studied PET hydrolysis and acidolysis processes to recover the PET monomer terephthalic acid (TPA) using various acid catalysts (zeolites, inorganic acids, ionic liquids, carboxylic acids, metal salts, and CO2) below the PET melting point and under identical conditions. TPA yield depended largely on the solution pH for some catalysts, especially aliphatic carboxylic acids, nitric acid, and CO2. However, TPA yields from hydrolysis with metal salts, ionic liquids, sulfuric acid, and aromatic carboxylic acids are also influenced by factors such as solubility limits, oxidation, and anion effects (for metal salts). Under mild hydrolysis conditions at 200 °C for 2 hours, carboxylic acids and metal salts achieved TPA yields > 80%, outperforming nitric acid, which required much more corrosive conditions at pH = 0.7. Zeolites have minimal impact on TPA yields in hydrolysis below the PET melting point. CO2 as a catalyst precursor to carbonic acid did not increase TPA yields significantly. We also explored using acetic acid as the sole reaction medium (acidolysis), which exhibited high TPA yields and a similar environmental energy impact to acid-catalyzed hydrolysis. Propanoic acid showed comparable efficiency, offering promising avenues for chemical recycling of PET. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A "pre‐dissolving ammonia" intensification method for continuous production of diethyl methylphosphite (DEMP) was proposed based on kinetics study of methyl dichlorophosphine (MDP) substitution and DEMP acidolysis. The method was verified in a continuous synthesis system consisting of a small jet reactor. Compared with the selectivity of ~80% obtained in a stirred flask, the selectivity reached 98% by the intensification method. Eliminating the resistance of gas–liquid mass transfer and enhancement of mixing enabled rapid removal of the produced HCl, thus, the DEMP selectivity was greatly increased. The high DEMP selectivity obtained was insensitive to reaction temperature, reactor size and ammonia to chlorine ratio in the studied range. A computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model was proposed for this liquid turbulent reactive flow. Numerical simulations revealed that HCl could be removed rapidly by the neutralization reaction, which was limited by micromixing efficiency. The CFD simulation further indicates the feasibility of "pre‐dissolving ammonia" for industrial production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Medium‐chain fatty acids (MCFAs) are naturally associated with human milk lipids and can also be associated with MCTs (medium‐chain triacylglycerols). Healthy lipids could be constructed from medium‐ and long‐chain triacylglycerols (MLCTs) composed of MCFAs. Biochemical and chemical catalysts catalyse many chemical and enzymatic processes, such as acidolysis, interesterification, and esterification. Due to their potential health benefits, MCTs and MLCTs are widely used as nutraceuticals in the pharmaceutical and food industries. This comprehensive overview of MLCTs evaluates their structures, compositions, nutritional properties, and supposed health benefits. This review identifies the key research gaps to overcome the MCFA‐TAG use when compared to human milk and infant formulas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, a rapid and efficient method of recovering TiO2 from spent SCR (selective catalytic reduction) catalyst supplied by a coal-fired power plant in Shanghai was developed. The acid leaching and sodium roasting-water leaching residues (titanium slag) from spent SCR catalyst were employed as the raw material. First, titanium slag was dissolved into H2SO4 solution under different conditions. The optimal acidolysis conditions were 85 wt% H2SO4, 5.0 g/g acid-residues ratio, 90° acidolysis temperature and 2.0 h acidolysis time. Simultaneously, the highest acidolysis efficiency can reach 92.02%. The acidolysis solution was collected and concentrated to 200 g/L (measured by TiO2 concentration). Then, acidolysis solution was adjusted to pH 0.52-9.15, followed by adding 0-40 mL additional crystal seeds and reacting under certain conditions to obtain the hydrolysis product. The optimal hydrolysis conditions were 25 mL additional crystal seeds, pH 7.46, 120° hydrolysis temperature and 3.0 h hydrolysis time. Finally, the recovered product was obtained by roasting hydrolysis product at 700° for 2.0 h. The results of hydrolysis stability test indicated that this method can make the hydrolysis efficiency of acidolysis solution stabilize at approximately 90% under optimal conditions. The main component of recovered product was anatase TiO2 with the purity of 86.88%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herein we report the optimization of enzymatic hydrolysis of a mixture of capsaicinoids, capsaicin and dihydrocapsaicin obtained from chili peppers, and the utilization of the isolated fatty acids for the modification of coconut oil using enzyme catalyzed acidolysis. This work was carried out as the fatty acids that can be isolated from capsaicinoid hydrolysis have been shown to possess interesting biological properties. These biological properties could be better exploited by incorporating the fatty acids into a suitable delivery vehicle. The enzymatic hydrolysis of the mixture of capsaicin and dihydrocapsaicin was carried out using Novozym® 435 in phosphate buffer (pH 7.0) at 50℃. The enzyme catalyst could be reused in multiple cycles of the hydrolysis reaction. The desired 8-methyl-6-trans-nonenoic acid and 8-methylnonanoic acid were isolated from the hydrolysis reaction mixture using a simple extraction procedure with a 47.8% yield. This was carried out by first extracting the reaction mixture at pH 10 with ethyl acetate to remove any dissolved capsaicinoids and vanillyl amine side product. The fatty acids were isolated after adjustment of the pH of the reaction mixture to 5 and second extraction with ethyl acetate. The acidolysis of coconut oil with the obtained fatty acids was performed using Lipozyme® TL IM. The performance of the acidolysis reaction was evaluated using 1 H-NMR spectroscopy and verified in selected cases using gas chromatography. The best performing conditions involved carrying out the acidolysis reaction at 60℃ with a 1.2 w/w ratio of the fatty acids to coconut oil and 10% enzyme loading for 72 h. This resulted in the incorporation of 26.61% and 9.86% of 8-methyl-6-trans-nonenoic acid and 8-methylnonanoic acid, respectively, into the modified coconut oil product. This product can act as a potential delivery vehicle for these interesting compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ti-bearing blast furnace slag is a kind of solid waste produced by Pangang Group Company through the blast furnace smelting method. A variety of valuable components can be extracted from the Ti-bearing blast furnace slag after acidolysis with concentrated sulphuric acid. In order to study the kinetics of acidolysis, this paper investigated the effects of the acidolysis temperature, acid-slag ratio and raw material particle size on the overall extraction rate of Ti4+, Mg2+ and Al3+ components at different reaction times, and simulated the acidolysis process by using the unreacted shrinking core model. The results showed that the acidolysis process was controlled by internal diffusion with an apparent activation energy of 19.05 kJ mol–1 and the semi-empirical kinetic equation of the acidolysis process was obtained.

Poly(maleic anhydride‐alt‐vinyl acetate) (PMV) is used as a fine chemical in the field of biomedical. However, the techniques of PMV preparation have shortcomings like limited yield (Yp), complex post‐treatment and toxic solvents. Herein self‐stabilized precipitation (2SP) technique which possessed advantages of simple operation and post‐processing, non‐toxic solvent, and surface‐cleaned product is adopted to synthesize low number‐average molecular weight (Mn) PMV by tune‐up of reaction parameters. PMV with Mn of 2800–39,200 g/mol are successfully achieved. Furthermore, acidolysis kinetics of PMV is investigated centering on effects of Mn, acidolysis temperature, and initial concentration. All samples can undergo completely ring‐opening and the equilibrium pH of acidolyzed PMV is related to initial concentration irrelevant to Mn and temperature. Carboxylic degree (CD) varying rate and time of reaching equilibrium pH and 100% CD are impacted by Mn and temperature irrelevant to initial concentration. Finally, scale inhibition effectiveness of PMV with 2800 g/mol can be up to 53.69%, larger than that of commercial citric acid by about three times. This contribution supplies an easily operational and eco‐friendly process to obtain low molecular weight PMV which can be the scale inhibitor for industry and daily life, providing the quantization basis for hydrophilic functionalization of PMV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to assess the nutritional properties of dietary lipids obtained through the modification of aqueous enzymatically extracted pumpkin seed (Cucurbita pepo. L) oil. The optimal growth conditions for producing pectinase using strain Aspergillus sp. 391 were determined, and partial characterization of pectinase and commercial cellulase was conducted. The enzymatic extraction was performed at pH 4.0, 50 °C, for 24 h, using a combination of pectinase and cellulase for optimum effectiveness. The crude oil obtained was analyzed for acid, peroxide, and fatty acid composition. The study found a high amount of unsaturated fatty acids, mainly linoleic acid (C18:2), and a 59% oil recovery rate. Subsequently, this oil was subjected to enzymatic acidolysis with capric acid in solvent-free media, catalyzed by lipase Lipozyme RM IM®, resulting in a product with a higher incorporation degree (48.39 ± 0.5 mol%), observed after 24 h at 60 °C using molar ratio oil:acid capric of 1:9 (run 4). The nutritional properties of this oil were improved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential of Aspergillus tubingensis in extracting metals from rocks simulating Martian regolith through biomining. The results indicated that the fungal strain produced organic acids, particularly oxalic acid, in the first five days, leading to a rapid reduction in the pH of the culture medium. This acidic medium is ideal for bioleaching, a process that employs acidolysis and complexolysis to extract metals from rocks. Additionally, the strain synthesized siderophores, molecules capable of mobilizing metals from solid matrices, as verified by the blue CAS colorimetric test. The secretion of siderophores in the culture medium proved advantageous for biomining. The siderophores facilitated the leaching of metal ions, such as manganese, from the rock matrix into the acidified water solution. In addition, the susceptibility of the Martian regolith simulant to the biomining process was assessed by determining the particle size distribution, acid composition after treatment, and geochemical composition of the rock. Although the preliminary results demonstrate successful manganese extraction, further research is required to optimize the extraction technique. To conclude, the A. tubingensis strain exhibits promising abilities in extracting metals from rocks through biomining. Its use could prove useful in future in situ mining operations and environmental remediation efforts. Further research is required to optimize the process and evaluate its feasibility on a larger scale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report a genetically encodable m-trifluoromethylaniline modified L -lysine (m-TFMAK) which defluorinates upon light activation and covalently conjugates to native residues via acyl fluoride exchange. The encoded m-TFMAK photo-crosslinks with temporal controllability, residue selectivity, and fluorogenic tracking features, making it suitable for identifying protein interactions in living systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acidolysis lignins from the species Quercus cerris L. and Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh. were isolated and characterized using high pressure size exclusion chromatography (HP-SEC), Fourier-transform (FTIR) infrared spectroscopy, analytical pyrolysis–gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (Py-GCMS), and two-dimensional heteronuclear single quantum coherence (2D HSQC) NMR spectroscopy. The acidolysis lignins from the two different species varied in chemical composition and structural characteristics, with Q. cerris L. lignin having a higher S/G ratio and higher molar mass averages with a bimodal molar mass distribution. The different analytical techniques FTIR spectroscopy, Py-GCMS, and 2D NMR spectroscopy provided consistent results regarding the S/G ratio of the lignins from the two wood species. Based on the determined high S/G ratio of both oak and eucalypt lignin, the two wood sources could be promoted as substrates for efficient lignin isolation in modern forest biorefineries in order to develop innovative lignin-based value-added biorefinery products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The modification of triglycerides (TGs) via acidolysis with fatty acids (FAs) was investigated using three commercial lipases activated via hydration–aggregation pretreatment. Lipase powder was dispersed i n n -fatty alcohols and hydrated with a small volume of buffer solution under mechanical agitation. Subsequently, paste-like lipase aggregates were recovered from the mixture and lyophilized. Rhizopus japonicus lipase (RJL) exhibited acidolysis activity after hydration–aggregation pretreatment in free powder form without immobilization on solid supports, whereas non-activated lipase showed no detectable activity: the incorporation ratio of stearic acid in tripalmitin during acidolysis reached 33% within 24 h using activated RJL, whereas the acidolysis products were not detected using non-activated RJL. Morphological analysis demonstrated that the hydration of lipase powder and formation of a large oil–water interface area are essential for obtaining highly activated lipases. Decrease in chain length and increase in the degree of TG substrate unsaturation tended to increase the acidolysis activity of activated RJL, whereas the effect of chain length and degree of FA substrate unsaturation showed different trends. Chromobacterium viscosum lipase and RJL were activated via hydration–aggregation pretreatment, whereas Candida rugosa lipase was not. [Display omitted] • Lipases hydrated in fatty alcohols form aggregates containing an oil-water interface. • Hydrated, aggregated lipases show high catalytic activity after lyophilization. • Modification of triglycerides is achieved via acidolysis using activated lipases. • The oil-water interface and enzyme hydration are essential for lipase activation. • Combination of triglycerides and fatty acid substrates influences lipase activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the incorporation of nervonic acid into the chemical structure of phosphatidylcholine via a lipase-catalyzed acidolysis reaction to obtain a functional phospholipid. Lipase immobilization was conducted, and Amberlite XAD7-HP was selected as a carrier to immobilize phospholipase A1 (PLA1) for subsequent experiments. The main acidolysis reaction parameters, including enzyme load, substrate ratio, temperature, and water content, were studied against the reaction time. The optimum reaction conditions obtained were enzyme load, 20%; reaction temperature, 55 °C; water content, 1%; and reaction time, 9 h. The maximum incorporation of nervonic acid into phosphatidylcholine was 48 mol%, with PC recovery at 61.6 mol%. The positional distribution of structured phosphatidylcholine shows that nervonic acid was found in the sn-1 position due to enzyme specificity and in the sn-2 position, possibly due to acyl migration.

The synthesis of structured lipids with nutraceutical applications, such as medium-long-medium (MLM) triacylglycerols, via modification of oils and fats represents a challenge for the food industry. This study aimed to synthesize MLM-type dietary triacylglycerols by enzymatic acidolysis of cottonseed oil and capric acid (C10) catalyzed by Lipozyme RM IM (lipase from Rhizomucor miehei) in a fluidized bed reactor (FBR). After chemical characterization of the feedstock and hydrodynamic characterization of the reactor, a 22 central composite rotatable design was used to optimize capric acid incorporation. The independent variables were cycle number (20–70) and cottonseed oil/capric acid molar ratio (1:2–1:4). The temperature was set at 45 °C. The best conditions, namely a 1:4 oil/acid molar ratio and 80 cycles (17.34 h), provided a degree of incorporation of about 40 mol%, as shown by compositional analysis of the modified oil. Lipozyme RM IM showed good operational stability (kd = 2.72 × 10−4 h−1, t1/2 = 2545.78 h), confirming the good reuse capacity of the enzyme in the acidolysis of cottonseed oil with capric acid. It is concluded that an FBR configuration is a promising alternative for the enzymatic synthesis of MLM triacylglycerols. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human milk fat (HMF) triacylglycerols (TAGs) mainly contain palmitic acid esterified at the sn-2 position while oleic and other unsaturated fatty acids are located at positions sn-1,3. This study aimed at the production of HMF substitutes (HMFS) by lipase-catalyzed acidolysis of tripalmitin with oleic acid, in a solvent-free medium. Burkholderia cepacia lipase (BCL) was immobilized in silica (prepared with protic or aprotic ionic liquids) by covalent binding or encapsulation and used as biocatalyst. The supports and immobilized biocatalysts were characterized by FTIR, TGA, and SEM. Molecular docking analysis showed that BCL preferentially attacks oleic acid rather than tripalmitin, due to the lower free energy of hydrophobic binding with this acid (−6.5 kcal·mol−1) than with tripalmitin (5.4 kcal·mol−1). Therefore, the tripalmitin attack by BCL and subsequent HMFS production only occurs after the binding to most of the oleic acid molecules. The highest acidolysis activity was obtained with BCL immobilized by covalent binding in prepared silica with aprotic ionic liquid. A central composite rotatable design, as a function of temperature (58–72 °C) and oleic acid/tripalmitin molar ratio (MR = 2:1–6.8:1), was performed for acidolysis optimization. Under optimized conditions (58 °C and MR = 4:1 or 60 °C and MR = 2:1), the oleic acid incorporation of 28 mol.% was achieved after 48 h. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Today's requirements in the art field have challenged researchers to create artistic paintings with attractive appearance and long‐term color stability. Alkyd‐based art mediums have become an important group in the art field, because of their similar characteristics to traditional oils and exceptional drying properties. In this work, high solid alkyd‐based art mediums have been synthesized by the monoglyceride and acidolysis processes. Multifunctional polyols and high unsaturated fatty acid sources were compared and used for alkyd synthesis. The use of a non‐traditional oil of Peruvian origin is proposed. Resins have been characterized according to their physicochemical (acid number, viscosity, color and density) and drying properties. Drying tendencies were verified with the use of quartz crystal microbalance. Also, the behavior of the art mediums mixed with commercial oil paintings and a dry pigment, have also been evaluated. Results indicate that resins containing the polyol with the highest functionality are more viscous and have fewer tendencies to yellowing, while non‐traditional Peruvian oil is the best option for creating light‐colored art mediums. Alkyd mediums prepared by the monoglyceride method gave to oil paintings better characteristics and drying behavior on canvas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High esterification of acidolysis carboxymethyl sesbania gum was successfully accomplished by using 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (ionic liquid) as a solvent, octenyl succinic anhydride as an esterifying agent, pyridine as a catalyst. The goal derivatives were characterized by FT-IR, TGA, SEM, XRD and so on. The experimental results indicated that octenyl succinate acidolysis carboxymethyl sesbania gum as a novel hydrophobic material had a very well emulsifying capacity (79.5%) and stability (78.9%). The effect of acidolysis on the crystalline structure of sesbania gum (SG) was different from the carboxymethylation. The esterification entirely destroyed the crystalline structure. The surface of SG particles would become rougher and rougher with the successive completion of carboxymethylation, acidolysis and esterification. The energy storage modulus of SG and SG derivatives increased with the increase in angular frequency, but the energy storage modulus of carboxymethyl sesbania gum increased in a different way. The peaks of C=O and C=C bonds appeared at 1735.0 cm−1 and 1630.0 cm−1 due to introduction of the carboxymethyl and octenyl succinate groups into SG molecular chains. Not only does SG show excellent performance in promoting the hydrophilicity and permeability due to containing large amounts of hydroxide radicals, but also SG is non-toxic and biodegradable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Crude olive pomace oil (OPO) is a by-product of olive oil extraction. In this study, low-calorie structured triacylglycerols (TAGs) were produced by acidolysis of crude OPO with medium-chain fatty acids (caprylic, C8:0; capric, C10:0) or interesterification with their ethyl ester forms (C8EE, C10EE). These new TAGs present long-chain fatty acids (L) at position sn-2 and medium-chain fatty acids (M) at positions sn-1,3 (MLM). Crude OPO exhibited a high acidity (12.05–28.75% free fatty acids), and high contents of chlorophylls and oxidation products. Reactions were carried out continuously in a packed-bed bioreactor for 70 h, using sn-1,3 regioselective commercial immobilized lipases (Thermomyces lanuginosus lipase, Lipozyme TL IM; and Rhizomucor miehei lipase, Lipozyme RM IM), in solvent-free media at 40 °C. Lipozyme RM IM presented a higher affinity for C10:0 and C10EE. Lipozyme TL IM preferred C10:0 over C8:0 but C8EE over C10EE. Both biocatalysts showed a high activity and operational stability and were not affected by OPO acidity. The New TAG yields ranged 30–60 and the specific productivity ranged 0.96–1.87 g NewTAG/h.g biocatalyst. Lipozyme RM IM cost is more than seven-fold the Lipozyme TL IM cost. Therefore, using Lipozyme TL IM and crude acidic OPO in a continuous bioreactor will contribute to process sustainability for structured lipid production by lowering the cost of the biocatalyst and avoiding oil refining. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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For cleaning tests, which are important in many industrial processes, there are no test contaminations with which geometry‐independent homogeneous films can be produced. Polymer films can fill this gap when they are able to mimic the properties of reference contaminants. For this purpose, acrylic acid (AA) copolymers are prepared by conventional atom transfer radical copolymerization and subsequent acidolysis of the tert‐butyl acrylate (tBA) prepolymers. In this way polarity and adhesion can be adjusted by the amount of carboxy groups in the polymer. Dynamic contact angle measurements show that the advancing contact angle of acrylic acid/methyl(meth)acrylate statistical copolymer layers increase with decreasing carboxy group content. Cleaning experiments show accordingly that the amount of residual polymer of coatings made from these polymers is dependent on the absolute number of adhesive carboxy groups in the polymer. Therefore, for an adaption of the polymer layers to hydrophilic reference contaminants it is necessary to incorporate additional hydrophilic monomer components into the polymers, which lead to lower contact angles but also stronger adhesion of the layers. Hence, it is shown that the chosen polymer concept is delivering the leverages to adjust the properties of appropriate test contaminants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this research, attempts were made to use rice bran lipase (RBL) from bran to optimize the fatty acid profile of existing commercial sunflower oil by either replacing or incorporating n-3 fatty acids from marine source that can be a value addition to the superior usability of rice bran. Preliminary assay of crude lipase with the substrate 4-nitrophenyl palmitate (4-NPP) showed specific activity of 0.04 U/mg. Subsequently a 9.45-fold purification (specific activity of 0.37 U/mg) was achieved through ammonium sulfate precipitation followed by fast protein liquid chromatography (FPLC) and reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) method of purifications. The SDS-PAGE and in-gel overlay staining of purified RBL with 4-methylumbelliferyl (4-MU) butyrate showed a single band of 33 kDa. Purified RBL showed a specificity for natural oils having long chain unsaturated fatty acids with a maximum specific activity (0.452 U/mg) in case of rice bran oil. Immobilized RBL was used to blend fish oil free fatty acids (FFA) with sunflower oil (SO) at varying ratios (v/v). Clinically desirable novel structured lipid (SL) were obtained with n-6:n-3 ratios (v/v) of 5.6:1 and 3.6:1 Thus, the current study offers better nutritional desirability to the existing nutrition profile of commercial sunflower oil and further can be exploited to modify other triglycerides to optimize the n-6:n-3 ratio. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A photo-induced and completely metal catalyst-free synthetic pathway is proposed for the preparation of bio-based heterograft copolymer based on poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) and poly(ɛ-caprolactone) (PCL) pendant groups on the soybean oil (SBO) backbone (PAA-SBO-PCL). For this purpose, the SBO possessing primary hydroxyl and bromide functionalities (Br-SBO-OH) is prepared from epoxidized soybean oil (ESBO) by ring-opening reaction catalyzed by hydrochloric acid. The photo-induced metal-free atom transfer radical and ring-opening photopolymerizations (PIMF-ATRP and PIMF-ROP) of tertiary butyl acrylate (t-BA) and ɛ-CL monomersare concurrently performed on the Br-SBO-OH bifunctional macro photo-initiator without affecting each other, using perylene as an organic photo-catalyst (λ= 400–500 nm). The t-BA groups of resulting bio-based PtBA-SBO-PCL is hydrolyzed into acrylic acid moieties via acidolysis to achieve the ultimate PAA-SBO-PCL. Spectroscopic, chromatographic, wettability and thermal investigations such as FT-IR, 1H-NMR, GPC, WCA, TGA and DSC analyses indicate that both the required intermediates and the targeted polymers are successfully synthesized, as well as the conversion of t-BA groups to acrylic acid units. Thus, this efficient and most importantly green and sustainable process that can be enabled to production of a variety of SBO-based heterograft copolymers could greatly expand the potential applications of widely used polymers as advanced materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, scientists and technologists have become increasingly interested in producing modified lipids with enhanced nutritional and functional properties. The application and functional properties of fats and oil depend on the composition and structure of triacylglycerols (TAG). As a result, lipid TAG changes can be used to synthesize tailored lipids with a broader range of applications. However, no natural edible oil is available with appropriate dietary and functional properties to meet the human recommended dietary allowances (RDA). On the other hand, the arising health concern is the transfat consumption produced during the chemical modification of vegetable oil through the partial hydrogenation process. Therefore, innovative technologies are shifting toward modifying fat and oil to improve their functionality. Enzymatic interesterification (EIE) is one of the emerging and novel technology to modify the technological traits of naturally available edible oil. It helps in modifying physicochemical, functional, oxidative, and nutritional characteristics of fats and oil due to the rearrangement of the fatty acid positions in the glycerol backbone after interesterification. Enzymatic interesterification utilizes lipase as a biocatalyst with specificity and selectivity to produce desired lipids. Alternation in the molecular structure of triacylglycerol results in changes in melting/dropping point, thermal properties, crystallization behavior, solid fat content, and oxidative stability. Because of its high acyl exchange reaction efficiency, simple reaction process, flexibility, eco-friendly, and generation of fewer by-products, (EIE) is gaining more attention as a substitute lipid modification approach. This review paper discusses the uses of EIE in developing modified fat with desirable physicochemical and nutritional properties. EIE is one of the potential techniques to modify vegetable oil's physicochemical, functional, and nutritional characteristics without producing any undesirable reaction products. EIE produces different modified lipids such as transfat-free margarine, plastic fat, bakery, confectionery fat, therapeutic oil, infant food, cocoa butter substitute, and equivalent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Response surface methodology (RSM) was used to optimize the degree of esterification of p-coumaric acid to triolein via lipase-catalyzed acidolysis, and enzyme load, reaction time and mole ratio of substrates were selected as variables in the experimental design. The results showed that the model employed was highly sufficient for determining the effectiveness and interaction of three selected variables, enzyme load, reaction time and the mole ratio of substrates, on the dependent variable, the degree of esterification. Although the optimization point was not found in the selected range of the three variables, the steepest ascent analysis suggested that an increase of these three variables might lead to a stationary point. However, based on the limitations on increasing the range of tested variables, including possible oxidation of synthesized lipids and increased cost, the degree of esterification so yielded in the designed central composite design should be the one closest to the possible ideal optimized degree. The p-coumarates so produced exhibited varying antioxidant performance in the tested muscle food model, which could be explained by their different lipophilicity. Moreover, the potential health benefits of synthesized phenolic lipids have been discussed. Graphical Abstract

High V-type relative crystallinity (V RC) dextrin (HVD) was prepared by high-temperature acid-ethanol hydrolysis (HTAEH) of V-type granular starch (VGS). The influence factors including acid concentration, acidolysis temperature and acidolysis duration on HVD production were investigated along with the formation mechanism. HVD with the highest V RC (45.15%) was prepared in 60% (v/v) ethanol at an HCl concentration of 2.0% (w/w), an acidolysis temperature of 95 °C and an acidolysis duration of 30 min. Increasing V RC during the first stage of HTAEH indicated that the V-type crystalline region of VGS was resistant to acid hydrolysis. The molecular weight of VGS was significantly decreased after 10 min∼30 min of HTAEH but remained relatively constant thereafter. The increase in V RC of HVD was due to acid hydrolysis of amylose (AM), and degraded AM with a peak degree of polymerisation of 107 was more easily to complex with ethanol. [Display omitted] • High V-type relative crystallinity dextrin was prepared by high-temperature acid-ethanol hydrolysis (HTAEH) of V-type granular starch. • V-type crystalline regions of V-type granular starch was resistant to acid hydrolysis. • The structure changes of V-type granular starch in the process of HTAEH was studied. • Degradation of amylose played a major role in increasing V-type relative crystallinity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential of Aspergillus tubingensis in extracting metals from rocks simulating Martian regolith through biomining. The results indicated that the fungal strain produced organic acids, particularly oxalic acid, in the first five days, leading to a rapid reduction in the pH of the culture medium. This acidic medium is ideal for bioleaching, a process that employs acidolysis and complexolysis to extract metals from rocks. Additionally, the strain synthesized siderophores, molecules capable of mobilizing metals from solid matrices, as verified by the blue CAS colorimetric test. The secretion of siderophores in the culture medium proved advantageous for biomining. The siderophores facilitated the leaching of metal ions, such as manganese, from the rock matrix into the acidified water solution. In addition, the susceptibility of the Martian regolith simulant to the biomining process was assessed by determining the particle size distribution, acid composition after treatment, and geochemical composition of the rock. Although the preliminary results demonstrate successful manganese extraction, further research is required to optimize the extraction technique. To conclude, the A. tubingensis strain exhibits promising abilities in extracting metals from rocks through biomining. Its use could prove useful in future in situ mining operations and environmental remediation efforts. Further research is required to optimize the process and evaluate its feasibility on a larger scale.

Garlic saccharides have prebiotic activity, but the association between their function and structure is still poorly known. In present study, four different garlic saccharides were obtained from garlic polysaccharides (GPs) after acidolysis by ultrafiltration. Obtained GPs were constituted by different monosaccharides, among which fructose and glucose were the main components, while galactose was a major component of GPs-U6. All four saccharides were partly degraded by the simulated digestive system, and most could reach the large intestine to be utilized by the gut microbiota. Except for GPs-U6, the other three garlic saccharide fractions had good prebiotic activity in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, GPs-U0.3 with lower molecular weight (Mw) showed better prebiotic activity, including promoting the production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), increasing the abundance of beneficial bacteria such as Bifidobacterium, Lachnospiraceae NK4A136 group and Phoscolarctobacterium, and inhibiting the growth of potentially harmful bacteria. In addition, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) Pathway enrichment analysis showed that GPs-U0.3 could reduce the risk of cancer and cardiovascular diseases. Overall, this findings of the present study revealed the digestive properties of GPs, as well as the potential association between their chemical structures and fermentation characteristics by gut microbiota. Thus, it can be stated that GPs-U0.3 can be used as potential prebiotics in functional foods, which provides a theoretical basis for the targeted preparation of functionalized garlic saccharides.

Herein, a multistage induced electric field (IEF) combined with a continuous-flow reactor was utilized to assist the acid hydrolysis of corn, potato, and waxy corn starch for avoiding plate corrosion and heavy metal leakage. It was found that adding IEF stages was beneficial to improve the hydrolysis efficiency. Treating potato, corn, and waxy corn starch via continuous-flow IEF increased the reducing sugar contents up to 78.76 %, 57.86 %, and 66.18 %, respectively. The electrical conductivity of starch grew with the reaction stages, while starch yield demonstrated the opposite trend. Treated starch had higher solubility and gelatinization peak temperature than native starch, with the gelatinization enthalpy showing fluctuations. Meanwhile, the swelling power decreased as the number of IEF stages was increased. Observations of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy indicated that the treated starch became more ordered, and crystalline regions were destroyed to various degrees with pores forming on particle surfaces. These variations could be attributed to acid hydrolysis and IEF. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]