66 results on '"Acoustic index"'
Search Results
2. Springtime spatio-temporal distribution of bird diversity in urban parks based on acoustic indices
- Author
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Yunfeng Yang, Yixun Chen, Zhewen Ye, Ziqi Song, and Yao Xiong
- Subjects
Bird diversity ,Acoustic index ,Human disturbance ,Vegetation community ,Nanjing ,Ecology ,QH540-549.5 - Abstract
Human-dominated urban ecosystems have encroached on native habitats, positioning urban parks as crucial sanctuaries that support bird diversity conservation. Bird communities tend to act as significant indicators of habitat quality. Birds play a key role in generating soundscapes in urban environments, where a healthy acoustic environment is essential not only for human well-being but also serves as a core focus for environmental monitoring and landscape enhancement. Previous studies have pointed out that acoustic indices have great advantages and strong feasibility for long-term environmental monitoring. However, few studies on the comparative analysis of bird diversity across urban parks subject to varying degrees of urbanization have been published in this field. In this study we recorded the springtime soundscape across 8 urban parks in Nanjing (China) from March to April 2023 for 10 hours each day. Six acoustic indices of Acoustic Complexity Index, Acoustic Diversity Index, Normalized Difference Soundscape Index, Bioacoustic Index, Acoustic Entropy Index and Power Spectral Density were used to quantify the monitoring results. To investigate the influence of vegetation habitats on bird activity, we utilized K-means clustering analysis to categorize the parks based on their developmental gradient, while Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was employed to simplify the dimensions of 12 vegetation factors. The results revealed that the distribution of birds in urban parks is a complex interplay of variables including the gradient of urban development, the functions of park plots, and the characteristics of vegetation habitats, among others. Day-to-day, human and bird activities show similarities, yet birds' responses to urban environments vary by location. The daily movement of visitors exerts a discernible influence on park birds, even those adapted to urban life. In instances of heightened human activity, birds demonstrate a proclivity for seeking refuge in less disturbed areas, and their activity space tends to be concentrated on higher plants. Vegetation communities in areas of high human disturbance are found to provide substantial support to bird habitats. Specifically, vegetation communities featuring tall trees or ground cover that form buffer zones have a significant positive effect on weakening the impact of human activities on bird communities. In terms of monitoring bird diversity with acoustic indices, Bioacoustic Index and Acoustic Diversity Index show more consistent performance, rendering them more reliable than other acoustic indices.
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- 2024
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3. Anthropophony Effects on Acoustic Metrics in a Marine Soundscape
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Greco, Laura López, Oliveira, Eliziane G., Clark, Christopher W., Sousa-Lima, Renata S., Picciulin, Marta, Section editor, Popper, Arthur N., editor, Sisneros, Joseph A., editor, Hawkins, Anthony D., editor, and Thomsen, Frank, editor
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- 2024
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4. Island biogeography of soundscapes: Island area shapes spatial patterns of avian acoustic diversity.
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Han, Peng, Zhao, Yuhao, Kang, Yi, Ding, Ping, and Si, Xingfeng
- Subjects
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BIOGEOGRAPHY , *STRUCTURAL equation modeling , *BIRD diversity , *SPECIES diversity , *BARRIER islands , *ISLANDS - Abstract
Aim: The equilibrium theory of island biogeography predicts the positive species–area relationship and the negative species–isolation relationship, resulting in higher species richness on large and close islands. Unlike species richness, soundscape diversity integrates sound from various sources (e.g. biophony, geophony and anthrophony). However, how soundscape diversity varies with island area and isolation still needs to be tested. Here, we explored the island biogeography of bird soundscapes and the determinants of island attributes in shaping bird diversity and soundscape diversity. Location: Thousand Island Lake, Zhejiang, China. Taxon: Birds. Methods: We recorded avian soundscapes by audio recorders and censused bird diversity by line transects on 20 land‐bridge islands. We calculated four acoustic indices (acoustic complexity index, bioacoustic index, acoustic evenness index and acoustic entropy index) to assess acoustic richness, evenness and heterogeneity to explore the soundscape diversity of birds. We used multiple linear regressions, spatial autoregressions and piecewise structural equation models to examine the relationships between bird richness and acoustic diversity, and island attributes. Results: We found positive diversity–area relationships for avian soundscapes. Larger islands had more vocal species and higher habitat diversity, which led to an increment in the richness and unevenness of avian soundscapes on large islands. Acoustic evenness decreased with increasing isolation (distance to the mainland). Main Conclusions: Soundscapes on large islands are more diverse than those on small islands. Rich acoustic assemblages and heterogeneous habitats promote increased soundscape diversity on islands. Conversely, the lack of vocal contributors, resulting in a decrement in the communication of acoustic signals, can create a lower soundscape diversity on small and remote islands. Our study emphasizes the necessity of examining both species and habitat diversity in island biogeography for better understanding the underlying mechanisms determining biological soundscapes on islands. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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5. Influence of recording devices and environmental noise on acoustic index scores: Implications for bird sound-based assessments
- Author
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Chengyun Zhang, Yue Zhang, Xinjun Zheng, Xinghui Gao, and Zezhou Hao
- Subjects
Acoustic index ,Bird biodiversity ,Environmental noise ,Passive acoustic monitoring ,Recording device ,Ecology ,QH540-549.5 - Abstract
Passive acoustic monitoring serves as a minimally invasive and effective method for biodiversity assessment, particularly in bird monitoring through the application of acoustic indices. However, the use of different recording devices and different types of environmental noise (e.g., rain, wind, stream, traffic noise) lead to signal distortions that affect the application of ecoacoustics indices. Currently, there are no established guidelines specifying the technical requirements for recording devices and the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) threshold for accurate calculation of acoustic indices. To enhance the accuracy of acoustic indices in bird biodiversity assessments, this study investigated the impact of different recording devices and environmental noise (rain, wind, stream, traffic noise) on acoustic indices. In this study, we selected six acoustic indices: Acoustic Complexity Index, Acoustic Diversity Index, Acoustic Evenness Index, Bioacoustic Index, Acoustic Entropy Index, and Normalized Difference Soundscape Index, and we used four different recording devices to simultaneously record 104 h of bird-sound data at the same location. In addition, 44 h of noisy bird signals with different noise types and intensities were artificially synthesized for comparison. The sound data were then used to analyze the effects of the recording devices and environmental noise on the acoustic indices used for bird biodiversity assessment. Our results showed that (a) all six acoustic indices were affected by the recording device used; (b) each acoustic index had different sensitivities to different noise types; and (c) there was a SNR threshold above which the effect of noise on the acoustic index was negligible. This study provides recommendations for recording device selection and determines SNR thresholds for noisy bird signals, contributing to the refinement of protocols for acquiring and preprocessing signals in the application of acoustic indices for bird biodiversity assessment. These findings aim to establish standardized protocols for signal acquisition and preprocessing in future application of acoustic indices.
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- 2024
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6. A new method to estimate abundance of Australasian Bittern ( Botaurus poiciloptilus ) from acoustic recordings
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Elizabeth Znidersic, David M Watson, and Michael W Towsey
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acoustic index ,acoustic monitoring ,australasian bittern ,ecoacoustics ,long-duration false-colour spectrogram ,Ecology ,QH540-549.5 - Abstract
Effective conservation management relies on survey methods that accurately represent the biological communities being monitored. Here, we describe a novel approach using long-duration acoustic recordings to estimate abundance of a threatened wetland bird, the Australasian Bittern ( Botaurus poiciloptilus ). Whereas acoustic monitoring enables a large increase in effort compared to traditional on-site monitoring, e.g., triangulation surveys, it is difficult to estimate the number of individuals of a target species in acoustic recordings. We describe a semi-automated approach to estimate bittern abundance at four sites in the Barmah-Millewa Forest of southern Australia using single-channel, long-duration recordings. Our approach leveraged several known characteristics of bittern calling behavior. We obtained abundance estimates that are larger than those previously found using triangulation surveys at the same site. This is primarily attributed to our ability to find the peak calling hours in a long-duration recording, which does not require the training of a machine-learning call-recognizer. If the method we describe is performed in a consistent, standardized manner, it can identify population trends, which is an important outcome for a threatened species. Our method should be suitable for other furtive wetland species with a similar call structure or frequency range.
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- 2024
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7. CicadaNet: Deep learning based automatic cicada chorus filtering for improved long-term bird monitoring
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Chengyun Zhang, Nengting Jin, Jie Xie, and Zezhou Hao
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Passive acoustic monitoring ,Noise filtering ,Deep learning ,Acoustic index ,Biodiversity ,Ecology ,QH540-549.5 - Abstract
Passive acoustic monitoring has been an effective tool for bird sound analysis. However, bird sounds often include cicada noise, which is an obstacle for investigating bird sounds. For example, cicada noise can result in large deviations of acoustic index, which will lead to the mismonitoring of species richness trends. Therefore, there is a critical need to filter cicada noise for helping bird sound analysis. We develop a novel end-to-end deep learning model, named CicadaNet for filtering cicada chorus from recordings containing bird sound. CicadaNet utilizes a convolutional encoder-decoder network to encode and decode acoustic features and a conformer module for global and local sequence modeling. We build a clean bird sound dataset and collect a large amount of real cicada noise data for model evaluation. We compare CicadaNet with current state-of-the-art deep denoising models and traditional denoising algorithms. Experimental results show that CicadaNet achieves the best denoising performance (SegSNR is improved by 9.59 dB and SI-SNR is improved by 20.08 dB when the noisy SNR = 0 dB). Meanwhile, CicadaNet achieves good performance for the real-time denoising of cicada noise. Furthermore, CicadaNet achieves bird species-independent noise reduction. We evaluate the effectiveness of CicadaNet for bird diversity survey. CicadaNet achieves the best performance, which can effectively eliminate the deviation caused by cicada noise to the acoustic index. CicadaNet can be easily extended to the cancellation of other environmental noise, and we propose it for the acoustic denoising of other vocalizing animals.
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- 2024
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8. Can acoustic indices reflect the characteristics of public recreational behavioral in urban green spaces?
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Weicong Fu, Chengyu Ran, Jingkai Huang, Zhu Chen, Shiyuan Fan, Wenqiang Fang, Miaojun Ye, Jiaying Dong, Xiong Yao, and Ziru Chen
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Soundscape ,Acoustic index ,Recreational behavior ,Spatial and temporal variation ,Ecology ,QH540-549.5 - Abstract
Acoustic indicators serve as an effective means of assessing the quality of urban green space soundscape. The informative, easy accessibility and non-invasive nature of acoustic monitoring renders it an excellent tool for studying the interaction among the natural environment, wildlife, and human activities. Urban green space is essential in the urban ecosystem and constitutes the primary location for public outdoor recreation. However, the existing methods for monitoring public recreational behavior, such as on-site observation, drone observation, or questionnaire interviews, require significant labor or professional expertise. All of these methods have their limitations, so there is still much to be researched in the acoustic indices and recreational behavior. As a result, the potential for using acoustic characteristics to monitor public recreational behavior remains underexplored. To address this gap, this study investigates the potential of 5 widely used acoustic indices and acoustic intensity for monitoring public recreational behavior: Acoustic Complexity Index (ACI), Acoustic Diversity Index (ADI), Acoustic Richness (AR), Normalized Difference Soundscape Index (NDSI), and Power Spectral Density (PSD). Data were collected from 35 monitoring points in urban green spaces during the opening hours (6:00–22:00) to analyze the relationship between these indices and public recreational behavior. The findings indicate that (1) ACI, ADI, and AR daily exhibited multi-peak daily variation characteristics similar to those of public recreational behavior, displaying a “W” shape, while NDSI exhibits opposite variation characteristics; (2) the spatial variation characteristics of ACI, ADI, and AR change in response to the green space, and these changes align with public recreational behavior; (3) the correlation analysis and generalized linear mixed model construction further demonstrate that acoustic indices are effective in capturing the dynamic activities of visitor behavior; and (4) PSD undergoes significant temporal dynamic changes along the frequency gradient, with different frequency intervals reflecting the activity information of different recreational behaviors. In conclusion, this research highlights the effectiveness of using acoustic indices to analyze both the spatial and temporal variation characteristics of public recreational behavior in urban green spaces. The results can provide valuable data support for the enhancement and renovation of urban green spaces.
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- 2023
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9. Soundscape diversity: Evaluation indices of the sound environment in urban green spaces – Effectiveness, role, and interpretation
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Yi Xiang, Qi Meng, Xueyong Zhang, Mengmeng Li, Da Yang, and Yue Wu
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Soundscape diversity ,Acoustic index ,Sound perception ,Soundscape ,Urban green space ,Ecology ,QH540-549.5 - Abstract
Urban green space sound sources play an important role in providing people with high quality recreation experiences. However, the evaluation index for urban green space sound sources is still limited. The main purpose of this study is to propose indices for soundscape diversity in urban green spaces, compare soundscape diversity with acoustic diversity, and understand the role of soundscape diversity in urban green spaces. In our field investigation, the sound sources of 30 sample sites were recorded over a five-minute period, and the soundscape diversity index (SDI), soundscape richness index (SRI), soundscape dominance index (SDO), and soundscape evenness index (SEI) were calculated. The results showed that soundscape diversity indices are more suitable for the evaluation of urban green space sound diversity than acoustic diversity indices. There is a significant correlation between soundscape diversity and urban green space landscape patterns, and there is a varied relationship between soundscape diversity and sound perception in different urban green spaces. Soundscape diversity can be explained by existing objective acoustic indicators, which can explain 55% of SDI model variations, 71% of SRI model variations, 43% of SDO model variations, and 32% of SEI model variations. Soundscape diversity can be applied to future urban green space planning and acoustic environment design.
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- 2023
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10. Passive acoustic monitoring provides a fresh perspective on fundamental ecological questions.
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Ross, Samuel R. P.‐J., O'Connell, Darren P., Deichmann, Jessica L., Desjonquères, Camille, Gasc, Amandine, Phillips, Jennifer N., Sethi, Sarab S., Wood, Connor M., and Burivalova, Zuzana
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APPLIED ecology , *BIODIVERSITY monitoring , *BIODIVERSITY conservation , *AQUATIC habitats , *PLANT phenology , *TREND analysis - Abstract
Passive acoustic monitoring (PAM) has emerged as a transformative tool for applied ecology, conservation and biodiversity monitoring, but its potential contribution to fundamental ecology is less often discussed, and fundamental PAM studies tend to be descriptive, rather than mechanistic.Here, we chart the most promising directions for ecologists wishing to use the suite of currently available acoustic methods to address long‐standing fundamental questions in ecology and explore new avenues of research. In both terrestrial and aquatic habitats, PAM provides an opportunity to ask questions across multiple spatial scales and at fine temporal resolution, and to capture phenomena or species that are difficult to observe. In combination with traditional approaches to data collection, PAM could release ecologists from myriad limitations that have, at times, precluded mechanistic understanding.We discuss several case studies to demonstrate the potential contribution of PAM to biodiversity estimation, population trend analysis, assessing climate change impacts on phenology and distribution, and understanding disturbance and recovery dynamics. We also highlight what is on the horizon for PAM, in terms of near‐future technological and methodological developments that have the potential to provide advances in coming years.Overall, we illustrate how ecologists can harness the power of PAM to address fundamental ecological questions in an era of ecology no longer characterised by data limitation. Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2023
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11. Biotic sound SNR influence analysis on acoustic indices
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Lei Chen, Zhiyong Xu, and Zhao Zhao
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acoustic index ,rapid biodiversity assessment ,passive acoustic monitoring ,sound intensity ,biodiversity ,Geophysics. Cosmic physics ,QC801-809 ,Meteorology. Climatology ,QC851-999 - Abstract
In recent years, passive acoustic monitoring (PAM) has become increasingly popular. Many acoustic indices (AIs) have been proposed for rapid biodiversity assessment (RBA), however, most acoustic indices have been reported to be susceptible to abiotic sounds such as wind or rain noise when biotic sound is masked, which greatly limits the application of these acoustic indices. In this work, in order to take an insight into the influence mechanism of signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) on acoustic indices, four most commonly used acoustic indices, i.e., the bioacoustic index (BIO), the acoustic diversity index (ADI), the acoustic evenness index (AEI), and the acoustic complexity index (ACI), were investigated using controlled computational experiments with field recordings collected in a suburban park in Xuzhou, China, in which bird vocalizations were employed as typical biotic sounds. In the experiments, different signal-to-noise ratio conditions were obtained by varying biotic sound intensities while keeping the background noise fixed. Experimental results showed that three indices (acoustic diversity index, acoustic complexity index, and bioacoustic index) decreased while the trend of acoustic evenness index was in the opposite direction as signal-to-noise ratio declined, which was owing to several factors summarized as follows. Firstly, as for acoustic diversity index and acoustic evenness index, the peak value in the spectrogram will no longer correspond to the biotic sounds of interest when signal-to-noise ratio decreases to a certain extent, leading to erroneous results of the proportion of sound occurring in each frequency band. Secondly, in bioacoustic index calculation, the accumulation of the difference between the sound level within each frequency band and the minimum sound level will drop dramatically with reduced biotic sound intensities. Finally, the acoustic complexity index calculation result relies on the ratio between total differences among all adjacent frames and the total sum of all frames within each temporal step and frequency bin in the spectrogram. With signal-to-noise ratio decreasing, the biotic components contribution in both the total differences and the total sum presents a complex impact on the final acoustic complexity index value. This work is helpful to more comprehensively interpret the values of the above acoustic indices in a real-world environment and promote the applications of passive acoustic monitoring in rapid biodiversity assessment.
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- 2023
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12. 中日绿色建筑评价标准中有关声学问题的对比研究.
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戴靓华, 卢李海, and 周典
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ENGINEERING standards ,ABSORPTION of sound ,SUSTAINABLE buildings ,SOUNDPROOFING ,SOCIAL development ,ACOUSTIC vibrations - Abstract
Copyright of Architectural Journal / Jian Zhu Xue Bao is the property of Architectural Journal Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2022
13. BioAcoustic Index Tool: long-term biodiversity monitoring using on-sensor acoustic index calculations.
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Kadish, David and Stoy, Kasper
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BIODIVERSITY monitoring , *ENVIRONMENTAL indicators , *ELECTRONIC data processing , *SMART cities , *ACOUSTIC field , *SOUNDSCAPES (Auditory environment) - Abstract
Acoustic indices are valuable tools for measuring and tracking changes in biodiversity. However, the method used to collect acoustic index data can be made more effective by recent developments in electronics. The current process requires recording high-quality audio in the field and computing acoustic indices in the lab. This produces vast quantities of raw audio data, which limits the time that sensors can spend in the field and complicates data processing and analysis. Additionally, most field audio recorders are unable to log the full range of contextual environmental data that would help explain short-term variations. In this paper, we present the BioAcoustic Index Tool, a smart acoustic index and environmental sensor. The BioAcoustic Index Tool computes acoustic indices as audio is captured, storing only the index information, and logs temperature, humidity, and light levels. The sensor was able to operate completely autonomously for the entire five-month duration of the field study. In that time, it recorded over 4000 measurements of acoustic complexity and diversity all while producing the same amount of data that would be used to record 3 minutes of raw audio. These factors make the BioAcoustic Index Tool well-suited for large-scale, long-term acoustic biodiversity monitoring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2022
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14. Acoustic Sensor-Based Soundscape Analysis and Acoustic Assessment of Bird Species Richness in Shennongjia National Park, China.
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Hou, Yanan, Yu, Xinwen, Yang, Jingyuan, Ouyang, Xuan, and Fan, Dongpu
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SPECIES diversity , *NATIONAL parks & reserves , *RANK correlation (Statistics) , *AUDIO frequency , *ECOSYSTEMS - Abstract
Passive acoustic sensor-based soundscape analysis has become an increasingly important ecological method for evaluation of ecosystem conditions using acoustic indices. Understanding the soundscape composition and correlations between acoustic indices and species richness of birds, the most important sound source in the ecosystem, are of great importance for measuring biodiversity and the level of anthropogenic disturbance. In this study, based on yearlong sound data obtained from five acoustic sensors deployed in Dalongtan, Shennongjia National Park, we analyzed the soundscape composition by comparing the distributions of the soundscape power in different frequency ranges, and examined the correlations between acoustic indices and bird species richness by means of the Spearman rank correlation coefficient method. The diurnal dynamic characteristics of acoustic indices in different seasons were also described. Results showed that the majority of sounds were in the frequency of 2–8 kHz, in which over 50% sounds were in 2–6 kHz, commonly considered the bioacoustic frequency range. The Acoustics Complexity Index, Bioacoustic Index, and Normalized Difference Soundscape Index were significantly correlated with bird species richness, suggesting that these indices can be used for evaluation of bird species richness; Apparent diurnal dynamic patterns of bird acoustic activities were observed in spring, summer, and autumn; however, the intensity and duration of bird acoustic activities in summer is larger/longer than in spring and autumn. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
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15. Loss of winter wonderland: proximity to different road types has variable effects on winter soundscapes.
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Quinn, John E., Schindler, Alexander R., Blake, Lawson, Kline Schaffer, Sophia, and Hyland, Emilia
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SOUNDSCAPES (Auditory environment) ,SUMMER ,BIODIVERSITY monitoring ,NOISE pollution ,LAND cover ,AGRICULTURAL landscape management - Abstract
Context: Most data collection and analyses in soundscape ecology have focused on summer or breeding seasons in urban or protected landscapes, missing important acoustic dynamics in winter, non-breeding periods and in agricultural landscapes, a land-use that constitutes 39% of ice-free surface globally. Objectives: To address these gaps, we examined the variation of winter soundscapes across a rural agricultural landscape of Nebraska, USA. We compared high and low traffic sites, testing if traffic levels affected soundscape structure. Methods: We recorded sound over two winters at 19 sites located adjacent to major and minor roadways. We calculated eight unique soundscape indexes to quantify the soundscape over time as a function of traffic and land cover. We applied filters at 80, 1000, and 2000 Hz. Results: We found clear statistical differences between high and low traffic sites in 7 of 8 soundscape indexes. Soundscape varied throughout the day, but not throughout the season. There was a clear negative correlation between technophony (human-derived sounds) and biophony (ecologically derived sounds) across sites. We found that not all indices may be suitable for all ecosystems. Conclusions: We quantified the effects of noise pollution on the soundscape of understudied habitats during winter months. By using soundscape indexes as surrogates for biodiversity, acoustic sampling could be an effective method for monitoring biodiversity when traditional methods may be ineffective or too costly. However, caution needs to be taken when choosing indices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
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16. Surrogacy of post natural disaster acoustic indices for biodiversity assessment
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Sajeev C Rajan, Lijimol Dominic, Vishnu M, Athira K, Sooraj NP, and Jaishanker R
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Bird diversity: Natural disaster ,Soundscape ,Acoustic index ,Environmental sciences ,GE1-350 - Abstract
Biodiversity assessment, in the aftermath of a natural disaster, remains a challenge. Sonic (acoustic) analysis is increasingly gaining acceptance as a means of rapid assessment of biodiversity. However, its utility in the immediate aftermath of natural disasters is unreported. We compare pre-flood, flood-period and post-flood acoustic indices of Salim Ali Bird Sanctuary, Kerala, India, to illustrate their utility in assessing avian biodiversity. The temporal dynamics of acoustic indices capture the spectre of floods on avian diversity and its resurgence with time in the sanctuary.
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- 2022
- Full Text
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17. Influence of recording devices and environmental noise on acoustic index scores: Implications for bird sound-based assessments.
- Author
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Zhang, Chengyun, Zhang, Yue, Zheng, Xinjun, Gao, Xinghui, and Hao, Zezhou
- Subjects
- *
TRAFFIC noise , *SIGNAL-to-noise ratio , *FEATURE selection - Abstract
[Display omitted] • Recording devices and environmental noise affects acoustic indices. • Further improve the reliability and accuracy of the acoustic index. • Microphone with omnidirectional and flat amplitude frequency response is necessary. • The signal-to-noise ratio of the signal should meet the requirement of threshold. Passive acoustic monitoring serves as a minimally invasive and effective method for biodiversity assessment, particularly in bird monitoring through the application of acoustic indices. However, the use of different recording devices and different types of environmental noise (e.g., rain, wind, stream, traffic noise) lead to signal distortions that affect the application of ecoacoustics indices. Currently, there are no established guidelines specifying the technical requirements for recording devices and the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) threshold for accurate calculation of acoustic indices. To enhance the accuracy of acoustic indices in bird biodiversity assessments, this study investigated the impact of different recording devices and environmental noise (rain, wind, stream, traffic noise) on acoustic indices. In this study, we selected six acoustic indices: Acoustic Complexity Index, Acoustic Diversity Index, Acoustic Evenness Index, Bioacoustic Index, Acoustic Entropy Index, and Normalized Difference Soundscape Index, and we used four different recording devices to simultaneously record 104 h of bird-sound data at the same location. In addition, 44 h of noisy bird signals with different noise types and intensities were artificially synthesized for comparison. The sound data were then used to analyze the effects of the recording devices and environmental noise on the acoustic indices used for bird biodiversity assessment. Our results showed that (a) all six acoustic indices were affected by the recording device used; (b) each acoustic index had different sensitivities to different noise types; and (c) there was a SNR threshold above which the effect of noise on the acoustic index was negligible. This study provides recommendations for recording device selection and determines SNR thresholds for noisy bird signals, contributing to the refinement of protocols for acquiring and preprocessing signals in the application of acoustic indices for bird biodiversity assessment. These findings aim to establish standardized protocols for signal acquisition and preprocessing in future application of acoustic indices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
18. Acoustic Sensor-Based Soundscape Analysis and Acoustic Assessment of Bird Species Richness in Shennongjia National Park, China
- Author
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Yanan Hou, Xinwen Yu, Jingyuan Yang, Xuan Ouyang, and Dongpu Fan
- Subjects
acoustic sensors ,soundscape analysis ,acoustic index ,bird species richness ,biodiversity monitoring ,Chemical technology ,TP1-1185 - Abstract
Passive acoustic sensor-based soundscape analysis has become an increasingly important ecological method for evaluation of ecosystem conditions using acoustic indices. Understanding the soundscape composition and correlations between acoustic indices and species richness of birds, the most important sound source in the ecosystem, are of great importance for measuring biodiversity and the level of anthropogenic disturbance. In this study, based on yearlong sound data obtained from five acoustic sensors deployed in Dalongtan, Shennongjia National Park, we analyzed the soundscape composition by comparing the distributions of the soundscape power in different frequency ranges, and examined the correlations between acoustic indices and bird species richness by means of the Spearman rank correlation coefficient method. The diurnal dynamic characteristics of acoustic indices in different seasons were also described. Results showed that the majority of sounds were in the frequency of 2–8 kHz, in which over 50% sounds were in 2–6 kHz, commonly considered the bioacoustic frequency range. The Acoustics Complexity Index, Bioacoustic Index, and Normalized Difference Soundscape Index were significantly correlated with bird species richness, suggesting that these indices can be used for evaluation of bird species richness; Apparent diurnal dynamic patterns of bird acoustic activities were observed in spring, summer, and autumn; however, the intensity and duration of bird acoustic activities in summer is larger/longer than in spring and autumn.
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- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
19. 生物声音监测研究在生物多样性领域的应用.
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边琦, 王成, and 郝泽周
- Abstract
Copyright of Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology / Yingyong Shengtai Xuebao is the property of Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
20. 浅水多波束换能器声学性能检测方法研究.
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张 博, 范 龙, 孙 磊, and 周家新
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ACOUSTIC transducers ,WATER depth ,ECHO sounders ,ACOUSTIC field ,TRANSDUCERS - Abstract
Copyright of Hydrographic Surveying & Charting / Haiyang Cehui is the property of Hydrographic Surveying & Charting Editorial Board and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
21. Eavesdropping on the dead: heterogeneity of tallgrass prairie soundscapes and their relationship with invertebrate necrophilous communities.
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Dodgin, Sarah R., Hall, Carrie L., and Howard, Daniel R.
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INVERTEBRATE communities ,BURYING beetles ,PRAIRIES ,BIOTIC communities ,PITFALL traps ,HABITAT partitioning (Ecology) - Abstract
Tallgrass prairies are rapidly vanishing biodiversity hotspots for native species, yet little is known about the spatio-temporal variation of prairie soundscapes and how they relate to grassland biological communities. Using an ecoacoustic approach to examine the relationship between a southern tallgrass prairie soundscape and the spatial distributions of an ecologically important community of necrophilous invertebrates, we used pitfall traps and programmable passive acoustic recorders to conduct a Nicrophorus burying beetle field survey while simultaneously obtaining soundscape recordings across a 16,000 ha tallgrass prairie site. We quantified soundscape characteristics using six ecoacoustic indices and found that associations between Nicrophorus burying beetle abundances and acoustic index values were species-specific and unique to particular acoustic indices and times of day. Although Nicrophorine burying beetles share a dependence on vertebrate carcasses for reproduction, these distinctive relationships with the prairie soundscape likely reveal fine-scale temporal, spatial and carcass-size niche segregation that occurs between Nicrophorus species. Soundscape datasets analyzed using acoustic indices can produce useful time-series data that captures spatio-temporal trends associated with both biotic and abiotic ecosystem factors. Environmental acoustic data can be used to assess habitat quality for non-soniferous species of interest that depend on or interact closely with sound-producing species or acoustic communities. Broadly, acoustic indices may produce data that allows managers to rapidly assess critical habitats in the context of disturbance, restoration, or climate-mediated effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
22. Passive acoustic monitoring provides a fresh perspective on fundamental ecological questions
- Author
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Samuel R. P.‐J., Ross, Darren P., O'Connell, Jessica L., Deichmann, Camille, Desjonquères, Amandine, Gasc, Jennifer N., Phillips, Sarab S., Sethi, Connor M., Wood, Zuzana, Burivalova, Samuel R. P.‐J., Ross, Darren P., O'Connell, Jessica L., Deichmann, Camille, Desjonquères, Amandine, Gasc, Jennifer N., Phillips, Sarab S., Sethi, Connor M., Wood, and Zuzana, Burivalova
- Abstract
Passive acoustic monitoring (PAM) has emerged as a transformative tool for applied ecology, conservation and biodiversity monitoring, but its potential contribution to fundamental ecology is less often discussed, and fundamental PAM studies tend to be descriptive, rather than mechanistic. Here, we chart the most promising directions for ecologists wishing to use the suite of currently available acoustic methods to address long-standing fundamental questions in ecology and explore new avenues of research. In both terrestrial and aquatic habitats, PAM provides an opportunity to ask questions across multiple spatial scales and at fine temporal resolution, and to capture phenomena or species that are difficult to observe. In combination with traditional approaches to data collection, PAM could release ecologists from myriad limitations that have, at times, precluded mechanistic understanding. We discuss several case studies to demonstrate the potential contribution of PAM to biodiversity estimation, population trend analysis, assessing climate change impacts on phenology and distribution, and understanding disturbance and recovery dynamics. We also highlight what is on the horizon for PAM, in terms of near-future technological and methodological developments that have the potential to provide advances in coming years. Overall, we illustrate how ecologists can harness the power of PAM to address fundamental ecological questions in an era of ecology no longer characterised by data limitation., source:https://besjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1365-2435.14275
- Published
- 2023
23. Can acoustic indices reflect the characteristics of public recreational behavioral in urban green spaces?
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Fu, Weicong, Ran, Chengyu, Huang, Jingkai, Chen, Zhu, Fan, Shiyuan, Fang, Wenqiang, Ye, Miaojun, Dong, Jiaying, Yao, Xiong, Chen, Ziru, Fu, Weicong, Ran, Chengyu, Huang, Jingkai, Chen, Zhu, Fan, Shiyuan, Fang, Wenqiang, Ye, Miaojun, Dong, Jiaying, Yao, Xiong, and Chen, Ziru
- Abstract
Acoustic indicators serve as an effective means of assessing the quality of urban green space soundscape. The informative, easy accessibility and non-invasive nature of acoustic monitoring renders it an excellent tool for studying the interaction among the natural environment, wildlife, and human activities. Urban green space is essential in the urban ecosystem and constitutes the primary location for public outdoor recreation. However, the existing methods for monitoring public recreational behavior, such as on-site observation, drone observation, or questionnaire interviews, require significant labor or professional expertise. All of these methods have their limitations, so there is still much to be researched in the acoustic indices and recreational behavior. As a result, the potential for using acoustic characteristics to monitor public recreational behavior remains underexplored. To address this gap, this study investigates the potential of 5 widely used acoustic indices and acoustic intensity for monitoring public recreational behavior: Acoustic Complexity Index (ACI), Acoustic Diversity Index (ADI), Acoustic Richness (AR), Normalized Difference Soundscape Index (NDSI), and Power Spectral Density (PSD). Data were collected from 35 monitoring points in urban green spaces during the opening hours (6:00–22:00) to analyze the relationship between these indices and public recreational behavior. The findings indicate that (1) ACI, ADI, and AR daily exhibited multi-peak daily variation characteristics similar to those of public recreational behavior, displaying a “W” shape, while NDSI exhibits opposite variation characteristics; (2) the spatial variation characteristics of ACI, ADI, and AR change in response to the green space, and these changes align with public recreational behavior; (3) the correlation analysis and generalized linear mixed model construction further demonstrate that acoustic indices are effective in capturing the dynamic activities of visitor beha
- Published
- 2023
24. CicadaNet: Deep learning based automatic cicada chorus filtering for improved long-term bird monitoring.
- Author
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Zhang, Chengyun, Jin, Nengting, Xie, Jie, and Hao, Zezhou
- Subjects
- *
DEEP learning , *NOISE control , *BIRD diversity , *NOISE , *BIRD surveys , *SPECIES diversity , *CICADAS - Abstract
• A novel end-to-end deep learning model, named CicadaNet is proposed for filtering cicada chorus from recordings containing bird sound • Our proposed algorithm achieves the best performance over current state-of-the-art deep denoising models and traditional denoising algorithms • A clean bird sound dataset is built and a large amount of real cicada noise data is collected for model evaluation Passive acoustic monitoring has been an effective tool for bird sound analysis. However, bird sounds often include cicada noise, which is an obstacle for investigating bird sounds. For example, cicada noise can result in large deviations of acoustic index, which will lead to the mismonitoring of species richness trends. Therefore, there is a critical need to filter cicada noise for helping bird sound analysis. We develop a novel end-to-end deep learning model, named CicadaNet for filtering cicada chorus from recordings containing bird sound. CicadaNet utilizes a convolutional encoder-decoder network to encode and decode acoustic features and a conformer module for global and local sequence modeling. We build a clean bird sound dataset and collect a large amount of real cicada noise data for model evaluation. We compare CicadaNet with current state-of-the-art deep denoising models and traditional denoising algorithms. Experimental results show that CicadaNet achieves the best denoising performance (SegSNR is improved by 9.59 dB and SI-SNR is improved by 20.08 dB when the noisy SNR = 0 dB). Meanwhile, CicadaNet achieves good performance for the real-time denoising of cicada noise. Furthermore, CicadaNet achieves bird species-independent noise reduction. We evaluate the effectiveness of CicadaNet for bird diversity survey. CicadaNet achieves the best performance, which can effectively eliminate the deviation caused by cicada noise to the acoustic index. CicadaNet can be easily extended to the cancellation of other environmental noise, and we propose it for the acoustic denoising of other vocalizing animals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
25. Storage and post-cold storage evaluation of exotic apple varieties harvested at different maturity levels using destructive and non- destructive techniques.
- Author
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Wani, Nazrana Rafique, Hussain, Syed Zameer, Naseer, Bazila, Zargar, Imtiyaz Ahmad, Beigh, Mushtaq, Qadri, Tahiya, Bej, Gopinath, Fayaz, Ufaq, Nazir, Nageena, Akuli, Amitava, and Ghosh, Alokesh
- Subjects
- *
COMPUTER vision , *HARVESTING time , *COLD storage , *STORAGE , *STATISTICAL correlation - Abstract
Most of the studies have used destructive techniques to evaluate the storage parameters while various authors have explored acoustics and machine vision to determine the firmness and defects in apples respectively. However, in all the reported studies destructive and non-destructive techniques have been employed separately to study the storage behaviour of apples. In the present study both destructive and non-destructive techniques were used and were correlated to predict the storage behaviour of three exotic apple varieties; Gala Redlum , Red Velox and Super Chief grown under temperate conditions Himalayan conditions of Kashmir for the first time. Acoustic coefficient, firmness, pectin, juice yield, acidity, non-reducing sugars and overall acceptability decreased, whereas, cumulative physiological loss in weight (CPLW) and rot percentage increased from H1 to H3 irrespective of variety and storage conditions. Total soluble solids, total sugar, reducing sugar and anthocyanin content showed slight increase followed by a progressive decline under both the storage conditions. Early harvested apples (H1) showed higher spoilage and color change as compared to mid (H2) and late (H3) harvested apples irrespective of variety and storage conditions. Overall apples harvested at H1 had a shelf life of 60 days under ambient conditions and 130 days under cold storage conditions with a post-cold storage life of 10 days. Apples harvested at H2 had a shelf life of 75 days under ambient conditions and 170 days under cold storage conditions with a post-cold storage life of 15 days, while apples harvested at H3 had a shelf life of 60 days under ambient conditions and 110 days under cold conditions with a post-cold storage life of 10 days. Correlation analysis between destructive and non-destructive parameters was also performed. Acoustic coefficient showed significant positive correlation with firmness measured using texture analyzer (r = 0.71; 0.92, p ≤ 0.01) and negative correlations with starch content (r = - 0.76, p ≤ 0.01) and CPLW (r = - 0.72, p ≤ 0.01). Inference drawn from the study was that in future acoustics can emerge as a quick and reliablenon-destructive method to predict the storage behaviour of apples. • Acoustic and machine vision were used during storage and post-cold storage studies of three exotic apple varieties. • Correlation of acoustic coefficient with all other parameters was done for both the storage conditions. • Post cold storage studies showed apples harvested at medium maturity showed acceptable firmness upto 15 days. • The study provides optimum harvest date for long term storage of all the tested varieties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
26. Passive acoustic monitoring provides a fresh perspective on fundamental ecological questions
- Author
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Samuel R. P.‐J. Ross, Darren P. O'Connell, Jessica L. Deichmann, Camille Desjonquères, Amandine Gasc, Jennifer N. Phillips, Sarab S. Sethi, Connor M. Wood, Zuzana Burivalova, Ross, SRPJ [0000-0001-9402-9119], O'Connell, DP [0000-0001-9331-8189], Deichmann, JL [0000-0002-2198-3515], Desjonquères, C [0000-0002-6150-3264], Gasc, A [0000-0001-8369-4930], Phillips, JN [0000-0002-0014-2995], Sethi, SS [0000-0002-5939-0432], Wood, CM [0000-0002-0235-5214], Burivalova, Z [0000-0001-5730-7546], and Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository
- Subjects
acoustic index ,bioacoustics ,ecoacoustics ,soundscape ,sensor array ,Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics ,spatiotemporal scale ,biodiversity - Abstract
Funder: Canon Foundation in Europe; Id: http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100005286, Passive acoustic monitoring (PAM) has emerged as a transformative tool for applied ecology, conservation and biodiversity monitoring, but its potential contribution to fundamental ecology is less often discussed, and fundamental PAM studies tend to be descriptive, rather than mechanistic. Here, we chart the most promising directions for ecologists wishing to use the suite of currently available acoustic methods to address long‐standing fundamental questions in ecology and explore new avenues of research. In both terrestrial and aquatic habitats, PAM provides an opportunity to ask questions across multiple spatial scales and at fine temporal resolution, and to capture phenomena or species that are difficult to observe. In combination with traditional approaches to data collection, PAM could release ecologists from myriad limitations that have, at times, precluded mechanistic understanding. We discuss several case studies to demonstrate the potential contribution of PAM to biodiversity estimation, population trend analysis, assessing climate change impacts on phenology and distribution, and understanding disturbance and recovery dynamics. We also highlight what is on the horizon for PAM, in terms of near‐future technological and methodological developments that have the potential to provide advances in coming years. Overall, we illustrate how ecologists can harness the power of PAM to address fundamental ecological questions in an era of ecology no longer characterised by data limitation. Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog.
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
27. Guidelines for the use of acoustic indices in environmental research.
- Author
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Bradfer‐Lawrence, Tom, Gardner, Nick, Bunnefeld, Lynsey, Bunnefeld, Nils, Willis, Stephen G., Dent, Daisy H., and Zamora‐Gutierrez, Veronica
- Subjects
ENVIRONMENTAL indicators ,ECOSYSTEM dynamics ,SOUND recordings ,ENVIRONMENTAL monitoring ,GUIDELINES - Abstract
Ecoacoustics, the study of environmental sound, is a growing field with great potential for biodiversity monitoring. Audio recordings could provide a rapid, cost‐effective monitoring tool offering novel insights into ecosystem dynamics. More than 60 acoustic indices have been developed to date, which reflect distinct attributes of the soundscape, (i.e. the total acoustic energy at a given location, including noise produced by animals, machinery, wind and rain). However, reported patterns in acoustic indices have been contradictory, possibly because there is no accepted best practice for the collection and analysis of audio recordings.Here, we propose: (a) guidelines for designing studies using audio recordings for the rapid assessment of multiple sites; and (b) a workflow for comparing recordings with seven of the most commonly used indices, permitting discrimination among habitat‐specific soundscapes. We collected and analysed over 26,000 hr of recordings from 117 sites across a range of habitats in a human‐modified tropical landscape in central Panama; an order of magnitude more recordings than used in previously published studies.We demonstrate that: (a) Standard error variance of indices stabilizes within 120 hr of recordings from a single location. (b) Continuous recording should be used rather than subsample recording on a schedule; sub sampling is a common practice but delays capture of site variability and maximizing total duration of recording should be prioritized. (c) Use of multiple indices to describe soundscape patterns reveals distinct diel and seasonal soundscape patterns among habitats.We advocate collecting at least 120 hr of continuous recordings per site, and using a range of acoustic indices to categorize the soundscape, including the Acoustic Complexity Index, Acoustic Evenness Index, Acoustic Entropy Index and the Normalized Difference Soundscape Index. Differences among habitat types can be captured if multiple indices are used, and magnitude of variance is often more important than mean values. The workflow we provide will enable successful use of ecoacoustic techniques for environmental monitoring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
28. Using acoustic indices to estimate wolf pack size.
- Author
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Papin, Morgane, Aznar, Mélanie, Germain, Estelle, Guérold, François, and Pichenot, Julian
- Subjects
- *
WOLVES , *SPATIAL variation , *SPECIES diversity , *NATURE , *STANDARD deviations , *SIGNAL-to-noise ratio - Abstract
• Acoustic indices were used to estimate wolf pack size. • Indices positively correlated with numbers of howling wolves in artificial choruses. • Numbers of wolves predicted in real choruses was often overestimated. • Three potential biases found in field recordings were investigated. • Acoustic indices are promising tool for wolf pack monitoring. Acoustic indices were recently developed for biodiversity evaluation by measuring the acoustic heterogeneity generated by animals in natural environments. Some of these indices focus on the species diversity in a community by studying frequency and temporal variations in acoustic signals. We explored the possibility of using acoustic indices to estimate the population size of a specific species. More precisely, the objective was to estimate the size of grey wolf packs by testing six acoustic indices: H , Hf , Ht , M , AR , and ACI. The relationship between the averaged values of the indices and the number of howling wolves was studied based on artificial solos and choruses created from howls extracted from wolf choruses recorded in captivity. Then, 16 real choruses were used to test the size predictions based on index values calculated previously and considered as references. Finally, we explored three biases that might influence the acoustic index values and thus the chorus size estimates. All of the acoustic indices were positively correlated with chorus size, although large standard deviations were observed. Moreover, H , Hf , and Ht reached a plateau at 7–8 wolves. The size predictions based on real choruses were overestimated or underestimated. However, ACI was the most accurate with chorus size predictions close to the actual value. M and AR also had good predictive power, especially for choruses made by a relatively small number of howling wolves. The overestimates may be explained by several sources of bias related to the natural composition of real choruses. Indeed, the acoustic indices were influenced by the audio file duration, signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), and temporal overlap of the wolf howls, but not in the same manner for each index. In particular, H , Ht , and M were significantly influenced by the audio file duration and their values decreased as the duration increased. Excluding AR , all of the indices were affected by adding background noise. The H and Hf values decreased as the SNR decreased, but the opposite trend occurred for ACI. Only Hf and AR were not influenced by the temporal overlap of howls and the values of the four other indices decreased to a greater extent when more wolf howls overlapped. The most promising indices were ACI , AR , and Hf , and they may provide an innovative census tool for estimating wolf pack size. Our results are encouraging although further research is needed to obtain a more effective and accurate tool. Several recommendations and directions for further studies are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
29. Rapid assessment of biodiversity using acoustic indices.
- Author
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Rajan, Sajeev C., Athira, K., Jaishanker, R., Sooraj, N. P., and Sarojkumar, V.
- Subjects
BIRD refuges ,BIOLOGICAL systems ,BIODIVERSITY ,AUDITORY pathways ,RAPID tooling - Abstract
The evolutionary success of a species is linked to its ability to communicate. Auditory, optic and olfactory systems are biological communication channels. Compared to the latter two, auditory systems are less impeded by physical obstructions. Successful species have effectively articulated this to their advantage. Decoding the acoustic dynamics of a landscape can ingeniously be crafted as a rapid tool to assess biological diversity. Here, we present results of the acoustic analysis carried out in three contrasting soundscapes in Kerala, India. Representative sound samples were recorded at Ernakulam, Kerala, India using Marantz PMD 661 III sonic recorder from 6.00 a.m. to 6.00 p.m. (IST) from an urban park [Hill Palace Museum (L1)], a sacred grove [Iringole Kavu (L2)], and a legally protected area Salim Ali Bird Sanctuary (L3). Acoustic characteristics of these sites expressed as Acoustic Complexity Index (ACI), Acoustic Diversity Index (ADI), Acoustic Evenness Index (AEI), Bioacoustic Index (BI) and Normalized Difference Soundscape Index (NDSI) were related to corresponding avian diversity. The objective finding reveals the distinctiveness of sonic characteristics and the status of diversity in each soundscape. Rapid assessment of biodiversity using acoustic indices is a prospective option that can be adopted as a means to generate biodiversity indicators of Sustainable Develeopment Goals (SDGs). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
30. Soundscape diversity: Evaluation indices of the sound environment in urban green spaces – Effectiveness, role, and interpretation.
- Author
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Xiang, Yi, Meng, Qi, Zhang, Xueyong, Li, Mengmeng, Yang, Da, and Wu, Yue
- Subjects
- *
PUBLIC spaces , *AUDITORY perception , *SOUND design , *FIELD research , *WHITE noise - Abstract
[Display omitted] • Soundscape diversity suitable for describing sound diversity in urban green spaces. • Soundscape diversity correlated with landscape patterns in urban green spaces. • Soundscape diversity correlated with sound perception in urban green spaces. • Soundscape diversity could be explained by existing acoustic indicators. Urban green space sound sources play an important role in providing people with high quality recreation experiences. However, the evaluation index for urban green space sound sources is still limited. The main purpose of this study is to propose indices for soundscape diversity in urban green spaces, compare soundscape diversity with acoustic diversity, and understand the role of soundscape diversity in urban green spaces. In our field investigation, the sound sources of 30 sample sites were recorded over a five-minute period, and the soundscape diversity index (SDI), soundscape richness index (SRI), soundscape dominance index (SDO), and soundscape evenness index (SEI) were calculated. The results showed that soundscape diversity indices are more suitable for the evaluation of urban green space sound diversity than acoustic diversity indices. There is a significant correlation between soundscape diversity and urban green space landscape patterns, and there is a varied relationship between soundscape diversity and sound perception in different urban green spaces. Soundscape diversity can be explained by existing objective acoustic indicators, which can explain 55% of SDI model variations, 71% of SRI model variations, 43% of SDO model variations, and 32% of SEI model variations. Soundscape diversity can be applied to future urban green space planning and acoustic environment design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
31. Agricultural Landscape Composition Linked with Acoustic Measures of Avian Diversity
- Author
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Adam P. Dixon, Matthew E. Baker, and Erle C. Ellis
- Subjects
croplands ,anthromes ,human dominated ecosystems ,acoustic index ,land cover ,farmland ,Agriculture - Abstract
Measuring, monitoring, and managing biodiversity across agricultural regions depends on methods that can combine high-resolution mapping of landscape patterns with local biodiversity observations. This study explores the potential to monitor biodiversity in agricultural landscapes by linking high-resolution remote sensing with passive acoustic monitoring. Land cover maps produced using a small unmanned aerial system (UAS) and PlanetScope (PS) satellite imagery were used to investigate relationships between landscape patterns and an acoustically derived biodiversity index (vocalizing bird species richness) across 12 agricultural sample locations equipped with acoustic recorders in Iowa, USA during the 2018 growing season. Statistical assessment revealed a significant direct association between vocalizing bird richness and percent noncrop vegetation cover. High spatial resolution (1 m) UAS mapping produced stronger statistical associations than PS-based maps (3 m) for landscape composition metrics. Landscape configuration metrics (Shannon’s diversity index, contagion, perimeter-area-ratio, and circumscribing circle index) were either cross-correlated with composition metrics or unusable owing to complete landscape homogeneity in some agricultural landscape samples. This study shows that high resolution mapping of noncrop vegetation cover can be linked with acoustic monitoring of unique bird vocalizations to provide a useful indicator of biodiversity in agricultural landscapes.
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
32. Lianas Abundance is Positively Related with the Avian Acoustic Community in Tropical Dry Forests.
- Author
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Hilje, Branko, Stack, Shauna, and Sánchez-Azofeifa, Arturo
- Subjects
LIANAS ,TROPICAL dry forests ,BIODIVERSITY ,EFFECT of drought on plants - Abstract
Dry forests are important sources of biodiversity where lianas are highly abundant given their ability to grow during times of drought and as a result of secondary growth processes. Lianas provide food and shelter for fauna such as birds, but there are no studies assessing the influence of liana abundance on birds in dry forests. Here we evaluate the influence of liana abundance on the avian acoustic community in the dry forests of Costa Rica at Santa Rosa National Park. We selected forest sites with different levels of liana abundance and set up automated sound recorders for data collection, analysis and estimation of the avian acoustic community. When the number of lianas increases, the avian acoustic community becomes more complex. Lianas could provide important direct and indirect resources for birds such as structure for shelter, protection, nesting and roosting, and food. The positive relationship that lianas have with birds is particularly important in dry forests where lianas are becoming highly abundant due to the level of forest disturbance and climate change, especially for some bird species that are restricted to this ecosystem. By validating the number of bird species detected in the recordings with the acoustic complexity index, we found that a higher acoustic complexity means higher species richness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
33. Acoustic patterns at the Samford Ecological Research Facility in South East Queensland, Australia: The Peri-Urban SuperSite of the Terrestrial Ecosystem Research Network.
- Author
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Gage, Stuart H., Wimmer, Jason, Tarrant, Tom, and Grace, Peter R.
- Subjects
ECOSYSTEMS ,CLIMATE change ,HABITATS ,ENVIRONMENTAL monitoring - Abstract
Acoustic signals that emanate from ecosystems are an important ecological variable which can provide evidence of current ecological condition as well as ecological change over time. The Terrestrial Ecosystem Research Network (TERN) established protocols to record sounds in ten SuperSites distributed throughout Australia with the objective of characterizing the soundscape in a representative landscape in different regions of Australia. This acoustic monitoring system enables a comparison of the soundscapes within and between Australian regions to determine similarities and differences in these landscapes and regions. This research quantifies the soundscape patterns in one of these SuperSites, Samford Ecological Research Facility (TERN-SERF), which is part of the South-East Queensland Peri-Urban SuperSite. An analysis and visualization of patterns in the soundscape was conducted using a continuous acoustic recording collected at TERN-SERF. The recording was made using a Song Meter (SM2) in a representative wooded habitat at TERN-SERF from 1 August to 30 September 2013. The recording was made in 16-bit stereo at 44 kHz and stored in wav file format. The recording was split into 1-minute-long recordings comprising 86,196 records and then sub-sampled at a 30-minute interval, providing 2878 one-minute-long recordings every 1/2 h. Soundscape metrics were computed for each of the two recording intervals. Soundscape power values were computed for each of ten frequency intervals (1–11 kHz) for both the 1-minute and the 30-minute interval recordings. In addition, six acoustic indices were computed from each recording. The acoustics metrics derived from the two sets of recordings (1-minute and 30-minute recording intervals) were examined to determine if they revealed different patterns. Several soundscape metrics were calculated for each recording including ten soundscape power values at 1 kHz frequency intervals and six acoustics indices. The soundscape shows a dynamic but consistent pattern over time of day during the monitoring period, depending on the metric examined. The metrics revealed different soundscape patterns. All soundscape power values at 1 kHz frequency intervals defined the dawn and dusk chorus, some more distinctly than others. Three of six acoustic indices also changed abruptly at the dawn chorus. No significant difference was found when soundscape metrics were compared between the 1-minute (high resolution) and 30-minute (lower resolution) recording intervals. A t -test was used to compare the mean values of ten soundscape power frequency intervals (p = 0.44) and the mean values of six acoustics indices (p = 0.41). Sounds were identified in 180 recordings made at 0530 h, 0600 h and 0630 h in the 1-minute long 30-minute interval recordings each day during the recording period (August and September). Sixty-seven species of birds were identified. Soundscape metrics were correlated with avian species counts and calls by all species using a correlation threshold of r > 0.7. This analysis revealed that soundscape power at the frequency interval 3–4 kHz was correlated with both the number of species (r = − 0.927) and total calls (r = − 0.996) over the three time periods. Three indices, the ADI (r = 0.953, r = 0.709), the AEI (r = 0.978, r = 0.774) and (H) (r = 0.795, r = 0.985) were similarly correlated as was an index derived soundscape power, the Shannon-Weaver Index (r = − 0.997, r = − 0.849). Other indices were correlated (r > 0.7) with only the number of avian species or only the number of calls. This methodology establishes an analysis protocol for analyzing large acoustic data sets, and demonstrates the effectiveness of using acoustic metrics for summarizing and interpreting long-term recordings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
34. Connecting soundscape to landscape: Which acoustic index best describes landscape configuration?
- Author
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Fuller, Susan, Axel, Anne C., Tucker, David, and Gage, Stuart H.
- Subjects
- *
SOUNDSCAPES (Auditory environment) , *LANDSCAPE ecology , *ENVIRONMENTAL monitoring , *BIODIVERSITY , *FRAGMENTED landscapes - Abstract
Soundscape assessment has been proposed as a remote ecological monitoring tool for measuring biodiversity, but few studies have examined how soundscape patterns vary with landscape configuration and condition. The goal of our study was to examine a suite of published acoustic indices to determine whether they provide comparable results relative to varying levels of landscape fragmentation and ecological condition in nineteen forest sites in eastern Australia. Our comparison of six acoustic indices according to time of day revealed that two indices, the acoustic complexity and the bioacoustic index, presented a similar pattern that was linked to avian song intensity, but was not related to landscape and biodiversity attributes. The diversity indices, acoustic entropy and acoustic diversity, and the normalized difference soundscape index revealed high nighttime sound, as well as a dawn and dusk chorus. These indices appear to be sensitive to nocturnal biodiversity which is abundant at night in warm, subtropical environments. We argue that there is need to better understand temporal partitioning of the soundscape by specific taxonomic groups, and this should involve integrated research on amphibians, insects and birds during a 24 h cycle. The three indices that best connected the soundscape with landscape characteristics, ecological condition and bird species richness were acoustic entropy, acoustic evenness and the normalized difference soundscape index. This study has demonstrated that remote soundscape assessment can be implemented as an ecological monitoring tool in fragmented Australian forest landscapes. However, further investigation should be dedicated to refining and/or combining existing acoustic indices and also to determine if these indices are appropriate in other landscapes and for other survey purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
35. Lianas Abundance is Positively Related with the Avian Acoustic Community in Tropical Dry Forests
- Author
-
Branko Hilje, Shauna Stack, and Arturo Sánchez-Azofeifa
- Subjects
bird species richness ,acoustic index ,forest biophysical properties ,Costa Rica ,Plant ecology ,QK900-989 - Abstract
Dry forests are important sources of biodiversity where lianas are highly abundant given their ability to grow during times of drought and as a result of secondary growth processes. Lianas provide food and shelter for fauna such as birds, but there are no studies assessing the influence of liana abundance on birds in dry forests. Here we evaluate the influence of liana abundance on the avian acoustic community in the dry forests of Costa Rica at Santa Rosa National Park. We selected forest sites with different levels of liana abundance and set up automated sound recorders for data collection, analysis and estimation of the avian acoustic community. When the number of lianas increases, the avian acoustic community becomes more complex. Lianas could provide important direct and indirect resources for birds such as structure for shelter, protection, nesting and roosting, and food. The positive relationship that lianas have with birds is particularly important in dry forests where lianas are becoming highly abundant due to the level of forest disturbance and climate change, especially for some bird species that are restricted to this ecosystem. By validating the number of bird species detected in the recordings with the acoustic complexity index, we found that a higher acoustic complexity means higher species richness.
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
36. Identificación automática de transformación en el bosque seco tropical colombiano usando GMM y UBM-GMM
- Author
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Rendón Hurtado, Néstor David, Isaza-Narvaez, Claudia V., Rodríguez Buriticá, Susana, Rendón Hurtado, Néstor David, Isaza-Narvaez, Claudia V., and Rodríguez Buriticá, Susana
- Abstract
Today, machine learning methods have become a powerful tool to help curb the effects of global warming by solving ecological questions. In particular, the Colombian Tropical Dry Forest (TDF) is an important ecosystem that is currently under threat due to deforestation generated by cattle, mining, and urban development since colonial times. One of the urgent challenges in this area is to understand the threatened ecosystems landscape transformation and forest degradation. Traditionally, environmental conservation experts measure these changes using transformation levels (high, medium, low). These levels have been obtained through direct observation, counting species, and measures of spatial variation through the time. Therefore, these methods are invasive to the study landscapes and require large amounts of time analysis. A proficient alternative to classical methods is the passive acoustic monitoring, as they are less invasive to the environment, avoid seeing the difficulty of species from isolated individuals, and help reduce the time of researchers at the sites. Even though too much data is generated, and computational tools have been required for their analysis. This paper proposes a new method to automatically identify the transformation in the Colombian TDF. The method is based on Gaussian Mixture Models (GMM) and Universal Background Model (UBM). In addition, it includes an acoustic indices analysis to select the most informative variables. The GMM proposal was tested in two local sites (La Guajira and Bolivar regions) and achieved an accuracy of 93% and 89% for each one, and it was obtained 84% with the general UBM model., Hoy, los métodos de aprendizaje automático se han convertido en una herramienta para ayudar a frenar los efectos del calentamiento global, al resolver cuestiones ecológicas. En particular, el bosque seco tropical (BST) de Colombia se encuentra actualmente amenazado por la deforestación generada, desde la época colonial, por la ganadería, la minería y el desarrollo urbano. Uno de los desafíos urgentes en esta área es comprender la transformacion y degradación de los bosques. Tradicionalmente, los cambios de los ecosistemas se miden por varios niveles de transformación (alto, medio, bajo). Estos se obtienen a través de observación directa, recuento de especies y medidas de variación espacial a lo largo del tiempo. Por ende, estos métodos son invasivos y requieren de largos lapsos de observación en los lugares de estudio. Una alternativa eficaz a los métodos clásicos es el monitoreo acústico pasivo, que es menos invasivo, ya que evita el aislamiento de las especies y reduce el tiempo de los investigadores en los sitios. Sin embargo, implica la generación de múltiples datos y la necesidad de herramientas computacionales destinadas al análisis de las grabaciones. Este trabajo propone un método para identificar automáticamente la transformación del BST mediante grabaciones acústicas, aplicando dos modelos de clasificación: Gaussian Mixture Models (GMM), por cada región estudiada, y Universal Background Model (UBM), para un modelo general. Además, contiene un análisis de índices acústicos, con el fin de detectar los más representativos para las transformaciones del BST. Nuestra propuesta de GMM alcanzó una precisión de 93% y 89% para las regiones de La Guajira y Bolívar. El modelo general UBM logró 84% de precisión.
- Published
- 2020
37. Responses of bats to fires in lowlands forest remnants in Colombia
- Author
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Obando Cabrera, Laura, Armenteras Pascual, Dolors, and Ecología del Paisaje y Modelación de Ecosistemas
- Subjects
Incendios forestales ,Forest fires ,Quirópteros ,Ecología del fuego ,Fire ecology ,Acoustic index ,Ecoacoustics ,577 - Ecología [570 - Biología] ,Soundscape ,Bats ,Paisaje sonoro ,Amazonía ,Ecoacústica ,Audiomoths ,Amazon ,Índices acústicos - Abstract
ilustraciones, gráficas, tablas Los incendios forestales son un importante impulsor mundial de modificación, degradación y pérdida del hábitat. Aunque se presentan en la mayoría de los biomas, en los trópicos representan una gran amenaza, en particular para ecosistemas como los bosques amazónicos donde miles de hectáreas se queman anualmente. Si bien, en los bosques amazónicos los efectos de los incendios a nivel de vegetación son poco conocidos, los efectos específicos sobre la fauna son mucho más escasos. Para obtener una mejor comprensión de como la diversidad faunística se ve afectada por los incendios, esta investigación se centró en evaluar por primera vez los efectos de los incendios sobre los murciélagos en remanentes de bosques de la región Amazónica colombiana. Mediante el uso de índices de diversidad acústica, se evaluó la diversidad del paisaje nocturno en remanentes de bosques que sufrieron incendios en diferentes momentos (3 años, 8 años, 19 años y no incendiada). Se encontró una clara separación del paisaje sonoro nocturno entre la localidad que se incendió recientemente y las demás localidades, sugiriendo que entre más tiempo pasa después de un incendio los efectos negativos disminuyen y la diversidad acústica aumenta. El efecto del tiempo también fue evidente sobre las características de la vegetación y de disponibilidad de insectos en cada localidad, por lo que los procesos sucesionales resultaron claves para recuperar los valores de diversidad acústica. Por otra parte, tras un análisis de correspondencia canónico se encontró que la diversidad y biomasa de insectos y el número de árboles fueron el conjunto de variables de hábitat que determinaron los valores de la diversidad acústica nocturna. Los resultados de esta investigación son totalmente opuestos a la información obtenida para la relación murciélagos-incendios forestales en zonas templadas, generando información clave que puede ser proyectada en otros lugares de la Amazonía cuando ocurran incendios. (Texto tomado de la fuente). Wildfires are a major global driver of habitat modification, degradation and loss. Although they occur in most biomes, in the tropics they pose a great threat, particularly to ecosystems such as Amazonian forests where thousands of hectares are burned annually. Although, in the Amazonian forests, the effects of fires at the vegetation level are little known, the specific effects on fauna are much scarcer. To gain a better understanding of how wildlife diversity is affected by forest fires, this research focused on evaluating for the first time the effects of fires on bats in forest remnants in the Colombian Amazon region. Through the use of acoustic diversity indices, the diversity of the nocturnal landscape was evaluated in remnants of forests that suffered fires at different times (3 years, 8 years, 19 years and not burned). A clear separation of the nocturnal soundscape was found between the locality that recently caught fire and the other localities, suggesting that the more time passes after a fire the negative effects diminish and the acoustic diversity increases. The effect of time was also evidenced on the characteristics of the vegetation and the availability of insects in each locality, so that successional processes were key to recovering the acoustic diversity values. On the other hand, after a canonical correspondence analysis, it was found that the diversity and biomass of insects and the number of trees were the set of habitat variables that determined the values of nocturnal acoustic diversity. The results of this research are totally opposite with the information obtained for temperate zones, generating key information that can be projected in other places in the Amazon when fires occur. Incluye anexos Maestría Magíster en Ciencias - Biología Ecología Mastozoología
- Published
- 2021
38. Response of Bolivian gray titi monkeys (
- Author
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Lucero M, Hernani Lineros, Amélie, Chimènes, Audrey, Maille, Kimberly, Dingess, Damián I, Rumiz, and Patrice, Adret
- Subjects
Animal Behavior ,Conservation Biology ,Ecology ,Anti-predator response ,Titi monkeys ,Acoustic index ,Activity budget ,Neotropical primates ,Home range ,Urban wildlife ecology ,Anthropology ,Sound pressure level ,Zoology ,Fecal cortisol ,Plecturocebus - Abstract
Worldwide urban expansion and deforestation have caused a rapid decline of non-human primates in recent decades. Yet, little is known to what extent these animals can tolerate anthropogenic noise arising from roadway traffic and human presence in their habitat. We studied six family groups of titis residing at increasing distances from a busy highway, in a park promoting ecotourism near Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia. We mapped group movements, sampled the titis’ behavior, collected fecal samples from each study group and conducted experiments in which we used a mannequin simulating a human intrusion in their home range. We hypothesized that groups of titi monkeys exposed to higher levels of anthropogenic noise and human presence would react weakly to the mannequin and show higher concentrations of fecal cortisol compared with groups in least perturbed areas. Sound pressure measurements and systematic monitoring of soundscape inside the titis’ home ranges confirmed the presence of a noise gradient, best characterized by the root-mean-square (RMS) and median amplitude (M) acoustic indices; importantly, both anthropogenic noise and human presence co-varied. Study groups resided in small, overlapping home ranges and they spent most of their time resting and preferentially used the lower forest stratum for traveling and the higher levels for foraging. Focal sampling analysis revealed that the time spent moving by adult pairs was inversely correlated with noise, the behavioral change occurring within a gradient of minimum sound pressures ranging from 44 dB(A) to 52 dB(A). Validated enzyme-immunoassays of fecal samples however detected surprisingly low cortisol concentrations, unrelated to the changes observed in the RMS and M indices. Finally, titis’ response to the mannequin varied according to our expectation, with alarm calling being greater in distant groups relative to highway. Our study thus indicates reduced alarm calling through habituation to human presence and suggests a titis’ resilience to anthropogenic noise with little evidence of physiological stress.
- Published
- 2020
39. Agricultural Landscape Composition Linked with Acoustic Measures of Avian Diversity
- Author
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Matthew E. Baker, Erle C. Ellis, and Adam P. Dixon
- Subjects
0106 biological sciences ,010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences ,Biodiversity ,Growing season ,Land cover ,farmland ,010603 evolutionary biology ,01 natural sciences ,bioacoustics ,lcsh:Agriculture ,Diversity index ,land cover ,working landscapes ,Satellite imagery ,human dominated ecosystems ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,Nature and Landscape Conservation ,Global and Planetary Change ,Ecology ,business.industry ,conservation ,lcsh:S ,croplands ,acoustic index ,Geography ,Avian diversity ,Agriculture ,Species richness ,business ,anthromes ,Cartography - Abstract
Measuring, monitoring, and managing biodiversity across agricultural regions depends on methods that can combine high-resolution mapping of landscape patterns with local biodiversity observations. This study explores the potential to monitor biodiversity in agricultural landscapes by linking high-resolution remote sensing with passive acoustic monitoring. Land cover maps produced using a small unmanned aerial system (UAS) and PlanetScope (PS) satellite imagery were used to investigate relationships between landscape patterns and an acoustically derived biodiversity index (vocalizing bird species richness) across 12 agricultural sample locations equipped with acoustic recorders in Iowa, USA during the 2018 growing season. Statistical assessment revealed a significant direct association between vocalizing bird richness and percent noncrop vegetation cover. High spatial resolution (1 m) UAS mapping produced stronger statistical associations than PS-based maps (3 m) for landscape composition metrics. Landscape configuration metrics (Shannon&rsquo, s diversity index, contagion, perimeter-area-ratio, and circumscribing circle index) were either cross-correlated with composition metrics or unusable owing to complete landscape homogeneity in some agricultural landscape samples. This study shows that high resolution mapping of noncrop vegetation cover can be linked with acoustic monitoring of unique bird vocalizations to provide a useful indicator of biodiversity in agricultural landscapes.
- Published
- 2020
40. Using ecoacoustic monitoring of biodiversity to inform urban development in peri-urban settings
- Author
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Holgate, Briana Kate and Holgate, Briana Kate
- Abstract
Acoustic recording has recently been identified as an effective tool for monitoring biodiversity and ecosystem health. This study used a novel approach to visually and statistically model the sounds produced within an ecosystem across space and time to identify hot spots and hot moments of biodiversity activity. It was demonstrated that biodiversity can be successfully measured through an integrated approach of ecoacoustic monitoring and highlights the potential to inform future ecological urban design decisions and conservation planning strategies.
- Published
- 2019
41. Quantitative analysis of coral reef soundscapes using five different acoustic indices
- Author
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Zhu, Linzhi
- Subjects
- Biology, ACI, Acoustic index, Passive acoustic monitoring, Soundscape
- Abstract
Soundscape ecology is a rising field in recent years as the effects of anthropogenic sound pollution are widely discussed. Nowadays, scientists are trying to find the best way to describe environmental health using quantitative acoustic measurements. In search of the best acoustic index/indices that can be used for real-time and long-term underwater acoustic monitoring, we tested five different acoustic indices for their effectiveness and suitability for distinguishing and differentiating various types of sounds. One dataset with anthropogenic noises (boat, ship, and diver noises), natural ambient sounds (wind, water turbulence, and reef background noises), and biotic sounds (damselfish Dascyllus reticulatus and snapping shrimps sounds) was analyzed using Raven Pro and R. Our results suggest that acoustic richness (AR) and acoustic complex index (ACI) are capable of separating sound types with the consistency of subjective impression. We also find a strong positive linear correlation between sound exposure level (SEL) and average power spectral density (PSD). The AR exhibits a polynomial relationship with the increase of SEL. Acoustic entropy (H) does not have a significant difference between the three types of sounds. These results agree with the previous studies that AR can be used for differentiating random noises and pure tones, and ACI is capable of quantifying sound complexity.
- Published
- 2022
42. Application of Internet of Things technology for sound monitoring during large scale outdoor events
- Author
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Haddad, Karim, Munoz, Patricio, Gallo, Enrico, Vincent, Bruno, and Song, Min-Ho
- Subjects
Horizon 2020 ,IoT ,EC ,Torino ,Lyon ,Outdoor ,City ,H2020 ,Sound level meter ,Large scale ,Acoustic index ,Noise annoyance ,Sound monitoring ,Open Data ,Musical events ,Adaptive sound field control ,Source contribution ,Event detection ,European Union (EU) ,European Commission ,MONICA - Abstract
The European project MONICA aims at using IoT technology to help monitoring large outdoor events. The monitoring concerns the security using different types of sensors on one hand, and the sound impact to neighborhood on the other hand, using sound level meters. For this paper, we focus on the acoustic part. MONICA has started beginning of 2017. At Internoise 2018, we presented the concept of the project. During the year 2018, the project has been tested during different outdoor events in Europe. In this paper, we present the outcomes of some of these tests: during Kappa FuturFestival, during Movida, both in Torino, Italy and during Fêtes des Lumières in Lyon, France. During these events, the IoT sound level meters were tested at different locations: close to the sources, and in the neighborhood to estimate the sound impact. In order to reduce noise to surroundings, the Adaptive Sound Field Controller (ASFC) has been also tested during the year. The implementation and the setup of the system is presented., {"references":["B. Vincent, K. Haddad, W. Song, E. Gallo, C. Doucet, D. C. Nozal, M. Jahn, \"MONICA, a European project focused on the Internet of Things for the acoustic quality and safety of outdoor large scale events\", Internoise, Chicago, USA (2018)","H.G Leventhall, \"Low Frequency Noise and Annoyance\", Published in \"Noise and Health\", Volume 6, April-June 2004","International Organization for Standardization (ISO), \"International Standard ISO 532-1, Acoustics-Methods for calculating loudness-Part 1: Zwicker method\", Corrected version, 2017-11.","F. M. Heuchel, D. C. Nozal, F. T. Agerkvist, and J. Brunskog. \"Sound field control for reduction of noise from outdoor concerts.\" in Proc. 145th Audio Engineering Society Convention, NY, USA. (2018)"]}
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
43. Analysis and Acoustic Correction of a Contemporary Italian Church
- Author
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Mirko Cascio Gioia, Andrea Cicero, Antonio Agrifoglio, Antonio Gagliano, and Francesco Nocera
- Subjects
Absorption (acoustics) ,Engineering ,business.industry ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Acoustics ,Modern Churches ,Acoustic ,Acoustic index ,3d model ,Acoustic Indexes ,Energy(all) ,Simulated data ,Situated ,Sound energy ,Flutter ,Quality (business) ,Acoustic Correction ,business ,Reliability (statistics) ,media_common - Abstract
Nowadays, architects and designers build new churches primarily considering the architectural shape to emphasize the iconographic message without sufficiently investigating the acoustic climate. In many cases, designers propose elliptical or irregular geometries for the shapes of these buildings and, in addition, the furniture of indoor surfaces have unsuitable absorption and diffusivity coefficients. Thereby, it can be observed the arise of serious acoustical problems such as standing waves, flutter echo, sound focusing and intensive late reflections (greater than 100 ms) which seriously decrease speech intelligibility and diminish the effectiveness of the early sound energy. This paper presents the results of an acoustic survey on the Catholic Church “Invaluable Blood of Jesus”, situated in Ragusa (Italy), which is characterized by many problems mentioned above. During last years, some refurbishment interventions have attempted to reduce the acoustic discomfort, but an uncorrected approach has completely compromised the speech intelligibility, especially during liturgical functions. Recently, the authors have been involved to propose suitable interventions for improving the acoustic quality of this environment. Preliminarily, a measurement survey was conducted to evaluate the main acoustic indices (RT60, STI, EDT, C80, D50) and portray the current acoustic climate. After that, it was developed an acoustic computer simulation on a 3D model of the church, in order to calibrate the model comparing measured and simulated data. This procedure allowed testing the reliability and accuracy of the model. Finally, We propose two different interventions of acoustic correction. Globally it is possible to obtain an improvement of RT60 from 7.3 to 2.5 s at 1 kHz and STI increases from 33% to 40%, at 1000 Hz.
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
44. Spatial replication and habitat context matters for assessments of tropical biodiversity using acoustic indices.
- Author
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Mitchell, Simon L., Bicknell, Jake E., Edwards, David P., Deere, Nicolas J., Bernard, Henry, Davies, Zoe G., and Struebig, Matthew J.
- Subjects
- *
OLD growth forests , *LANDSCAPE ecology , *RIPARIAN areas , *RIPARIAN forests , *TROPICAL forests , *FOREST biodiversity , *FRESHWATER biodiversity - Abstract
• Acoustic indices reflect biodiversity in tropical forests in Borneo. • For indices to reflect patterns of biodiversity requires sufficient spatial sampling. • Acoustic indices in tropical forests also change in association with changes in forest structure. • Relationships between species richness and acoustic indices vary by habitat context. • Acoustic indices exhibit no relationship with species richness in commercial oil palm estates. Approaches to characterise and monitor biodiversity based on the sound signals of ecosystems have become popular in landscape ecology and biodiversity conservation. However, to date, validation studies of how well acoustic indices reflect observed biodiversity patterns have often relied on low levels of either spatial or temporal replication, while focussing on habitats with similar underlying anthropological and geophysical sound characteristics. For acoustic indices to be broadly applicable to biodiversity monitoring, their capacity to measure the ecological facets of soundscapes must be robust to these potential sources of bias. Using two contrasting recording approaches, we examined the efficacy of four commonly used acoustic indices to reflect patterns of observed bird species richness across a tropical forest degradation gradient in Northeast Borneo. The gradient comprised intact and logged forests, riparian forests, remnants, and oil palm plantations, thus providing a highly variable anthrophonic and geophonic soundscape. We compared the degree to which acoustic indices derived from automated versus point count recording methods detected variation in inter-habitat species richness, as well as their capacity to capture changes in species diversity as a consequence of forest degradation quantified by high-resolution LiDAR derived forest canopy heights. We found Acoustic Diversity Index was associated with forest canopy height as measured by both automated recorders and recordings from point counts, whereas the association between canopy height and Acoustic Complexity Index was only detected using point count recordings. For both types of recordings, Acoustic Complexity Index exhibited the strongest relationship with observed bird richness in old growth and logged forest, whereas Acoustic Diversity was not linked, suggesting avian richness does not drive its association with canopy height. No acoustic indices were associated with observed bird richness in oil palm riparian areas. Our findings underscore the potential utility of soundscape approaches to characterise biodiversity patterns in degraded tropical landscapes, and may be used as a proxy for human inventories of bird communities. However, we also show that for acoustic indices to be effective on landscape-wide studies of environmental gradients, adequate spatial replication is required, and care must be taken to control for non-target elements of soundscapes in different habitats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
45. Acoustic patterns at the Samford Ecological Research Facility in South East Queensland, Australia: The Peri-Urban SuperSite of the Terrestrial Ecosystem Research Network
- Author
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Gage, Stuart, Wimmer, Jason, Tarrant, Tom, Grace, Peter, Gage, Stuart, Wimmer, Jason, Tarrant, Tom, and Grace, Peter
- Published
- 2017
46. Spatial Soundscape Ecology: Application in a Paleotropical Rainforest
- Author
-
VanSchaik, Jack and VanSchaik, Jack
- Abstract
The world’s biodiversity is declining with much of the decrease attributed to human activity. The paleotropical rainforests of Borneo contribute 10% of the world biodiversity but are at risk of destruction due to logging and other human interests. Soundscape ecology, defi ned as the study of the composition of sounds in an environment, is a new fi eld that offers solutions for assessing biodiversity and disturbance. Spatial dynamics are an important component of an ecosystem, yet the link between spatial dynamics and soundscapes has not yet been studied. It should be possible to assess disturbance of an ecosystem by analyzing the spatial structure of the soundscape. Particularly, soundscapes in undisturbed ecosystems should exhibit more spatial autocorrelation than soundscapes in disturbed ecosystems. We took automated bihourly 10-minute recordings at a disturbed (n = 4,905) and an undisturbed (n = 8,450) transect in Brunei, Borneo, for a month-long period. Sites had identical spatial configurations, with 13 recorders at each site. Alpha acoustic indices were computed from recorded sound files, and beta acoustic indices were calculated pairwise for each 13 recorder group at each unique recording time. Moran’s I statistics were calculated to compare the resultant alpha indices from the two transects. We compared beta indices by Mantel Tests. Spatial statistics on alpha and beta indices reveal more spatial autocorrelation and correlation at the undisturbed site. Of all alpha indices, Normalized Difference Soundscape Index (NDSI) detected spatial autocorrelation to the highest extent. Beta acoustic indices detected differences between the two sites more precisely, due to their comparative nature.
- Published
- 2017
47. Spatial Soundscape Ecology: Application in a Paleotropical Rainforest
- Author
-
Jack VanSchaik
- Subjects
Soundscape ,Ecology ,Soundscape ecology ,soundscape ,Biodiversity ,Moran’s I ,Rainforest ,spatial autocorrelation ,acoustic index ,Geography ,spectrogram ,Mantel test ,soundscape ecology ,Moran's I ,Spatial analysis ,paleotropical rainforest ,biodiversity - Abstract
The world’s biodiversity is declining with much of the decrease attributed to human activity. The paleotropical rainforests of Borneo contribute 10% of the world biodiversity but are at risk of destruction due to logging and other human interests. Soundscape ecology, defi ned as the study of the composition of sounds in an environment, is a new fi eld that offers solutions for assessing biodiversity and disturbance. Spatial dynamics are an important component of an ecosystem, yet the link between spatial dynamics and soundscapes has not yet been studied. It should be possible to assess disturbance of an ecosystem by analyzing the spatial structure of the soundscape. Particularly, soundscapes in undisturbed ecosystems should exhibit more spatial autocorrelation than soundscapes in disturbed ecosystems. We took automated bihourly 10-minute recordings at a disturbed (n = 4,905) and an undisturbed (n = 8,450) transect in Brunei, Borneo, for a month-long period. Sites had identical spatial configurations, with 13 recorders at each site. Alpha acoustic indices were computed from recorded sound files, and beta acoustic indices were calculated pairwise for each 13 recorder group at each unique recording time. Moran’s I statistics were calculated to compare the resultant alpha indices from the two transects. We compared beta indices by Mantel Tests. Spatial statistics on alpha and beta indices reveal more spatial autocorrelation and correlation at the undisturbed site. Of all alpha indices, Normalized Difference Soundscape Index (NDSI) detected spatial autocorrelation to the highest extent. Beta acoustic indices detected differences between the two sites more precisely, due to their comparative nature.
- Published
- 2017
48. Acoustic metrics predict habitat type and vegetation structure in the Amazon.
- Author
-
Do Nascimento, Leandro A., Campos-Cerqueira, Marconi, and Beard, Karen H.
- Subjects
- *
HABITATS , *ZOOLOGICAL surveys , *SOUND recordings , *PLANTS , *NATIONAL parks & reserves , *FOREST canopies - Abstract
• Each of the eight habitats studied had unique and predictable soundscapes. • Statistical indices better distinguished habitat types than complexity indices. • The acoustic evenness index was strongly connected to changes in canopy cover. • Soundscapes can track changes in biodiversity across habitats in the Amazon. The rapidly developing field of ecoacoustics offers methods that can advance multi-taxa animal surveys at policy-relevant extents. While the field is promising, there remain foundational assumptions that need to be tested across different biomes before the methods can be applied widely. Here we test two of these assumptions in the Amazon: 1) that acoustic indices can be used to predict soundscapes of different habitat types, and 2) that acoustic indices are related to vegetation structure. We recorded soundscapes and collected vegetation data in 143 sites spanning six natural and two human-modified habitats in Viruá National Park, Roraima, Brazil. We grouped the eight habitats into three categories based on vegetative characteristics and flooding regime: open habitats, flooded-forests, and non-flooded forests. Thirteen acoustic indices were calculated from 92,283 one-minute recordings to describe the soundscapes of the habitats. We found that each habitat type had unique and predictable soundscapes. Random forest models were 74% accurate at predicting the eight habitats types and 87% accurate at predicting the three broader habitats categories. The most important acoustic indices to distinguish habitats were the third quartile and centroid. Canopy cover significantly affected 11 of 13 acoustic indices, and while other vegetation variables (e.g., shrub cover and number of trees) appeared in top models for some indices, their effects were not significant. The best indices linking soundscapes to vegetation structure were the acoustic evenness index and skewness, with canopy cover explaining 81% and 52% of the variance in these indices, respectively. These results expand our knowledge regarding which acoustic indices best connect changes in habitats to changes in soundscapes. These findings are particularly important for diverse ecosystems, like the Amazon, which are known to have complex soundscapes with sound-producing animals that are difficult to detect with traditional survey methods (e.g., visual transects). Ultimately, our results suggest that soundscapes are able to track changes in biodiversity levels across major habitat types of the Amazon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
49. How well do acoustic indices measure biodiversity? Computational experiments to determine effect of sound unit shape, vocalization intensity, and frequency of vocalization occurrence on performance of acoustic indices.
- Author
-
Zhao, Zhao, Xu, Zhi-yong, Bellisario, Kristen, Zeng, Rui-wen, Li, Ning, Zhou, Wen-yang, and Pijanowski, Bryan C.
- Subjects
- *
SOUNDS , *BIRD vocalizations , *SPECIES diversity , *BIRD communities , *BIODIVERSITY , *BIRD ecology , *CONSERVATION biology - Abstract
• Seven acoustic indices are tested using three controlled computational experiments. • Three acoustic dimensions of bird vocalizations affect acoustic indices' performance. • H, ADI, and AEI show moderate correlations with avian species richness. • ADI is relatively more robust regarding bird species richness surveys. Passive acoustic monitoring of biotic sounds is increasingly popular in conservation biology. Among vocalizing animals, birds are most frequently studied and multiple acoustic indices have been proposed for rapid acoustic assessment of avian diversity. Preliminary results suggest that several indices can be used as proxies for bird species richness, however it is still unclear to what extent different conditions of bird vocalizations affect the relationship between indices and bird species richness – should it matter if the bird vocalizations contain different sound unit shapes, or if the frequency of vocalization occurrence differs, or if the vocalizations are made with various intensities? In this work, seven commonly used acoustic indices were tested using three controlled computational experiments with real-world recordings to provide an objective measure of each index's performance for answering the aforementioned questions. In the experiments, different options of sound unit shape and frequency of vocalization occurrence were precisely controlled and intensity variations were expressed as different signal-to-noise ratios (SNR) of the vocalizations. The first experiment showed that three indices (the acoustic entropy index (H), acoustic diversity index (ADI), and acoustic evenness index (AEI)) performed better than the other four, showing moderate correlations with avian species richness. The second experiment revealed that ADI for each sound unit shape tended towards a constant value with increasing frequency of vocalization occurrence while the influence from frequency of vocalization occurrence on H and AEI varied with different sound unit shape options. Our third experiment showed that the vocalization intensity affected the values of these three indices while the performance disparity among different sound unit shapes for only ADI explicitly appeared a decreasing tendency with increasing vocalization intensities. We conclude that ADI, among the tested indices, is relatively more robust with regard to bird species richness surveys when sound unit shape, frequency of vocalization occurrence, and vocalization intensity are considered. Meanwhile, since multiple indices are usually applied together to provide a comprehensive observation, the above acoustic dimensions should be taken into account especially in comparative research of different bird communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
50. Application of ecoacoustic monitoring in the field of biodiversity science.
- Author
-
Bian Q, Wang C, and Hao ZZ
- Subjects
- Animals, Conservation of Natural Resources, Urbanization, Acoustics, Biodiversity
- Abstract
Sound is an important way of communication among organisms. The monitoring and analy-sis of biological sound is an emerging method to describe and evaluate biodiversity. This method does not invade or damage the natural environment. By recording ecological information through sound, it can effectively reflect the relevant characteristics of biodiversity. The sound-based exploration of biodiversity change has broadened the interdisciplinary approach and has been increasingly applied to ecological research. Here, we expounded on the main theoretical foundations and research methods of using acoustic monitoring to assess biodiversity. We introduced related research fields from two aspects, namely the biodiversity of vocal animals and the temporal and spatial diversity of soundscape. We presented examples of the application of acoustic monitoring to assess the impact of land-use change, climate change and urbanization on biodiversity. Finally, we proposed the future direction of development, and hope that the potential of sound surveys could be further explored to provide an effective reference for biodiversity monitoring and assessment.
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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