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Two novel strains, SYSU D00514 T and SYSU D00778, were isolated from desert soil in the Gurbantunggut Desert, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Regions, PR China. SYSU D00514 T and SYSU D00778 were aerobic, Gram-stain-positive, rod-shaped, catalase-positive and oxidase-negative. SYSU D00514 T grew at temperatures ranging from 4 to 37 °C (optimum, 28-30 °C), at pH 6.0-8.0 (optimum, 7.0), and tolerated NaCl concentrations from 0 to 7.5% (optimum, 0.5% w/v). Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strains SYSU D00514 T and SYSU D00778 were closely related to the members of the genus Nocardioides. Two isolates were most closely related to Nocardioides alpinus Cr7-14  T (98.05% and 98.19%). The G + C content of the genomic DNA of strains SYSU D00514 T and SYSU D00778 were both 72.8%. Strain SYSU D00514 T and the type strains of the genus Nocardioides in the analysis had average nucleotide identity values of 76.8-85.8% as well as digital DNA-DNA hybridization values between 19.5% and 28.0%. The predominant cellular fatty acids of strain SYSU D00514 T were C 17:1 ω8c, C 18:1 ω9c and iso-C 16:0 . For strain SYSU D00514 T , the major polar lipids encompassed diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylinositol, an unidentified aminophospholipid and two unidentified aminolipids. The main respiratory quinone of strain SYSU D00514 T was MK-8 (H4). Based on the results of polyphasic taxonomic experiments, we propose that strains SYSU D00514 T and SYSU D00778 represent a novel species of the genus Nocardioides, with the name Nocardioides xinjiangensis. The type strain is SYSU D00514 T (= CGMCC 1.18622  T  = MCCC 1K05001 T  = KCTC 49488  T )., Competing Interests: Declarations. Conflict of interest: The authors declare no competing interests. Ethical approval: This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.)

A novel actinomycete, designated strain ZYX-F-249 T , was isolated from the gill of a leopard coral grouper in Yongxing Island, Hainan Province, China. Based on 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, strain ZYX-F-249 T belonged to the genus Microbispora , with high similarities to Microbispora rosea ATCC 12950 T (98.7 %), Microbispora hainanensis 211020 T (98.5 %), Microbispora clausenae CLES2 T (98.4 %), Microbispora bryophytorum NEAU-TX2-2 T (98.1 %) and Microbispora oryzae RL4-1S T (98.0 %). Phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequence of strain ZYX-F-249 T showed that the strain formed a stable subclade with Microbispora rosea ATCC 12950 T in the genus Microbispora . The cell wall of the novel isolate contained meso -diaminopimelic acid, while whole-cell sugars were madurose, glucose and ribose. The predominant menaquinones were MK-9(H 6 ), MK-9(H 4 ), MK-9(H 2 ) and MK-9(H 0 ). The characteristic phospholipids (PLs) were phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylinositol, diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylmethylethanolamine, phosphatidylinositol mannoside, glycophospholipids and an unknown PL. The major cellular fatty acids (>10%) were iso -C 16 : 0 and iso -C 18 : 0 . Genome sequencing showed a DNA G+C content of 71.6%. The low average nucleotide identity, digital DNA-DNA hybridization and average amino acid identity values demonstrated that strain ZYX-F-249 T could be readily distinguished from closely related species. Based on data from these phylogenetic, chemotaxonomic and physiological characteristics, strain ZYX-F-249 T represents a novel species of the genus Microbispora , for which the name Microbispora maris sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is ZYX-F-249 T (=CCTCC AA 2023030 T =JCM 36778 T ).

A novel actinomycetes producing lycopene, designated HBU208002 T , was isolated from a lakeside soil sample collected in Baiyangdian, located in Xiong'an New Area of China, and its taxonomic position was investigated by a polyphasic approach. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequence comparisons revealed that the strain HBU208002 T fell within the genus Polymorphospora and was closely related to Polymorphospora rubra JCM 14904 T (99.73% identity). However, the average nucleotide identity (ANI), digital DNA-DNA hybridization (dDDH) and average amino acid identity (AAI) values between the strain HBU208002 T and P. rubra JCM 14904 T were 91.78, 44.7 and 91.6%, respectively, which were lower than the ANI (95-96%), DDH (>70%) and AAI (>95%) thresholds of prokaryotic microbial defined species. The predominant fatty acids of the strain HBU208002 T were iso-C 16:0 , C 17:1 ω8c. The menaquinones of the strain HBU208002 T were MK-8(H 8 ) and MK9(H 4 ), while those of P. rubra JCM 14904 T were MK-10(H 6 ), MK-10(H 4 ), MK-9(H 6 ) and MK-9(H 4 ). Meanwhile, some phenotypic characterizations and antibacterial activities distinguished the strain HBU208002 T from P. rubra JCM 14904 T . The strain HBU208002 T exhibited inhibitory effects on Fusarium graminearum , Fusarium verticillioides and Botrytis cinerea , but P. rubra JCM 14904 T had no activity. Therefore, the strain HBU208002 T should be assigned as representing a novel species of the genus Polymorphospora , for which the name Polymorphospora lycopeni was proposed. The type strain is HBU208002 T (=KCTC49833 T = GDMCC4.236 T ).

Two Gram-stain-positive bacterial strains, EXRC-4A-4 T and RC-2-3 T , were isolated from soil samples collected at Union Glacier, Antarctica. Based on 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity, strain EXRC-4A-4 T was identified as belonging to the genus Rhodococcus , and strain RC-2-3 T to the genus Pseudarthrobacter . Further genomic analyses, including average nucleotide identity and digital DNA-DNA hybridization, suggested that these strains represent new species. Strain EXRC-4A-4 T exhibited growth at temperatures ranging from 4 to 28 °C (optimum between 20 and 28 °C), at pH 5.0-9.0 (optimum, pH 6.0), and in the presence of 0-5.0% NaCl (optimum between 0 and 1% NaCl). Strain RC-2-3 T grew at 4-28 °C (optimum growth at 28 °C), pH 6.0-10 (optimum, pH 7.0) and in the presence of 0-5.0% NaCl (optimum, 1% NaCl). The fatty acid profile of EXRC-4A-4 T was dominated by C 17:1 ω-7 , while that of RC-2-3 T was dominated by anteiso-C 15 : 0 . The draft genome sequences revealed a DNA G+C content of 64.6 mol% for EXRC-4A-4 T and 65.8 mol% for RC-2-3 T . Based on this polyphasic study, EXRC-4A-4 T and RC-2-3 T represent two novel species within the genera Rhodococcus and Pseudarthrobacter , respectively. We propose the names Rhodococcus navarretei sp. nov. and Pseudarthrobacter quantipunctorum sp. nov. The type strains are Rhodococcus navarretei EXRC-4A-4 T and Pseudarthrobacter quantipunctorum RC-2-3 T . These strains have been deposited deposited in the CChRGM and BCCM/LMG culture collections with entry numbers RGM 3539/LMG 33621 and RGM 3538/LMG 33620, respectively.

Direct combustion of sulfur-enriched liquid fuel oil causes sulfur oxide emission, which is one of the main contributors to air pollution. Biodesulfurization is a promising and eco-friendly method to desulfurize a wide range of thiophenic compounds present in fuel oil. Previously, numerous bacterial strains from genera such as Rhodococcus, Corynebacterium, Gordonia, Nocardia, Mycobacterium, Mycolicibacterium, Paenibacillus, Shewanella, Sphingomonas, Halothiobacillus, and Bacillus have been reported to be capable of desulfurizing model thiophenic compounds or fossil fuels. In the present study, we report a new desulfurizing bacterium, Tsukamurella sp. 3OW, capable of desulfurization of dibenzothiophene through the carbon-sulfur bond cleavage 4S pathway. The bacterium showed a high affinity for the hydrocarbon phase and broad substrate specificity towards various thiophenic compounds. The overall genome-related index analysis revealed that the bacterium is closely related to Tsukamurella paurometabola species. The genomic pool of strain 3OW contains 57 genes related to sulfur metabolism, including the key dszABC genes responsible for dibenzothiophene desulfurization. The DBT-adapted cells of the strain 3OW displayed significant resilience and viability in elevated concentrations of crude oil. The bacterium showed a 19 and 37% reduction in the total sulfur present in crude and diesel oil, respectively. Furthermore, FTIR analysis indicates that the oil's overall chemistry remained unaltered following biodesulfurization. This study implies that Tsukamurella paurometabola species, previously undocumented in the context of biodesulfurization, has good potential for application in the biodesulfurization of petroleum oils., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.)

Two novel actinomycetal strains, designated CC-R113 T and CC-R104 T , were isolated from the tissues of two macroalgae collected on the northern Portuguese coast. Phylogenetic analyses based on the 16S rRNA gene showed that strain CT-R113 T belongs to the genus Nocardiopsis , being closely related to Nocardiopsis umidischolae 66/93 T and Nocardiopsis tropica VKM Ac-1457 T , with 98.65 and 98.39 % sequence similarity, respectively. The clade formed between the three type strains was confirmed by phylogenomic analysis. The genome of strain CT-R113 T was 7.27 Mb in size with a G+C content of 71.3 mol %, with average nucleotide identity (ANI) values of 89.59 and 90.14 % with strains 66/93 T and VKM Ac-1457 T , respectively. The major cellular fatty acids were identified as C 18 : 1  ω 9 c , iso-C 16 : 0 and anteiso-C 17 : 0 . Menaquinone 10 (MK-10) was the major respiratory quinone. Comparative analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain CC-R104 T belongs to the genus Rhodococcus and is most closely related to Rhodococcus pyridinivorans DSM 44555 T , with 98.24 % sequence similarity. However, phylogenomic analysis revealed that strain CC-R104 T establishes a clade with Rhodococcus artemisae DSM 45380 T , being more distant from Rhodococcus pyridinivorans DSM 44555 T . The genome of strain CC-R104 T was 5.34 Mb in size with a G+C content of 67.01 mol%. The ANI value between strains CC-R104 T and DSM 45380 T was 81.2 % and between strains CC-R104 T and DSM 44555 T was 81.5 %. The major cellular fatty acids were identified as C 18 : 1  ω 9 c , C 16 : 0 and summed feature 3. Menaquinone 8 (MK-8) was the only respiratory quinone. For both CC-R113 T and CC-R104 T , optimum growth was observed at pH 7.0, 28 °C and 0-5 % NaCl and whole-cell hydrolysates contained meso -diaminopimelic acid as the cell-wall diamino acid. On the basis of phenotypic, molecular and chemotaxonomic characteristics, strains CT-R113 T and CC-R104 T are considered to represent novel species, for which the names Nocardiopsis codii sp. nov. (type strain CT-R113 T =LMG33234 T =UCCCB172 T ) and Rhodococcus chondri sp. nov. (type strain CC-R104 T =LMG33233 T =UCCCB171 T ) are proposed.

Three novel mycelium-forming actinobacteria, designated OC33-EN06 T , OC33-EN07 T , and OC33-EN08 T , were isolated from wild orchid ( Aerides multiflora Roxb), collected from a hill evergreen forest in Northern Thailand. Strains OC33-EN06 T and OC33-EN07 T showed the highest 16S rRNA gene similarity with Actinomycetospora lutea TT00-04 T , 99.17 and 99.45%, respectively. Strain OC33-EN08 T showed high similarity with four species, namely ' Actinomycetospora termitidis Odt1-22 T ' (99.37%), Actinomycetospora chiangmaiensis DSM 45062 T (99.02%), Actinomycetospora corticicola 014-5 T (99.02%), and Actinomycetospora soli SF1 T (98.81%). Comparative genome analysis of OC33-EN06 T , OC33-EN07 T , and OC33-EN08 T with the closely related type strains showed that average nucleotide identity (ANI) based on blast, ANI based on MUMmer, and average amino acid identity values were less than 95% and the digital DNA-DNA hybridization values were less than 70%, all below the thresholds for species demarcation. The digital G+C content of OC33-EN06 T , OC33-EN07 T , and OC33-EN08 T were 74.5, 74, and 74 mol%, respectively. These three strains developed bud-like chains of non-motile cylindrical spores with a smooth surface. The cell-wall peptidoglycan contained meso -diaminopimelic acid. The whole-cell sugars contained ribose, arabinose, and galactose. The predominant menaquinone was MK-8(H 4 ). The phospholipid profile included phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylmethylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol, and phosphatidylinositol. Based on comparative analysis of genotypic, phenotypic and chemotaxonomic data, strains OC33-EN06 T (=TBRC 18349 T =NBRC 116543 T ), OC33-EN07 T (=TBRC 18350 T =NBRC 116544 T ), and OC33-EN08 T (=TBRC 18318 T =NBRC 116542 T ) represent the type strains of three novel species of the genus Actinomycetospora for which the names Actinomycetospora aeridis sp. nov., Actinomycetospora flava sp. nov., and Actinomycetospora aurantiaca sp. nov., are proposed.

Two novel strain pairs (HM61 T /HM23 and S-34 T /S-58) were isolated from soil and the faeces of Tibetan antelope ( Pantholops hodgsonii ) collected at the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau of PR China. All four new isolates were aerobic, non-motile, Gram-stain-positive, catalase-positive, oxidase-negative, and short rod-shaped bacteria. The results of phylogenetic analysis based on the full-length 16S rRNA genes and 283 core genomic genes indicated that the four strains were separated into two independent branches belonging to the genus Nocardioides . Strains HM61 T and HM23 were most closely related to Nocardioides pelophilus THG T63 T (98.58 and 98.65 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity). Strains S-34 T and S-58 were most closely related to Nocardioides okcheonensis MMS20-HV4-12 T (98.89 and 98.89 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity). The G+C contents of the genomic DNA of strains HM61 T and S-34 T were 70.6 and 72.5 mol%, respectively. Strains HM61 T , S-34 T and the type strains of closely related species in the analysis had average nucleotide identity values of 75.4-90.5 % as well as digital DNA-DNA hybridization values between 20.1 and 40.8 %, which clearly indicated that the four isolates represent two novel species within the genus Nocardioides . The chemotaxonomic characteristics of strains HM61 T and S-34 T were consistent with the genus Nocardioides . The major fatty acids of all four strains were iso -C 16 : 0 , C 17 : 1  ω 8 c or C 18 : 1  ω 9 c . For strains HM61 T and S-34 T , MK-8(H 4 ) was the predominant respiratory quinone, ll-2,6-diaminopimelic acid was the diagnostic diamino acid in the cell-wall peptidoglycan, and the polar lipids profiles were composed of diphosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylglycerol. Based on phylogenetic, phenotypic, and chemotaxonomic data, we propose that strains HM61 T and S-34 T represent two novel species of the genus Nocardioides , respectively, with the names Nocardioides bizhenqiangii sp. nov. and Nocardioides renjunii sp. nov. The type strains are HM61 T (=GDMCC 4.343 T =JCM 36399 T ) and S-34 T (=CGMCC 4.7664 T =JCM 33792 T ).

A Gram-staining-positive actinomycete named YZH12 T was isolated from the sediment of the Yangtze River in Nanjing, Jiangsu province, China. Cells were aerobic, non-spore forming, non-motile, short rod (0.4-0.6 × 0.5-1.0 µm) or coccus (0.4-0.6 µm in diameter). Colonies were circular, smooth, and beige to yellowish. Growth occurred at 15-42 °C (optimal 28 °C), pH 5.0-9.0 (optimal 7.0), and 0-10% (w/v) NaCl (optimal 2%). The strain could tolerate 1500 mg/L of imazamox. Strain YZH12 T showed 98.7% 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity Nocardioides zeae JM-1068 T and less than 97% similarities with other type strains in the genus Nocardioides. Phylogenetic analysis based on genome and 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that strain YZH12 T was phylogenetically affiliated to the genus Nocardioides and formed a subclade with N. zeae JM-1068 T and N. alkalitolerans DSM 16699 T . The average nucleotide identity (ANI) and digital DNA-DNA hybridization (dDDH) values between YZH12 T and closely related type strain N. zeae JM-1068 T were 79.9% and 35.2%, respectively. The major fatty acids (> 5%) were C18: 1ω9c, iso-C16: 0, C16: 0, C17: 1ω8cand C18: 0; the major respiratory quinone was MK-8(H4); and the polar lipids profiles were diphosphatidylglycerol (DPG), phosphatidylglycerol (PG), glycolipid (GL), two aminophospholipids (APL1, APL2), and an unknown polar lipid (L). The genomic DNA G + C content is 73.5%. Based on the phenotypic, chemotaxonomic, phylogenetic analyses, and genomic data, strain YZH12 T represents a novel species of the genus Nocardioides, for which the name Nocardioides imazamoxiresistens YZH12 T is proposed, with strain YZH12 T (= KCTC 49964 T  = MCCC 1K0892 T ) as the type strain., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.)

A novel bacterial strain, designated as MAH-18 T , was isolated from soil sampled in a flower garden. Cells of strain MAH-18 T were Gram-stain-positive, aerobic, motile, and rod-shaped. The colonies were beige in colour, smooth, and spherical when grown on Reasoner's 2A agar medium. Strain MAH-18 T grew at 20-40 °C, pH 6.0-8.0, and 0-1.0 % NaCl. Cells were able to hydrolyse aesculin, gelatin, and Tween 20. According to the 16S rRNA gene sequence comparisons, the isolate was determined to be a member of the genus Nocardioides and most closely related to Nocardioides pyridinolyticus OS4 T (97.9 %), Nocardioides hankookensis DS-30 T (97.9 %), Nocardioides aquiterrae GW-9 T (97.6 %), Nocardioides soli mbc-2 T (97.5 %), Nocardioides conyzicola HWE 2-02 T (97.4 %), and Nocardioides mangrovi GBK3QG-3 T (96.3 %). Strain MAH-18 T has a draft genome size of 4 788 325 bp (eight contigs), 4572 protein-coding genes, 46 tRNA, and three rRNA genes. The average nucleotide identity and digital DNA-DNA hybridization values between strain MAH-18 T and the closest type strains were 81.5-83.4 % and 24.4-25.8 %, respectively. In silico genome mining revealed several biosynthetic gene clusters in the genome of the novel strain MAH-18 T . The G+C content of the genomic DNA of strain was 72.2 mol% and the predominant isoprenoid quinone was MK-8 (H 4 ). The main polar lipids were phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, and unknown phospholipids. The major cellular fatty acids were determined to be C 16:0 iso and C 17 : 1  ω 6 c . The DNA-DNA hybridization results and phenotypic, genotypic, and chemotaxonomic data demonstrated that strain MAH-18 T represents a novel species, for which the name Nocardioides agri sp. nov. is proposed, with MAH-18 T as the type strain (=KACC 19744 T =CGMCC 1.13656 T ).

Strain HUAS 3-15 T was isolated from the leaves of Cathaya argyrophylla collected from Chenzhou, Hunan Province, PR China. The main fatty acids (>5.0 %) of the strain were anteiso -C 15 : 0 , C 16 : 0 , C 18 : 1  ω9 c , iso- C 16 : 0 , summed feature 5 (C 18 : 2  ω6,9 c /C 18 : 0 ante), iso- C 15 : 0 and anteiso- C 17 : 0 . MK-9(H 6 ), MK-9(H 8 ) and MK-9(H 4 ) were detected as respiratory quinones. The diagnostic cell-wall diamino acid was meso -diaminopimelic acid. Galactose, glucose and ribose were also present in the cell wall. The major polar lipids consisted of diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidyl ethanolamine, phosphatidylinositol mannosides and unidentified phospholipids. The DNA G+C content of the genome sequence, consisting of 8 860 963 bp, is 72.4 mol%. blast analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that the strain belongs to the genus Kitasatospora , with 99.37, 99.03, 98.95, 98.68 and 98.67 % sequence similarity to Kitasatospora aureofaciens ATCC 10762 T , Kitasatospora viridis DSM 44826 T , Kitasatospora xanthocidica NBRC 13469 T , Kitasatospora aburaviensis NRRL B-2218 T and Kitasatospora kifunensis IFO 15206 T , respectively. Phylogenetic trees based on 16S rRNA gene and whole-genome sequences demonstrated that strain HUAS 3-15 T formed a well-supported cluster with K. aureofaciens ATCC 10762 T . Further genomic characterization through average nucleotide identity (ANIb/m) and digital DNA-DNA hybridization analysis between strain HUAS 3-15 T and K. aureofaciens ATCC 10762 T showed values of 90.62/92.55 % and 45.3 %, respectively, lower than the 95-96 % ANI threshold and 70.0 % cutoff used as guideline values for species delineation in bacteria. Furthermore, the differences between the strain and its phylogenomic neighbour in terms of physiological (e.g. sole carbon source growth) and chemotaxonomic (e.g. cellular fatty composition) characteristics further supported this conclusion. Consequently, we concluded that strain HUAS 3-15 T represents a novel species of the genus Kitasatospora , for which the name Kitasatospora cathayae sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is HUAS 3-15 T (=MCCC 1K08542 T =JCM 36274 T ).

A Gram-positive, non-motile, pale yellow coloured actinobacterial strain designated MMS17-SY077 T was isolated from island soil, and its taxonomic position was investigated using a polyphasic approach. Strain MMS17-SY077 T grew optimally at 30 °C, at pH 7 and in the absence of NaCl on Reasoner's 2A agar. Based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, the strain was assigned to the genus Agromyces of the family Microbacteriaceae , and the most related species were Agromyces italicus DSM 16388 T (98.8 % sequence similarity), Agromyces allii UMS-62 T (98.1 %) and Agromyces terreus DS-10 T (97.8 %). Strain MMS17-SY077 T formed a distinct cluster within the Agromyces clade in the phylogenetic tree. Genome-based comparative analyses confirmed a clear distinction between the strain and neighbouring species, as the highest orthologous average nucleotide identity and digital DNA-DNA hybridization values with other related species were 77.2 and 21.4% respectively, which were far below the cutoffs for species distinction. The diagnostic polar lipids of MMS17-SY077 T were diphosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylglycerol, and unidentified glycolipids and an unidentified aminolipid were also present. The main isoprenoid quinones were menaquinones with 11 and 12 isoprene units (MK-11 and MK-12), and main fatty acids were anteiso-C 15 : 0 (34.4 %) and iso-C 16 : 0 (33.2 %). The whole-cell hydrolysates contained rhamnose, ribose and galactose as diagnostic sugars, and l-2,4-diaminobutyric acid as the major diamino acid. The DNA G+C content was 72.1 mol %. Based on phenotypic, chemotaxnomic and phylogenetic characterization, strain MMS17-SY077 T should be classified as representing a new species of the genus Agromyces , for which the name Agromyces seonyunensis sp. nov. is proposed (type strain MMS17-SY077 T =KCTC 49423 T =LMG 31762 T ).

A Gram-stain positive, facultatively anaerobic, motile rod-shaped strain, BY-33 T , was isolated from a soil sample obtained from the Kubuqi Desert, PR China. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity revealed that strain BY-33 T was most closely related to the genus Actinotalea , including Actinotalea ferrariae CF5-4 T (98.2 % similarity), ' Actinotalea subterranea ' HO-Ch2 T (98.0 %), Actinotalea solisilvae THG-T121 T (97.6 %), ' Actinotalea bogoriensis ' 69B4 T (97.5 %), Actinotalea fermentans M T (97.3 %) and ' Actinotalea carbonis ' T26 T (97.0 %). The strain grew at 0‒37 °C (optimum, 28-30 °C) and pH 6.0-11.0 (optimum, pH 9.0-10.0) and with 0‒8.0 % (w/v) NaCl (optimum, 3.0%) on tryptic soy agar. It had catalase activity, but no oxidase activity. The polar lipids of strain BY-33 T contained diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol, and phosphatidylinositol mannosides. The major respiratory quinone of strain BY-33 T was MK-10 (H 4 ). Its major fatty acids were anteiso-C 15 : 0 , anteiso-C 15 : 1 A and C 16 : 0 . The genomic DNA G+C content of strain BY-33 T was 73.0 mol% based on total genome calculations. The average nucleotide identity scores between the genomic sequences of strain BY-33 T and the other species of the genus Actinotalea were found to be low (ANIm <85.0 %, ANIb <77.0 % and OrthoANIu <78.0 %). Furthermore, the digital DNA-DNA hybridization and average amino acid identity values between strain BY-33 T and the closely related species ranged from 20.5 to 21.0% and from 62.2 to 72.2 %, respectively. Based on the results of phylogenetic, phenotypic, genotypic and chemotaxonomic analyses, it is concluded that strain BY-33 T represents a novel species within the genus Actinotalea , for which the name Actinotalea soli sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is BY-33 T (=CGMCC 1.17460 T =KCTC 49362 T ).

A Gram-stain-positive coccus was isolated from the blood of a paediatric patient suffering from gastroenteritis. The taxonomic position of this catalase-positive, non-motile, non-spore-forming facultative anaerobe designated as strain MKL-02 T was investigated using a polyphasic approach. Colonies grown on tryptic soy agar with 10 % sheep blood were circular, creamy yellow, and convex. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene and whole-genome sequences revealed that this strain was most closely related to Arsenicicoccus bolidensis CCUG 47306 T within the cluster of the genus Arsenicicoccus . Average nucleotide identity and digital DNA-DNA hybridization values between strain MKL-02 T and A. bolidensis DSM 15745 T , A. dermatophillus DSM 25571 T and A. piscis DSM 22760 T were 89.5 and 37.0 %, 79.6 and 22.4 %, and 75.9 and 21.0 %, respectively. The genomic size of strain MKL-02 T was 3 423 857 bp with a 72.7 mol% G+C content. Growth was observed at 10-45 °C (optimum, 37-40 °C) and pH 6.0-10.0 (optimum, pH 7.0), in the presence of 0-10 % (w/v) NaCl (optimum, 0.5 %). Cells of strain MKL-02 T were non-motile cocci and 0.50-0.60 µm long, as determined by transmission electron microscopy. The strain was catalase-positive and oxidase-negative. The major fatty acid type (>10 % of total) was C 15 : 0 . The polar lipid profile consisted of two unidentified phospholipids, three unidentified lipids and an unidentified aminophospholipid. The strain contained MK-8 (H 4 ) as the predominant menaquinone. Based on phylogenetic and phenotypic considerations, it is proposed that strain MKL-02 T be classified as a new species, named Arsenicicoccus cauae sp. nov. The type strain is MKL-02 T (=NCCP 16967 T =JCM 34624 T ).

An actinomycete strain, designated YIM 98757 T , was isolated from the hypersaline sediment of Aiding Lake in Xinjiang province, north-west China. The strain grew well on most media tested and no diffusible pigment was produced. The substrate mycelium was well developed and fragmented. No spores were formed. The whole-cell hydrolysates contained meso-diaminopimelic acid as the cell-wall diamino acid. Xylose, galactose, ribose were the major whole-cell sugars. The phospholipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylinositol mannosides and an unknown phospholipid. The predominant menaquinone was MK-8(H 4 ). The major fatty acid was iso-C 16:0 . The DNA G + C content was 69.1 mol%. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that the isolate belongs to the genus Haloechinothrix. However, it differed from its closest relative, H. alba YIM 98757  T in many phenotypic and chemotaxonomic characteristics. Moreover, the DNA-DNA and ANI relatedness values between the novel isolate and H. alba YIM 93221  T were 53.3% and 92.5%, respectively. Based on comparative analysis of polyphasic taxonomic data, strain YIM 98757  T represents a novel species of the genus Haloechinothrix, for which the name Haloechinothrix aidingensis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is YIM 98757 T (= CGMCC 4.7627 T  = CCTCC AA 2020012).

Three rod-shaped, Gram-stain-positive, and catalase-positive, phenotypically closely related isolates (HY052 T , HY050, and HY045) were obtained from fecal samples collected from bats in Guangxi province and Chongqing city of China. Circular, smooth, light-yellow colonies appeared on brain heart infusion plate after 24-48 h incubation at 28°C. The optimal pH for growth was between 6.0 and 7.5. Based on 16S rRNA, the three isolates were phylogenetically related to Agromyces terreus DS-10 T , Agromyces aureus AR33 T , Agromyces salentinus 20-5 T , Agromyces allii UMS-62 T , Agromyces lapidis CD55 T , and Agromyces italicus CD1 T . Moreover, based on 296 core genes, the phylogenomic tree indicated that the three isolates clustered together, closest to Agromyces cerinus VKM Ac-1340 T and Agromyces fucosus VKM Ac-1345 T but separated distantly from other Agromyces species. The average nucleotide identity values between strain HY052 T and other Agromyces species ranged from 79.3% to 87.9%, lower than the 95-96% threshold. Furthermore, the genome of strain HY052 T contains a circular chromosome of 3,437,203 bp with G + C content of 69.0 mol%. Main fatty acids were anteiso-C 15:0 and anteiso-C 17:0 . The polar lipids comprised diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, and unidentified glycolipids. Rhamnose, ribose, and glucose were the primary cell wall sugars. The major peptidoglycan amino acids included alanine, glutamic acid, glycine, and 2,4-diaminobutyric acid. An additional remarkable difference from other Agromyces species is that MK-12 was the sole menaquinone in strain HY052 T . Based on results from the polyphasic characterizations performed in this study, our isolates are proposed to be members of a novel species in genus Agromyces, named Agromyces laixinhei. The type strain is HY052 T (= CGMCC 1.17175 T = JCM 33695 T ).

The genus Streptomyces constitutes approximately 50% of all soil actinomycetes, playing a significant role in the soil microbial community through vital functions including nutrient cycling, production of bioactive metabolites, disease-suppression and plant growth promotion. Streptomyces produce many bioactive compounds and are prime targets for industrial and biotechnological applications. In addition to their agrobiological roles, some Streptomyces spp. can, however, be phytopathogenic, examples include, common scab of potato that causes economic losses worldwide. Currently used chemical control measures can have detrimental effect to environmental and human health as a result alternative methods to chemical disease control are being investigated. One alternative is the use of streptomycete specific phages to remove this pathogenic bacterium before it can cause the disease on potatoes. However, due to co-existence of non-common scab-causing species belonging to the genus Streptomyces, phage treatment is likely to affect a wide range of non-target streptomycete species including the beneficial ones in the soil. Therefore, before such treatment starts the host range of the phages within the targeted family of bacteria should be determined. In a study conducted using soil samples from a Tasmanian potato farm, streptomycetes were isolated and tested against streptomycete-specific phages. Their antifungal activity was also determined using multiple assays against selected phytopathogens. The four strongest antifungal activity-displaying isolates were further tested for their persistent antifungal activity using wheat and Fusarium solani in a pot trial. A second pot trial was also conducted to evaluate whether the beneficial streptomycetes were affected by streptophage treatment and whether their removal via the phage battery would cause opportunistic fungal infections to plants in soil. The streptomycetes prevented the reduction in wheat shoot weight caused by F. solani indicating their disease suppressive effect. However, when phages were added into the pots, the growth of wheat was detrimentally impacted. This finding might suggest that the reduced presence of antifungal streptomycetes via phage-induced lysis might encourage opportunistic fungal infections in plants.

During the course of isolating rare actinobacteria from unexplored habitats, strain CH32 T was obtained from an arid soil sample in eastern Anatolia, Turkey. Polyphasic characterization and comprehensive genome analyses showed that the strain is a member of the genus Nonomuraea and it is closely related to Nonomuraea gerenzanensis ATCC 39727 T , Nonomuraea polychroma DSM 43925 T and Nonomuraea maritima FXJ7.203 T with gene identity level of 98.7%, 98.2% and 98.1%, respectively. The whole-cell hydrolysates contain meso-diaminopimelic acid as diagnostic diaminoacid and glucose, ribose, galactose, mannose and madurose as whole cell sugars. The predominant menaquinones are MK-9(H 4 ), MK-9(H 6 ) and MK-9(H 2 ) while MK-9 exists as minor component. The polar lipid profile consists of diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol, glycolipid, glycophospholipids, phospholipids and unidentified lipids. The major cellular fatty acids are iso-C 16:0 and C 17:0 10-methyl. The total genome size is about 9.6 Mb and the G + C content is 71.0%. The genome contains biosynthetic gene clusters encoding for terpenes, siderophores, a type III polyketide synthase, a non-ribosomal polypeptide synthetase and a bacteriocin. The genome-based comparisons of the strain with its phylogenetic neighbours, as indicated by digital DNA-DNA hybridization and average nucleotide identity analyses, reveal that strain CH32 T (= JCM 33876 T  = KCTC 49368 T ) is a novel member of the genus Nonomuraea, for which Nonomuraea terrae sp. nov. is proposed.

We investigated the clinical relevance of Dermabacter hominis isolated from samples of 108 patients. Polymicrobial growth was evident in 88% of specimens. Isolation of D. hominis was of definitive or possible significance in only 14% of patients. Vancomycin remains the drug of choice given a penicillin resistance rate of 84%., (Copyright © 2020 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

A Gram-stain-positive, non-flagellated, non-gliding, coccoid bacterial strain, designated JLT9 T , was isolated from the shallow-sea hydrothermal system off Kueishantao Island, Taiwan, ROC. Strain JLT9 T was aerobic, chemoheterotrophic and grew optimally at 35 °C, at pH 6.0 and in the presence of 2.5 % (w/v) NaCl. Strain JLT9 T exhibited highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity to Serinicoccus marinus DSM 15273 T (98.83 %). Phylogenetic trees based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strain JLT9 T belonged to the genus Serinicoccus , clustering with Serinicoccus marinus JC1078 T , Serinicoccus profundi MCCC 1A05965 T , Serinicoccus sediminis GP-T3-3 T and Serinicoccus chungangensis CAU9536 T . The digital DNA-DNA genome hybridization values between strain JLT9 T and the closest related strain S. marinus DSM 15273 T was 34.30 %. The DNA G+C content was 72.43 mol%. The dominant fatty acids were identified as iso-C 15 : 0 (41.4 %) and iso-C 16 : 0 (24.7 %). The polar lipids of strain JLT9 T comprised diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylglycerol, three unidentified glycolipid and an unidentified phospholipid. The predominant isoprenoid quinone was MK-8 (H 4 ). The cell wall contained ornithine and serine, and no diaminopimelic acid. On the basis of phylogenetic data and several distinct phenotypic characteristics, strain JLT9 T represents a novel species of the genus Serinicoccus , for which the name Serinicoccus hydrothermalis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is JLT9 T (=CGMCC 1.15779 T =JCM 31502 T ).

A novel actinobacterium, designated strain CFH S0261 T , was isolated from a sediment sample of the Yellow River. The taxonomic position of the strain was investigated by using a polyphasic approach. Cells of strain CFH S0261 T were Gram-reaction-positive, aerobic, non-motile. Growth occurs at 15-37 °C, pH 6.0-8.0 and with 0-9.0 % (w/v) NaCl. Phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence revealed that strain CFH S0261 T was a member of the genus Amycolatopsis . The 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity indicated that strain CFH S0261 T is most closely related to the type strains of Amycolatopsis niigatensis LC11 T (98.95 %), Amycolatopsis echigonensis LC2 T (98.81 %) and Amycolatopsis albidoflavus IMSNU 22139 T (98.73 %). The whole-genome of CFH S0261 T showed a G+C content of 69.5 mol%. The ANI values and in silico DDH values between CFH S0261 T and the other species of the genus Amycolatopsis were found to be low (ANIb <90.61 % and DDH <53.40 %). The cell wall diamino acid in the peptidoglycan of strain CFH S0261 T was meso -diaminopimelic acid and the whole-cell hydrolysate comprised arabinose, galactose, glucose, rhamnose and ribose. The predominant menaquinone was MK-9(H 4 ). The major cellular fatty acids were C 16 : 0 , iso-C 15 : 0 and iso-C 16 : 0 . The polar lipid profile contained diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylinositol mannosides and four unidentified glycolipids. On the basis of phenotypic, genotypic and phylogenetic data, strain CFH S0261 T represents a novel species of the genus Amycolatopsis , for which the name Amycolatopsis nivea sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is CFH S0261 T (=KCTC 39515 T =CCTCC AA 2014028 T ).

A novel endophytic actinomycete, designated strain LD22 T , was isolated from moss [Physcomitrium sphaericum (Ludw) Fuernr] collected from Yunnan Province, Southwest China. A polyphasic taxonomic study was carried out to establish the status of this strain. Morphological and chemotaxonomic characteristics of strain LD22 T confirmed the affiliation of the isolate to the genus Actinomadura. The diamino acid present in the cell wall is meso-diaminopimelic acid. Glucose, madurose, galactose and ribose occur in whole cell hydrolysates. The menaquinones were identified as MK-9(H 4 ), MK-9(H 8 ), MK-9(H 6 ) and MK-9(H 2 ). The polar lipid profile was found to contain diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylinositol mannoside and an unidentified phospholipid. The major fatty acids were found to be C 16:0 , 10-methyl C 18:0 and C 18:1 ω9c. The DNA G + C content of the draft genome sequence, consisting of 10.0 Mbp, was 72.5%. Phylogenetic analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain LD22 T belongs to the genus Actinomadura with the highest sequence similarity to Actinomadura montaniterrae CYP1-1B T (99.2%). However, phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that the isolate formed a phyletic line with Actinomadura rudentiformis HMC1 T (98.6%). The low level of DNA-DNA relatedness and some different phenotypic characteristics allowed the strain to be distinguished from the above-mentioned two strains. Therefore, it is concluded that strain that strain LD22 T represents a novel species of the genus of Actinomadura, for which the name Actinomadura physcomitrii sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is LD22 T (= CCTCC AA 2018050 T  = JCM 33455 T ).

A novel actinobacterium, designated strain NEAU-7082 T , was isolated from rhizosphere soil of wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) and characterized by using a polyphasic approach. Morphological and chemotaxonomic characteristics confirmed the affiliation of strain NEAU-7082 T to the genus Glycomyces . 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis indicated that strain NEAU-7082 T belonged to the genus Glycomyces and was closely related to Glycomyces mayteni JCM 16217 T (99.0 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity), Glycomyces sambucus DSM 45047 T (98.4 %), Glycomyces scopariae DSM 44968 T (98.3 %), Glycomyces paridis DSM 102295 T (98.1 %), Glycomyces artemisiae NBRC 109773 T (98.0 %) and Glycomyces dulcitolivorans DSM 105121T (97.9 %). Phylogenetic analysis using the 16S rRNA gene sequence showed that the strain formed a stable clade with G. mayteni JCM 16217 T and clustered with G. sambucus DSM 45047 T , G. scopariae DSM 44968 T , G. artemisiae NBRC 109773 T and G. dulcitolivorans DSM 105121T in the genus Glycomyces . The cell wall contained meso -diaminopimelic acid and the whole-cell hydrolysates were glucose and xylose. The polar lipid profile consisted of diphosphatidylglycerol (DPG), phosphatidylglycerol (PG), glycolipid (GL), phosphatidylinositol mannoside (PIM) and an unidentified lipid (UL). The menaquinones were MK-11(H 4 ), MK-11 and MK-10. Major fatty acids were anteiso-C 15 : 0 , iso-C 16 : 0 and anteiso-C 17 : 0 . These chemotaxonomic data substantiated the affiliation of strain NEAU-7082 T to the genus Glycomyces . The DNA G+C content was 71.3 mol%. A combination of DNA-DNA hybridization results and some phenotypic characteristics demonstrated that strain NEAU-7082 T could be distinguished from its closest relatives. Therefore, strain NEAU-7082 T is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Glycomyces , for which the name Glycomyces albidus sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is NEAU-7082 T (=CCTCC AA 2019045 T =JCM 33458 T ).

Two actinobacterial strains were isolated from samples collected from the University of Cape Town, South Africa. A third actinobacterial strain was isolated from soil collected in the town of Stellenbosch, South Africa, using a newly-developed Kribbella-selective medium. Analysis of the 16S rRNA genes showed that the three strains belonged to the genus Kribbella. A multilocus sequence analysis using the concatenated gene sequences of the gyrB, rpoB, relA, recA and atpD genes showed that strains YM55 T and SK5 were most closely related to the type strains of Kribbella sindirgiensis and Kribbella soli, while strain YM53 T was most closely related to the type strain of Kribbella pittospori. Digital DNA-DNA hybridisation and Average Nucleotide Identity (ANI) analyses showed that strains YM55 T and SK5 belong to the same genomic species (OrthoANI value = 98.4%), but are distinct from the genomic species represented by the type strains of K. sindirgiensis (OrthoANI values < 95.6%) and K. soli (OrthoANI values < 91.4%). Strain YM53 T is distinct from the genomic species represented by the type strain of K. pittospori (OrthoANI value = 94.0%). Phenotypic comparisons showed that strains YM55 T and SK5 are distinct from the type strains of K. sindirgiensis and K. soli and that strain YM53 T is distinct from the type strain of K. pittospori. Strains YM53 T and YM55 T are thus presented as the type strains of novel species, for which the names Kribbella capetownensis sp. nov. (= DSM 29426 T  = NRRL B-65062 T ) and Kribbella speibonae sp. nov. (= DSM 29425 T  = NRRL B-59161 T ), respectively, are proposed.

A novel actinomycete, designated strain NEAU-Ht49 T , was isolated from sea sand sampled in Sanya and characterized by using a polyphasic approach. The 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis showed that strain NEAU-Ht49 T was most closely related to Actinomadura rhizosphaerae SDA37 T (98.8 %), Actinomadura logoneensis NEAU-G17 T (98.6 %), Actinomadura oligospora ATCC 43269 T (98.6 %) and Actinomadura gamaensis NEAU-Gz5 T (98.6 %). The results of phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that strain NEAU-Ht49 T formed a cluster with A. rhizosphaerae SDA37 T , A. logoneensis NEAU-G17 T , A. oligospora ATCC 43269 T , A. gamaensis NEAU-Gz5 T and Actinomadura rupiterrae CS5-AC15 T (96.4 %). Meso-diaminopimelic acid was detected in its cell walls and glucose, madurose, mannose and ribose were detected in whole-cell hydrolysate. The polar lipids were found to consist of diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylinositolmannoside and two unidentified lipids. The majoy menaquinone was MK-10(H 6 ) and the minor menaquinones were MK-9(H 4 ) and MK-9(H 8 ). The major fatty acids were C 16 : 0 , C 18 : 1 ω9 c , 10-methyl C 18 : 0 and iso-C 16 : 0 . Moreover, morphological and chemotaxonomic characteristics of properties of strain NEAU-Ht49 T also confirmed the affiliation of the isolate to the genus Actinomadura . However, DNA-DNA relatedness, physiological and biochemical data showed that strain NEAU-Ht49 T could be distinguished from its closest relatives. Therefore, strain NEAU-Ht49 T represents a novel species of the genus Actinomadura , for which the name Actinomadura harenae sp. nov. is proposed, with strain NEAU-Ht49 T (=CGMCC 4.7499 T =JCM 32659 T ) as the type strain.

The article presents data on the structure of acid-resistant members of the order Actinomycetales and rare species that have been isolated and identified using various methods. The study included strains of non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) isolated from clinical material during examination for tuberculosis in the period from 2016 to 2019. The total number of samples with signs of NTMs growth that were included in the study was 316 samples. Primary isolation on Levenshtein-Jensen, Finn II, and MGIT media and NTMs identification by DNA-hybridization. All strains that were not identified prior to the species and culture, identified as microorganisms with a high G+C content (High GC GR +) were re-identified using a MALDI-ToF Microflex LT mass spectrometer (Bruker®). By the method of DNA-hybridization, 188 strains isolated by NTM were successfully identified to form 58.5% of all selected cultures. Among the selected species, representatives of slowly growing NTMs (M. avium complex, M. gordonae, M. kansasii) predominated, which amounted to 67.0% of all NTM strains identified to the species. Among the cultures for which DNA hybridization failed to carry out acceptable identification, predominantly NTMs were found, among which M. gordonae, M. avium, M. kansasii dominated. A number of NTMs were represented by rare species: M. iranicum and M. pseudoshottsii. Among this group of microorganisms, other acid-resistant aerobic actinomycetes were isolated, including those of potential clinical significance: Gordonia spp., Tsukamurella spp., Rhodococcus spp., Nocardia spp. When identifying cultures containing high concentrations of G+C, the maximum number of microbial associations was revealed, including those consisting of two types of NTMs (M. monacense + M. flavescens, M. avium + M. kansasii), as well as associations of M. gordonae with staphylococci. The same group included rare NTM species: M. fredericbergense, M. szulgai, M. malmoense, M. bohemicum, M. septicum, as well as representatives of the genera Nocardia, Gordonia, Tsukamurella., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

A Gram-staining positive and nonmotile strain designated SYSUP0005 T was isolated from tubers of Gastrodia elata Blume. The 16S rRNA gene sequence result showed that strain SYSUP0005 T shared highest sequence similarity with the type strain of Amycolatopsis cappadoca (95.7%), Amycolatopsis taiwanensis (95.4%), Amycolatopsis pigmentata (95.4%), Amycolatopsis ruanii (95.1%), and Amycolatopsis helveola (94.8%). Growth occurs at 14-37 °C (optimum temperature, 28 °C), at pH 6-9 (optimum, pH 8) and in the presence of up to 6% (w/v) NaCl. Strain SYSUP0005 T had meso-diaminopimelic acid in its peptidoglycan. The whole cell sugars were galactose, ribose, and xylose. The predominant menaquinone was MK-9(H 4 ) and minor menaquinones were MK-9(H 2 ) and MK-9(H 8 ). The polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol (DPG); phosphatidylmonomethylethanolamine (PME), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), phosphatidylinositol (PI), unidentified glycolipid (GL), and unidentified phospholipid (PL). The genomic DNA G + C content was 69.6 mol%. The major fatty acids were iso-C 16:0 , anteiso-C 17:0 , C 16:0 , iso-C 14:0 , C 17:1 ω6c, C 17:0 , and Summed Feature 3 (C 16:1 ω7c/C 16:1 ω6c). On the basis of the phenotypic, phylogenetic, chemotaxonomic characters, and genomic comparison, SYSUP0005 T represents a novel species of the genus Amycolatopsis, for which the name Amycolatopsis alkalitolerans sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is SYSUP0005 T (=KCTC 49024 T  = CGMCC4.7463 T ).

A novel actinomycete, designated strain NEAU-HEGS1-5 T , was isolated from the ear of wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) and characterized using a polyphasic approach. The morphological and chemotaxonomic characteristics of the strain coincided with those of members of the genus Microbispora . The results of 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis showed that the isolate was most closely related to Microbispora bryophytorum NEAU-TX2-2 T (99.3 %), Microbispora camponoti 2C-HV3 T (99.2 %), Microbispora amethystogenes JCM 3021 T (99.1 %) and Microbispora rosea subsp. rosea JCM 3006 T (98.5 %). However, two tree-making algorithms supported the position that strain NEAU-HEGS1-5 T formed a distinct clade with M. bryophytorum NEAU-TX2-2 T , M. camponoti 2C-HV3 T and M. rosea subsp . rosea JCM 3006 T . Furthermore, multilocus sequence analysis based on the 16S- gyr B - rpo B genes and a combination of DNA-DNA hybridization results and some physiological and biochemical properties demonstrated that the strain could be distinguished from its closest relatives. Therefore, it is proposed that strain NEAU-HEGS1-5 T should be classified as representative of a novel species of the genus Microbispora , for which the name Microbispora fusca sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is NEAU-HEGS1-5 T (=CCTCC AA 2019030 T =DSM 104648 T ).

Three novel actinobacterial strains, designated as TPS16 T , TPS81 and TPS83, were isolated from a sample of marine sediment collected from Tioman Island, Malaysia. The strains formed abundant branched substrate mycelia without fragmentation along with production of blue spores and blue diffusible pigment on soybean meal agar. The strains could grow at pH ranging from pH 6 to 12 and in 0-8 % (w/v) NaCl. Cell-wall hydrolysis showed the presence of meso -diaminopimelic acid. The strains were closely related to Marinactinospora thermotolerans SCSIO 00652 T (97.60 %) and Marinactinospora endophytica YIM 690053 T (96.87 %) based on phylogenetic analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences. Multilocus sequence analysis including gyrB , recA and rpoB genes further confirmed that strain TPS16 T represented a distinct branch within the family Nocardiopsaceae . The predominant menaquinones were MK-11(H 2 ), MK-10(H 2 ), MK-11(H 4 ) and MK-10(H 4 ), while the major fatty acids were found to be iso-C 16 : 0 , anteiso-C 17 : 0 , iso-C 15 : 0 and C 18 : 1 ω9 c . Genome sequencing revealed genome sizes of approximately 6 Mb and G+C contents of 73.8 mol%. A new genus, Marinitenerispora gen. nov., is proposed within the family Nocardiopsaceae based on polyphasic data and the type species is Marinitenerispora sediminis gen. nov., sp. nov. The type strain is TPS16 T (=DSM 46825 T =TBRC 5138 T ).

Purpose: Tsukamurella is an important and emerging organism that causes opportunistic human infection. We present the largest case series of Tsukamurella species-associated ophthalmic infections, with an emphasis on clinical spectrum, risk factors, treatment, and outcome., Methods: A case series of culture-positive Tsukamurella species in ocular microbiological specimens was identified retrospectively from 2005 to 2018. Tsukamurella species were identified by phenotypic, molecular, and genotypic methods. Diagnoses were clinical and were supplemented by microbiological findings. Treatment including antibiotic type, number of antibiotics, treatment duration, and clinical outcome was documented., Results: Eleven cases of culture-positive Tsukamurella ocular infection were identified. Of these 54.5% (6/11) of cases resulted in conjunctivitis, 18% (2/11) of cases resulted in keratitis, and 9% (1/11) of cases resulted in blepharitis. One case of canaliculitis and 1 case of postenucleation ocular implant-related infection were reported, which were both novel findings. The presence of ocular implant and preexisting ocular surface diseases such as exposure keratopathy and ectropion were thought to be predisposing factors. We have demonstrated that treatment of Tsukamurella ocular conjunctivitis, keratitis, and blepharitis was effective using a combination therapy of 2 antibiotics (fluoroquinolone, fusidic acid, or chloramphenicol). Canaliculitis and ocular implant infection required further addition of oral antibiotics (macrolide or doxycycline), canaliculotomy, and removal of the infected implant for satisfactory management., Conclusions: Tsukamurella tyrosinosolvens and Tsukamurella pulmonis were found to be the predominant species that caused ocular infection. Ocular manifestation of Tsukamurella has a wider spectrum than that previously reported. A high-level of suspicion and a low threshold for microbiological sampling in cases with prolonged ocular surface infection are recommended to diagnose Tsukamurella infections.

Background: Cellulosimicrobium species, formely known as Oerskovia species, are gram-positive bacilli belonging to the order Actinomycetales. They rarely cause human infections. The genus comprises two pathogenic species in humans: C. cellulans and C. funkei. Based on a case report, we provide a review of the literature of infections caused by Cellulosimicrobium/Oerskovia, in order to improve our knowledge of this unusual infection., Case Presentation: An 82-year-old woman with aortic prosthetic valve presented to the hospital with fever and heart failure. Further work up revealed the diagnosis of C. cellulans infective endocarditis (IE). The strain was identified by MALDI-TOF MS, API Coryne and 16S rRNA sequencing. The patient was deemed not to be an operative candidate and died despite the antibiotic therapy 35 days after admission., Conclusions: Reviewing cases of Cellulosimicrobium species infections and communicating the successful and unsuccessful clinical experiences can assist future healthcare providers. Our case and those previously reported indicate that Cellulosimicrobium species usually infect immunocompromised patients or foreign body carriers. The most frequent pattern of infection is central venous catheter related bacteremia. The optimal treatment should include foreign body removal and valve surgery should be considered in case of IE.

A novel thermophilic actinomycete, designated strain 3-22-3 T , was isolated from mushroom compost collected in Nanning, Guangxi Province, China. The organism produced white aerial mycelium and short spore chains of non-motile oval spores with a ridged surface on the aerial mycelium. Strain 3-22-3 T contained meso-diaminopimelic acid as the diagnostic diamino acid. The whole-cell sugars were galactose, glucose, madurose and ribose. Major fatty acids were iso-C17 : 0, iso-C16 : 0, iso-C15 : 0 and anteiso-C17 : 0. MK-9(H6) and MK-9(H4) were the predominant menaquinones. The polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylinositol mannoside, ninhydrin-positive glycophospholipids, glycolipids and unidentified phospholipids. The G+C content of the genomic DNA was 72.5 mol%. The 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis indicated that strain 3-22-3 T belonged to the genus Thermomonospora and showed the highest sequence similarity to Thermomonospora curvata DSM 43183 T (96.3 %). On the 16S rRNA gene tree of closely related species and type species of all genera in the family Thermomonosporaceae, strain 3-22-3 T formed a distinct phyletic line together with Thermomonospora curvata DSM 43183 T . Furthermore, the chemotaxonomic characteristics of strain 3-22-3 T were congruent with the description of the genus Thermomonospora, but the morphological characteristics of strain 3-22-3 T were significantly different from Thermomonosporacurvata. Based on the phenotypic and phylogenetic data, strain 3-22-3 T represents a novel species of the genus Thermomonospora, and the name Thermomonospora catenispora sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is 3-22-3 T (=CGMCC 4.7155 T =DSM 46802 T =ATCC BAA-2627 T ).

A novel Gram-strain-positive, non-spore-forming bacterial strain, designated GP-T3-3 T , was isolated from sediment sampled at a tidal flat in Gopado, Republic of Korea. Cells were aerobic, catalase-negative, oxidase-positive, non-motile cocci that occurred singly, in pairs or in clusters. Strain GP-T3-3 T grew at 4-45 °C (optimum, 28-37 °C), at pH 4.0-12.0 (pH 8.0-9.0) and in the presence of 0-15 % (w/v) NaCl (3-5 %). Colonies of strain GP-T3-3 T were deep-yellow, circular, smooth and pulvinate. The results of the phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that strain GP-T3-3 T was closely related to Serinicoccus profundi MCCC 1A05965 T (99.1 %), Serinicoccus chungangensis CAU 9536 T (99.0 %) and Serinicoccus marinus JC1078 T (98.0 %). The diagnostic diamino acid in the cell-wall peptidoglycan was meso-diaminopimelic acid. The predominant respiratory quinone was MK-8(H4) and the major fatty acids were anteiso-C17 : 0, iso-C16 : 0, iso-C15 : 0 and anteiso-C15 : 0. The polar lipid profile consisted of diphosphadidylglycerol, phosphadidylglycerol, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylinositol and two unidentified phospholipids. The DNA G+C content was 72.9 mol%. DNA-DNA relatedness values between strain GP-T3-3 T and type strains of the genus Serinicoccus ranged from 28.9 to 50.5 %. On the basis of the phenotypic differences and DNA-DNA relatedness data, the isolate represents a new species of the genus Serinicoccus, for which the name Serinicoccussediminis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is GP-T3-3 T (=KCTC 49173 T =JCM 32825 T =KCCM 43309 T =KACC 19850 T ).

A polyphasic approach was used to identify the novel actinomycete, strain 10-20SHSu T , isolated from the rhizosphere of the mangrove associated plants Suaeda maritima collected from Phetchaburi Province, Thailand. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that the organism belonged to the phylogenetic cluster of the genus Nonomuraea and was most closely related to Nonomuraea soli YIM 120770 T (98.1% sequence similarity), Nonomuraea endophytica YIM 65601 T (97.3%) and Nonomuraea candida HMC10 T (97.3%). The strain formed an extensively branched substrate and aerial mycelia. The whole-cell hydrolysates contained meso-diaminopimelic acid as the diagnostic diamino acid, with galactose, glucose, madurose, mannose and ribose as the whole-cell sugars. The polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, hydroxy-phosphatidylethanolamine, hydroxy-phosphatidylmonomethylethanolamine, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol mannosides, phosphatidylinositol, phosphotidylmethylethanolamine, two unidentified sugar containing phosphoaminolipids and an unidentified phospholipid. MK-9(H 4 ) was a major menaquinone of the organism. The predominant cellular fatty acids were iso-C 16:0 , C 17:0 and 10-methyl-C 17:0 . The G + C content of the genomic DNA was 71.9 mol%. On the basis of phenotypic characteristics, DNA-DNA relatedness and phylogenetic distinctiveness, strain 10-20SHSu T represents a novel species of the genus Nonomuraea, for which the name Nonomuraea suaedae sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is 10-20SHSu T (=TBRC 8487 T  =NBRC 113448 T ).

An antibiotic-producing actinobacterium, designated isolate B375 T , was isolated from marine sponge Glodia corticostylifera collected from Praia Guaecá, São Paulo, Brazil (23°49S; 45°25W), and its taxonomic position established using data from a polyphasic study. The organism showed a combination of morphological, physiological, biochemical and chemotaxonomic characteristics consistent with its classification in the genus Williamsia. Comparative 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis indicated that the strain B375 T was most closely related to Williamsia serinedens DSM 45037 T and Williamsia spongiae DSM 46676 T and having 99.43% and 98.65% similarities, respectively, but was distinguished from these strains by a low level of DNA-DNA relatedness (53.2-63.2%) and discriminatory phenotypic properties. Chemotaxonomic investigations revealed the presence of cell-wall chemotype IV and N-glycolated muramic acid residues present in the wall cells. The cells contained C 16:0 (23.3%), C 18:0 10-methyl (23.2%) and C 18:1 ω9c (21.6%) as the major cellular fatty acids. The strain B375 T inhibited growing of Staphylococcus aureus and Colletotrichum gloeosporioides strains and was considered a producer of antimicrobial compounds. Based on the data obtained, the isolate B375 T (= CBMAI 1090 T  = DSM 46677 T ) should, therefore, be classified as the type strain of a novel species of the genus Williamsia, for which the name Williamsia aurantiacus sp. nov. is proposed.

A Gram-positive, aerobic, non-motile actinobacterium, designated YIM 75507 T , that was isolated from a soil sample collected from a dry-hot valley, was subjected to a polyphasic taxonomic study. The isolate formed branched hyphae and no fragmentation was found. Clustered spore chains were borne from aerial mycelium. The cell-wall peptidoglycan contained glutamic acid, alanine and meso-diaminopimelic acid. Whole-cell sugars were galactose, mannose, glucosamine, glucose and ribose. The major menaquinones were MK-9(H6), MK-9(H8) and MK-10(H6). The polar phospholipids contained phosphatidylmethylethanolamine, phosphatidylethanolamine and ninhydrin-positive phosphoglycolipid. Major fatty acids were iso-C16 : 0 and 10-methyl-C17 : 0. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strain YIM 75507 T formed a stable and distinct lineage clustered with the genus Sinosporangium in the family Streptosporangiaceae. The draft genome sequence of strain YIM 75507 T exhibited low average nucleotide identity to the closest related strain, Sinosporangium album CPCC 201354 T (83.97 %), well below the 95-96 % species circumscription threshold. The G+C content of the genomic DNA was 73.8 mol%. On the basis of morphological, chemotaxonomic and phylogenetic evidence, strain YIM 75507 T is assigned to a novel species of a new genus, for which the name Bailinhaonella thermotolerans gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of Bailinhaonella thermotolerans is YIM 75507 T (=KCTC 49229 T =CGMCC 4.7547 T ).

Granulomatous lobular mastitis is a rare disease whose origin is still unknown and shows an increase in its frequency. Morphological, microbiological, and molecular biology studies have linked this disease to lipophilic and fastidious corynebacteria, suggesting its possible infectious etiology. This series describes and reviews in detail the distinctive morphological characteristics of the bacteria present in the granulomas of this disease, the usefulness of histochemical techniques for their identification, and our proposal for a tissue quantification score for the bacteria. The MacCallum-Goodpasture method of Gram's stain turned out to be the gold standard for examination, but we also highlight the efficiency of hematoxylin and eosin stain when it is exhaustively examined as well as the Grocott stain to evaluate the bacterial pleomorphism method, which is often underutilized.

A novel actinobacterial strain, designated YIM ART13 T , was isolated from a soil sample collected from a karst cave in Xingyi county, Guizhou province, South western China. The taxonomic position of the strain was investigated using a polyphasic approach. Cells of the strain were found to aerobic and Gram-stain positive. On the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, strain YIM ART13 T was found to be closely related to Nocardioides pakistanensis NCCP 1340 T (96.1% sequence similarity) and is therefore considered to represent a member of the genus Nocardioides. In addition, LL-diaminopimelic acid was identified as the diagnostic diamino acid in the cell wall peptidoglycan. The whole cell sugars were found to be mannose, galactose, glucose and ribose. The major isoprenoid quinone was identified as MK-8(H 4 ), while the major fatty acids (> 10%) were identified as iso-C 16:0 , C 18:1 ω9c and C 18:0 10-methyl. The polar lipids were found to contain diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol phosphatidylinositol and phosphatidylinositol mannoside, an unidentified phospholipid. The genomic DNA G+C content of strain YIM ART13 T was determined from the draft genome sequence to be 70.1 mol%. On the basis of phenotypic, genotypic and phylogenetic data, strain YIM ART13 T represents a novel species of the genus Nocardioides, for which the name Nocardioides speluncae sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is YIM ART13 T (= KCTC 39593 T  = DSM 100493 T ).

A novel Marinactinospora strain JX35-4 T was isolated from red soil which was collected from Wushan, northern Jiangxi Province, China. Analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain JX35-4 T belongs to the genus Marinactinospora and formed a distinct phylogenetic clade with Marinactinospora thermotolerans SCSIO 00652 T and Marinactinospora endophytica YIM 690053 T with sequence similarity of 96.97% and 96.42%, respectively. The strain was Gram-positive and formed branched substrate hyphae with no fragmentation, and abundant aerial hyphae that differentiated into long spore chains, and short rod-shaped spores. Growth occurred at 20-45 °C, pH 7.0-12.0 and in the presence of 0-7.5% (w/v) NaCl. The genomic DNA G + C content was determined to be 68.3 mol%. The cell wall of strain JX35-4 T contained meso-diaminopimelic acid and xylose. Polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylinositol mannosides and one unidentified phospholipid. The major fatty acids of strain JX35-4 T consisted of anteiso-C 17:0 and iso-C 16:0 . Major menaquinones were MK-9(H 10 ), MK-12 and MK-10(H 2 ). Based on the polyphasic data, strain JX35-4 T (= CGMCC 4.7382 T  = DSM 104977 T ) is concluded to represent a novel species of the genus Marinactinospora, for which the name Marinactinospora rubrisoli sp. nov. is proposed.

Cryobacterium and Arthrobacter are members of Actinobacteria, and are often found in cold environments. In this study, 48 Cryobacterium strains, including 9 type strains and 39 new isolates collected from glaciers in China were subjected to multilocus sequence analysis (MLSA). Phylogenetic analysis revealed that Cryobacterium comprised four cold-adapted clusters. Also, 19 potential novel Cryobacterium species were found using 0.065 as the cut-off point of genetic distance between the concatenated gene sequences. Additionally, three Cryobacterium strains (TMN-42 T , TMN-39-1 and TMB1-8) and two Arthrobacter strains (HLT2-12-2 T , TMN-18) isolated from glaciers were subjected to taxonomic analysis. Based on 16S rRNA gene sequences, MLSA data and average nucleotide identity (ANI) values, they represented a novel Cryobacterium species and a novel Arthrobacter species. Specifically, strain TMN-42 T was most closely related to the type strains of Cryobacterium arcticum and Cryobacterium psychrotolerans with 83.79% and 77.78% ANI values, respectively. The ANI values between strain HLT2-12-2 T and its closely relatives Arthrobacter psychrochitiniphilus GP3 T and Arthrobacter alpinus S6-3 T were 76.66% and 77.94%, respectively. Therefore, we propose two novel species, Cryobacterium zongtaii sp. nov. (TMN-42 T =CGMCC 1.9695 T =NBRC 111591 T ) and Arthrobacter glacialis sp. nov. (HLT2-12-2 T =CGMCC 1.10025 T =NBRC 113092 T )., (Copyright © 2018 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.)

A Gram-positive and aerobic actinobacterium, strain SYSU D8006 T , was isolated from a desert sand sample collected from Gurbantunggut desert, China. Phenotypically, the strain was found to grow at 14-50 °C, pH 6.0-9.0 and in the presence of up to 4% (w/v) NaCl. The chemotaxonomic features of strain SYSU D8006 T included menaquinone MK-9(H 4 ) as the respiratory quinone, diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylinositol and phosphatidylinositol mannoside as known polar lipids, iso-C 15:0, iso-C 16:0, C 17:1 ω8c and C 18:1 ω9c as the predominant fatty acids, and arabinose, galactose and glucose as the whole cell sugars. Strain SYSU D8006 T shared the highest 16S rRNA gene sequence identity with Blastococcus jejuensis DSM 19597 T (98.2%). Based on the analyses of the phenotypic, genotypic and phylogenetic characteristics, strain SYSU D8006 T is characterized to represent a novel species of the genus Blastococcus, for which the name Blastococcus deserti sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is SYSU D8006 T (= CGMCC 1.15935 T  = KCTC 49026 T  = CPCC 204618 T ).

Strain SYSU D8008 T was isolated from a desert sand sample collected from Saudi Arabia. The strain was observed to be Gram-stain positive, non-motile and aerobic. It can grow at 15-37 °C, pH 6.0-10.0 and can tolerant up to 7% (w/v) NaCl. Pairwise comparison of the 16S rRNA gene sequence indicated that strain SYSU D8008 T shares high sequence similarities with Georgenia deserti SYSU D8004 T (96.8%) and Georgenia halophila YIM 93316 T (96.8%). Menaquinone MK-8(H 4 ) was detected as the respiratory isoprenologue. The polar lipid profile of strain SYSU D8008 T was found to consist of diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol, two phosphatidylinositol mannosides, an unidentified glycolipid and an unidentified phospholipid. Strain SYSU D8008 T was found to contain anteiso-C 15:0 and iso-C 15:0 as the predominant fatty acids. Galactose, glucose and rhamnose were detected as the whole cell sugars. Based on the phenotypic, genotypic and phylogenetic characteristics, strain SYSU D8008 T can be differentiated from other closely related members of the genus Georgenia. The strain SYSU D8008 T , therefore, is concluded to represent a novel species of the genus Georgenia, for which the name Georgenia alba sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is SYSU D8008 T (= CGMCC 1.15800 T  = KCTC 39988 T ).

A novel actinobacterium, designated strain CFH 30183 T , was isolated from a soil sample collected from a karst cave in Luoyang, Henan Province. The taxonomic position of the strain was investigated using a polyphasic approach. Cells of strain CFH 30183 T were observed to be Gram-stain positive, motile, asporogenous and coccoid to rod shaped. The strain was found to be aerobic and oxidase positive. On the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, strain CFH 30183 T was found to be closely related to Ornithinimicrobium murale 01-Gi-040 T (97.8% sequence identity). The ANIb/ANIm values between strain CFH 30183 T and O. murale DSM 22056 T were found to be 80.3%/85.9%. Strain CFH 30183 T was found to grow optimally at 28-32 °C, at pH 8.0-9.0 and in the presence of up to 7% NaCl (w/v). Whole cell hydrolysates of strain CFH 30183 T contained L-ornithine as the diagnostic diamino acid, and arabinose, glucose, mannose and rhamnose as whole cell sugars. The respiratory quinone was determined to be MK-8(H 4 ), while the major fatty acids were found to consist of iso-C 15:0 and iso-C 16:0 . The polar lipids profile was found to include diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol, an unidentified phospholipid, an unidentified phosphoglycolipid and four unidentified lipids. The DNA G + C content of strain CFH 30183 T was calculated to be 70.9%. Based on the phenotypic, genotypic and phylogenetic data obtained, strain CFH 30183 T is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Ornithinimicrobium, for which the name Ornithinimicrobium cavernae sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is CFH 30183 T (= KCTC 49018 T  = CGMCC 1.16393 T ).

A Gram-stain-positive, aerobic, non-motile, non-spore-forming, coccus-shaped actinobacterium, designated strain 12Sc4-1 T , was isolated from a soil sample collected in the Taklamakan desert in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China. Strain 12Sc4-1 T grew at 8‒35 °C (optimum, 28‒30 °C), pH 6.0‒9.0 (optimum, pH 7.0) and in the presence of 0‒3 % (w/v) NaCl (optimum, 0 %). Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequence suggested that strain 12Sc4-1 T belonged to the genus Nakamurella and shared the highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity to Nakamurella silvestris S20-107 T (96.94 %). Strain 12Sc4-1 T showed <96.0 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities to all other recognized members of the genus Nakamurella. Chemotaxonomic analyses showed that the isolate possessed meso-diaminopimelic acid as the diagnostic diamino acid of the peptidoglycan, glucose, mannose and galactose as whole-cell sugars, and MK-8(H4) as the predominant menaquinone. The polar lipids comprised diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, an unidentified aminophospholipid, phosphatidylinositol, an unidentified phospholipid, an unidentified phosphoglycolipid and an unidentified glycolipid. The major fatty acids were C16 : 0 and anteiso-C15 : 0. The DNA G+C content was 72.1 mol% (draft genome sequence). On the basis of phylogenetic, phenotypic and chemotaxonomic analyses, strain 12Sc4-1 T represents a novel species of the genus Nakamurella, for which the name Nakamurelladeserti sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is 12Sc4-1 T (=KCTC 49114 T =CGMCC 1.16555 T ).

A Gram-stain-positive, non-motile, rod-shaped bacterial strain S-34 T was isolated from forest soil. According to 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, strain S-34 T was related to Nocardioides members and showed the highest similarities to Nocardioides thalensis NCCP-696 T (97.3 %) and Nocardioides panacisoliGsoil 346 T (97.0 %), Nocardioides litorisoli X-2 T (96.5 %) and Nocardioides immobilis FLL521 T (96.4 %). Phylogenetic trees showed that strain S-34 T fell within the cluster containing strain S-34 T and N. immobilis FLL521 T . The levels of DNA-DNA relatedness between strain S-34 T and N. thalensis CCTCC AB 2016296 T and between strain S-34 T and N. panacisoli KCTC 19470 T were 50.6 and 58.8 %, respectively. The genome orthoANI value between strain S-34 T and N. immobilis CCTCC AB 2017083 T was 82.4 %. Strain S-34 T had ll-diaminopimelic acid in the cell-wall peptidoglycan, diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, four unknown phospholipids and one unknown lipid as the polar lipids, meanquinone-8(H4) as the only respiratory quinone and iso-C16 : 0, C17:1ω8c, C17:1ω6c, C17 : 0 and C17 : 0 10-methyl (tbsa) as the major fatty acids. The genome length of strain S-34 T was 4.53 Mb containing 52 contigs and with a DNA G+C content of 71.2 mol%. Strain S-34 T could be distinguished from the other Nocardioides members mainly based on the data of phylogenetic analyses, DNA-DNA hybridization, polar lipids and some biochemical differences. Therefore, strain S-34 T represents a novel species of the genus Nocardioides, for which the name Nocardioidessilvaticus sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is S-34 T (=KCTC 49137 T =CCTCC AB 2018079 T ).

An aerobic, spore-forming, actinomycete, designated strain CHM3-46 T , was isolated from soil in a hot spring pond located in Chiangmai province, Thailand. The strain exhibited taxonomic characteristics consistent with the genus Thermocatellispora. Strain CHM3-46 T produced short, straight chains of warty spores on aerial mycelia. The presence of meso-diaminopimelic acid was observed in the cell-wall peptidoglycan. The whole-cell reducing sugars were glucose, mannose, galacose and ribose. The phospholipids comprised phosphatidylmethylethanolamine, hydroxyphosphatidylmethylethanolamine, phosphatidylethanolamine, hydroxyphosphatidylethanolamine, diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol, four phosphoglycolipids and three unidentified phospholipids. The predominant menaquinones were MK-9(H4), MK-9(H6) and MK-9(H8). 10-methyl C17 : 0, C16 : 0, C17 : 0 and iso-C16 : 0 were identified as the main cellular fatty acids. The G+C content of the genomic DNA was 73.2 mol%. Analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequence showed that strain CHM3-46 T belonged to the genus Thermocatellispora, exhibiting the highest similarity to Thermocatellispora tengchongensis YIM 77521 T (98.5 %). Furthermore, a low DNA relatedness value (23.4 %±0.8) and several physiological and biochemical characteristic differences were detected between strain CHM3-46 T and its closest relative. Based on the taxonomic data, strain CHM3-46 T could be readily distinguished from its closest phylogenetic relative and represents a novel species, for which the name Thermocatellisporasoli sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is CHM3-46 T (=TBRC 7649 T =NBRC 113148 T ).

A Gram-stain-positive, aerobic, short-rod-shaped, non-spore-forming actinobacterial strain, designated M8JJ-5 T , was isolated from a surface-sterilized bark of Neriumindicum Mill. collected from Guizhou, China, and investigated by a polyphasic approach to determine its taxonomic position. Strain M8JJ-5 T grew optimally without NaCl at 28 °C and at pH 7.0-8.0. Substrate mycelia and aerial mycelia were not formed, and no diffusible pigments were observed on the media tested. Phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence showed that strain M8JJ-5 T was most closely related to the type strains of genus Amnibacterium, and shared highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity of 97.29 % to Amnibacterium kyonggiense KSL51201-037 T . The DNA G+C content of strain M8JJ-5 T was 68.6 mol%. The cell-wall peptidoglycan contained l-2,4-diaminobutyric acid and MK-12, MK-11 were the major menaquinones. The predominant polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, an unidentified glycolipid, an unidentified phospholipid and an unidentified lipid, while the major fatty acids were iso-C16 : 0, anteiso-C15 : 0 and anteiso-C17 : 0. On the basis of phylogenetic, chemotaxonomic and phenotypic data, strain M8JJ-5 T can be characterized to represent a novel species of the genus Amnibacterium, for which the name Amnibacteriumflavum sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is M8JJ-5 T (=KCTC 49089 T =CGMCC 1.16390 T ).

For decades, natural products from Actinomycetes have been recognized as one of the inestimable sources of therapeutic compounds. Presently, due to some challenges in the identification of novel compounds including the validation of novel natural products and their compatibility with the high throughput screening bioassays, evaluating new activity from known commercial ones would be an important designation. On the other hand, finding new sources of bioactive compounds from Actinomycetes can be promising in attaining pharmaceutical compounds with fewer purification steps and cost-effective production of the bioproducts. Here we describe the isolation and identification of two alkaloid compounds from a soil actinobacterium Actinokineospora sp. UTMC 968 including N-acetyltyramine (1) and N-acetyltryptamine (2) with revealing a new bioactivity for these molecules. The producer is a rare actinobacterium belonging to family Pseudonocardiaceae as the first alkaloid compounds producer genus in its family. The structures of alkaloid 1 and 2 were assigned on the basis of 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy and MS analyses. Compound 1 and 2 are used commercially for their pharmaceutical activity but their radical scavenging activity has not previously been reported. The results of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging assay represented a remarkable DPPH radical scavenging capability with an IC 50 value of 64.7 ± 0.5 and 131.3 ± 1.8 µg/mL for compound 1 and 2, respectively.

Two actinobacterial strains, YJYP 303 T and YZYP 518, were isolated from two species of halophytes collected from the southern edge of the Gurbantunggut Desert. Cells were Gram-stain-positive, aerobic, short rods and without flagella. Growth of the two strains was found to occur at 4-44 °C, pH 6.0-12.0 and in the presence of up to 15 % (w/v) NaCl. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that the two strains are associated with members of the genus Microbacterium. In the phylogenetic tree, the two strains shared a clade with Microbacterium halotolerans YIM 70130 T (97.58 % 16S rRNA gene sequence identity) and Microbacterium populi KCTC 29152 T (96.54 %). The average nucleotide identity values of strain YJYP 303 T and YZYP 518 to M. halotolerans YIM 70130 T were determined to be 79.97 and 80.03 %, respectively. The genomic DNA G+C contents of strains YJYP 303 T and YZYP 518 were 69.72 and 70.57 %, respectively. The major fatty acids were anteiso-C15 : 0, anteiso-C17 : 0 and iso-C16 : 0. The predominant respiratory quinones was MK-11, followed by MK-10 and MK-12. The muramic acid type of peptidoglycan was N-glycolyl. The whole-cell sugars were mannose, ribose, rhamnose, glucose, galactose and two unidentified sugars. The cell-wall amino acids were glutamic acid, ornithine, glycine and alanine. The polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, an unidentified phospholipid and an unidentified glycolipid. On the basis of the evidence presented in this study, strains YJYP 303 T and YZYP 518 are characterized as members of a novel species in the genus Microbacterium, for which the name Microbacteriumhalophytorum sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is YJYP 303 T (=CGMCC 1.16264 T =KCTC 49100 T ).

A novel actinomycete, strain RTBAU4-9 T , which produced longitudinally paired spores on aerial mycelia, was isolated from a soil sample of a hot spring area. This strain exhibited chemotaxonomic and genotypic properties typical of the genus Microbispora, such as meso-diaminopimelic acid in the cell-wall peptidoglycan, glucose, ribose and trace amount of madurose as the characteristic whole-cell sugars, phosphatidylethanolamine, diphosphatidylglycerol and phosphoglycolipids as the membrane phospholipids, MK-9(H4), MK-9(H2) and MK-9(H0) as the characteristic menaquinones, and iso-C16 : 0 and anteiso-C17 : 0 as the main fatty acids. The G+C content of the genomic DNA was 70.2 mol%. The result of 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis revealed the strain was a member of the genus Microbispora and was most closely related to Microbispora hainanensis 211020 T (98.3 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity). In addition, the low percentage of DNA-DNA relatedness (<28.1±1.2 %) and several phenotypic differences confirmed that strain RTBAU4-9 T should be considered as representing a novel species of the genus Microbispora, for which the name Microbispora soli sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is RTBAU4-9 T (=TBRC 7648 T =NBRC 113147 T ).