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Classical Floquet theory describes motion near a periodic orbit. But comparing Floquet theory to action angle methods shows which Jordan form is desirable. A new eigenvector algorithm is developed ensuring a canonical transform and handling the typical for the case of repeated eigenvalues, a chronic problem in conservative Hamiltonian systems. This solution also extends the Floquet decomposition to adjacent trajectories, and is fully canonical. This method yields the matrix of frequency partial derivatives, extending the solution’s validity. Some numerical examples are offered.

The notion of monodromy was introduced by J.J. Duistermaat as the first obstruction to the existence of global action coordinates in integrable Hamiltonian systems. This invariant was extensively studied since then and was shown to be non-trivial in various concrete examples of finite-dimensional integrable systems. The goal of the present paper is to give a brief overview of monodromy and discuss some of its generalisations. In particular, we will discuss the monodromy around a focus-focus singularity and the notions of quantum, fractional and scattering monodromy. The exposition will be complemented with a number of examples and open problems.

The notion of monodromy was introduced by J.J. Duistermaat as the first obstruction to the existence of global action coordinates in integrable Hamiltonian systems. This invariant was extensively studied since then and was shown to be non-trivial in various concrete examples of finite-dimensional integrable systems. The goal of the present paper is to give a brief overview of monodromy and discuss some of its generalizations. In particular, we will discuss the monodromy around a focus–focus singularity and the notions of quantum, fractional and scattering monodromy. The exposition will be complemented with a number of examples and open problems.

Since the pioneering works of Newton (1643&ndash, 1727), Mechanics has been constantly reinventing itself: reformulated in particular by Lagrange (1736&ndash, 1813) then Hamilton (1805&ndash, 1865), it now offers powerful conceptual and mathematical tools for the exploration of dynamical systems, essentially via the action-angle variables formulation and more generally through the theory of canonical transformations. We propose to the (graduate) reader an overview of these different formulations through the well-known example of Foucault&rsquo, s pendulum, a device created by Foucault (1819&ndash, 1868) and first installed in the Panth&eacute, on (Paris, France) in 1851 to display the Earth&rsquo, s rotation. The apparent simplicity of Foucault&rsquo, s pendulum is indeed an open door to the most contemporary ramifications of classical mechanics. We stress that adopting the formalism of action-angle variables is not necessary to understand the dynamics of Foucault&rsquo, s pendulum. The latter is simply taken as well-known and simple dynamical system used to exemplify and illustrate modern concepts that are crucial in order to understand more complicated dynamical systems. The Foucault&rsquo, s pendulum first installed in 2005 in the collegiate church of Sainte-Waudru (Mons, Belgium) will allow us to numerically estimate the different quantities introduced.

The restricted problem of three bodies (material points) moving under the action of Newtonian gravitational attraction is considered. The masses of the main attracting points are equal, and the points themselves move in circular orbits around their common center of mass. The third point has a negligible mass and moves along a straight line perpendicular to the plane of orbits of the main points and passing through their center of mass. The problem about this motion is integrable. For the case where the third point motion is oscillatory, the procedure of introducing action–angle variables is proposed in this paper. Nonlinear oscillations of small amplitude and oscillations with arbitrarily large amplitudes in comparison with the distance between the main attracting points are considered as examples.

We state and prove that a certain class of smooth functions said to be BH-separable is a meagre subset for the Fr\'echet topology. Because these functions are the only admissible Hamiltonians for Arnold-Liouville systems admitting a bi-Hamiltonian structure, we get that, generically, Arnold-Liouville systems cannot be bi-Hamiltonian. At the end of the paper, we determine, both as a concrete representation of our general result and as an illustrative list, which polynomial Hamiltonians $H$ of the form $H(x,y)=xy+ax^3+bx^2y+cxy^2+dy^3$ are BH-separable.

In this paper, we are concerned with completely integrable Hamiltonian systems and generalized action–angle coordinates in the setting of contact geometry. We investigate the deformations of the Sasaki–Einstein structures, keeping the Reeb vector field fixed, but changing the contact form. We examine the modifications of the action–angle coordinates by the Sasaki–Ricci flow. We then pass to the particular cases of the contact structures of the five-dimensional Sasaki–Einstein manifolds T1,1 and Yp,q.

In order to generalize the direct approach for the reduction of more general boundary value problems to boundary integral equations than those presented in Chapters 1 and 2 we consider here the 2m{th order positive elliptic systems with real C∞–coefficients. We begin by collecting all the necessary machinery. This includes the basic definitions and properties of classical function spaces and distributions, the Fourier transform and the definition of Hadamard's finite part integrals which, in fact, represent the natural regularization of homogeneous distributions and of the hypersingular boundary integral operators.

We consider a perturbed relativistic Kepler problem \begin{equation*} \dfrac{\mathrm{d}}{\mathrm{d}t}\left(\dfrac{m\dot{x}}{\sqrt{1-|\dot{x}|^2/c^2}}\right)=-\alpha\, \dfrac{x}{|x|^3}+\varepsilon \, \nabla_x U(t,x), \qquad x \in \mathbb{R}^2 \setminus \{0\}, \end{equation*} where $m, \alpha > 0$, $c$ is the speed of light and $U(t,x)$ is a function $T$-periodic in the first variable. For $\varepsilon > 0$ sufficiently small, we prove the existence of $T$-periodic solutions with prescribed winding number, bifurcating from invariant tori of the unperturbed problem., Comment: 21 pages, 2 figures

We are interested in three non linear dispersive Hamiltonian equations: the defocusing cubic Schrödinger equation filtered by the Szegö projector on the torus that cancels every negative Fourier modes, leading to the cubic NLS--Szegö equation on the torus; the focusing quintic Schrödinger equation, which is filtered by the Szegö projector on the line, leading to the quintic NLS--Szegö equation on the line and the Benjamin--Ono (BO) equation on the line. Similarly to the other two models, the BO equation on the line can be written as a quadratic Schrödinger-type equation that is filtered by the Szegö projector on the line. These three models allow us to study their qualitative properties of some traveling waves, the phenomenon of the growth of Sobolev norms, the phenomenon of non linear scattering and some properties about the complete integrability of Hamiltonian dynamical systems. The goal of this thesis is to investigate the influence of the Szegö projector on some one-dimensional Schrödinger-type equations and to adapt the tools of the Hardy space on the torus and on the line. We also use the Birkhoff normal form transform, the concentration--compactness argument, refined as the profile decomposition theorem, and the inverse spectral transform in order to solve these problems. In the third model, the integrability theory allows to establish the connection with some algebraic and geometric aspects.; On s'intéresse dans cette thèse à trois modèles d'équations hamiltoniennes dispersives non linéaires : l'équation de Schrödinger cubique défocalisante sur le cercle, filtrée par le projecteur de Szegö, qui enlève tous les modes de Fourier strictement négatifs (NLS--Szegö cubique), l'équation de Schrödinger quintique focalisante filtrée par le projecteur de Szegö sur la droite (NLS--Szegö quintique) et l'équation de Benjamin--Ono (BO) sur la droite. Comme pour les deux modèles précédents, l'équation de BO peut encore s'écrire sous la forme d'une équation de Schrödinger quadratique filtrée par le projecteur de Szegö. Ces trois modèles nous donnent l'occasion d'étudier les propriétés qualitatives de certaines ondes progressives, le phénomène de croissance des normes de Sobolev, le phénomène de diffusion non linéaire et certaines propriétés d'intégrabilité de systèmes dynamiques hamiltoniens. Le but de cette thèse est de comprendre l'influence des opérateurs de Szegö (non locaux) sur les équations de type Schrödinger, et d'adapter les outils liés à l'espace de Hardy sur le cercle et sur la droite. On applique aussi la méthode de forme normale de Birkhoff, l'argument de concentration--compacité, qui est précisé à travers le théorème de d'ecomposition en profils, et la transformée spectrale inverse pour résoudre ces problèmes. Dans le troisième modèle, la théorie de l'intégrabilité permet de faire le lien avec certains aspects algébriques et géométriques.

We are interested in three non linear dispersive Hamiltonian equations: the defocusing cubic Schrödinger equation filtered by the Szegö projector on the torus that cancels every negative Fourier modes, leading to the cubic NLS--Szegö equation on the torus; the focusing quintic Schrödinger equation, which is filtered by the Szegö projector on the line, leading to the quintic NLS--Szegö equation on the line and the Benjamin--Ono (BO) equation on the line. Similarly to the other two models, the BO equation on the line can be written as a quadratic Schrödinger-type equation that is filtered by the Szegö projector on the line. These three models allow us to study their qualitative properties of some traveling waves, the phenomenon of the growth of Sobolev norms, the phenomenon of non linear scattering and some properties about the complete integrability of Hamiltonian dynamical systems. The goal of this thesis is to investigate the influence of the Szegö projector on some one-dimensional Schrödinger-type equations and to adapt the tools of the Hardy space on the torus and on the line. We also use the Birkhoff normal form transform, the concentration--compactness argument, refined as the profile decomposition theorem, and the inverse spectral transform in order to solve these problems. In the third model, the integrability theory allows to establish the connection with some algebraic and geometric aspects.; On s'intéresse dans cette thèse à trois modèles d'équations hamiltoniennes dispersives non linéaires : l'équation de Schrödinger cubique défocalisante sur le cercle, filtrée par le projecteur de Szegö, qui enlève tous les modes de Fourier strictement négatifs (NLS--Szegö cubique), l'équation de Schrödinger quintique focalisante filtrée par le projecteur de Szegö sur la droite (NLS--Szegö quintique) et l'équation de Benjamin--Ono (BO) sur la droite. Comme pour les deux modèles précédents, l'équation de BO peut encore s'écrire sous la forme d'une équation de Schrödinger quadratique filtrée par le projecteur de Szegö. Ces trois modèles nous donnent l'occasion d'étudier les propriétés qualitatives de certaines ondes progressives, le phénomène de croissance des normes de Sobolev, le phénomène de diffusion non linéaire et certaines propriétés d'intégrabilité de systèmes dynamiques hamiltoniens. Le but de cette thèse est de comprendre l'influence des opérateurs de Szegö (non locaux) sur les équations de type Schrödinger, et d'adapter les outils liés à l'espace de Hardy sur le cercle et sur la droite. On applique aussi la méthode de forme normale de Birkhoff, l'argument de concentration--compacité, qui est précisé à travers le théorème de d'ecomposition en profils, et la transformée spectrale inverse pour résoudre ces problèmes. Dans le troisième modèle, la théorie de l'intégrabilité permet de faire le lien avec certains aspects algébriques et géométriques.

We investigate which orbits of an $n$-dimensional torus action on a $2n$-dimensional toric K\"ahler manifold $M$ are minimal. In other words, we study minimal submanifolds appearing as the fibres of the moment map on a toric K\"ahler manifold. Amongst other questions we investigate and give partial answers to the following: (1) How many such minimal Lagrangian tori exist? (2) Can their stability, as critical points of the area functional, be characterised just from the ambient geometry? (3) Given a toric symplectic manifold, for which sets of orbits $S$, is there a compatible toric K\"ahler metric whose set of minimal Lagrangian orbits is $S$?

The equations governing the thermoelastic-plastic flow of isotropic solids in the Prandtl-Reuss and small anisotropy approximations in Cartesian coordinates are generalized to arbitrary coordinate systems. In applications the choice of coordinates is dictated by the symmetry of the solid flow. The generally invariant equations are evaluated in spherical, cylindrical (including uniaxial), and both prolate and oblate spheroidal coordinates., Comment: 19 pages; v2: minor revision, to appear in J. Phys. Chem. Solids

In this paper we develop a general conceptual approach to the problem of existence of action-angle variables for dynamical systems, which establishes and uses the fundamental conservation property of associated torus actions: anything which is preserved by the system is also preserved by the associated torus actions. This approach allows us to obtain, among other things: (a) the shortest and most easy-to-understand conceptual proof of the classical Arnold–Liouville–Mineur theorem; (b) basically all known results in the literature about the existence of action-angle variables in various contexts can be recovered in a unifying way, with simple proofs, using our approach; (c) new results on action-angle variables in many different contexts, including systems on contact manifolds, systems on presymplectic and Dirac manifolds, action-angle variables near singularities, stochastic systems, and so on. Even when there are no natural action variables, our approach still leads to useful normal forms for dynamical systems, which are not necessarily integrable.

In this paper, we study the modified Camassa-Holm (mCH) equation in Lagrangian coordinates. For some initial data $m_0$, we show that classical solutions to this equation blow up in finite time $T_{max}$. Before $T_{max}$, existence and uniqueness of classical solutions are established. Lifespan for classical solutions is obtained: $T_{max}≥ \frac{1}{||m_0||_{L^∞}||m_0||_{L^1}}.$ And there is a unique solution $X(ξ, t)$ to the Lagrange dynamics which is a strictly monotonic function of $ξ$ for any $t∈[0, T_{max})$: $X_ξ(·, t)>0$. As $t$ approaching $T_{max}$, we prove that the classical solution $m(·, t)$ in Eulerian coordinates has a unique limit $m(·, T_{max})$ in Radon measure space and there is a point $ξ_0$ such that $X_ξ(ξ_0, T_{max}) = 0$ which means $T_{max}$ is an onset time of collisions of characteristics. We also show that in some cases peakons are formed at $T_{max}$. After $T_{max}$, we regularize the Lagrange dynamics to prove global existence of weak solutions $m$ in Radon measure space.

The characteristic boundary conditions are applied and assessed for the solution of incompressible inviscid flows. The two-dimensional incompressible Euler equations based on the artificial compressibility method are considered and then the characteristic boundary conditions are formulated in the generalized curvilinear coordinates and implemented on both the far-field and wall boundaries. A fourth-order compact finite-difference scheme is used to discretize the resulting system of equations. The solution methodology adopted is more suitable for this assessment because the Euler equations and the high-accurate numerical scheme applied are quite sensitive to the treatment of boundary conditions. Two benchmark test cases are computed to investigate the accuracy and performance of the characteristic boundary conditions implemented compared to the simplified boundary conditions. The sensitivity of the solution obtained by applying the characteristic boundary conditions to the different numerical parameters is also studied. Indications are that the characteristic boundary conditions applied improve the accuracy and the convergence rate of the solution compared to the simplified boundary conditions.

For a Lagrangian scheme solving the compressible Euler equations in cylindrical coordinates, two important issues are whether the scheme can maintain spherical symmetry (symmetry-preserving) and whether the scheme can maintain positivity of density and internal energy (positivity-preserving). While there were previous results in the literature either for symmetry-preserving in the cylindrical coordinates or for positivity-preserving in cartesian coordinates, the design of a Lagrangian scheme in cylindrical coordinates, which is high order in one-dimension and second order in two-dimensions, and can maintain both spherical symmetry-preservation and positivity-preservation simultaneously, is challenging. In this paper we design such a Lagrangian scheme and provide numerical results to demonstrate its good behavior.

Algorithms with improved convergence for the calculation of rectangular coordinates in the Gauss – Kruger coordinate system according to the parameters of any ellipsoid were designed. The approach of definition the spherical components in the classic series defined variables x, y, represented by the difference between the degrees of longitude l, followed by the replacement of their sums by formulas of spherical trigonometry. For definition of the amounts of spherical components of the relevant decompositions patterns of transverse-cylindrical sphere plane projection in the condition of the initial data equality on the ellipsoid and sphere radius N were used. Analysis of othertransformation methods of classical expansions in series, used in derivation of both logarithmical and non-logarithmical working formulas is carried outfor comparison with developed algorithms. The technique of algorithms development with usage of hyperbolic tangent function, applied by L. Kruger, Yu. Karelin, A. Schödlbauer is considered and their analysis is carried out. Advantages of Krasovskii – Isotov formulas for six-degree strips are pointed out. The usage of the spherical function sin τ in the expansion made it possible not only to obtain a rapidly convergent series, but also to represent the spherical part of the solution of the problem with the help of trigonometric identities in different types. It is proved that derived for the calculation algorithms with the proposed estimates of their accuracy, are optimal in removing points from the central meridian to l ≤ 6°. For the difference of longitudes l > 6°, the expansions of the unknown quantities into Fourier series should be applied. An example of the calculation of coordinates in the system SK-2011 is given. Theoretical studies have been carried out and shortened formulas with a reliability estimate for the determination of coordinates in the area l ≤ 3° have been proposed.

Normal coordinates can be defined as orthogonal linear combinations of coordinates that remove the second order couplings in coupled harmonic oscillator systems. In this paper we go further and explore the possibility of using linear although non-orthogonal coordinate transformations to get the quantum solution of coupled systems. The idea is to use as non-orthogonal linear coordinates those which allow us to express the second-order Hamiltonian matrix in a block diagonal form. To illustrate the viability of this treatment, we first apply it to a system of two bilinearly coupled harmonic oscillators which admits analytical exact solutions. The method provides in this case, as an extra mathematical result, the analytical expressions for the eigenvalues of a certain type of symmetrical tridiagonal matrices. Second, we carry out a numerical application to the Barbanis coupled oscillators system, which contains a third order coupling term and cannot be solved in closed form. We demonstrate that the non-orthogonal coordinates used, named oblique coordinates, are much more efficient than normal coordinates to determine the energy levels and eigenfunctions of this system variationally.

We demonstrate a general method to construct Darboux coordinates via normal form expansions in noncanonical Hamiltonian system obtained from e.g. a variational approach to quantum systems. The procedure serves as a tool to naturally extract canonical coordinates out of the variational parameters and at the same time to transform the energy functional into its Poincare–Birkhoff normal form. The method is general in the sense that it is applicable for arbitrary degrees of freedom, in arbitrary orders of the local expansion, and it is independent of the precise form of the Hamilton operator. The method presented allows for the general and systematic investigation of quantum systems in the vicinity of fixed points, which e.g. correspond to ground, excited or transition states. Moreover, it directly allows to calculate classical and quantum reaction rates by applying transition state theory.

We give an elementary description of the relationship between the classical and quantum monodromy of a completely integrable system, from the point of view of geometric quantization, as a consequence of the construction of action–angle variables. We also describe the relation to Symington’s notion of “affine monodromy”.

Generalized barycentric coordinates are widely used to represent a point inside a polygon as an affine combination of the polygon's vertices, and it is desirable to have coordinates that are non-negative, smooth, and locally supported. Unfortunately, the existing coordinate functions that satisfy all these properties do not have a simple analytic expression, making them expensive to evaluate and difficult to differentiate. In this paper, we present a new closed-form construction of generalized barycentric coordinates, which are non-negative, smooth, and locally supported. Our construction is based on the idea of blending mean value coordinates over the triangles of the constrained Delaunay triangulation of the input polygon, which needs to be computed in a preprocessing step. We experimentally show that our construction compares favourably with other generalized barycentric coordinates, both in terms of quality and computational cost.

In this work, the Chebyshev collocation spectral lattice Boltzmann method is implemented in the generalized curvilinear coordinates to provide an accurate and efficient low-speed LB-based flow solver to be capable of handling curved geometries with non-uniform grids. The low-speed form of the D2Q9 and D3Q19 lattice Boltzmann equations is transformed into the generalized curvilinear coordinates and then the spatial derivatives in the resulting equations are discretized by using the Chebyshev collocation spectral method and the temporal term is discretized with the fourth-order Runge–Kutta scheme to provide an accurate and efficient low-speed flow solver. All boundary conditions are implemented based on the solution of the governing equations in the generalized curvilinear coordinates. The accuracy and robustness of the solution methodology presented are demonstrated by computing different benchmark and practical low-speed flow problems that are 2D Couette flow between concentric moving cylinders, 2D flow in a gradual expansion duct, 2D regularized trapezoidal cavity flow, and 3D flow in curved ducts of rectangular cross-sections. Results obtained for these test cases are in good agreement with the existing analytical and numerical results. The computational efficiency of the proposed solution methodology based on the Chebyshev collocation spectral lattice Boltzmann method implemented in the generalized curvilinear coordinates is also examined by comparison with the developed second-order finite-difference lattice Boltzmann method that indicates the proposed method provides more accurate and efficient solutions in terms of the CPU time and memory usage. The study shows the present solution methodology is robust and accurate for solving 2D and 3D low-speed flows over practical geometries. Indications are that the solution algorithm based on the CCSLBM in the generalized curvilinear coordinates does not need any filtering or numerical dissipation for stability considerations and thus high accuracy solutions obtained by applying the CCSLBM can be used as benchmark solutions for the evaluation of other LBM-based flow solvers.

An energy and potential enstrophy conserving finite-difference scheme for the shallow-water equations is derived in generalized curvilinear coordinates. This is an extension of a scheme formulated by Arakawa and Lamb for orthogonal coordinate systems. The starting point for the present scheme is the shallow-water equations cast in generalized curvilinear coordinates, and tensor analysis is used to derive the invariant conservation properties. Preliminary tests on a flat plane with doubly periodic boundary conditions are presented. The scheme is shown to possess similar order-of-convergence error characteristics using a nonorthogonal coordinate compared to Cartesian coordinates for a nonlinear test of flow over an isolated mountain. A linear normal mode analysis shows that the discrete form of the Coriolis term provides stationary geostrophically balanced modes for the nonorthogonal coordinate and no unphysical computational modes are introduced. The scheme uses centered differences and averages, which are formally second-order accurate. An empirical test with a steady geostrophically balanced flow shows that the convergence rate of the truncation errors of the discrete operators is second order. The next step will be to adapt the scheme for use on the cubed sphere, which will involve modification at the lateral boundaries of the cube faces.

Systematic methods to derive geophysical equations of motion possessing conservation laws for energy, momentum and potential vorticity have recently been developed. One approach is based on Hamilton's least action principle in Eulerian curvilinear coordinates and the other is based on the covariance upon time-dependent changes of spatial coordinates. The variational approach unifies, facilitates and generalizes the formulation of a wide range of approximations. The covariant approach makes it straightforward to rewrite approximate equations of motion derived in a particular coordinate system in another coordinate system. The variational approach encompasses models that, like the β −plane and non-traditional shallow-atmosphere approximations, lack a global inertial frame, so that the resulting motion cannot be interpreted as Newtonian motion observed in a non-inertial frame. It has been previously suggested that such models are not covariant. In this work a covariant variational formulation is developed. As a consequence, it is shown that all models previously obtained by the variational approach are covariant upon time-dependent changes of spatial coordinates.

New global straight field line coordinates are introduced for a toroidal plasma configuration. The new coordinate system provides a canonical description of particle guiding center motion while maintaining the straight field line feature. These coordinates are convenient for combining MHD calculations with kinetic modeling of energetic particles. We demonstrate how the new coordinate system can be constructed by transforming the poloidal and toroidal angles. Numerical examples show comparison of the new coordinates with various non-canonical coordinates for the same equilibrium configuration.

We study the classical Rajeev-Ranken model, a Hamiltonian system with three degrees of freedom describing nonlinear continuous waves in a 1+1-dimensional nilpotent scalar field theory pseudodual to the SU(2) principal chiral model. While it loosely resembles the Neumann and Kirchhoff models, its equations may be viewed as the Euler equations for a centrally extended Euclidean algebra. The model has a Lax pair and r-matrix leading to four generically independent conserved quantities in involution, two of which are Casimirs. Their level sets define four-dimensional symplectic leaves on which the system is Liouville integrable. On each of these leaves, the common level sets of the remaining conserved quantities are shown, in general, to be 2-tori. The non-generic level sets can only be horn tori, circles and points. They correspond to measure zero subsets where the conserved quantities develop relations and solutions degenerate from elliptic to hyperbolic, circular or constant functions. A geometric construction allows us to realize each common level set as a bundle with base determined by the roots of a cubic polynomial. A dynamics is defined on the union of each type of level set, with the corresponding phase manifolds expressed as bundles over spaces of conserved quantities. Interestingly, topological transitions in energy hypersurfaces are found to occur at energies corresponding to horn tori, which support purely homoclinic orbits. The dynamics on each horn torus is non-Hamiltonian, but expressed as a gradient flow. Finally, we discover a family of action-angle variables for the system that apply away from horn tori., 29 pages, 6 figure files, Published version

It is well known that additional constraints emerge in light cone coordinates. We enumerate the number of physical modes in light cone coordinates and compare it with conventional coordinates. We show that the number of Schr\"odinger modes is divided by two in light cone coordinates. We study the effect of this reduction in the number of ladder operators acting on physical states of a system. We analyze the scalar spinor, and vector field theories carefully to see the effect of changes in the dynamical structure of these theories from the view point of the reduction of Schr\"odinger modes in light-cone coordinates. In this way, we propose an alternative expansion of dynamical variables which defer from other literatures.

This paper explores the regularity properties of an inverse spectral transform for Hilbert--Schmidt Hankel operators on the unit disc. This spectral transform plays the role of action-angles variables for an integrable infinite dimensional Hamiltonian system -- the cubic Szeg\"o equation. We investigate the regularity of functions on the tori supporting the dynamics of this system, in connection with some wave turbulence phenomenon, discovered in a previous work and due to relative small gaps between the actions. We revisit this phenomenon by proving that generic smooth functions and a G $\delta$ dense set of irregular functions do coexist on the same torus. On the other hand, we establish some uniform analytic regularity for tori corresponding to rapidly decreasing actions which satisfy some specific property ruling out the phenomenon of small gaps.