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Objectives: Lumbar puncture (LP) is fundamental for diagnosis and treatment; however, some parents do not provide consent for their children to undergo the procedure, which can make diagnosis and determination of the optimal treatment difficult. The present study aimed to describe the level of knowledge and attitudes toward LP of parents whose children were scheduled to undergo the procedure., Methods: A prospective cross-sectional descriptive study of a convenience sample of parents of 84 children aged 2 months to 17 years scheduled for LP at a single academic children's hospital between 2015 and 2017. Parents were administered a written survey and interviewed by a physician other than the person who did the LP. Data on parental level of knowledge and attitudes regarding LP, in addition to reasons for refusal, were collected.The parents of 84 patients scheduled for LP due to various indications were administered a face-to-face survey interview. The survey was used to collect parental demographic data, as well as opinions and knowledge about LP and postinterventional complications., Results: The mean age of the 84 patients (57% male and 43% female) was 6.4 ± 5.17 years. Lumbar puncture was planned for the presumptive diagnosis of neurological disease in 45.25% of the patients, central nervous system infection in 45.25%, and acute encephalopathy in 9.5%. Among the parents, 65% (n = 55) had no knowledge or attitude about LP prior to the survey interview. The most common parental concern related to LP was paralysis (25%), followed by infertility (2%), mental retardation (1%), and disease progression (1%). Only 4.7% of the parents did not provide consent for their child to undergo LP., Conclusions: We found that most parents had little knowledge about LP, and the most common parental concern was paralysis. Despite this, in our study, only 5% of parents did not consent to LP., Competing Interests: Disclosure: The authors declare no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2018 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.)

Refugee children are defined as an at-risk population as they have a high risk of physical and mental health conditions. While data exist regarding the mental health of refugee children, there are limited data about their medical health issues and mortality. Therefore, this study aimed to analyze the demographic data, clinical results, treatment/management data, and mortality data of hospitalized refugee children. This is a descriptive study that analyzed the demographic data, clinical findings, treatment/management data, and mortality data of 728 refugee children aged between 1 month and 18 years who were hospitalized in a tertiary pediatric hospital between 2013 and 2018. During the 5 year duration of this study (2013-2018), there were 12,031 patients hospitalized in the department of general pediatrics. Of these patients, 728 (6%) were refugee children [median age 1.2 (IQR 4.4) years]. The most frequent ethnic origin was Syrian, followed by Iraqi and Afghan [465 (63.87%); 174 (23.9%), and 39 (5.3%), respectively]. The median duration of hospitalization was 6 (IQR 6) days. Those refugee patients who were hospitalized in the pediatric intensive care unit were significantly younger [median age 3.7 (IQR 9.4) years]. The mortality rate in the department of general pediatrics was 16.4% for refugee patients and 8.6% for non-refugee patients (p = 0.001). A logistic regression model revealed that factors associated with mortality included younger age (OR 1.6; CI 1.2-2.1) and being a refugee (OR 2.1; CI 1.3-3.2). Our study revealed detailed knowledge about demographic, clinical, and mortality data, with the largest known series about refugee children in the literature. The results show that mortality rates are significantly higher in refugee pediatric patients who are hospitalized in Turkey than in non-refugee patients.

The present study was conducted to determine young children's (aged 1-60 months) exposure to and use of mobile devices. The study included 422 parents of children aged 1-60 months admitted to pediatric outpatient clinics. A questionnaire was administered to the parents via face-to-face interview. Children's overall exposure to mobile devices was 75.6% (n = 319). Of the children, 24.4% (n = 103) had never used a mobile device. Among the children that had used a mobile device, 20.6% (n = 66) were aged between 1 and 12 months; 24.5% (n = 78) were aged between 13 and 24 months. The median age at the first time use of a mobile device was 12 months. The youngest child that used a mobile device was 6 months old. Tablets had a significant difference in the age at first use compared with other mobile media types (P < 0.01). Children's overall mobile device ownership was 30.7% (98/319) in frequency. There was a positive relationship between mobile device ownership and age (p < 0.001). The most commonly owned mobile device was a "tablet" at a frequency of 68.4% (67/98). The frequency of tablet ownership was inversely associated with household income (P < 0.01). Of the children that used mobile devices, 25.7% (82/319) used multiple mobile devices simultaneously. Among 422 children, 15.9% (n = 67) had a tablet in their room. The frequency of tablet use and ownership was inversely related to the mother's educational level (P < 0.01). The parents reported that 22.3% (n = 71) never received help while navigating the mobile device. The most frequent activity with mobile devices was watching videos (70.8%, n = 226). Of the parents, 59.6% (190/319) let their children use mobile devices while they are doing daily tasks or domestic chores. Of the parents, 91.5% (n = 386) reported not having been informed by a doctor about the effects of mobile devices on their children.Conclusion: This study demonstrates a high prevalence of exposure to mobile devices in young children. The frequency of tablet use and ownership of offspring was inversely related with maternal educational level and household income. What is Known: • Mobile phones and other similar mobile devices are now embedded in the daily lives of children. • There are limited data about mobile media use in early childhood, and few guidelines on which clinicians can base their recommendations. What is New: • The exposure to mobile devices is high in young children aged 1-60 months. • The frequency of tablet use and ownership of offspring was inversely related to household income and maternal educational level.