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The paper posits a relationship between the sensory modality of touch, including a sense of active movement, and early modern knowledge of active powers in nature. It seeks to appreciate the streng...

A series of centrifuge tests was conducted to explore the earth pressures mobilised in loose and dense sand for a complete set of active movement modes of a rigid retaining wall: rotation about the base, translation and rotation about the top. Earth pressures behind the wall were measured by a Tekscan pressure mapping system. This paper reveals that earth pressures at all depths decrease simultaneously with active wall rotation about the base, while those in shallow layers can increase with active wall translation and rotation about the top. A linkage between earth pressures and shear strains was built as a simplified constitutive law, together with deformation mechanisms, allowing designers to predict flexible wall deflections during construction as well as ultimate collapse.

We observed the behavior of the bivalve mollusk Arca boucardi during reattachment of the mollusk to plexiglass. According to our observations, after 0.5–4 h of active movement in search of a suitable place, the mollusks began to form a byssus and secreted a transparent discharge. After 9–10 h a new byssus formed, which did not fundamentally differ from the old one. It was shown that the byssus is a monolithic relatively elastic green band with an adhesive sole in the distal part and a system of septa in the proximal cavity that serves for attaching the muscles responsible for the byssus function. Field studies to evaluate the adhesion strength of mollusks to the substrate have shown that the strength varies from a few hundred grams to 23.5 kg, depending on the size of mollusk. The data are discussed in terms of the functional morphology and peculiarities of the spatial distribution of A. boucardi in the upper subintertidal zone.

Background: Functional Magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) measures the small fluctuation of blood flow happening during task-fMRI in brain regions. Objective: This research investigated these active, imagery and passive movements in volunteers design to permit a comparison of their capabilities in activating the brain areas. Material and Methods: In this applied research, the activity of the motor cortex during the right-wrist movement was evaluated in 10 normal volunteers under active, passive, and imagery conditions. T2* weighted, three-dimensional functional images were acquired using a BOLD sensitive gradient-echo EPI (echo planar imaging) sequence with echo time (TE) of 30 ms and repetition time (TR) of 2000 ms. The functional data, which included 248 volumes per subject and condition, were acquired using the blocked design paradigm. The images were analyzed by the SPM12 toolbox, MATLAB software. Results: The findings determined a significant increase in signal intensity of the motor cortex while performing the test compared to the rest time (p< 0.05). It was also observed that the active areas in hand representation of the motor cortex are different in terms of locations and the number of voxels in different wrist directions. Moreover, the findings showed that the position of active centers in the brain is different in active, passive, and imagery conditions. Conclusion: Results confirm that primary motor cortex neurons play an essential role in the processing of complex information and are designed to control the direction of movement. It seems that the findings of this study can be applied for rehabilitation studies.

To assess whether ankle tape applied by a Sport and Exercise Physiotherapist (SEP) or self-applied by the athlete results in a change in proprioception and whether it is maintained during a netball session.Randomised controlled trial.Australian Institute of Sport.53 pre-elite netball athletes.Athlete proprioception was assessed using the Active Movement Extent Discrimination Apparatus (AMEDA) on four occasions for each taping condition: 1) pre-tape, 2) post-tape, 3) post-netball4) post-netball no-tape.Mixed effect linear models were used for analysis. A significant increase in proprioception was observed when self-tape: 0.022 (95% CI: [-0.000 - 0.044], p = 0.05), and SEP tape: 0.034 (95% CI: [0.012-0.055], p 0.01), were initially applied. These improvements were maintained during a netball session for both, self-taping: 0.01 (95% CI: [-0.01 - 0.02], p = 0.45) and SEP-taping:0.01 (95% CI: [-0.02 - 0.01], p = 0.56). Results also indicate there was no significant difference between taping conditions (β = -0.001, 95% CI: [-0.02 - 0.02], p = 0.90).Proprioception improves and is maintained during a netball session with either SEP or self-applied taping.

The objective of this study was to analyze the effect of the Hold-Relax stretching technique without (HR) and with electrostimulation (HR+EE) on the improvement and retention of active movement range (AROM) and passive (PROM) of hip in flexion, and the perception of pain during its application. 42 athletes were assigned to three groups: control, HR+EE and HR. The range of motion of the hip flexion was measured by test straight-leg-rise before, once completed and after 2 weeks of completion the training. Pain assessment was performed in all sessions with the EVA scale. The ANOVA showed a very significant increase in PROM (p

Blood lead (Pb(II)) removal is very important but challenging. The main difficulty of blood Pb(II) removal currently lies in the fact that blood Pb(II) is mainly complexed with hemoglobin (Hb) inside the red blood cells (RBCs). Traditional blood Pb(II) removers are mostly passive particles that do not have the motion ability, thus the efficiency of the contact between the adsorbent and the Pb(II)-contaminated Hb is relatively low. Herein, a kind of magnetic nanomotor adsorbent with movement ability under alternating magnetic field based on Fe3O4 nanoparticle modified with meso-2, 3-dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) was prepared and a blood Pb(II) removal strategy was further proposed. During the removal process, the nanomotor adsorbent can enter the RBCs, then the contact probability between the nanomotor adsorbent and the Pb(II)-contaminated Hb can be increased by the active movement of nanomotor. Through the strong coordination of functional groups in DMSA, the nanomotor adsorbent can adsorb Pb(II), and finally be separated from blood by permanent magnetic field. The in vivo extracorporeal blood circulation experiment verifies the ability of the adsorbent to remove blood Pb(II) in pig models, which may provide innovative ideas for blood heavy metal removal in the future., Graphical abstract Image 1, Highlights • A kind of magnetic nanomotor adsorbent modified with meso-2, 3-dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) was designed. • The contact probability between the nanomotor adsorbent after entering into RBCs and the Pb(II)-contaminated Hb can be effectively increased. • The in vivo extracorporeal blood circulation experiment verifies the ability of the adsorbent to remove blood Pb(II) in pig models.

Introduction Approaches to rehabilitation following rotator cuff repair are variable but typically include 4-6 weeks of immobilisation followed by a gradual introduction of movement and activity. However, research has questioned whether such an approach is optimal. The aim of this study was to undertake an updated survey to understand whether practice has evolved in line with contemporary research. Methods An electronic survey was developed describing three case scenarios (medium-sized rotator cuff repair [2 cm], large-sized rotator cuff repair [4 cm] and large-sized rotator cuff repair with biceps tenodesis). Clinicians involved with rehabilitation following rotator cuff repair were invited to participate. Results 129 responses were received (United Kingdom = 87, other regions [ORs] = 42). Respondents would most commonly recommend four to six weeks of immobilisation for all case scenarios. Passive movement would commence during this period, with active movement recommended from four to six weeks. Resisted exercise would commence between seven to 12 weeks along with return to driving. There were some minor differences in recommendations between respondents from the United Kingdom and ORs, including a greater proportion from the United Kingdom recommending sling immobilisation rather than abduction brace immobilisation. Conclusion For many respondents to this survey, rehabilitation for the three case scenarios was similar and has not evolved in line with contemporary research evidence. The reasons behind this need to be explored and incorporated into the design of future research evaluating rehabilitation following rotator cuff repair.

Richard Feynman's 1959 vision of controlling devices at small scales and swallowing the surgeon has inspired the science-fiction Fantastic Voyage film and has played a crucial role in the rapid development of the microrobotics field. Sixty years later, we are currently witnessing a dramatic progress in this field, with artificial micro- and nanoscale robots moving within confined spaces, down to the cellular level, and performing a wide range of biomedical applications within the cellular interior while addressing the limitations of common passive nanosystems. In this review article, we discuss key recent advances in the field of micro/nanomotors toward important cellular applications. Specifically, we outline the distinct capabilities of nanoscale motors for such cellular applications and illustrate how the active movement of nanomotors leads to distinct advantages of rapid cell penetration, accelerated intracellular sensing, and effective intracellular delivery toward enhanced therapeutic efficiencies. We finalize by discussing the future prospects and key challenges that such micromotor technology face toward implementing practical intracellular applications. By increasing our knowledge of nanomotors' cell entry and of their behavior within the intracellular space, and by successfully addressing key challenges, we expect that next-generation nanomotors will lead to exciting advances toward cell-based diagnostics and therapy.

Background and objective: Flexor tendon injuries of the hand are common, especially in zone II. Various pharmacologic agents have been used to improve the outcome of primary tendon repair. One must select an option that accomplishes an excellent total active movement of the repaired tendon. This study aimed to find out the effect of hyaluronic acid injections in the restoration of normal gliding and power of the repaired tendon. Methods: An interventional study of 47 cases of zone II flexor tendon injury managed from May 2017 to May 2018. The data were assembled in a questionnaire. Standardized photographs for pre-, intra-, and postoperative were taken. Hyaluronic acid injections were used in selected cases. Results: Sharp injury (34 cases, equal to 72%) was found to be the commonest mechanism of flexor tendon injury. Male predominance was noticed (38 cases out of 47) due to their working nature. The hyaluronic acid injection was delivered to selected cases (10 cases, equal to 21%) based on preoperative evaluation. Eighty percent of repairs regained total active movement uneventfully. Few complications happened which responded to conservative management. The P value of total active movement in relation to hyaluronic acid injection was 0.036, which is considered statistically significant. Conclusion: This study shows that intraoperative injection of high molecular weight of hyaluronic acid improves the outcome of flexor tendon repair, presumably by decreasing the chance of adhesion.

Purpose: Body worn accelerometry has previously been shown to be reliable and used to measure the external load of mixed martial arts (MMA) via the Playerload metric. These measurements were only reported on a round-by-round basis, providing little indication of how load changes on a minute-by-minute basis. Understanding these changes may provide a proxy measure of fatigue, readiness and the onset of non-functional overreaching in this population. It is also unclear as to what Playerload is measuring in MMA sparring. Therefore, this study was a secondary investigation with new analyses of previously reported data to provide a more detailed description of the minute-by-minute changes in external load in MMA. Methods: 6 male, competitive MMA participants each took part in a 3 x 5 minute sparring bout wearing a Catapult Minimax x3 which recorded accumulated Playerload throughout. Bouts were video recorded and time motion analysis was used to determine: total active time; total inactive time; high intensity time; low intensity time; standing time; grounded time; striking time; non-striking time. Results: Bayesian repeated measures ANOVA found statistically relevant differences in accumulated Playerload for each minute of sparring (BF10 = 410) with no statistically relevant differences between winners and losers. Bayesian correlations found a direct, nearly perfect relationship between accumulated Playerload and total active time (r = .992, BF10 = 9,666). No other relationships between Playerload and time motion analysis results were found, despite Bayesian t tests finding differences between standing time and grounded time (BF10 = 83.7), striking time and non-striking time (BF10 = 1,419). Conclusions: Playerload reflects overall active movement in MMA and is sensitive enough to measure changes in active movement minute-by-minute but cannot distinguish between different modes or intensities of movement. This should be investigated further as a potential measure of fatigue and non-functional overreaching during MMA training.

Materials & methods: Twenty five Cases of age group 20-50 years and of either sex with intra/juxta-articular fractures of distal radius were taken for the present study. As soon as the patient is fit for surgery, the patient was operated under appropriate anaesthesia, taking all aseptic precautions with proper cleaning and draping. Post-operatively patient was advised active movement of the adjacent joints as early as possible. Follow-up was done and all the patients were analysed. Gartland and Werley is a mixed subjective and objective assessment.

The aim of this study was to characterize Mycobacterium bovis from cattle and buffalo tissue samples, from two Brazilian states, and to analyse their genetic diversity by spoligotyping. Tissue samples from tuberculosis suspect animals, 57 in Amazonas State (12 cattle and 45 buffaloes) and six from Pará State (5 cattle and one buffalo) from slaughterhouses under State Veterinary Inspection, were isolated in culture medium Stonebrink. The positive cultures were confirmed by PCR and analysed by the spoligotyping technique and the patterns (spoligotypes) were identified and compared at the Mycobacterium bovis Spoligotype Database (http://www.mbovis.org/). There was bacterial growth in 44 (69.8%) of the tissues of the 63 animals, of which PCR for region of differentiation 4 identified 35/44 (79.5%) as Mycobacterium bovis. Six different spoligotypes were identified among the 35 Mycobacterium bovis isolates, of which SB0295, SB1869, SB0121 and SB1800 had already been described in Brazil, and SB0822 and SB1608 had not been described. The most frequent spoligotype in this study (SB0822) had already been described in buffaloes in Colombia, a neighbouring country of Amazonas state. The other identified spoligotypes were also described in other South American countries, such as Argentina and Venezuela, and described in the Brazilian states of Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina, São Paulo, Minas Gerais, Mato Grosso do Sul, Mato Grosso and Goiás, indicating an active movement of Mycobacterium bovis strains within Brazil., The aims of the study are to determine the genetic diversity of Mycobacterium bovis isolates from cattle and buffalos in the states of Amazonas and Para in Brazil, using spoligotyping, and to compare the spoligotypes to those reported in other South American countries. Six molecularly different spoligotypes were identified: SB0295, SB1869, SB0121, SB1800, SB0822 and SB1608. Two of the six (SB0822 and SB1608) had not been reported in Brazil. Spoligotype SB0822 had been reported in a neighbouring country (Columbia), suggesting a possible movement of animals between the countries.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of early active movement on the area repaired with three different suture techniques used in extensor tendon injuries in zone IV.A total of nine cadaver's 35 extensor tendons from 9 intact upper extremities were used in this study. The proximal and distal borders of the extensor tendons in zone IV were marked. The distance between the proximal and distal border was measured with a 0.5 mm precision tape measure and the mid-point was marked. Intertendinous connections were dissected and loop sutures were prepared for each extensor digitorum. Afterwards, force was applied to each digit along the tendon axis from the loops inserted into the extensor tendons, to measure the extensor forces required to extend the MCP joints to 0˚ with a hand scale. The flexor tendons of the digits were dissected at zone III, and loop sutures were prepared individually for the tendons to enable independent flexion for each digit. The force required to fully flex the digits was measured with a hand scale. The extensor tendons were incised transversely and repaired at the mid-point in zone IV with three different suture techniques (double Kessler, double figure of eight, running interlocking horizontal mattress (RIHM)). The extenxor tendon lengths in zone IV were re-measured for all digits after suturing. The predetermined forces required for full flexion and extension of the digits were applied to the repaired digits. After force was applied 20 times to each tendon, the gap formation was checked. Totally 200 flexion and 200 extension movements were applied to each finger with the help of a hand-held scale. Formation of 2-mm gap was failure criteria. At the end of the movements the extent of the gaps was recorded. In the absence of insufficiency at the repair site, 50 additional flexion and extension movements with double the previously recorded forces were applied to the tendons.There was a significant shortening of the extensor tendons after repair independent from the used suture technique. No significant gap formation was detected in all three suture techniques.All three suturing techniques are reliable for early active movements following the zone IV extensor tendon repairs. Therefore, surgeons can choose one of those three suture techniques to repair extensor tendon injuries in zone IV.ZIEL: Diese Studie untersucht an Leichenpräparaten die Auswirkungen der früh-aktiven Nachbehandlung von Strecksehnenverletzungen der Finger in Zone IV unter Verwendung dreier verschiedener Nahttechniken.Die Untersuchung erfolgte an 35 Extensor-digitorum(ED)-Sehnen an 9 intakten Leichenarmen. Distaler und proximaler Rand der Strecksehnen sowie deren Mitte in Zone IV wurden markiert und die Länge der Strecksehnen in Zone IV gemessen. Nach Durchtrennung der Connexus intertendinei wurden die Strecksehnen mit einer Naht armiert und die Kraft gemessen, die erforderlich war, um eine Streckung der Fingergrundgelenke von 0° zu erzielen. Die Beugesehnen wurden in Zone III freipräpariert, mit einer Naht armiert und anschließend die Kraft gemessen, die es bedurfte, um eine volle Beugung des Fingers zu bewerkstelligen. Die ED-Sehnen wurden mittig in Zone IV durchtrennt und mittels dreier verschiedener Nahttechniken (doppelte Kessler-Naht, doppelte Figure-of-eight-Naht, Running-interlocking-horizontal-Mattress-Naht) repariert. Danach erfolgte eine erneute Bestimmung der ED-Sehnenlänge in Zone IV. Die zuvor bestimmte Kraft, notwendig für eine volle Beugung und Streckung der Finger, wurde abwechselnd appliziert. Nach 20 Applikationen wurde untersucht, ob es zu einer Diastase der genähten Sehnen kam. Insgesamt wurden 200 Fingerbeugungen und -streckungen unter Verwendung der vorbestimmten Kraft durchgeführt und danach der Abstand zwischen den Sehnenstümpfen gemessen, wobei ein Spalt von 2 mm als Versagen der Naht gewertet wurde. Zeigte sich keine Nahtinsuffizient, erfolgten weitere 50 Bewegungszyklen unter Applikation der doppelten Kraft.Unabhängig von der angewandten Nahttechnik kam es bei allen ED-Sehnen durch die Naht zu einer signifikanten Verkürzung ihrer Länge in Zone IV. Eine signifikante Spaltbildung oder gar ein Versagen der Sehnennähte wurde nicht beobachtet.Alle 3 verwendeten Sehnennähte eignen sich für eine früh-aktive Nachbehandlung von Strecksehnendurchtrennungen in Zone IV. Entsprechend können Handchirurgen jene wählen, mit denen sie die meiste Erfahrung haben.

With the development of minimally invasive and non-invasive diagnosis and treatment technology, magnetic-controlled capsule robot has attracted much attention and shown broad application prospects in real-time gastrointestinal tract diagnosis. In this paper, an electromagnetic-controlled capsule gastroscope robot is designed, which mainly consists of a miniature camera module, driving module, targeting medication module and anti-sticking module. The three-dimensional model of the capsule robot is established, and the detailed structure and working principle of the key parts are elaborated. Furthermore, the magnetic force distribution of the electromagnetic driving mechanism used for the camera module and targeting medication module are simulated and analyzed in detail. The proposed capsule robot with active movement function and targeting medication module shows great potential to be used in the realtime diagnosis and treatment of intestinal diseases.

Resumo Objetivo Avaliar as propriedades biomecânicas dos pontos de sutura tendinosa em “oito” e de Kessler. Métodos Tendões flexores dos dedos de membros superiores de porcos foram divididos em dois grupos com suturas triplas centrais em “oito” (seis passagens) e de Kessler (duas passagens) associadas a suturas periféricas contínuas simples, e submetidos a ensaios mecânicos longitudinais contínuos, obtendo-se as propriedades mecânicas de carga máxima e de energia na carga máxima. Resultados As médias da carga máxima e da energia na carga máxima na sutura em “8” foram de 63,4 N e 217,3 Nmm, respectivamente; na sutura de Kessler, os valores foram de 34,19 N e 100,9 Nmm, respectivamente. A análise estatística indicou que o ponto em “oito” é superior mecanicamente ao ponto de Kessler. Conclusões Nas condições deste experimento e no tendão flexor de dedo de membro superior de porcos, o triplo ponto em “oito” (seis passagens) é mais resistente do que o ponto de Kessler (duas passagens). O triplo ponto em “oito”, com seis passagens, permite movimentação ativa na reabilitação imediata de reparo de tendão flexor de dedo de membro superior com pouco risco de ruptura ou espaçamento na sutura.

Recent analyses have shown that typically diurnal primates may periodically exhibit some levels of activity at night. Despite this, there have been few studies that have explored whether diurnal primates living in temperate environments will extend their activity budgets to the nocturnal phase as a response to seasonal constraints. Using dual‐axis accelerometers, we explored whether chacma baboons (Papio ursinus; N = 3) in the western Soutpansberg Mountains, South Africa, responded to seasonally fluctuating levels of day length, lunar illumination, wind speed, precipitation and temperature by heightening or lowering nocturnal activity levels. Our results showed that chacma baboons engaged in low levels of activity at night throughout the year. Although baboons had heighted nocturnal activity as a response to shorter days, moonlit nights and lower temperatures, these responses were most likely due to disturbed sleeping patterns rather than more active movement. Nocturnal activity significantly dropped in a female baboon throughout the course of her pregnancy and remained low after giving birth suggesting that females with infants must increase resting. Our results compliment previous analyses which suggest that although diurnal primates may periodically be active at night, there is limited evidence for strategic use of the nocturnal phase even in highly seasonal environments.

Sulawesi Island is composed of complex tectonic arrangements. Most earthquake activities in Sulawesi are affected by the Palu - Koro Fault and Matano Fault. Palu - Koro Fault and Matano Fault are one of the faults in Central Sulawesi. Active movement of the fault results in high earthquake activity in the region of Central Sulawesi and its surroundings. This makes the importance of earthquake parameters in Central Sulawesi and surrounding areas. One of the efforts to find out earthquake parameter information accurately is to relocate. The purpose of this study was to conduct hypocenter earthquake relocation and determine the 1-D velocity structure of P waves in Central and surrounding areas using the Coupled Velocity - Hypocenter method with Velest 3.3 software. The data used are tectonic earthquake data from November 2009 to March 2018, data recording stations, and initial speed data. The results of data processing using the Velest 3.3 software are that some of the results of the relocation are close to fault, the final Vp at a depth of 9 km is slower than the initial Vp, the correction of the station obtained in this calculation is in the interval -0.81 to +0.54.

Sulawesi Island is composed of complex tectonic arrangements. Most earthquake activities in Sulawesi are affected by the Palu - Koro Fault and Matano Fault. Palu - Koro Fault and Matano Fault are one of the faults in Central Sulawesi. Active movement of the fault results in high earthquake activity in the region of Central Sulawesi and its surroundings. This makes the importance of earthquake parameters in Central Sulawesi and surrounding areas. One of the efforts to find out earthquake parameter information accurately is to relocate. The purpose of this study was to conduct hypocenter earthquake relocation and determine the 1-D velocity structure of P waves in Central and surrounding areas using the Coupled Velocity - Hypocenter method with Velest 3.3 software. The data used are tectonic earthquake data from November 2009 to March 2018, data recording stations, and initial speed data. The results of data processing using the Velest 3.3 software are that some of the results of the relocation are close to fault, the final Vp at a depth of 9 km is slower than the initial Vp, the correction of the station obtained in this calculation is in the interval -0.81 to +0.54.

ملخص البحث القصص النبوي الشريف دراسة دلالية کتاب صحيح القصص النبوي لأبي إسحاق الحويني أنموذجا تکمن براعة الکاتب في توظيف الأصوات والأبنية التي تحملها، والتراکيب التي تنظم فيها، مع ما تحمله الدلالة المعجمية؛ وذلک لنقل التجربة الشعورية للمتلقي؛ "لذا فإن الشاعر والأديب يلجأ إلى حرکة نشطة في المفردات, ولا يقتصر على المجازات, بل يعمد إلى عمليات من توسيع الدلالة أو تخصيصها، أو وضعها في موقع محدد عرفت أبعاده"([1]). وإن في القصص النبوي من "الثراء الدلالي, والتنوع في حقوله أسرار أسلوبية عميقة"([2]), وقد تناولت في هذا الفصل البناء الدلالي في القصص النبوي؛ وذلک من خلال معالجة الدلالة الآنية، والدلالة التطورية، وفيما يأتي تفصيل ذلک. ?إعداد الطالبة: أمل بنت مطر بن وثير العتيبي المملکة العربية السعودية ـ وزارة التعليم جامعة الطائف ـ کلية الآداب ـ قسم اللغة العربية الرقم الجامعي: (43680117) Research Summary The Prophet 's Stories The true book of the prophetic stories of Abu Ishaq al-Hawaini is a model The writer's ingenuity lies in the use of voices and buildings that carry them, and the structures in which they are organized, with the lexical significance, in order to convey the recipient's sentimental experience. "Therefore, the poet and writer resort to an active movement in vocabulary, not just metaphors, Signifying or assigning it, or placing it in a specific location whose dimensions are known ". In the prophetic narratives of "semantic richness and diversity in the fields of deep stylistic mysteries", this chapter deals with the semantic construction of the prophetic narratives through the treatment of instantaneous significance and evolutionary significance, as detailed below. Preparation of the student: Amal Bint Matar bin Wathir Al Otaibi Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Ministry of Education Taif University Faculty of Arts Department of Arabic Language University number: (43680117)

Rehabilitation therapy based on the concept of central integration, is a new therapy in stroke rehabilitation in recent years. With the continuous spread of this rehabilitation therapy, more and more hospitals have begun to try this treatment. Central integration technology emphasizes stimulating patients' awareness of active movement by simulating living environment, so as to achieve the effect of patients' active movement. However, due to the diversification of patients' rehabilitation needs, it is difficult to provide a simulated living environment to meet a variety of rehabilitation needs while in hospitals. This paper has a research on the Central Integration technology for the rehabilitation of lower limb while based on the virtual environment, and have realized the dynamic configuration of the training environment for the central integration technology and the collection of training data, which lays the foundation for doctors to perform this curative rehabilitation therapy well and quantitative evaluation of the rehabilitation effect for patients.

To assess the effect of early active shoulder movement after rotator cuff repair, compared to delayed active shoulder movement, on clinical outcomes, rotator cuff integrity, and return to work.Intervention systematic review.We searched 14 databases in November 2017 and updated the search in December 2018 and February 2020.We included comparative studies that assessed the effect of early active shoulder movement versus delayed active shoulder movement following rotator cuff repair.Means and SDs were used to calculate weighted mean differences and 95% confidence intervals for outcomes of interest. The sensitivity analysis included only randomized controlled trials and was performed when heterogeneity among studies was statistically significant.Eight studies with a total of 756 participants (early active shoulder movement, n = 379; delayed active shoulder movement, n = 377) were included. There was high-certainty evidence favoring early active movement for forward flexion (6 weeks), abduction (6 weeks), and external rotation (6 weeks and 3 and 6 months) postsurgery. There was moderate-certainty evidence of worse Western Ontario Rotator Cuff Index score (6 weeks) for the early active movement group, and no difference in rotator cuff integrity between the early and delayed active movement groups. There were no group differences for all other outcomes.Patients who commenced active shoulder movement early after rotator cuff repair had greater shoulder range of motion and worse shoulder-specific quality of life after surgery than patients who delayed active shoulder movement. However, the group differences did not appear to be clinically important, and rotator cuff integrity was similar.

The body part ownership is elicited in 23 s, and the full-body illusion is produced in 5 s. Our previous study has shown that synchronized hands and feet movements produce the full-body illusion at an empty space between the hands and feet in 5 min at most, but the exact onset time is still unclear. This study investigated the optimal learning method and learning time for the invisible body illusion by measuring the onset time of the illusion in active movement and static observation. As a result, the illusion was produced after 6.93 s of synchronized movement or 4.67 s of static observation. These results suggest that both active movement and static observation are effective for the invisible body illusion.