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Species Dinarippiger discoidalis (Fieber, 1853) comb. nov. It. vernacular name: Efippigera dalmatica; Hr. vernacular name: crvenoglava sedlarka; krška sedlarka; Slo. vernacular name: kraška sedlarka; Eng. vernacular name: Dalmatian Saddle Bush-Cricket., Published as part of Skejo, Josip, Kasalo, Niko, Fontana, Paolo, Ivković, Slobodan, Tvrtković, Nikola, Rebrina, Fran, Adžić, Karmela, Buzzetti, Filippo Maria, Ćato, Sebastian, Deranja, Maks, Gomboc, Stanislav, Scherini, Roberto, Škorput, Jadranka, Veenvliet, Paul, Vuković, Marijana, Lemonnier-Darcemont, Michèle, Darcemont, Christian & Heller, Klaus-Gerhard, 2023, Dinarippiger gen. nov. (Tettigoniidae: Bradyporinae: Ephippigerini), a new saddle bush-cricket genus for Ephippiger discoidalis Fieber, 1853 from the Dinaric karst, pp. 49-90 in Zootaxa 5271 (1) on page 54, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5271.1.2, http://zenodo.org/record/7864189, {"references":["Fieber, F. X. (1853) Synopsis der europaischen Orthoptera mit besonderer R ¸ cksicht auf die in B ˆ hmen vorkommenden Arten. Lotos, 3, 201 - 207."]}

Genus Dinarippiger Skejo, Kasalo, Fontana et Tvrtković gen. nov. Etymology. The generic name Dinarippiger derives from the words “ Dinara ”, the mountain between Croatia and Bosnia & Herzegovina after which the Dinaric Alps were named, and “ Ephippiger ”, the name of the genus type species has belonged to hitherto. The word “ ephippiger ” originates from the Ancient Greek word ἐφίππιον (ephippion), meaning saddle, and suffix “-ger, -gera, -gerum” meaning “-bearing”, originating from the Latin verb “gero” meaning “to carry”. The word for “saddle” also originates from two words, the adjective ἐπῐì (epí, meaning “on”) and ἵππος (híppos, meaning “horse”). The genus name is of the masculine gender. Type species. Ephippiger discoidalis Fieber, 1853, here designated; type species by original designation, but also by original monotypy. Diagnosis. The new genus is similar to Ephippiger (type species Gryllus ephippiger Fiebig, 1784 = Ephippiger ephippiger) and Uromenus (type species Ephippiger rugosicollis Serville, 1838 = Uromenus rugosicollis) and is intermediate in certain characters. From Ephippiger taxa, Dinarippiger gen. nov. can be separated by the following characters: 1) Red coloration of occiput directly adjacent to the prozona of the pronotum (black coloration in Ephippiger). 2) Basal color of the tegmina black, with a wide white line just anterior to the caudal margin of the tegmen (basal color uniformly brown in Ephippiger). 3) Cerci with bilobate tip, inner lobe almost as developed as the outer one (outer one ostensibly more developed in Ephippiger). 4) Metazona of the pronotum shorter and less elevated than in Ephippiger. From Uromenus taxa, Dinarippiger gen. nov. can be distinguished by the following set of characteristics: 1) Bright red coloration of the occiput (in Uromenus blue, yellow, orange, or reddish, but never vivid red). 2) Large part of the tegmina is visible (in Uromenus tegmina are mostly covered by the pronotum). 3) Tegmina with numerous small black dots on the dorsal margin forming a continuous black line (in Uromenus there are large black dots separated by white areas). 4) Ovipositor is typically long and straight (short and decurved ovipositor in Uromenus), but its length is highly variable among different populations. Furthermore, Dinarippiger gen. nov. males have trapezoidal and bilobate epiproct, while Uromenus and Ephippiger males have rounded or square epiproct, rarely weakly bilobate. In addition to the above-mentioned differences, it is important to note that abdominal tergites in Dinarippiger gen. nov. typically have black and white markings, which are not present in Uromenus and Ephippiger. Visually similar to Dinarippiger gen. nov. is Uromenus annae (Targioni-Tozzetti, 1881) endemic to Sardinia, in which males also have red occiput (in females, however, occiput coloration is dark), short metazona, ornamented abdomen, but short and decurved ovipositor typical of Uromenus, and distinct cerci (compare Buzzetti et al. 2019). Composition and distribution. The new genus includes a single species to date, Dinarippiger discoidalis (Fieber, 1853) comb. nov. inhabiting the karst of Italy, Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia & Herzegovina, Montenegro, and Albania. The genus inhabits the area between the distribution areas of the genera Ephippiger and Uromenus. Uromenus inhabits the area south of Dinarippiger gen. nov. distribution, with the closest populations in southern Italy, and a single isolated population in Albania (Fig. 3). The distribution area of Dinarippiger gen. nov. borders/ overlaps with that of E. ephippiger in the central part of the Dinaric Alps (nearest known localities of Ephippiger are shown in Fig. 10). In Slovenia and Croatian Istria, the distributions of E. ephippiger or E. persicarius and D. discoidalis comb. nov. may overlap due to the mosaic composition of Mediterranean and continental habitats (Fig. 10)., Published as part of Skejo, Josip, Kasalo, Niko, Fontana, Paolo, Ivković, Slobodan, Tvrtković, Nikola, Rebrina, Fran, Adžić, Karmela, Buzzetti, Filippo Maria, Ćato, Sebastian, Deranja, Maks, Gomboc, Stanislav, Scherini, Roberto, Škorput, Jadranka, Veenvliet, Paul, Vuković, Marijana, Lemonnier-Darcemont, Michèle, Darcemont, Christian & Heller, Klaus-Gerhard, 2023, Dinarippiger gen. nov. (Tettigoniidae: Bradyporinae: Ephippigerini), a new saddle bush-cricket genus for Ephippiger discoidalis Fieber, 1853 from the Dinaric karst, pp. 49-90 in Zootaxa 5271 (1) on pages 53-54, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5271.1.2, http://zenodo.org/record/7864189, {"references":["Fieber, F. X. (1853) Synopsis der europaischen Orthoptera mit besonderer R ¸ cksicht auf die in B ˆ hmen vorkommenden Arten. Lotos, 3, 201 - 207.","Hochkirch, A., Nieto, A., Garcia Criado, M., Calix, M., Braud, Y., Buzzetti, F. M., Chobanov, D., Ode, B., Presa Asensio, J. J., Willemse, L., Zuna-Kratky, T., Barranco Vega, P., Bushell, M., Clemente, M. E., Correas, J. R., Dusoulier, F., Ferreira, S., Fontana, P., Garcia, M. D., Heller, K-G., Iorgu I. S., Ivkovic, S., Kati, V., Kleukers, R., Kristin, A., Lemonnier-Darcemont, M., Lemos, P., Massa, B., Monnerat, C., Papapavlou, K. P., Prunier, F., Pushkar, T., Roesti, C., Rutschmann, F., Sirin, D., Skejo, J., Sz ˆ venyi, G., Tzirkalli, E., Vedenina, V., Barat Domenech, J., Barros, F., Cordero Tapia, P. J., Defaut, B., Fartmann, T., Gomboc, S., Gutierrez-Rodriguez, J., Holusa, J., Illich, I., Karjalainen, S., Kocarek, P., Korsunovskaya, O., Liana, A., Lopez, H., Morin, D., Olmo-Vidal, J. M., Puskas, G., Savitsky, V., Stalling, T. & Tumbrinck, J. (2016) European Red List of Grasshoppers, Crickets and Bush-crickets. Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg, 94 pp.","Serville, J. G. A. (1838) Histoire naturelle des insectes. Orthopteres. Librarie des Encyclopedique de Roset, Paris, xviii + 776 pp., 14 pls.","Buzzetti, F. M., Brizio, C., Fontana, P. & Massa, B. (2019) A new voice from Sardinia: Uromenus annae (Targioni-Tozzetti, 1881) (Insecta: Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Bradyporinae: Ephippigerini). Zootaxa, 4560 (2), 311 - 320. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4560.2.4"]}

The Transsylvanian wingless groundhopper, Tetrix transsylvanica (Bazyluk et Kis, 1960) is a flightless pygmy grasshopper (Orthoptera: Tetrigidae) known only from a few fragmented localities and thus considered an endangered (EN) species in the IUCN Red List. The species consists of two subspecies, the nominal T. t. transsylvanica inhabiting the southern Carpathians in Romania, and T. transsylvanica hypsocorypha Skejo, 2014, until now known from a single locality in Slovenia (Mt Boč) and a single locality in Croatia where it was caught last time in the 1940s in Hrvatsko Zagorje (Gornja Pačetina, Trnovec). It is possible that the two subspecies represent separate species. The species has been considered extinct in Croatia. In this paper, we report the discovery of several subpopulations in Croatia, the largest one being at Siljevec on Ivanščica mountain. In addition, small subpopulations are reported on three other mountains (Strahinjčica, Medvednica and Zelinska gora), and two of them are suspected to be under threat of extinction: the subpopulation on the peak of Medvednica, Sljeme, and the subpopulation on Strahinjčica. The latter was discovered in a proximity of a quarry. The species is a (Pleistocene) relic and may be the only groundhopper endemic to Central Europe. Herewith, we appeal for its inclusion in the Ordinance on Strictly Protected Species of the Republic of Croatia, and for T. transsylvanica to be proposed as a candidate for the list of species protected through the Habitats Directive.

Discotettix (Discotettix) belzebuth (Serville, 1838) (Figs 5–14) Vernacular name: Bornean Spiky Pygmy Devil Tetrix belzebuth Serville, 1838: 759 [original description, type locality: originally Java but actually probably Borneo]. Tettix belzebuth: Stål 1873: 152 [listed in the catalog]. Discotettix belzebuth: Bolívar 1887: 306 [included in the revision]; Rehn, 1904: 670 [new records]; Hancock 1907a: 6 [included in the revision]; Hancock 1907b: 213 [new records]; Kirby 1910: 2 [included in the catalog]; Hancock 1913: 39 [new records]; Willemse 1930: 8 [new records]; Günther 1938: 301 [included in the revision]; Steinmann 1970: 216 [listed in the catalog]; Blackith 1992: 46 [listed in the catalog]; Yin et al. 1996: 866 [listed in the catalog], Otte 1997: 32 [listed in the catalog], Kočárek et al. 2015: 289 [new records, data on variability]; Kuřavova et al. 2017: 120–128 [data on the antennae morphology]; Tan & Wahab 2018: 123 [new records in Brunei Darussalam]. Discotettix armatus Costa, 1864: 59 [original description, type locality: Borneo]; synonymized by Bolívar (1887). Discotettix adenanii Mahmood et al., 2007: 1276 [original description, type locality: Borneo: Kuching]; synonymized by Kočárek et al. (2015). Type locality. According to the original description the type locality is Java, but since no locality label is present under the holotype (the only found specimen originating from Serville's collection in MNHN), we believe that the specimen originates from Borneo, from where the majority of the records of this species are. In MNCN, there are four specimens labeled ‘Java’ so it is not fully clear whether this species is/was present on Java. Borneo Island is the type locality of D. armatus, which is the type species of the genus Discotettix (a junior synonym of D. belzebuth). The type specimen of D. belzebuth was considered lost, but was found in March 2016 by JS in MNHN. For D. armatus, we believe that the specimen still exists in the Naples collection (Italy), but we were not able to contact the Museum or to get information on Costa's collection. Material examined. Type material. HOLOTYPE of D. belzebuth 1♀ (locality, date and collector labels missing), red label 'TYPE' and Günther's label ' Discotettix belzebuth Serv. K. Günther det.' present (MNHN); PARATYPE of D. adenanii 1♂ Malaysia: Sarawak: “Adanan Bukra”, Gunung Serapi 3.VI.1988. (UKM) (according to Kočárek et al. (2015) the holotype and the rest of the type series has probably been destroyed). Additional museum material. 2♀♀, 1♂ Borneo: Malaysia: Sarawak: Mattang Collector Frivaldsky, det. J. Skejo (MNCN); 1♀, 2♂♂ Borneo: Malaysia: Sarawak Collector Mjöberg, det. J. Tumbrinck (NHRS); 1♀ Borneo: Malaysia: Sarawak: Bidi 1908. Collector. C. J. Brooks, det. J. Tumbrinck (NCM); 1♂ Borneo: Malaysia: [Sarawak, Bidi] Collector: C. J. Brooks, det. J. Tumbrinck (NCM); 1 ♀ Borneo: Malaysia: Sarawak: 75 km S of Miri Town, Niah Nat. Park [100 m a.s.l., forest around Niah Great Cave] 30.III.2012. Collectors A.V. Gorochov and M. Berezin, det. J. Skejo et T. Pushkar (ZISP); 2♀♀ Borneo: Malaysia: Sabah: Kina-Balu-Gebirge Collector: Waterstradt, det. Hancock (AMS); 1♀ Borneo: Malaysia: Sabah: Kinabalu NP: Poring [forest clearing] 8.VIII.1984. Collector S. Ingrisch, det. S. Ingrisch (CJT); 2♀♀, 2♂ ♂ Malaysia: Sabah [labeled Nord-Borneo Collector Waterstradt det. J. Skejo (MNCN); 3♂♂ Borneo: Malaysia: Sabah: Pajau River, Collector Mjöberg, det. J. Tumbrinck (NHRS); 1♂ Borneo: Malaysia: Sabah: Kajan River Collector Mjöberg, det. J. Tumbrinck (NHRS); 1♀, 2♂♂ Malaysia: Sabah [on original label written North Borneo] Collector: Watterstradt, det. K. Günther (SMTD); 1♀ Borneo: Malaysia: Sabah: Batu Niah 4.VIII.1984. Collector S. Ingrisch, det. S. Ingrisch (ZFMK); 1♀ Borneo: Malaysia: Sabah: Kinabalu NP: Poring: Bergil 10.IV.1997. [6º5'N, 116º33'E] [collected by fogging] Collector A. Floren, det. J. Tumbrinck (ZFMK); 1 ♀ Malaysia: Sabah: Crocket Range, 80 km S of Kota Kinabalu City [environment of the village Ula Kumanis at 800 m a.s.l.] 5 – 10.V.2006. Collector A. Sochivko, det. J. Skejo et T. Pushkar (ZISP); 1♀, 3♂ Borneo: Malaysia: Sabah: [original labels „ Nord Borneo, Kina-Balu-Gebirge [at 1500 m a.s.l.] Collector Waterstradt, det. Brunner von Wattenwyl (ZISP); 1♀ Malaysia: Sabah: Mt. Trus Madi: Tambunan distr [975 m a.s.l.] 25.IV–10.V.2006, Collector P. Udivichenko, det. J. Skejo et T. Pushkar (ZISP); 4 ♂♂ Malaysia: Sabah: Mt. Trus Madi: Tambunan district [975 m a.s.l.] 25.IV–10.V.2006. Collector P. Udivichenko, det. J. Skejo et T. Pushkar (ZISP); 2♀, 2♂ Borneo: Malaysia: Sabah: Mt. Trus Madi [1000 m a.s.l.] 13.–25.V.2007. Collector A.V. Gorochov, det. J. Skejo et T. Pushkar (ZISP); 1 ♀ Borneo: Malaysia: Sabah: Mt. Trus Madi [1200 m a.s.l.] 13–24.I.2007. Collector A. Sochivko, det. J. Skejo et T. Pushkar (ZISP); 1♂ label '99. 10064.' [without specified data] det. J. Skejo (MNCN); 1♂ [without specified data] det. J. Skejo (MNCN); 1♀, 1♂ Malaysia: Borneo [without specified other data] (NMNH NASU); 2♀♀ Indonesia: Kalimatan: Kalimantan Timur [= East]: Marah 12.XI.1925. Collector: H. C. Siebers, det. K. Günther (SMTD); 1 nymph (sex unteterminable) Indonesia: Kalimatan: West Kalimatan: Pontianak det. J. Skejo (MNCN); 2♀♀, 2♂ ♂ Indonesia: Java [without other data specified] det. J. Skejo (MNCN); Additional material from online social media. All the records of D. belzebuth from iNaturalist may be found on the following link: https://www.inaturalist.org/observations?taxon_id=637240 (all records submitted by July 2022 are shown in Table 1); while for Flickr, ProjectNoah, and SpinelessWonders all the observations (Figs 6–14) are listed in the Table 1. ......Continued on the next page TABLE 1. (Continued) ......Continued on the next page TABLE 1. (Continued) Distribution. The species is widespread in Borneo (many data from Malaysian and Brunei part, but few from the Indonesian part, probably due to the lack of research) and adjacent small islands (such as Labuan). This species was previously considered widely distributed on all the Greater Sunda Islands of the Malay Archipelago, namely on Borneo, Java, and Sumatra (Serville 1838; De Haan 1843; Rehn 1904; Hancock 1907a; 1907b; Günther 1938; Mahmood et al. 2007; Kočárek et al. 2015; Tan & Wahab 2018). Distribution of the species in Java was/is possible, as in the Bolívar's collection in MNCN Madrid there are several specimens labeled ‘Java’, but its presence nowadays should be confirmed as there have been no records for more than a century. The species is not present in Sumatra (De Haan 1843), with De Haan’s (1843) records likely belonging to D. selysi, which was not described at the time. Taxonomic notes. Discotettix adenanii is considered a junior synonym of D. belzebuth. Seven well-developed pronotal projections (Mahmood et al. 2007) are the diagnostic character of D. belzebuth as well. Günther (1938) pointed out the variability of this polymorphic species with certain specimens that are not easy to identify as D. belzebuth, but as a form with certain characteristics somewhat similar to Kraengia. The description of D. adenanii, on the other hand, completely fits D. belzebuth description and diagnosis. Variability of the species can be observed solely by comparison of Bolívar's drawing (Hancock, 1907a: 6) with Günther's D. belzebuth figure (1938: p. 301, Fig. 2). Kočárek et al. (2015) examined type specimen of D. adenanii and the variability of the pronotal morphology in D. belzebuth populations collected in different parts of Borneo, showing that all the studied specimens fit the variability of D. belzebuth. We agree with the conclusion of Kočárek et al. (2015) that D. adenanii is a pure synonym of D. belzebuth. Diagnosis. This is the species with the highest (in lateral view) and spikiest/sharpest pronotal projections in the entire genus and by its general appearance it can readily be distinguished from all the other species of the genus. It is somewhat similar to D. kirscheyi Skejo, Pushkar, Tumbrinck et Tan sp. n. from NE Borneo, and to D. sumatrensis Skejo, Pushkar et Tumbrinck sp. n. from Sumatra. From D. scabridus the new species can be separated by the following characters: (I) bifurcation of the frontal costa between the eyes (on the lower margin of the compound eyes in D. scabridus), (II) FM high and developed (present as a small tubercle in D. scabridus), (III) MM elevated into spines (lower and saw-like in D. scabridus), (IV) MML elevated into spines (present as low and triangular, compressed elevations in D. scabridus), (V) ML strong and long, tooth-like (absent in D. scabridus), (VI) interscapular area with parallel margins (wide and triangular in D. scabridus). Discotettix belzebuth can be separated from D. selysi, D. doriae, and D. aruanus Skejo, Pushkar et Tumbrinck sp. n. by the following characters: (I) more than one well-developed protuberance on the pronotal disc, (II) long frontomedial projection of the anterior margin of the pronotum, (III) fore and mid femora are more slender, (IV) antennal segments are more specialized in morphology than in D. selysi, the widest and the most flattened is the 10 th segment (unlike the 9 th segment in D. selysi and D. doriae). From D. sumatrensis Skejo, Pushkar et Tumbrinck sp. n. the species can be easily separated by the following characteristics: (I) larger body size, (II) all antennae segments are of black/dark color, (III) the 8 th antennal segment is the widest one (unlike the 7 th segment in D. sumatrensis Skejo, Pushkar et Tumbrinck sp. n.), (IV) the hind femur bears small lappets. D. kirscheyi Skejo, Pushkar, Tumbrinck et Tan sp. n. can be easily separated from D. belzebuth by the following set of characters: (I) in D. kirscheyi Skejo, Pushkar, Tumbrinck et Tan sp. n. antennae with more robust segments gradually become wider distally, not as specialized as in D. belzebuth, (II) D. kirscheyi Skejo, Pushkar, Tumbrinck et Tan sp. n. has short FM, not covering the whole head as in D. bellzebuth, (III) projections on the dorsal surface of the pronotum are smaller in D. kirscheyi Skejo, Pushkar, Tumbrinck et Tan sp. n., (IV) D. kirscheyi sp. n. has weak ML, (V) D. kirscheyi sp. n. has robust and serrated fore and mid femora, not as slender as in D. belzebuth and (VI) D. kirscheyi sp. n. has smaller body size. Redescription. General characters. Medium to large sized, robust, species (13.01–17.02 mm), texture granulated, rugose; pronotum wrinkled, with numerous small tubercles, medium-sized and large protuberances on dorsal and lateral sides. Epizoic symbiotic bryophytes and algae are often present on the pronotal surfaces, so usually the specimens are characterized by cryptic colors (Figs 8, 10). Macropronotal. Coloration. Coloration variable: from black and dark brown to brighter tints of brown: grayish, greenish, yellowish, reddish, somewhat purple; pronotal projections usually darker. The entire body, including antennae, may be of the same color, except brightly colored frontal carina on the head and the median carina of pronotum, while fore and mid tibiae and tarsi usually bear 1–3 lighter rings. Maxillary palpi black with pale colored joints between the segments (Figs 5–14). Head. In dorsal and frontal view, vertex 2.21–2.76 times as wide as an eye. Fossula elliptic and deep. The lower margin of the lateral ocelli a bit below the level of the lower margin of a compound eye. In frontal view, frontal costa narrow, bifurcated above lateral ocelli into subparallel, finely granulated facial carinae forming a very narrow scutellum. Scutellum slightly narrower than the antennal groove. Antennal groove below the lower margin of the compound eye (Fig. 5C). Antenna with 13 antennomeres. A detailed description of the antennal morphometrics and morphology was published recently by Kuřavová et al. (2017). Antennal segments as follows: scapus (1 st antennomere) and pedicel (2 nd antennomere) massive; basal segments (3 rd to 6 th) elongated and circular in cross-section; central or subapical segments (7 th and 8 th) strongly widened, pennate, 8 th being the widest antennal segment (in holotype 2.22 times as long as wide); apical segment 9 th much smaller than the subapical and much larger than the rest of the apical segments; apical segments 10 th to 13 th reduced, very small, and borders between them barely visible. Antennomeres 3 rd to 9 th bearing saw-like margins, because of the presence of large basiconic sensilla (Fig. 10). When the body and the antennae are covered with algae and moss, the 8 th segment is always free of epizoic organisms (Fig. 10). Pronotum. Pronotum wrinkled and granulated, covered in numerous small tubercles and larger projections. The posterior process of the pronotum slender, surpassing the hind knee for about half of the hind femur length. Disc of the pronotum at almost the same level along all length, and unlike other species of the genus, without a distinct depression behind the shoulder. Pronotum not descending backward. Morphology of the pronotal disc variable, usually with 4–7 unpaired projections of variable size on the median carina (FM, PM, and 2–5 MMs); 2–3 pairs of FL; 4–7 pairs of more or less distinct PMLs and MMLs; 3 pairs of PLs and MLs; and a pair of VL. Prozona short, subsquare. The anterior margin of the pronotum projected as a large digitate FM directed upwards and forwards above the head, covering the whole area of the fastigium of the vertex. FM often decurved with excised apex. Prozonal carinae slightly elevated, surpassing the anterior margin of the pronotum as dentiform FL1. Extralateral carinae elevated, surpassing anterior margin of pronotum as dentiform FL2. FL3 dentiform, small and weak, more distinct than FL1. Median carina extended along the whole length of the pronotum, tuberculated, but with smooth areas. Median carina bearing FM and 3–6 of large digitate medial projections well seen in profile. PM small, distinct in about a third of the examined specimens. MM1, MM2, MM3, and MM4 large and digitate (MM1MM3>MM4). MM4 well visible in most of the specimens, but in some completely reduced. MM5 present as a spike in about every tenth specimen, but usually very small and almost invisible. Among mediolateral projections, PML1 is a small tubercle, almost indistinct; PML2 small; MML1 small; MML2 large; MML3 and MML4 distinct in a few examined specimens. PL1 and PL2 elongated, small, and almost indistinct. In the metazona humero-apical carinae forms a sharp humeral angle, projected outwards as strong spine-like or digitate ML. Interhumeral carinae hardly observable because of numerous net-like elevations and tubercles present in the whole disc. The apex of pronotum blunt, and shallowly excised. The lower part of the lateral lobe with finely serrate anterior and coarsely serrate posterior margin, elongated as VL of variable shapes from sharp spine-like to saw-like form, directed strongly outwards or in rare cases somewhat backward (Fig. 5A, B). Wings. The visible part of tegmen elongated and oval. Hind wing long, often not reaching the pronotal apex. Legs. Femora more or less robust, and compressed laterally, but elongated in comparison to other species. The rough surface of the legs usually bears outgrowths and tubercles of variable size and sharpness. The dorsal and ventral margins serrate. Genicular teeth visible on all the knees, and additionally 1–3 weak teeth present on the dorsal and ventral margins of the fore and mid femora. Hind femur with small lappets on both dorsal and ventral margins. Lateral area of the hind femur with net-like elevations and weak carinae, ventro-external carina with teethlike outgrowths. Genicular teeth of the hind femora larger than the antegenicular. Both sides of the dorsal margin of the hind tibia finely serrated, additionally with 4–5 outer and 3–4 inner larger teeth. Abdominal apex. Female subgenital plate with a triangular protrusion in the middle of the posterior margin. Ovipositor of variable shapes, usually elongated, but can be more robust, probably due to the ecological factors. Measurements. BL ♂♂ 13.1–15.01 mm, ♀♀ 14.3–17.02 mm; PnL ♂♂ 16.04–19.14 mm, ♀♀ 18.5–22.34mm; PnW ♂♂ 7.99–8.24 mm, ♀♀ 9.04–9.66 mm; AnL ♂♂ 6.88–7.8 mm, ♀♀ 7.11–7.99 mm; TL ♂♂ 1.9–2.54 mm, ♀♀ 2.1–3.01 mm; TW ♂♂ 0.78–1.14 mm, ♀♀ 0.99–1.23 mm; fFL ♂♂ 3.29–4.46 mm, ♀♀ 4.1–5.16 mm; fFW ♂♂ 0.77–1.01 mm, ♀♀ 0.89–1.02 mm; mFL ♂♂ 3.49–4.72 mm, ♀♀ 4.2–5.09 mm; mFW ♂♂ 0.98–1.02 mm, ♀♀ 0.99–1.11 mm; hFL ♂♂ 6.99–10.03 mm, ♀♀ 8.1–10.28 mm; hFW ♂♂ 2.28–3.45 mm, ♀♀ 2.26–3.24 mm; OvL ♀♀ 1.38–2.11 mm; AnL/fFL ♂♂ 1.58–2.09, ♀♀ 1.55–1.71; VW ♂♂ 1.02–1.48 mm, ♀♀ 1.35–1.91 mm; EW ♂♂ 0.38–0.49 mm, ♀♀ 0.46–0.82 mm; VW/EW ♂♂ 2.21–2.52, ♀♀ 2.31–2.76; SW ♂♂ 0.31–0.37 mm, ♀♀ 0.32– 0.42 mm; AgW ♂♂ 0.19–0.34 mm, ♀♀ 0.29–0.41 mm; ScW ♂♂ 0.21–0.29 mm, ♀♀ 0.23–0.28 mm; SW/AgW ♂♂ 1.46–1.51, ♀♀ 1.41–1.56; SW/ScW ♂♂ 1.20–1.47, ♀♀ 1.21–1.35; As—L/W ♂♂ 2.41–3.1, ♀♀ 2.39–3.12; PrzW ♂♂ 3.35–3.59 mm, ♀&fema, Published as part of Skejo, Josip, Pushkar, Taras I., Kasalo, Niko, Pavlović, Marko, Deranja, Maks, Adžić, Karmela, Tan, Ming Kai, Rebrina, Fran, Muhammad, Amira Aqilah, Abdullah, Nurul Ashikin, Japir, Razy, Chung, Arthur Y. C. & Tumbrinck, Josef, 2022, Spiky pygmy devils: revision of the genus Discotettix (Orthoptera: Tetrigidae) and synonymy of Discotettiginae with Scelimeninae, pp. 1-64 in Zootaxa 5217 (1) on pages 15-26, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5217.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7403418, {"references":["Serville, J. G. A. (1838) Histoire naturelle des insectes. Orthopteres. Roret, Paris, 776 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 95609","Stal, C. (1873) Recensio Orthopterorum. P. A. Norstedt and Soner, Stockholm, 152 pp.","Bolivar, I. (1887) Essai sur les Acridiens de la tribu des Tettigidae. Annales de la Societe Entomologique de Belgique, 31, 175 - 313.","Rehn, J. A. G. (1904) Studies in the Orthopterous subfamilies Acrydiinae (Tettiginae), Eumastacinae and Proscopinae. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, 56, 658 - 683.","Hancock, J. L. (1907 a) Orthoptera Fam. Acridiidae. Subfam. Tetriginae. Genera Insectorum, 48, 1 - 79.","Hancock, J. L. (1907 b) Studies of the Tetriginae (Orthoptera) in the Oxford University Museum. Transactions of the Entomological Society of London, 1907, 213 - 244. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2311.1907. tb 01760. x","Kirby, W. F. (1910) A Synonymic Catalogue of Orthoptera (Orthoptera Saltatoria, Locustidae vel Acridiidae). 3 (2). British Museum (Natural History), London, 674 pp.","Hancock, J. L. (1913) Studies of Tetriginae (Acrydinae) from Sarawak Museum, Borneo. The Sarawak Museum Journal, 1 (3), 39 - 54.","Willemse, C. J. M. (1930) Fauna Sumatrensis (Bijdrage Nr. 62). Preliminary revision of the Acrididae (Orthoptera). Tijdschrift voor Entomologie, 73, 1 - 210.","Gunther, K. (1938) Revision der Acrydiinae, I. Sectiones Tripetalocerae, Discotettigiae, Lophotettigiae, Cleostrateae, Bufonidae, Cladonotae, Scelimenae verae. Mitteilungen aus dem Zoologischen Museum in Berlin, 23, 299 - 437.","Steinmann, H. (1970) Check-list of the Tetricidae (Orthoptera) of the Oriental faunal region. Acta Zoologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae, 16, 215 - 240.","Blackith, R. E. (1992) Tetrigidae (Insecta; Orthoptera) of Southeast Asia: Annotated catalogue with partial translated keys and bibliography. Ashford, Wicklow, 248 pp.","Yin, X. - C., Shi, J. & Yin, Z. (1996) Synonymic Catalogue of Grasshoppers and their Allies of the World (Orthoptera: Caelifera). China Forestry Publishing House, Beijing, 1266 pp.","Otte, D. (1997) Tetrigoidea and Tridactyloidea (Orthoptera: Caelifera) and Addenda to OSF. Vols. 1 - 5. Orthoptera Species File, 6, 1 - 261.","Kocarek, P., Kuravova, K., Musiolek, D., Wahab, R. A. & Kahar, S. R. A. (2015) Synonymy of Discotettix adenanii Mahmood, Idris & Salmah, 2007 with D. belzebuth (Serville, 1838) (Orthoptera: Tetrigidae). Zootaxa, 4057 (2), 288 - 294. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4057.2.10","Kuravova, K., Wahab, R. A. & Kocarek, P. (2017) External morphology of the antennae and sense organs of the groundhopper Discotettix belzebuth (Orthoptera, Tetrigidae). Zoologisher Anzeiger, 266, 120 - 128. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. jcz. 2016.11.003","Tan, M. K. & Wahab, R. A. (2018) Preliminary study on the diversity of Orthoptera from Kuala Belalong Field Studies Centre, Brunei Darussalam, Borneo. Journal of Orthoptera Research, 27 (2), 119 - 142. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / jor. 27.24152","Costa, A. (1864) Acquiste fatti durante l-anno 1862. Annuario del Museo zoologico della Universita di Napoli, 2, 8 - 94.","Mahmood, K., Idris, A. B. & Salmah, Y. (2007) Tetrigidae (Orthoptera: Tetrigoidea) from Malaysia with the description of six new species. Acta Entomologica Sinica, 50 (12), 1272 - 1284.","De Haan, W. (1843) Bijgragen tot de kennis der Orthoptera. In: Temminck, D. (Ed.), Verhangelingen over de Natuurlijke Geschiedenis der Nederlansche Overzeesche Bezittingen, de Leden der Natuurkundige Commissie in Indie en andere Schrijvers. s. n., Leiden, 165 - 228."]}

Discotettix (Discotettix) doriae Bolívar, 1898 stat. resurr. (Fig. 18) Vernacular name: Mentawai Unicorn Pygmy Devil Discotettix doriae Bolívar, 1898: 80 [original description, type locality: Mentawai: Sipura]; Hancock 1907a: 6 [listed in the catalog]; Kirby 1910: 2 [listed in the catalog]; Willemse 1930: 207 [listed in the catalog]; París 1994: 236 [data on type series]; Muhammad et al. 2018: 20. Discotettix selysi (partim): Günther 1938: 302 [synonymized D. doriae with D. selysi; it is not accepted here]; Blackith 1992: 46 [listed in the catalog]; Yin et al. 1996: 866 [listed in the catalog]; Otte 1997: 32 [listed in the catalog]. Type locality. Indonesia: Sumatra: Mentawai: Sipura Island Material examined. Type material. LECTOTYPE (Fig. 18) 1♀ Mentawei: Sipora, Sereinu [= Indonesia: Mentawai: Sipura island] V.–VI.[18]84. Leg. E. Modigliani (MCSN); PARALECTOTYPE 1♀ Mentawei: Sipora, Sereinu [= Indonesia: Mentawai: Sipura island] V.–VI.[18]84. Leg. E. Modigliani (MNCN). Distribution. This species inhabits the rainforest of the small island of Sipura (845 km 2), the smallest of the four large islands of the Mentawai Archipelago, west of Sumatra. Only two females of this species have been known hitherto. Diagnosis. This species is morphologically similar to D. selysi from Sumatra and the Malayan peninsula and to D. aruanus sp. n. from the Aru Islands because of the presence of low projections, or absence of the high ones, flat dorsum of the pronotum, and coloration. It seems to be closely related to D. selysi, but can be easily recognized from the latter by the following set of characters: (1) FM small and narrow, covering vertex only partially (in D. selysi it is large, long, and covering entire vertex), (2) smaller body size (females have a slightly shorter body and pronotum than the ones of D. selysi), (3) shorter and stouter antennae with swollen 6 th, 7 th and 8 th antennal segments (no swollen segments in D. selysi), and (4) stronger teeth of the fore and mid femora. From D. aruanus sp. n. from Aru Island, which also seems related to D. selysi and D. doriae, D. doriae can be easily told apart by the much smaller FM (large and reaching in front of the head in D. aruanus sp. n.), and much stouter and more armed fore and mid femora (less armed in D. aruanus sp. n.). From D. sumatrensis sp. n. inhabiting neighboring Sumatra, the species can be separated by (1) dark antennae with stouter antennomeres, (2) lower projections, especially FM and MMs, (3) larger body size (approximately 2 mm longer), and (4) stouter femora. For comparison with other species (D. belzebuth and D. kirscheyi from Borneo and D. scabridus from the Philippines), please consult the diagnosis of D. selysi, where a comparison to all the species of the genus Discotettix has been given, as well as the detailed diagnoses of D. scabridus and D. belzebuth containing comprehensive comparisons. Redescription. (Fig. 18) General features. Medium-sized (about 15 mm), robust species. Body finely granulated; pronotum rugose, with numerous small tubercles and net-like elevations, in parts smooth and without tubercles, anterior part of the pronotum bearing a few larger protuberances (Fig. 18). Macropronotal. Coloration. Body dark brown. Carinae and projections darker than the rest of the body. Median pronotal carina with orange patches. Antenna dark brown, without pale colored parts. Maxillary palpi dark brown. The visible part of the tegmen dark brown and without any pale spots. Legs brown except for the pale rings on tibiae and tarsi. The body probably covered with epizoic symbionts, just as in other species, giving an animal greenish camouflage when alive, after preservation in alcohol and/or drying the green color disappears. Head. In dorsal and frontal view, vertex 2.21–2.36 times as wide as the eye. Lateral carinae raised and granulated. Fossula deep. Lateral ocelli situated just below the level of the lower margin of the compound eye. Antennal groove significantly below the lower margin of the compound eye. In frontal view, frontal costa bifurcated into facial carinae, forming a scutellum with narrow and parallel borders, bifurcation just above the level of lateral ocelli. Antennal groove slightly wider than frontal costa. Antenna 13-segmented, all segments robust in comparison to other species of the genus: scapus (1 st antennomere) and pedicel (2 nd antennomere) massive; basal segments (3 rd to 5 th) robust, less elongated than in other species of the subgenus Discotettix, and circular in cross-section; basal segment 6 th widened and swollen; central or subapical segments (7 th and 8 th) strongly widened, pennate and swollen, 8 th being the widest antennal segment (about 2.6 times as long as wide); apical segment 9 th elongated and pennate, but smaller than the subapical and much larger than the rest of the apical segments; apical segments 10 th to 13 th reduced, very small, and borders between them barely visible. Antennomeres 3 rd to 9 th bearing saw-like margins, but weaker than in the other species of the subgenus (Fig. 18C). Pronotum. Pronotum rugose, granulated, with numerous tubercles and net-like elevations, somewhere smooth and without tubercles (some parts of the pronotal disc and parts of the median carina of the pronotum). The anterior margin of the pronotum bearing a medium-sized FM, smaller than in the other species of the subgenus Discotettix. The posterior process of the pronotum surpassing the hind knees for at most a half-length of a hind femur. Disc of the pronotum with a small depression between the tegminal bases, then slightly elevated again. Caudad, pronotum gradually descending backward. Net-like elevations of omnipresent on the pronotal disc, all along the median carina of the pronotum and connecting it to all other carinae and the projections of the dorsal surface of the pronotum. Netlike elevations very distinct in the interhumeral region of the disc. The median carina of the pronotum continuous from the anterior margin to the pronotal apex, undulated irregularly because of the projections. The median carina of the pronotum bearing four unpaired projections of variable size: medium-sized digitate FM, directed upwards and forwards and covering the fastigium of the vertex (but not completely); PM small and triangular; MM1 large and triangular; MM2 and MM3 evident, but decreasing in size caudad, MM4 reduced. Prozona subsquare. Prozonal and extralateral carinae in prozona distinct, surpassing anterior margin of pronotum as dentiform FL1 and FL2, with FL2 more distinct. FL3 dentiform, small, and weak. Among the mediolateral projections PML1 more or less distinct; PML2 very small; MML1 small; MML2 large; MML3 v ery small; MML4 and MML5 wanting. PL1 and PL2 present as small triangular tubercles forming posterior elongation of the extralateral carinae in the line joining the humero-apical carinae. Humeral angle obtuse with pointed apex. ML present, but reduced. Pronotal apex narrow, shallowly excised. The lower part of the lateral pronotal lobe with serrate anterior and posterior margins, elongated as spine-like VL, directed strongly outwards and backward (Fig. 18A, B). Wings. Tegmina and alae present and visible. The visible part of tegmen elliptical, granulated, and tuberculated. Hind wing not reaching apex of pronotum, a few millimeters of length are lacking to touch the tip. Legs. Fore and mid femora robust, compressed laterally, dorsal and ventral margins serrated; with genicular tooth on the knees and additionally with two to three sharp teeth on the dorsal and ventral margin. Mid femora with stronger teeth than the fore femora. Hind femur with lappets, and a small protuberance situated on the ventral external carina. The genicular tooth large, while the antegenicular one small. Both sides of the dorsal margins of the hind tibia finely serrated, with 3–4 outer and 1–3 inner large teeth. Abdominal apex. Female subgenital plate in ventral view with a triangular protrusion in the middle of the posterior margin. Ovipositor robust, dorsal valvae robust, ventral slender, and serrate. Cerci robust, hairy, with a long tip. Measurements (♀♀ only). BL 14.51–14.79 mm; PnL 16.06–17.01 mm; PnW 8.45–8.61 mm; AnL 6.88– 7.01 mm; TL 1.93–2.11 mm; TW 0.75–0.91 mm; fFL 3.86–4.01 mm; fFW 0.78–0.82 mm; mFL 3.47–3.61 mm; mFW 0.86–0.93 mm; hFL 7.59–8.01 mm; hFW 2.68–2.73 mm; OvL 1.62–1.71 mm; AnL/fFL 1.75–1.81; VW 1.18–1.23 mm; EW 0.51–0.55 mm; VW/EW 2.21–2.36; SW 0.26–0.31 mm; AgW 0.31–0.34 mm; ScW 0.21–0.27 mm; SW/AgW 0.67–0.81; SW/ScW 1.19–1.24; As–L/ W 2.59–2.63; PrzW 3.44–3.51 mm; PrzL 2.22–2.38 mm; Prz–W/L 1.47–1.60; TL/TW 2.57–2.90; mFW/TW 1.08–1.09; fFL/fFW 4.03–4.12; mFL/mFW 4.01–4.51; hFL/ hFW 2.91–3.22; T1L/T3L 1.02–1.04., Published as part of Skejo, Josip, Pushkar, Taras I., Kasalo, Niko, Pavlović, Marko, Deranja, Maks, Adžić, Karmela, Tan, Ming Kai, Rebrina, Fran, Muhammad, Amira Aqilah, Abdullah, Nurul Ashikin, Japir, Razy, Chung, Arthur Y. C. & Tumbrinck, Josef, 2022, Spiky pygmy devils: revision of the genus Discotettix (Orthoptera: Tetrigidae) and synonymy of Discotettiginae with Scelimeninae, pp. 1-64 in Zootaxa 5217 (1) on pages 30-33, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5217.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7403418, {"references":["Bolivar, I. (1898) Contributions a l'etude des Acridiens especes de la Faune indo et austro-malaisienne du Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova, 39, 66 - 101. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 9541","Hancock, J. L. (1907 a) Orthoptera Fam. Acridiidae. Subfam. Tetriginae. Genera Insectorum, 48, 1 - 79.","Kirby, W. F. (1910) A Synonymic Catalogue of Orthoptera (Orthoptera Saltatoria, Locustidae vel Acridiidae). 3 (2). British Museum (Natural History), London, 674 pp.","Willemse, C. J. M. (1930) Fauna Sumatrensis (Bijdrage Nr. 62). Preliminary revision of the Acrididae (Orthoptera). Tijdschrift voor Entomologie, 73, 1 - 210.","Paris, M. (1994) Catalogo de tipos de ortopteroides (Insecta) de Ignacio Bolivar, I: Blattaria, Mantodea, Phasmoptera y Orthoptera (Stenopelmatoidea, Rhaphidophoroidea, Tettigonioidea, Grylloidea, Tetrigoidea). Eos, Revista espanola de Entomologia, 69, 143 - 264.","Muhammad, A. A., Tan, M. K., Abdullah, N. A., Azirun, M. S., Bhaskar, D. & Skejo, J. (2018) An annotated catalogue of the pygmy grasshoppers of the tribe Scelimenini Bolivar, 1887 (Orthoptera: Tetrigidae) with two new Scelimena species from the Malay Peninsula and Sumatra. Zootaxa, 4485 (1), 1 - 70. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4485.1.1","Gunther, K. (1938) Revision der Acrydiinae, I. Sectiones Tripetalocerae, Discotettigiae, Lophotettigiae, Cleostrateae, Bufonidae, Cladonotae, Scelimenae verae. Mitteilungen aus dem Zoologischen Museum in Berlin, 23, 299 - 437.","Blackith, R. E. (1992) Tetrigidae (Insecta; Orthoptera) of Southeast Asia: Annotated catalogue with partial translated keys and bibliography. Ashford, Wicklow, 248 pp.","Yin, X. - C., Shi, J. & Yin, Z. (1996) Synonymic Catalogue of Grasshoppers and their Allies of the World (Orthoptera: Caelifera). China Forestry Publishing House, Beijing, 1266 pp.","Otte, D. (1997) Tetrigoidea and Tridactyloidea (Orthoptera: Caelifera) and Addenda to OSF. Vols. 1 - 5. Orthoptera Species File, 6, 1 - 261."]}

Tribe Discotettigini Hancock, 1907 stat. resurr. Discotettigiae: Hancock 1907a: 5; 1907b: 213; Willemse 1930: 4, 7; Günther 1938: 301. Discotettigini: Kevan 1966: 380. Discotettiginae: Steinmann 1970: 216; Storozhenko 2013: 158; Tumbrinck 2014: 349. Discotettinae: Otte 1997: 32; Mahmood et al. 2007: 1275. Discotettigidae: Liang & Zheng 1998: 23; Zheng 2005: 15; Deng et al. 2007: 400. Type genus: Discotettix Costa, 1864. Differential diagnosis. The tribe Discotettigini is a sister tribe to Scelimenini; their representatives share many apomorphies inherited from the common ancestor. The main difference is the shape of the pronotum (elongated, flat, and hydrodynamic in Scelimenini; and robust, wrinkled, and cryptic in Discotettigini; Rebrina et al. in preparation), as well as the shape of the fore and mid femora (elongated in Scelimenini, short and toothed in Discotettigini), and the shape of the hind tibia and tarsi (widened into a paddle in Scelimenini, while of regular shape in Discotettigini). Scelimenini members have shorter projections of the pronotal disc in comparison to Discotettigini members. Discotettigini are mostly corticolous, and Scelimenini members are mostly amphibious grasshoppers (e.g., Muhammad et al. 2018). Description. Head. Antenna with 11–15 antennomeres, filiform or with widened preapical segments (Fig. 1). Frontal costa visible above the bifurcation; the bifurcation and the lateral ocelli placed low, between the compound eyes, in line with the lower margin or visibly below the compound eye; the antennal groove located below the lower margins of the compound eyes; lateral carinae of the vertex more or less elevated; anterior margin of the vertex truncated, slightly indrawn from the level of the outer margin of the compound eyes; fossula present; medial carina of the vertex visible in the upper third cephalad (Fig. 5C). Pronotum. Prozonal, extralateral, median, humeral and lateral carinae present; interhumeral carinae present, but sometimes not visible because of the pronotal projections in their place. Pronotum strongly granulated and wrinkled, armed with numerous strong projections (FM, FL, PM, MM1, MM2, MML1, MML2, and ML) that can be of different shapes and sizes: low, high, and wart-like or high triangular, saw-like, or spine-like protuberances. Paranota triangular, laterally projected, usually bearing strong VL projection, sometimes without a spine (Figs 2, 5A, B). Legs. Dorsal and ventral margins of all the legs with small, medium-sized, or large teeth. Tibiae rectangular in cross-section, not widened into the paddles. The dorsal margin of the fore and mid femora carinated. Hind tarsi not widened into a paddle (Fig. 29B). Composition and distribution. The tribe gathers corticolous Scelimeninae genera with an undulated pronotum, and without widened hind tibiae. Altogether, 10 genera and 68 species are herewith assigned to this tribe, and these are Austrohancockia (19 species in PR China, China, and Taiwan), Bidentatettix (2 species in PR China), Disconius gen. n. (1 species in Borneo) Discotettix (7 species in Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, Borneo, Mindanao, Aru), Eufalconius (1 species in Peninsular Malaysia), Gavialidium (2 species in Sri Lanka and Southern India), Gibbotettix (13 species in PR China), Kraengia (1 species in Sulawesi), Paragavialidium (14 species in PR China), and Tegotettix (8 species in Indochina, Borneo, Philippines, Sulawesi, New Guinea) (Muhammad et al. 2018, this study)., Published as part of Skejo, Josip, Pushkar, Taras I., Kasalo, Niko, Pavlović, Marko, Deranja, Maks, Adžić, Karmela, Tan, Ming Kai, Rebrina, Fran, Muhammad, Amira Aqilah, Abdullah, Nurul Ashikin, Japir, Razy, Chung, Arthur Y. C. & Tumbrinck, Josef, 2022, Spiky pygmy devils: revision of the genus Discotettix (Orthoptera: Tetrigidae) and synonymy of Discotettiginae with Scelimeninae, pp. 1-64 in Zootaxa 5217 (1) on page 10, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5217.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7403418, {"references":["Hancock, J. L. (1907 a) Orthoptera Fam. Acridiidae. Subfam. Tetriginae. Genera Insectorum, 48, 1 - 79.","Hancock, J. L. (1907 b) Studies of the Tetriginae (Orthoptera) in the Oxford University Museum. Transactions of the Entomological Society of London, 1907, 213 - 244. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2311.1907. tb 01760. x","Willemse, C. J. M. (1930) Fauna Sumatrensis (Bijdrage Nr. 62). Preliminary revision of the Acrididae (Orthoptera). Tijdschrift voor Entomologie, 73, 1 - 210.","Gunther, K. (1938) Revision der Acrydiinae, I. Sectiones Tripetalocerae, Discotettigiae, Lophotettigiae, Cleostrateae, Bufonidae, Cladonotae, Scelimenae verae. Mitteilungen aus dem Zoologischen Museum in Berlin, 23, 299 - 437.","Kevan, D. K. (1966) Some Orthoptera-Caelifera from the Philippine, Bismarck and Solomon Islands, with a few interesting records from New Guinea and the Moluccas. Entomologiske Meddelelser, 34, 375 - 420.","Steinmann, H. (1970) Check-list of the Tetricidae (Orthoptera) of the Oriental faunal region. Acta Zoologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae, 16, 215 - 240.","Storozhenko, S. Y. (2013) Review of the subfamily Tripetalocerinae Bolivar, 1887 (Orthoptera: Tetrigidae). Zootaxa, 3718 (2), 158 - 170. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3718.2.4","Tumbrinck, J. (2014) Taxonomic revision of the Cladonotinae (Orthoptera: Tetrigidae) from the islands of South-East Asia and from Australia, with general remarks to the classification and morphology of the Tetrigidae and descriptions of new genera and species from New Guinea and New Caledonia. In: Telnov, D., Barclay, M. V. L. & Pauwels, O. S. G. (Eds.), Biodiversity, Biogeography and Nature Conservation in Wallacea and New Guinea. Vol. 2. Entomological Society of Latvia, Riga, pp. 345 - 396.","Otte, D. (1997) Tetrigoidea and Tridactyloidea (Orthoptera: Caelifera) and Addenda to OSF. Vols. 1 - 5. Orthoptera Species File, 6, 1 - 261.","Mahmood, K., Idris, A. B. & Salmah, Y. (2007) Tetrigidae (Orthoptera: Tetrigoidea) from Malaysia with the description of six new species. Acta Entomologica Sinica, 50 (12), 1272 - 1284.","Liang, G. & Zheng, Z. (1998) Fauna Sinica, Insecta, Orthoptera: Tetrigoidea. Vol. 12. Science Press, Beijing, 278 pp.","Zheng, Z. - M. (2005) Fauna of the Tetrigoidea from Western China. Science Press, Beijing, 501 pp.","Deng, W. - A., Zheng, Z. & Wei, S. - Z. (2007) Fauna of Tetrigoidea from Yunnan and Guangxi. Guangxi Science and Technology Press, Nanning, 458 pp.","Costa, A. (1864) Acquiste fatti durante l-anno 1862. Annuario del Museo zoologico della Universita di Napoli, 2, 8 - 94.","Muhammad, A. A., Tan, M. K., Abdullah, N. A., Azirun, M. S., Bhaskar, D. & Skejo, J. (2018) An annotated catalogue of the pygmy grasshoppers of the tribe Scelimenini Bolivar, 1887 (Orthoptera: Tetrigidae) with two new Scelimena species from the Malay Peninsula and Sumatra. Zootaxa, 4485 (1), 1 - 70. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4485.1.1"]}

Discotettix (Mnesarchus) scabridus (Stål, 1877) (Fig. 33) Vernacular name: Filipino Spiky Pygmy Devil Mnesarchus scabridus Stål, 1877: 55 [original description, type locality: the Philippines]; Casto de Elera 1895: 207. Discotettix scabrides: Hancock 1907a [lapsus calami]. Discotettix scabridus: Bolivar 1877: 307 [in revision]; Kirby 1910: 2 [listed in the catalog]; Günther 1938: 302 [in revision]; Yin et al. 1996: 866 [listed in the catalog]; Blackith 1992: 46 [listed in the catalog]; Otte 1997: 32 [listed in the catalog]. Discotettix (Mnesarchus) scabridus: Kevan 1966: 380 [new records]. This is the type species of the subgenus Mnesarchus and the only species presently assigned to this subgenus. The species diagnosis and the description may hence be used as subgeneric diagnosis and description of Mnesarchus. Type locality. The Philippines (without exact locality). Lectotype designation. The lectotype for this species is designated herewith, that being the female deposited in NHRS, under the inventory number NRM-ORTH 00112879, designated by J. Tumbrinck. The lectotype bears the red label ‘lectotypus’. Lectotype designation is important because of the future analysis of intraspecific differences among D. scabridus populations in Mindanao and other islands that could result in the discovery of new species or subspecies. Since Tetrigidae species are usually morphologically well-defined, the lectotype may provide a basis for the identification of the nominotypical and/or already described taxon. Material examined. Type material. LECTOTYPE (Fig. 33): ♀ Ins. Philipp. Collector: Semper, det. C. Stål, inventory number NRM-ORTH 00112879 (NHRS); labeled Mnesarchus scabridus; here designated. Additional museum material. 2♀♀ the Philippines, Mindanao, Zambaonga, date uknown, Collector: W. Schultze, det. K. Günther (SMTD); 1♂ Ins. Philipp. Collector: Semper, det. K. Günther (MFN); 1♀, 1♂ the Philippines, Mindanao, Pt. Bango, det. J. Tumbrinck (NHRS); 1♀ labeled ‘100.4115’ (MNCN) det. J. Skejo; 1♀ nymph, 2♂♂ the Philippines, Mindanao, Zambonga Del Norte, VIII.2020. Collector: Sandayong, det. J. Tumbrinck (ZMHU); 1♀, 1♂ the Philippines, Luzon, N-Luzon Island, Hueva, Belance, III.2014, det. J. Tumbrinck (ZMHU); Additional material from eBay. 3♀♀ the Philippines, Mindanao, Zambaonga del Sur, IX.2013. Collector: unknown (not in museum) (found on eBay on 18.VI.2016) det. J. Skejo; 2♂♂, 2♀♀ the Philippines: Samar Collector: unknown (not in museum) (found on eBay on 21.VII.2016) det. J. Skejo; 4♀♀ the Philippines: Mindanao: Bukidnon Collector: unknown (not in museum) (found on eBay on 04.VIII.2016) det. J. Skejo; 1♂ the Philippines: Mindanao: Davao Collector: unknown (not in museum) (found on eBay on 15.VIII.2016) det. J. Skejo; 3♀♀ the Philippines: Mindanao: Surigao unknown (not in museum) (found on eBay on 01.IX.2016) det. J. Skejo. Distribution. This species inhabits the Philippines, where it has been reported from the islands of Mindanao, Samar, and Luzon. Numerous records from Mindanao, while few from Luzon might indicate that the species has higher abundance in Mindanao. Subgeneric diagnosis of Mnesarchus and specific diagnosis of Discotettix scabridus . The species is morphologically very different from other Discotettix members and is thus assigned to its own subgenus, Mnesarchus. It can be easily separated from other species of the genus by the set of the following characters: (I) frontal costa bifurcates on the lower margin of the compound eyes (bifurcation is in the lower third of the compound eyes in D. aruanus sp. n., D. belzebuth, D. doriae, D. kirscheyi sp. n., D. selysi, and D. sumatrensis sp. n.), (II) FM present as a low tubercle (developed and elevated in D. aruanus sp. n., D. belzebuth, D. doriae, D. kirscheyi sp. n., D. selysi, and D. sumatrensis sp. n.), (III) MM laterally compressed and elevated (spine-like in D. belzebuth, triangular protrusions in D. sumatrensis sp. n., D. kirscheyi sp. n., while very low in D. aruanus sp. n., D. doriae and D. selysi), (IV) MML low and triangular, compressed elevations (spine-like in D. belzebuth, triangular protrusions in D. sumatrensis sp. n., similarly formed in D. selysi), (V) interscapular area triangular, with large concavity (similarly to D. selysi, and D. sumatrensis sp. n., almost parallel in D. belzebuth), (VI) lateral and humeral carinae strongly toothed (similar to D. belzebuth, granulated in D. selysi, and D. sumatrensis sp. n.), (VII) weak ML (almost absent in D. scabridus, while well visible in other species), (VIII) VL complex, with a few spines (in other species usually with one main spine, and a saw-like margin) and (IX) tegmen more elongated (TL/TW > 5) than in other species of the genus (TL/TW Redescription (Fig. 33). General features. Medium-sized flattened species (body 12.3–12.75 mm) (15–17 mm cited in the original description, but in this measurement, pronotum was probably included as well), relatively robust in dorsal view. The entire body finely granulated, rugose; pronotum wrinkled and with numerous small tubercles and medium-sized projections. Macropronotal form. Coloration. Body color from almost black, dark brown, and ferruginous brown to yellowish-brown. Pronotal protuberances usually colored in different colors (black, reddish, yellow, whitish) and often different in color from the rest of the pronotal surface. Antenna with pale colored joints between the antennomeres; scapus, pedicel, basal and medial segments dark brown, while subapical and apical even darker. Maxillary palpi dark brown, sometimes with even darker distal margins of the last segments. The visible part of the tegmen dark brown, without spots. Tibiae and tarsi with unclear pale colored rings. Head. In dorsal and frontal view, vertex 2.4–2.65 times as wide as the eye. Lateral carinae of the vertex granulated. Lateral ocelli situated at the level of the lower margin of the compound eye. In frontal view, frontal costa narrow, bifurcating a bit above the lateral ocelli into slightly divergent facial carinae forming a very narrow scutellum.Antennal groove slightly wider than the scutellum, situated just below the lower margin of the compound eye (Fig. 33C). Antenna 13-segmented (in male seems 12-segmented, because 13 th segment very small and not visible under an optical microscope, only under SEM): scapus (1 st antennomere) and pedicel (2 nd antennomere) massive; basal segments (3 rd to 6 th) elongated and circular in cross-section; central or subapical segments (7 th and 8 th) widened, weakly pennate, 7 th and 8 th antennal segments almost equal in width (2–2.4 times as long as wide); apical segment 9 th elongated, but much smaller than the subapical and much larger than the rest of the apical segments; apical segments 10 th to 13 th reduced, very small, and borders between them barely visible. Antennomeres 3 rd to 9 th bear weak saw-like margins (weaker than in the other species of the genus), because of the presence of large basiconic sensilla. Antennomeres of D. scabridus are less significantly widened than in other species of the genus and less saw-like in appearance, supposedly because of fewer or smaller basiconic sensilla. Pronotum. Pronotum wrinkled and granulated, covered in numerous small tubercles, medium-sized and large triangular protuberances. The posterior process of the pronotum slender, surpassing the hind knee for about half the length of the hind femur (macropronotal form). Disc of the pronotum a bit depressed behind the well-developed shoulder, gradually descending backward. Pronotum with 5 unpaired projections of variable size on the medial carina (FM, PM and 3 MMs), three pairs of FLs, two pairs of more or less distinguished PMLs, and two of MMLs; three pairs of lateral and a pair of VL (well visible in profile). Anterior margin of the pronotum truncated, with small FM directed upwards. FM considerably lower than in the other species of the genus. Prozonal carina elevated and decurved caudad in the direction of the median carina, in females projected anteriorly as a small dentiform FL1. Extralateral carinae distinct in males, saw- or fan-like and elevated along the entire length much more than the prozonal carina, surpassing the anterior margin of the pronotum as a dentiform FL2. FL3 weak, but distinct. Prozona of variable length, from subsquare to wider than long, but still very short when compared to other species of the genus. Behind the FM median carina extended along the whole length of pronotum. PM larger than FM, and MM1 larger than PM1. MM2 medium-sized in males or small in females. MM3 lies in the middle of pronotum length, in females as large as PM, while in males smaller. MM4 small and indistinct. PML1 and PML2 very small. MML1 small, situated between the shoulders. MML2 large. MML3 very small, better visible in females than in males. MML4 almost indistinct in both sexes. PL1 and PL2 small and triangular tubercles between the sulci on the line joining the extralateral carinae and the humero-apical carinae. ML reduced, almost absent. The apex of the posterior pronotal process very narrow, and rounded; in females weakly excised. The posterior part of the pronotal process (about a fifth of the pronotum length) directed slightly upwards or in the level of the rest of the pronotum. The lower part of the lateral lobe with serrate margins (2–3 larger teeth on the posterior margin, and numerous smaller teeth on the anterior margin), elongated as strong spine-like VL directed outwards and slightly forwards (Fig. 33A, B, D, E). Wings. The visible part of the tegmen shaped quite elongated oval, lower side slightly curved. The tegmen is not always visible. Based on the photographs, it is hard to say whether tegmina are visible or not, in both sexes they can be noticed only after careful examination under the stereomicroscope. Hind wing present, visible under pronotum, not reaching the apex of the pronotum. Legs. Femora robust and compressed laterally. Dorsal and ventral margins of the fore and the mid femora roughly serrate, with genicular tooth on knees, and additionally with 1–3 strongly projected teeth on each margin. Teeth of ventral margin projected outwards and downwards. Hind femur with small teeth on the dorsal and ventral margins; one large tooth projected outwards situated on the ventro-external carina. Genicular and antegenicular teeth small, but recognizable. Both sides of the dorsal margins of the hind tibia finely serrated, additionally with 5–8 outer and 2–4 inner bit larger teeth. The first tarsal segment of the hind leg slightly longer than the third segment. Abdominal apex. Ovipositor elongated. Measurements. BL ♂ 10.56 mm, ♀♀ 12.31–12.74 mm; PnL ♂ 14.99 mm, ♀♀ 15.48–16.52 mm; PnW ♂ 8.16 mm, ♀♀ 7.99–8.95 mm; AnL ♂ 5.08 mm, ♀♀ 6.89–7.01 mm; TL ♂ 2.49 mm, ♀♀ 2.51–2.7 mm; TW ♂ 0.49 mm, ♀♀ 0.47–0.52 mm; fFL ♂ 3.45 mm, ♀♀ 3.86–4.01 mm; fFW ♂ 0.84 mm, ♀♀ 0.68–0.77 mm; mFL ♂ 3.52 mm, ♀♀ 3.42–3.93 mm; mFW ♂ 0.84 mm, ♀♀ 0.76–1.01 mm; hFL ♂ 6.69 mm, ♀♀ 7.39–7.91 mm; hFW ♂ 2.05 mm, ♀♀ 2.16–2.22 mm; OvL ♀♀ 1.39–1.55 mm; AnL/fFL ♂ 1.48, ♀♀ 1.68–1.72; VW ♂ 0.93 mm, ♀♀ 1.11–1.18 mm; EW ♂ 0.49 mm, ♀♀ 0.42–0.49 mm; VW/EW ♂ 1.9, ♀♀ 2.51–2.65 mm; SW ♂ 0.22 mm, ♀♀ 0.19–0.23 mm; AgW ♂ 0.39 mm, ♀♀ 0.31–0.36 mm; ScW ♂ 0.25 mm, ♀♀ 0.18–0.21 mm; SW/AgW ♂ 0.64, ♀♀ 0.51–0.7; SW/ScW ♂ 1.48, ♀♀ 0.96–1.02; As—L/W ♂ 2.41, ♀♀ 2.06–2.11; PrzW ♂ 3.25 mm, ♀♀ 3.18–3.24 mm; PrzL ♂ 2.41 mm, ♀♀ 1.34–1.74 mm; Prz—W/L ♂ 1.35, ♀♀ 1.84–2.41; TL/TW ♂ 5.08, ♀♀ 4.68–5.71; mFW/TW ♂ 1.75, ♀♀ 0.47– 0.51; fFL/fFW ♂ 4.01, ♀♀ 5.18–5.34; mFL/mFW ♂ 4.09, ♀♀ 3.88–3.91; hFL/hFW ♂ 3.26, ♀♀ 3.49–3.66; T1L/ T3L ♂ 1.14, ♀♀ 1.22–1.31., Published as part of Skejo, Josip, Pushkar, Taras I., Kasalo, Niko, Pavlović, Marko, Deranja, Maks, Adžić, Karmela, Tan, Ming Kai, Rebrina, Fran, Muhammad, Amira Aqilah, Abdullah, Nurul Ashikin, Japir, Razy, Chung, Arthur Y. C. & Tumbrinck, Josef, 2022, Spiky pygmy devils: revision of the genus Discotettix (Orthoptera: Tetrigidae) and synonymy of Discotettiginae with Scelimeninae, pp. 1-64 in Zootaxa 5217 (1) on pages 49-52, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5217.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7403418, {"references":["Stal, C. (1877) Orthoptera nova ex Insulis Philippinis descripsit. Ofversigt af Kongliga Vetenskaps-Akademiens Forhandlinger, 34 (10), 33 - 58.","Casto de Elera, R. P. F. (1895) Ortopteros. Catalogo sistematico de toda la fauna de Filipinas. Monograph, 2, 189 - 223. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 58548","Hancock, J. L. (1907 a) Orthoptera Fam. Acridiidae. Subfam. Tetriginae. Genera Insectorum, 48, 1 - 79.","Kirby, W. F. (1910) A Synonymic Catalogue of Orthoptera (Orthoptera Saltatoria, Locustidae vel Acridiidae). 3 (2). British Museum (Natural History), London, 674 pp.","Gunther, K. (1938) Revision der Acrydiinae, I. Sectiones Tripetalocerae, Discotettigiae, Lophotettigiae, Cleostrateae, Bufonidae, Cladonotae, Scelimenae verae. Mitteilungen aus dem Zoologischen Museum in Berlin, 23, 299 - 437.","Yin, X. - C., Shi, J. & Yin, Z. (1996) Synonymic Catalogue of Grasshoppers and their Allies of the World (Orthoptera: Caelifera). China Forestry Publishing House, Beijing, 1266 pp.","Blackith, R. E. (1992) Tetrigidae (Insecta; Orthoptera) of Southeast Asia: Annotated catalogue with partial translated keys and bibliography. Ashford, Wicklow, 248 pp.","Otte, D. (1997) Tetrigoidea and Tridactyloidea (Orthoptera: Caelifera) and Addenda to OSF. Vols. 1 - 5. Orthoptera Species File, 6, 1 - 261.","Kevan, D. K. (1966) Some Orthoptera-Caelifera from the Philippine, Bismarck and Solomon Islands, with a few interesting records from New Guinea and the Moluccas. Entomologiske Meddelelser, 34, 375 - 420."]}

Genus Discotettix Costa, 1864 Discotettix: Costa 1864: 59; Bolívar 1887: 306; Rehn 1904: 670; Hancock 1907a: 6; Hancock 1907b: 213; Kirby 1910: 2; Willemse 1930: 7; Steinmann 1970: 216; Blackith 1992: 46; Yin et al. 1996: 866; Otte 1997: 32; Mahmood et al. 2007: 1275; Ko&ccaron;árek et al. 2015: 288–294. Mnesarchus Stål, 1877: 55; synonymized with Discotettix by Bolívar (1887). Type species: Discotettix armatus Costa, 1864, by original monotypy, a junior synonym of Discotettix belzebuth (Serville, 1838). Nomenclatural note. Many authors recently treat tettix as a noun originally of feminine gender. It is incorrect, as in all the Ancient Greek dictionaries the noun “ tettix, tettigos or tettikos, ho ” is of masculine gender. The word “ tetrix, tetrigos, he ” is however of feminine gender in Ancient Greek. Latreille (1802) introduced the name Tetrix (vernacular tétrix), but did not explain why he used the Ancient Greek name of a bird (tetrix is the Ancient Greek name of the Pipit, still present in the name of the Black Grouse Tetrao tetrix). Since then, the name Grouse Locust has been coined in the US, while the vernacular name pygmy grasshoppers has become more widely used. Even if Latreille did not want to relate pygmy grasshoppers to the bird and randomly invented the word “ tetrix ”, he used the word as feminine gender, which has to be followed (ICZN 1999, Art. 30.1.4.2). Tettix is a masculine Ancient Greek word for grasshopper, introduced by Berthold (1827) as an (unjustified) emendation of Latreille’s name. The epitheta of all the Tetrigidae species whose genus is coined out from the word tettix should be in the grammatic masculine gender. Diagnosis. The genus can be distinguished from all the other genera by the following set of characters: (I) frontal costa bifurcates between the lower third of the compound eye height (bifurcates below the lower third in other Discotettigini), (II) scutellum narrower than scapus (of the same width or wider in Gavialidium, Paragavialidium, and Tegotettix), (III) antenna 13-segmented (15-segmented in Gavialidium, Paragavialidium, and Tegotettix), (IV) subapical antennal segments widened (filiform in most of Discotettigini), (V) margins of the antenna saw-like (smooth in most of other Discotettigini). Comparison to former Discotettiginae genera. Among the former Discotettiginae genera (see Skejo 2017) the genus is similar to Kraengia and certain members of the genus Hirrius, i.e., H. montanus Günther, 1937 and H. sarasinorum Günther, 1937 from Sulawesi. Discotettix is similar to Kraengia in the general arrangement of pronotal protuberances (FM, FLs, MM, ML). However, in Discotettix the lower part of the lateral pronotal lobe is directed outwards forming a spine-like VL projection, while in Kraengia the lower part of the lateral pronotal lobe has a truncated margin. ML is more or less distinct in Discotettix species, while fully reduced in Kraengia, the humeral angle being obtuse. Additionally, Discotettix can be distinguished from Kraengia by the following set of characters: (1) 13 antennal segments (11 in Kraengia), (2) large body size (more than 11 mm in Discotettix, less than 9 mm in Kraengia), (3) presence of tegmen and wing in all Discotettix species (Kraengia is wingless), and (4) distinct prozona with carinae (in Kraengia prozona is very short and carinae are usually not distinct). Discotettix can be distinguished from Hirrius montanus and H. sarasinorum by the following characteristics: (1) dorsal surface of the pronotum with protuberances and projections (in Hirrius the pronotum is almost flat, medial, mediolateral, and lateral projections are considerably reduced in size, hump-like or fully absent); (2) the lower part of the lateral lobe of the pronotum forms a sharp spine-like or saw-like VL projection (VL spine wanting or weak in Hirrius); (3) tegmen and wing visible (not visible in Hirrius). Comparison to similar Scelimeninae: Discotettigini genera. The genus is morphologically similar to other Discotettigini genera, especially winged Bidentatettix, Disconius gen. n., Gavialidium, Eufalconius, Paragavialidium, and Tegotettix. Of all the mentioned genera, Discotettix is most similar to Disconius. From all the genera except for the Disconius, Discotettix can be easily distinguished by the widened antennomeres, while from Disconius it can be distinguished by the visible FM (reduced in Disconius), by tuberculated median carina (continuous in Disconius) and by strong FLs (almost absent in Disconius). Redescription of the genus Discotettix General features. Medium and large sized species, robust in appearance. All the surfaces rough and granulated, rugose; pronotal disc wrinkled with numerous small tubercles and protuberances of different sizes and shapes. Macropronotal. Coloration. Body color dark brown, ferruginous brown, or with brighter tints of brown; pronotal projections darker or differently colored than the rest (e.g., reddish or yellowish). Antenna black or dark brown, sometimes with pale-colored joints between the segments or with yellowish apical segments. Maxillary palpi dark brown, sometimes with darker distal margins of the last segment, or black with pale-colored joints between the segments. The visible part of the tegmen dark brown without spots. Legs dark brown except more or less distinct pale rings on tibia and tarsi and whitish 1 st tarsal pads. Head. Head not elevated above the pronotum in lateral view. In dorsal view, the fastigium of the vertex considerably broader than a compound eye; the anterior margin of the fastigium truncated, widely excised, with protruded medial carina of the vertex, reaching not far from the anterior margin of a compound eye. In frontal view, the vertex slightly concave, indrawn from the considerably raised lateral carinae on the level of the upper margin of a compound eye; the medial carina of the vertex distinct in the anterior part of the vertex. Fossula present. Supraocular lobe absent. Lateral ocelli at the level of lower margin or between the compound eyes. Median ocellus far below the level of the lower margin of a compound eye, just between the facial carinae in the place where they end. Antennal groove just above the median ocellus, below or on the level of the lower margin of a compound eye. Frontal costa narrow, with the bifurcation a bit above or between the lateral ocelli. Frontal costa bifurcates into slightly divergent facial carinae forming a narrow scutellum, in lateral view with two concavities: the first large between the lateral ocelli and the second smaller below the antennal grooves. Maxillary palpi flattened. Compound eye in frontal view subglobular, in lateral and dorsal view drop-like, not protruding above the pronotum in lateral view. The occipital area between the eye and the anterior margin of the pronotum narrow, partly visible (more often not) from above (Fig. 5C). Antenna 13-segmented (but in male looks like 12-segmented, because 13 th segment very small and not visible under an optical microscope, only under SEM). Antennal segments as follows: 1 st massive scapus; 2 nd large pedicel; 3 th to 6 th basal elongated antennomeres; 7 th and 8 th central or subapical antennomeres, widened; apical 9 th small; 10 th to 13 th apical segments small, very reduced in comparison to others (Fig. 1). Pronotum. Pronotum wrinkled and granulated, covered by numerous small tubercles and larger projections. Posterior process of the pronotum slender, surpassing the hind knee for about a half of the hind femur length or more (macropronotal); covering the whole abdomen. Disc of pronotum: 1) more or less depressed behind the well-developed shoulder and gradually descending backward, or 2) almost at the same level along all length, without distinct depression behind the shoulder, and not descending backward. General arrangement of pronotal disc projections: pronotum with 4–7 unpaired projections of variable size on the medial carinae (FM and 3–6 medial projections); 1–3 pairs of FL projections; 1–7 pairs of more or less distinguished mediolateral projections; 1–3 pairs of lateral and a pair of more or less distinct VL (better seen in profile). In some species, some of the projections lacking or reduced. Prozona subsquare or wider than long (not taking into account FM). Anterior margin of pronotum truncated or projected, with a small or a large FM directed mainly upwards or forwards, sometimes covering a part of or the whole vertex. Prozonal and extralateral carinae in the prozona distinct, more or less elevated, surpassing the anterior margin of the pronotum as dentiform FL1 and FL2, where FL2 more distinct. FL3 dentiform, small and weak, sometimes indistinct. Median carina behind FM extended along the whole length of the pronotum, with 3–6 unpaired medial projections 4 of variable size, more or less distinct (seen very well in profile). PM small and triangular. MM1 large and triangular. MM2, MM3, and MM4 decreasing in size towards the apex of the pronotum (sometimes MM3 and MM4 reduced). MM5 present only in a few specimens of D. belzebuth. Usually, 1–7 pairs of the mediolateral projections increase in size towards MML1 (largest) and then decrease towards the tip of the pronotum (PML1 < PML2 < MML1 > MML2 > MML2 > MML4 > MML5). PML1 more or less distinct; PML2 distinct; MML1 small; MML2 large; MML3, MML4, and MML5 small, decreasing caudad (sometimes 1–3 of these posterior projections reduced). PL1 and PL2 small and triangular. ML more or less sharp, usually projected outwards. Interhumeral carinae indistinct, weak. External lateral carinae raised upwards above the base of the tegmen, in the posterior half smooth, not reaching the apex of the pronotum. Internal lateral carinae smooth, weak, usually indistinct. The infrascapular area triangular, as wide as the mid femur, fused to the lateral area. Lateral area narrower than the infrascapular and running towards the apex of the pronotum. The apex of the posterior pronotal process in the dorsal view shallowly excised or rounded. Hind margin of the pronotal lateral lobe bisinuate, ventral sinus deep, tegminal sinus small. The lower part of the lateral lobe with serrate anterior and posterior margins. VL elongated as spine-like, directed strongly outwards, sometimes forward or even slightly backward, but never downward (Figs 2, 5A, B). 4 The description of medial, mediolateral and lateral projections is given in the order from the anterior to the posterior part of the body. Wings. The visible part of the tegmen oval and elongated. Hind wing with scalloped inner margin, usually shorter than the pronotal process, not reaching its apex. Legs. Femora robust, compressed laterally; with smooth or rough surface; dorsal and ventral margins finely or roughly serrate (Fig. 29B); genicular teeth visible on the knees; additional one to three teeth present on each margin. Fore and mid tarsi with distal segments longer than the proximal ones. Both sides of the upper margin of the hind femur finely serrated with distinct or indistinct lappets. Lateral area of the hind femur bears weak carinae with net-like elevations and outgrowths, especially on the ventro-external carina. Genicular teeth equal to or larger than the antegenicular. Hind tibia in dorsal view very slightly widened in basal and apical part. Both sides of the dorsal margin of the hind tibia finely serrated, usually with a few outer and large inner teeth. 1 st tarsal segment of the hind leg longer than 3 rd (without claws); 1 st and 2 nd basal pads of 1 st tarsal segment short and triangular, 3 rd (apical) elongated (Fig. 1). Abdominal apex. Male subgenital plate in ventral view triangular, longer than wide (Fig. 31A, B). Female subgenital plate in ventral view subsquare. Ovipositor elongated or robust. Valves of the ovipositor narrow, serrate (Fig. 31C, D). Epiproct in females as long as wide near the base, apex pointed. Cerci conical with narrowly rounded apex. Composition and classification. The genus Discotettix is divided into two subgenera: (1) nominotypical Discotettix (type species D. armatus = D. belzebuth) characterized by a long FM projected over the vertex; and (2) Mnesarchus Stål, 1877 stat. resurr. (type species Mnesarchus scabridus = Discotettix scabridus) characterized by a minute FM, not projected over the vertex. The subgenus Discotettix includes six species. One species formerly assigned to Discotettix, that is D. shelfordi, has been transferred to a new genus, Disconius Skejo, Pushkar et Tumbrinck gen. n. The distribution of all the species is presented in Fig. 3. The annotated checklist of Discotettix species 1) Discotettix (Discotettix) aruanus Skejo, Pushkar et Tumbrinck sp. n. [Aru: Tanahbesar], 2) Discotettix (Discotettix) belzebuth (Serville, 1838) [Borneo, Java (?)], 3) Discotettix (Discotettix) doriae Bolívar, 1898 stat. resurr. [Mentawai: Sipora], 4) Discotettix (Discotettix) kirscheyi Skejo, Pushkar, Tumbrinck et Tan sp. n. [Northeastern Borneo], 5) Discotettix (Discotettix) selysi Bolívar, 1887 [Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra], 6) Discotettix (Discotettix) sumatrensis Skejo, Pushkar et Tumbrinck sp. n. [Southern Sumatra], 7) Discotettix (Mnesarchus) scabridus (Stål, 1877) [Philippines: Mindanao, Samar]. A key for the identification of Discotettix subgenera and species (Fig. 4) 1A) FM not projected above the vertex in lateral view (red arrow in Fig. 4). Shoulders unarmed. (Subgenus Mnesarchus). The Philippines.............................................................................. D. (M.) scabridus 1B) FM projected above the vertex in lateral view (red arrow in Fig. 4). Shoulders armed with ML. (Subgenus Discotettix)..... 2 2A) Dorsum of the pronotum with high projections, as high or almost as high as the FM (compare the grey line in Fig. 4)....... 3 2B) Dorsum of the pronotum flattened, usually no projection higher than the FM (gray line in Fig. 4, exception is D. doriae where FM is reduced)....................................................................................... 5 3A) FM small (red arrow in Fig. 4). Dorsum of the pronotum with triangular projections (blue arrows in Fig. 4). Widest antennomere 8 th. NE Borneo..................................................................... D. (D.) kirscheyi sp. n. 3B) FM large (red arrow in Fig. 4)........................................................................... 4 4A) Dorsum of the pronotum with high spikes (blue arrows in Fig. 4). Widest antennomere 8 th. Borneo........ D. (D.) belzebuth 4B) Dorsum of the pronotum with triangular projections (blue arrows in Fig. 4). Widest antennomere 7 th. Sumatra............................................................................................ D. (D.) sumatrensis sp. n. 5A) FM small, not exceeding the head (red arrow in Fig. 4). Mentawai Isl.................................. D. (D. ) doriae 5B) FM large, directed more upwards than forwards, usually not exceeding the head (red arrow in Fig. 4)................... 6 6A) Larger species, pronotum length more than 20 mm in females. PM and MM1 lower and more oblique. Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia.................................................................................. D. (D.) selysi 6B) Smaller species, pronotum length less than 17 mm in females. PM and MM1 elevated and more triangular. Aru Isl............................................................................................ D. ( D.) aruanus sp. n., Published as part of Skejo, Josip, Pushkar, Taras I., Kasalo, Niko, Pavlović, Marko, Deranja, Maks, Adžić, Karmela, Tan, Ming Kai, Rebrina, Fran, Muhammad, Amira Aqilah, Abdullah, Nurul Ashikin, Japir, Razy, Chung, Arthur Y. C. & Tumbrinck, Josef, 2022, Spiky pygmy devils: revision of the genus Discotettix (Orthoptera: Tetrigidae) and synonymy of Discotettiginae with Scelimeninae, pp. 1-64 in Zootaxa 5217 (1) on pages 11-15, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5217.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7403418, {"references":["Costa, A. (1864) Acquiste fatti durante l-anno 1862. Annuario del Museo zoologico della Universita di Napoli, 2, 8 - 94.","Bolivar, I. (1887) Essai sur les Acridiens de la tribu des Tettigidae. Annales de la Societe Entomologique de Belgique, 31, 175 - 313.","Rehn, J. A. G. (1904) Studies in the Orthopterous subfamilies Acrydiinae (Tettiginae), Eumastacinae and Proscopinae. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, 56, 658 - 683.","Hancock, J. L. (1907 a) Orthoptera Fam. Acridiidae. Subfam. Tetriginae. Genera Insectorum, 48, 1 - 79.","Hancock, J. L. (1907 b) Studies of the Tetriginae (Orthoptera) in the Oxford University Museum. Transactions of the Entomological Society of London, 1907, 213 - 244. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2311.1907. tb 01760. x","Kirby, W. F. (1910) A Synonymic Catalogue of Orthoptera (Orthoptera Saltatoria, Locustidae vel Acridiidae). 3 (2). British Museum (Natural History), London, 674 pp.","Willemse, C. J. M. (1930) Fauna Sumatrensis (Bijdrage Nr. 62). Preliminary revision of the Acrididae (Orthoptera). Tijdschrift voor Entomologie, 73, 1 - 210.","Steinmann, H. (1970) Check-list of the Tetricidae (Orthoptera) of the Oriental faunal region. Acta Zoologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae, 16, 215 - 240.","Blackith, R. E. (1992) Tetrigidae (Insecta; Orthoptera) of Southeast Asia: Annotated catalogue with partial translated keys and bibliography. Ashford, Wicklow, 248 pp.","Yin, X. - C., Shi, J. & Yin, Z. (1996) Synonymic Catalogue of Grasshoppers and their Allies of the World (Orthoptera: Caelifera). China Forestry Publishing House, Beijing, 1266 pp.","Otte, D. (1997) Tetrigoidea and Tridactyloidea (Orthoptera: Caelifera) and Addenda to OSF. Vols. 1 - 5. Orthoptera Species File, 6, 1 - 261.","Mahmood, K., Idris, A. B. & Salmah, Y. (2007) Tetrigidae (Orthoptera: Tetrigoidea) from Malaysia with the description of six new species. Acta Entomologica Sinica, 50 (12), 1272 - 1284.","Kocarek, P., Kuravova, K., Musiolek, D., Wahab, R. A. & Kahar, S. R. A. (2015) Synonymy of Discotettix adenanii Mahmood, Idris & Salmah, 2007 with D. belzebuth (Serville, 1838) (Orthoptera: Tetrigidae). Zootaxa, 4057 (2), 288 - 294. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4057.2.10","Stal, C. (1877) Orthoptera nova ex Insulis Philippinis descripsit. Ofversigt af Kongliga Vetenskaps-Akademiens Forhandlinger, 34 (10), 33 - 58.","Serville, J. G. A. (1838) Histoire naturelle des insectes. Orthopteres. Roret, Paris, 776 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 95609","Latreille, P. A. (1802) Histoire Naturelle, generale et particuliere, des Crustaces et des Insectes. Vol. 3. De L'imprimerie de F.","ICZN [International Commision on Zoological Nomenclature] (1999) International Code of Zoological Nomenclature. 4 th Edition. The International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature, London, 306 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 50608","Berthold, A. A. (1827) Latreille's Naturliche Familien des Thierreichs, aus dem Franzosischen mit Anmerkungen und Zusatzen. Verlage des Gr. H. S. priv. Landes-Industrie-Compositoirs, Weimar, VIII + 602 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 11652","Gunther, K. (1937) Orthoptera celebica sarasiniana, Fam. Acrididae, Subfam. Acrydiinae. Treubia, 16, 165 - 195.","Bolivar, I. (1898) Contributions a l'etude des Acridiens especes de la Faune indo et austro-malaisienne du Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova, 39, 66 - 101. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 9541"]}

Discotettix (Discotettix) kirscheyi Skejo, Pushkar, Tumbrinck et Tan sp. n. (Figs 22–29) Vernacular name: Kirschey’s Spiky Pygmy Devil Discotettix belzebuth (Serville, 1838) [partim]: all older records from NE Borneo need revision Type locality. Borneo: Malaysia: East Sabah: Sepilok, lowland. Material examined. Type material. HOLOTYPE (Fig. 22) 1&female; Borneo: Malaysia: East Sabah: Sepilok XI.1994. (ZFMK); PARATYPES (Fig. 23) 2&male;, 1&female; Borneo: Malaysia: East Sabah: Kawag Forest Reserve, N5.04861, E117.07355, 118.6± 8.7 m.a.s.l., 14.V.2022, 19h27, on tree trunk, leg. M.K. Tan, T. Robillard & R. Japir, SBH.22.76–78 (ZRC); 1&male;, 2&female; Borneo: Malaysia: East Sabah: Kawag Forest Reserve, N5.05020, E117.98286, 134.7± 6.8 m.a.s.l., 14.V.2022, 13h16, on leaf litter on track, leg. M.K. Tan, SBH.22.69–71 (FRC); 1&male; Borneo: Malaysia: East Sabah: Sepilok: Rainforest Discovery Centre, N5.87414, E117.93782, 96.8± 6.8 m.a.s.l., 18.V.2022, 21h28, foliage of seedling near ground, leg. M.K. Tan & T. Robillard, SBH.22.155 (FRC); 1&male; Borneo: Malaysia: East Sabah: Tabin Wildlife Reserve, N5.19465, E118.50310, 92.7± 7.5 m.a.s.l., 15.V.2022, 20h01, on foliage near ground, leg. M.K. Tan, T. Robillard & R. Japir, SBH.22.86 (ZRC); 1&female; Borneo: Malaysia: Sabah state (North Borneo), env. of Kinabatangan, 29.II.2008, leg. V.G. Bezborodov (ZISP); 1&female; Borneo: Malaysia: Borneo: East Sabah: Sepilok, 1–6.II.2014, leg. M. Berezin (ZISP). Additional material from online social media. 1&female; Borneo: Malaysia: East Sabah: Sepilok (Fig. 27) photo: T. Kirschey; 2&male;&male;, 1&female; Borneo: Malaysia: East Sabah: Danum Valley, 04.II.2011. photo: A. Anker (Flickr) (Figs 25, 26); 1 adult Borneo: Malaysia: East Sabah: Danum Valley, 08.II.2014. photograph: P. Bertner (Flickr); 1 adult Borneo: Malaysia: East Sabah: Tawau district, 03.IV.2009. photo: author unknown (found in the album ‘ Fauna of Sabah’) (Flickr); 1 adult Borneo: Malaysia: East Sabah: Kinabatangan River Area 26–27.XI.2016. photograph: C. Odonnell (Facebook); 1 adult Borneo: Malaysia: East Sabah: near the Tawau Hills Park 21.IV.2018. photograph: A. Bouma (Facebook) (Fig, 29); 1 adult Borneo: Malaysia: East Sabah: Tawau Hills Park (4.34N, 117.89E) observed by Sustainable Strategies Network (@hobatahalmahera) on 22.I.2020. (inaturalist.org/observations/37844288) (Fig. 24); 1&male; Borneo: Malaysia: East Sabah: Kinabatangan (5.44N, 117.75E) observed by @simben on 21.VII.2016. (inaturalist.org/observations/102814348) (Fig. 28). Material that likely belongs to this species but was not checked by the authors. 1&female; Borneo: Malaysia: Sabah state (North Borneo), env. of Kinabatangan, 29.II.2008, leg. V.G. Bezborodov (ZISP). Type series depository. Museum Alexander Koenig in Bonn (ZFMK). Etymology. Named after the German biologist Tom Kirschey, our friend and a well-known researcher of the Oriental region, who currently serves as the Head of the International Peatlands and Southeast Asia Programme at NABU (Naturschutzbund Deutschland) headquarters. Distribution and habitat. The species is restricted to NE Borneo, East Sabah. It is found in Danum Valley (and adjacent Kawag Forest Reserve), Tabin Wildlife Reserve, Tawau Hills, Sepilok District, and around the Kinabatangan River Area. The species inhabits the rainforest, where it can be found on the bark of the roots and trunks of trees, among leaf litter, and sometimes on the foliage of seedlings near the ground. According to the photographer, biologist Tom Kirschey, who observed the species in its natural habitat in the lowlands and the mountains of Sepilok, the microhabitat of D. kirscheyi are the roots of the big (old) trees close to pools filled with rain water (Fig. 28). The distribution areas of this species and that of D. belzebuth do not appear to overlap. Diagnosis. The species is similar to D. belzebuth, but can be easily distinguished from the latter by the following set of characters: (1) FM shorter, narrower, and directed more upwards, not covering the entire vertex as in D. belzebuth, which has a large and long digitate FM covering the entire vertex, (2) pronotal projections are much shorter, and not as spiky as in D. belzebuth, but stouter and triangular, (3) femora are stouter and bear stronger teeth than observed in D. belzebuth, and (4) tegmina are smaller, partly covered and not as evident and wide as in D. belzebuth. Description (holotype). General features. Medium-sized, robust species (body length 14.82 mm); pronotum granulated and wrinkled, with one digitate FM on anterior margin and numerous triangular protuberances on dorsal and lateral sides. Almost the whole body (except the eye, labrum, fore and mid tarsi, second and third segments of hind tarsus, and inner side of the hind femur) covered with numerous small tubercles. Macropronotal. Coloration. Body dark brown, almost completely covered by numerous small tubercles. Pronotum, projections, and protuberances dark brown (Figs 23–26, 28, 29). Antenna dark brown, almost black. Proximal segments of the palpi light brown, and distal segments black. The visible part of the tegmen dark brown and without spots. Legs dark brown with lighter rings and patches. Fore and mid femora and tibiae dark brown with numerous small tubercles with lighter apices, fore and mid tarsi black, second segment with a light ring in the middle; 1 st tarsal pads whitish, claws brown. Hind femur dark brown with numerous small tubercles with lighter apices. Hind tibia dark brown with two weak light rings, one in the basal part, and another in the distal third. 1 st tarsus of hind leg pale brown, pads whitish; third segment pale brown with a dark ring in its distal part, claws brown. Tergites, sternites, epiproct, and cerci dark brown. Head. In dorsal and frontal view, vertex 1.95 times as wide as an eye. Fossula elliptic and deep. Lateral ocelli at the level of the lower margin of a compound eye. In frontal view, frontal costa narrow, bifurcated slightly above lateral ocelli into finely granulated facial carinae, forming a narrow scutellum. Scutellum slightly narrower than antennal groove (Fig. 22E). Antennal groove considerably below the lower margin of the compound eye. Antennae 13-segmented, short in appearance compared to D. belzebuth: scapus (1 st antennomere) and pedicel (2 nd antennomere) massive; basal segments (3 rd to 6 th) elongated, but shorter than in D. belzebuth, and circular in cross-section; central or subapical segments (7 th and 8 th) strongly widened, pennate, 8 th being the widest antennal segment (about 3–4 times as long as wide), but only slightly wider than the 7 th; subapical segments less widened than in the other species of the subgenus Discotettix; apical segment 9 th small and pennate, smaller than the subapical and much larger than the rest of the apical segments; apical segments 10 th to 13 th reduced, very small, and borders between them barely visible. Antennomeres 3 rd to 9 th bearing saw-like margins, because of the presence of large basiconic sensilla. When the body and the antennae are covered with algae and moss, the 8 th segment is free of epizoic organisms. Pronotum. Pronotum wrinkled and granulated, covered by numerous small and medium-size tubercles. The posterior process of the pronotum extended beyond the hind knees for less than half of the hind femur length. Disc of the pronotum slightly depressed behind the well-developed shoulder. Pronotum with 5(–7) unpaired projections of variable size on median carina (digitate FM and 4 to 6 medial projections), 3 pairs of FL, up to 7 pairs of more or less distinct mediolateral projections, 3 pairs of lateral projections, and a pair of VL (well seen in profile). Prozona robust, wider than long (because of the short FM). Anterior margin of pronotum projected into a medium-sized digitate FM protuberance directed mainly upwards than slightly forwards, and not covering the whole vertex above. Prozonal and extralateral carinae forming small FL1 and larger FL2, more distinct. FL3 dentiform. Behind the FM medial carina extended along the whole length of pronotum, with 5 unpaired large and small medial projections (well visible in profile). PM triangular and smaller than other medial projections. MM1 is the largest projection; MM2 and MM3 distinct, while MM4 and MM5 small. PML1 and PML2 distinct, tubercle-like. MML1 and MML2 large and triangular; MML3, MML4, and MML5 smaller, decreasing in size caudad. MML4 and MML5 sometimes absent. PL1 and PL2 triangular, tubercle-like. ML sharp and triangular. The apex of the posterior pronotal process in dorsal view shallowly excised. The lower part of the lateral lobe with serrate anterior and posterior margins, elongated as spine-like VL, with saw-like margins, directed outwards (Fig. 22A–C). Wings. The visible part of the tegmen small, oval with a tuberculated surface, visible part 2.57 times as long as wide; the ratio of the maximum width of the mid femur (without teeth)/visible part of tegmina width 1.21. Hind wing not reaching the apex of the posterior pronotal process, ending a few millimeters before the tip. Legs. Femora robust, compressed laterally, surface rough, dorsal, and ventral margins roughly serrate. Fore and mid femora bearing one genicular tooth on knees on each margin, and additionally 3 strong teeth on upper carina and 2–3 on lower margin, almost equal in size; teeth on fore femur equal or larger than on mid femur. Upper and lower margin of hind femur finely serrated, with 2 lappets on each margin, and with numerous small tubercles. Lateral area of hind femur with weak carinae that have up to 3 outgrowths, especially in ventro-external carina. Genicular teeth larger than antegenicular. teeth. Fore femur length/width ratio 4.69. Mid femur length/ width ratio 3.94. Hind femur length/width ratio 3.28. Both sides of the upper margin of the hind tibia finely serrated, with 2–3 outer and 2–3 inner larger teeth (spines). Abdominal apex. Male subgenital plate in ventral view with shallowly excised apex, slightly longer than wide. Female subgenital plate in ventral view with a keel in middle and with a triangular protrusion in the middle of posterior margin. Ovipositor elongated, upper valve 5.0 times as long as wide. The lower valve of ovipositor about 6.0 times as long as wide (maximal width). Cerci stout, with thin apex, hairy. Measurements. All the measurements of Discotettix kirscheyi sp. n. are given in the Table 2., Published as part of Skejo, Josip, Pushkar, Taras I., Kasalo, Niko, Pavlović, Marko, Deranja, Maks, Adžić, Karmela, Tan, Ming Kai, Rebrina, Fran, Muhammad, Amira Aqilah, Abdullah, Nurul Ashikin, Japir, Razy, Chung, Arthur Y. C. & Tumbrinck, Josef, 2022, Spiky pygmy devils: revision of the genus Discotettix (Orthoptera: Tetrigidae) and synonymy of Discotettiginae with Scelimeninae, pp. 1-64 in Zootaxa 5217 (1) on pages 37-40, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5217.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7403418, {"references":["Serville, J. G. A. (1838) Histoire naturelle des insectes. Orthopteres. Roret, Paris, 776 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 95609"]}

Discotettix (Discotettix) selysi Bolívar, 1887 (Figs 15–17) Vernacular name: Sumatran Unicorn Pygmy Devil Discotettix selysi Bolívar, 1887: 307 [original description, type locality: Sumatra]; Hancock 1907a: 6 [listed in catalog]; Kirby 1910: 2 [listed in catalog]; Willemse 1930: 207 [new records], Günther 1938: 301 [partim; new records] Blackith 1992: 46 [listed in catalog], París 1994: 236 [data on the type specimens]; Yin et al. 1996: 866 [listed in the catalog]; Otte 1997: 32 [listed in the catalog]. Discotettix selangori Mahmood et al., 2007: 1276 [original description, type locality: Selangor]; syn. n. Discotettix selangorei: Mahmood et al. 2007: 1275 [lapsus calami]. Acridium (Tetrix) belzebuth (nec Serville): De Haan 1843: 166 [reported for Sumatra, misidentification]. Type locality. Sumatra: Padang Panjang (= originally “Padang Pandjang” on the label) [approximate coordinates 0.45S, 100.416667E]. Note on Discotettix selysi identification history. The species was recorded by De Haan (1843) for the first time under the name D. belzebuth, since only D. belzebuth was described at the time (D. selysi being described 44 years later). De Haan’s (1843) drawing of D. belzebuth agrees in morphology with D. selysi. The author, in the description, noted the possession of only one well distinctive anterior pronotal projection. Examination of specimens confirmed that De Haan’s records of D. belzebuth from Sumatra belong to D. selysi and there is no evidence of the presence of D. belzebuth on the island. Material examined. Type material. SYNTYPES of D. selysi 1&male; Indonesia: Sumatra: Padang Panjang (= on the label “Padang Pandjang”) Collector H. Rolle [the type lacks antennae] (Fig. 16) (MNCN); 1&male; Indonesia: Sumatra 25.XII. [18]84. Soerian (MHNG). HOLOTYPE of D. selangori 1&male; Malaysia: Selangor: leg. Brokurtak (UKM), Sabah Forestry Department, East Malaysia). Misidentified museum material. Identified by Günther (1938) as D. selysi: 1&male; Indonesia: Sumatra: west coast, Anai Kloof [500 m a.s.l.] 1926. Collector E. Jacobson, det. K. Günther (SMTD); (5–6) 2&female;&female; Indonesia: Sumatra: Excell. v. Studf., collector and date unknown, det. K. Günther (MFN); Identified by De Haan (1843) as D. belzebuth: 1&male; + 2&female;&female; + 2 nymphs (sex indeterminable) Indonesia: Sumatra: Bat. Sing. [= W Sumatra Isl., Mt. Singgalang volcano] (collector and date not specified in labels), as D. selysi det. J. Skejo et J. Tumbrinck (Fig. 16) (NCB-RMNH); Additional museum material. 2&female;&female; Indonesia: Sumatra: Maninjau, Puncak, Lawang [600–950 m a.s.l. forest] 17.IV.1995. Collector Sigfrid Ingrisch, det. J. Tumbrinck (CJT, ZFMK); 3&male;&male; Indonesia: Sumatra: Mt. Tandikat [600–900 m a.s.l.] VII.2009. Collector Jakl, det. J. Tumbrinck (ZMUH); 1&male; Indonesia: Sumatra: North Sumatra Prov., Roburan Dolok, Panyabungan Selatan, Mandailing, Natal Regency (bamboo stand) 0°44’52.83’’N 99°31’30.68’’E [723 m a.s.l.] 7.X.2019. Collector Fajar Kaprawi, det. J. Tumbrinck (CJT); Additional material from online social media. 2 specimens, sex unidentifiable (lateral and dorsal habitus) Malaysia: Peninsular Malaysia: Kuala Lumpur XII.2014. Photographer Pang Way, det. J. Skejo et J. Tumbrinck (Figs 17, 18) (Facebook). Distribution. This species inhabits the rainforests of southern Peninsular Malaysia and of Sumatra, where it can be found on tree bark and roots (Bolívar 1887; Hancock 1907a; Günther 1938; Mahmood et al. 2007, our data). Taxonomic notes on Discotettix selangori and D. doriae . The description and the measurements of the recently described Discotettix selangori Mahmood, Idris et Salmah, 2007 (type locality Malaysia: Selangor) completely fit that of D. selysi. The new name for the D. selysi population on the Malaysian peninsula does not provide any new information thus we synonymize D. selangori syn. n. with D. selysi. The authors of the former were not aware of D. selysi morphological variability and distribution. In the description (Mahmood et al. 2007), the epitheton was “selangori”, while in the key and under the drawing it was written as “selangorei” (Mahmood et al. 2007). As the first reviewers, according to the ICZN, we pick selangori as the original spelling, while “ selangorei ” is considered a misspelling. We do not agree with Günther’s (1938) synonymy of D. doriae and D. selysi, since a few clear morphological differences can be found (small FM in D. doriae, and swollen antennal segment in D. doriae) thus we regard D. doriae as a separate species with its own traits and distribution (see a paragraph on D. doriae). Diagnosis. The species is morphologically similar to its congeners that do not have strong pronotal projections of the disc, i.e. to D. doriae from Mentawai and D. aruanus from Aru Isl. Discotettix selysi can be distinguished from D. doriae by the following set of characters: (1) D. doriae has FM small and narrow, covering vertex only partially, while in D. selysi FM is large, long, and covering entire vertex); (2) D. doriae is of smaller body size (pronotum length only 16 to 17 mm in females) than D. selysi (pronotum longer than 20 mm in females); (3) D. doriae has shorter and stouter antennae with swollen 6 th, 7 th and 8 th antennal segments, while D. selysi does not have swollen segments and (4) D. selysi has more elongated and slender fore and mid femora, while D. doriae has strong teeth on their ventral and dorsal margins. From D. aruanus sp. n., D. selysi can be distinguished by (I) different shape of the antennae (margins stronger, more saw-like in D. aruanus); (II) different shape of FM (not exceeding the head in D. selysi, exceeding the head in D. aruanus sp. n.); (III) less elevated and less triangular PM and MM1; (IV) legs more robust and toothed in D. selysi than in D. aruanus sp. n., and (V) by larger body size (pronotum length more than 20 mm in females of D. selysi, while less than 17 mm in females of D. aruanus sp. n.). The species is easily distinguished from D. sumatrensis sp. n. from Sumatra, D. belzebuth from Borneo, D. kirscheyi sp. n. from NE Borneo by the lack of strong spines on the pronotal disc and from the Filipino D. scabridus by numerous characters: (I) bifurcation of the frontal costa between the eyes (on the lower margin of the compound eyes in D. scabridus), (II) FM high and developed (present as a small tubercle in D. scabridus), (III) reduced MM, not highly protruded (higher, compressed and saw-like in D. scabridus), (IV) lateral and humeral carinae are granulated (toothed in D. scabridus) and (V) larger body size. From D. belzebuth, D. selysi can be easily separated by (I) less widened antennal segments, (II) FM being the only large medial projection (disc of pronotum with many spine-like MM, ML and MML in D. belzebuth), (III) smoother lateral and humeral carinae (not as equipped and toothed as in D. belzebuth), (IV) hind femora bearing large lappets, (V) fore and mid femora being more armed and stouter, FM shorter and not decurved as in D. belzebuth. From D. sumatrensis sp. n. the species can be distinguished by (I) completely black antennae, (II) FM being the only large medial projection, pronotum without elevated MM, ML and MML and (III) larger body size. Discotettix kirscheyi sp. n. has (1) smaller FM than D. selysi, (II) larger MM1 and MM2, (II) higher MML2s, (III) more robust fore and mid femora with stronger lobes, (IV) less specialized subapical antennal segments, (V) and is smaller in size. Finally, from D. doriae the species can be separated by (I) longer FM, (II) more slender appearance, (III) not swollen subapical antennal segments, and (IV) larger body size. Redescription (Fig. 15). General features. Large-sized and relatively robust species (16–20 mm). Body finely granulated; pronotum slightly rugose, with numerous small tubercles and net-like elevations. The chitinous surfaces are smooth and without tubercles in places, while the rest is strongly granulated. The anterior part of the pronotum bears several strong protuberances, while other projections are reduced (Fig. 15). Macropronotal. Coloration. The general color dark brown, but may be of brighter tints of brown or even dark greenish. Pronotal carinae and projections darker and of a different color than the rest of the body. Median pronotal carina from dark orange to bright red (Figs 16, 17). Antennae completely black or dark brown. Maxillary palpi dark brown. The visible part of the tegmen dark brown without any spots. Legs dark brown except for more or less distinct pale rings on tibiae and tarsi. The body usually covered with algae that give a greenish appearance to the specimens. After preservation in alcohol or drying the greenish color disappears. Head. In dorsal and frontal view, vertex 2.3 times as wide as an eye. Lateral carinae considerably raised and granulated. Fossula deep, but not easily observable because it is covered by large FM of the anterior pronotal margin. Lateral ocelli situated just below the level of the lower margin of a compound eye. Antennal groove significantly below the lower margin of a compound eye. In frontal view, frontal costa bifurcated at the level of lateral ocelli into facial carinae, forming narrow parallel scutellum (Fig. 15E). Antennal groove slightly wider than the frontal costa. Antenna 13-segmented (but in male looks like 12-segmented, because the 13 th segment is very small and not visible under an optical microscope, only under SEM): scapus (1 st antennomere) and pedicel (2 nd antennomere) massive; basal segments (3 rd to 6 th) elongated and circular in cross-section; central or subapical segments (7 th and 8 th) strongly widened, pennate, 8 th being the widest antennal segment (about 2.7–2.8 times as long as wide); apical segment 9 th elongated and pennate, smaller than the subapical and much larger than the rest of the apical segments; apical segments 10 th to 13 th reduced, very small, and borders between them barely visible. Antennomeres 3 rd to 9 th bearing saw-like margins, because of the presence of the large basiconic sensilla. When the body and the antennae are covered with algae and moss, the 8 th segment is always free of epizoic organisms. Pronotum. Pronotum rugose and granulated with numerous small tubercles and net-like elevations, but in some parts smooth and without tubercles (parts of the pronotal disc and some intervals of the median carina of the pronotum). The anterior part of the pronotum bears large FM, and a few medium-sized and small protuberances. The posterior process of the pronotum slender, surpassing hind knees for more than a half-length of the hind femur or less. The disc of the pronotum almost completely flat. A small depression on the disc positioned between the near bases, then the disc becomes slightly elevated again. Caudad, pronotum gradually descending. Disc rich in net-like elevations, more distinct in the places of the interhumeral carinae. The median carina of the pronotum bears unpaired projections of variable size: high and digitate FM, directed upwards and forwards above the head and covering the whole area of the fastigium of the vertex; small triangular PM, a bit larger triangular MM1, small MM2; and completely reduced MM3 and MM4. Prozona subsquare. Prozonal and extralateral carinae in prozona distinct, surpassing anterior margin of pronotum as dentiform small FL1 and larger FL2, FL2. FL3 small, dentiform. Behind the FM medial carina extended along the whole length of pronotum from the anterior margin to the pronotal apex, slightly undulated by the low aforementioned projections. PML1 small, PML2 even smaller. MML1 almost indistinct; MML2 distinct; MML3 very small, while MML4 and MML5 completely indistinct. PL1 and PL2 small. Humeral angle obtuse with pointed apex. ML small, reduced. Pronotum apex narrow, shallowly excised. The lower part of the lateral pronotal lobe with serrate anterior and posterior margins, elongated as spine-like VL, directed strongly outwards and backward (Fig. 15A, B). Wings. The visible part of the tegmen elliptical. Hind wing with scalloped inner margin, a few millimeters shorter than the apex of the pronotal process. In living specimens, the tegmina are covered by photosynthetic microbes (most probably algae and cyanobacteria), so are greenish in appearance. Legs. Fore and mid femora relatively robust, compressed laterally; with dorsal and ventral margins serrated with genicular tooth on the knees and additional 2–3 strongly projected and sharp teeth on each margin. Hind femur with wrinkled margins, one small protuberance situated on the ventral external carina. Genicular tooth large, while antegenicular tooth almost indistinct. Both sides of the dorsal margin of the hind tibia finely serrated, with 3–4 outer and 1–3 inner larger teeth. Abdominal apex. Male subgenital plate in lateral view about two times as long as high. Female subgenital plate in ventral view with a longitudinal keel in the median region and with a triangular protrusion in the middle of the posterior margin. Ovipositor robust, dorsal valvae robust, ventral valvae slender; all valvae serrate. Measurements. BL &male;&male; 14.41–14.88 mm, &female;&female; 16.01–16.28 mm; PnL &male;&male; 17.85–18.35 mm, &female;&female; 20.46–21.11 mm; PnW &male;&male; 8.06–8.14 mm, &female;&female; 9.27–9.48 mm; AnL &male;&male; 7.68– 7.22 mm, &female;&female; 7.18–7.49 mm; TL &male;&male; 2.44–2.51 mm, &female;&female; 2.78–2.91 mm; TW &male;&male; 0.77–0.81 mm, &female;&female; 1.03–1.11 mm; fFL &male;&male; 4.49–4.55 mm, &female;&female; 5.07–5.12 mm; fFW &male;&male; 0.78–0.84 mm, &female;&female; 0.92–0.94 mm; mFL &male;&male; 4.52–4.71 mm, &female;&female; 4.77–5.01 mm; mFW &male;&male; 0.99–1.01 mm, &female;&female; 1.03–1.14 mm; hFL &male;&male; 8.51–8.68 mm, &female;&female; 9.97–10.12 mm; hFW &male;&male; 2.65–2.72 mm, &female;&female; 3.05–3.2 mm; OvL &female;&female; 1.39–1.43 mm; AnL/fFL &male;&male; 1.68–1.7, &female;&female; 1.59–1.69; VW &male;&male; 1.01–1.05 mm, &female;&female; 1.36–1.48 mm; EW &male;&male; 0.39– 0.47 mm, &female;&female; 0.51–0.71 mm; VW/EW &male;&male; 2.23–2.49, &female;&female; 2.43–2.67; SW &male;&male; 0.32–0.36 mm, &female;&female; 0.33–0.42 mm; AgW &male;&male; 0.21–0.33 mm, &female;&female; 0.34–0.39 mm; ScW &male;&male; 0.22–0.27 mm, &female;&female; 0.24–0.29 mm; SW / AgW &male;&male; 1.49–1.53, &female;&female; 1.44–1.58; SW/ScW &male;&male; 1.21–1.45, &female;&female; 1.2–1.34; As–L/W &male;&male; 2.69–2.78, &female;&female; 2.71–2.81; PrzW &male;&male; 3.44–3.52 mm, &female;&female; 4.68–4.71 mm; PrzL &male;&male; 3.93–4.01 mm, &female;&female; 4.74–4.79 mm; Prz–W/L &male;&male; 0.86–0.88, &female;&female; 0.98–1.02; TL/ TW &male;&male; 2.91–3.09, &female;&female; 2.7–2.88; mFW/TW &male;&male; 1.19–1.25, &female;&female; 0.98–1.09; fFL/fFW &male;&male; 5.42–5.61, &female;&female; 5.51–5.71; mFL/mFW &male;&male; 4.32–4.66, &female;&female; 4.46–4.63; hFL/hFW &male;&male; 3.21–3.28, &female;&female; 3.21–3.27; T1L/T3L &male;&male; 1.01–1.08, &female;&female; 1.01–1.02., Published as part of Skejo, Josip, Pushkar, Taras I., Kasalo, Niko, Pavlović, Marko, Deranja, Maks, Adžić, Karmela, Tan, Ming Kai, Rebrina, Fran, Muhammad, Amira Aqilah, Abdullah, Nurul Ashikin, Japir, Razy, Chung, Arthur Y. C. & Tumbrinck, Josef, 2022, Spiky pygmy devils: revision of the genus Discotettix (Orthoptera: Tetrigidae) and synonymy of Discotettiginae with Scelimeninae, pp. 1-64 in Zootaxa 5217 (1) on pages 26-28, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5217.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7403418, {"references":["Bolivar, I. (1887) Essai sur les Acridiens de la tribu des Tettigidae. Annales de la Societe Entomologique de Belgique, 31, 175 - 313.","Hancock, J. L. (1907 a) Orthoptera Fam. Acridiidae. Subfam. Tetriginae. Genera Insectorum, 48, 1 - 79.","Kirby, W. F. (1910) A Synonymic Catalogue of Orthoptera (Orthoptera Saltatoria, Locustidae vel Acridiidae). 3 (2). British Museum (Natural History), London, 674 pp.","Willemse, C. J. M. (1930) Fauna Sumatrensis (Bijdrage Nr. 62). Preliminary revision of the Acrididae (Orthoptera). Tijdschrift voor Entomologie, 73, 1 - 210.","Gunther, K. (1938) Revision der Acrydiinae, I. Sectiones Tripetalocerae, Discotettigiae, Lophotettigiae, Cleostrateae, Bufonidae, Cladonotae, Scelimenae verae. Mitteilungen aus dem Zoologischen Museum in Berlin, 23, 299 - 437.","Blackith, R. E. (1992) Tetrigidae (Insecta; Orthoptera) of Southeast Asia: Annotated catalogue with partial translated keys and bibliography. Ashford, Wicklow, 248 pp.","Paris, M. (1994) Catalogo de tipos de ortopteroides (Insecta) de Ignacio Bolivar, I: Blattaria, Mantodea, Phasmoptera y Orthoptera (Stenopelmatoidea, Rhaphidophoroidea, Tettigonioidea, Grylloidea, Tetrigoidea). Eos, Revista espanola de Entomologia, 69, 143 - 264.","Yin, X. - C., Shi, J. & Yin, Z. (1996) Synonymic Catalogue of Grasshoppers and their Allies of the World (Orthoptera: Caelifera). China Forestry Publishing House, Beijing, 1266 pp.","Otte, D. (1997) Tetrigoidea and Tridactyloidea (Orthoptera: Caelifera) and Addenda to OSF. Vols. 1 - 5. Orthoptera Species File, 6, 1 - 261.","Mahmood, K., Idris, A. B. & Salmah, Y. (2007) Tetrigidae (Orthoptera: Tetrigoidea) from Malaysia with the description of six new species. Acta Entomologica Sinica, 50 (12), 1272 - 1284.","De Haan, W. (1843) Bijgragen tot de kennis der Orthoptera. In: Temminck, D. (Ed.), Verhangelingen over de Natuurlijke Geschiedenis der Nederlansche Overzeesche Bezittingen, de Leden der Natuurkundige Commissie in Indie en andere Schrijvers. s. n., Leiden, 165 - 228."]}

Disconius shelfordi (Hancock, 1907), comb. n. (Figs 34–36) Vernacular name: Bornean Fallen Pygmy Devil Discotettix shelfordi Hancock, 1907b: 214 [original description, type locality: Borneo]; Kirby 1910: 575 [listed in the catalog]; Günther 1938: 303 [in review]; Yin et al. 1996: 866 [listed in the catalog]; Blackith 1992: 47 [listed in the catalog]; Otte 1997: 32 [listed in the catalog]. Type locality. Malaysia: Borneo: Kuching Note on the syntypes. The species description was based on two syntypes (male and female) labeled as “NW Borneo: Kuching, 22.IX.1899, Collector Dyak (Bornean native), det. J.L. Hancock ” and kept in the Oxford University Museum. As both specimens have been collected at the same locality and date, it is unlikely that they belong to different species. Thus, there is no need for lectotype designation. Material examined. Type material. SYNTYPE 1&female; NW Borneo: Kuching, 22.IX.1899., Collector Dyak, det. J. L. Hancock (Fig. 34) (OUMNH); SYNTYPE 1&male; NW Borneo: Kuching, 22.IX.1899., Collector Dyak, det. J. L. Hancock (OUMNH); Additional museum material. 2&female;&female;, 1&male; Indonesia: NE Borneo: Pajau River, leg. Mjöberg, det. J. Tumbrinck (Fig. 35) (NHRS). Additional material from online social media (iNaturalist): 1 adult Borneo: Malaysia: N Sarawak: Marudi (N4.041847, E114.8144) observed 15.X.2019., submitted on 5.II.2020. Photograph by Kinmatsu Lin (@kinmatsu), available at link inaturalist.org/observations/38326084 (Fig. 36). Distribution: Known only from N Borneo; in Sabah from the surroundings of Kuching (type locality) and from the region of the Pajau River; and from Sarawak reported from Marudi (Hancock 1907b; our data). Redescription. (Figs 34, 35) General features. Medium-sized species (body length 14.0– 15.8 mm) (in the original description stated as 17.5–19 mm, but it meant from the tip of the head to the tip of the pronotum ), relatively slender. The entire body finely granulated, covered by numerous small tubercles and with a few larger ones on the margins of the pronotal disc and the lateral lobes; in lateral view the pronotum almost flat, except for the median carina undulated by a few small wart-like and medium-sized semicircular compressed protuberances (Figs 34, 35). Macropronotal form. Coloration. Body color from dark brown and ferruginous brown to brown with an inexpressive grayish tint. Some parts of the body pale colored, previously yellowish: tubercles on the margin of the disc and lateral lobe of pronotum, VL and ML, connections of dark antennal segments, patches on femora, more or less distinct ring in the middle of fore and mid tibiae, two rings (I) in basal and (II) distal third of the hind tibia, distal segments and claws of fore and mid tarsi, and usually yellowish hind tarsus (except for the darker connections of tarsal segments). Living specimens have much more vivid coloration than the museum material. It is visible that the dorsum of the pronotum has an alternation of dark and pale tones (see iNaturalist observation in Material examined). Head. In dorsal and frontal view, vertex about 2.4 times as wide as the eye. Fossula visible, but not deep. Lateral ocelli situated between the compound eyes. The antennal groove situated at the level of the lower margin of the compound eye (in males) or a bit below (in females). In frontal view frontal costa narrow, bifurcates a bit above the lateral ocelli into a slightly divergent facial carinae, slightly concave inside in medium length and forming a narrow hour-glass shaped scutellum (Figs 34C, 35C). Antennal groove considerably wider than scutellum. Antennae 15 segmented, long. Antennomeres are shaped as follows: scapus (1 st antennomere) massive; pedicel (2 nd antennomere) large, basal antennomeres (3 rd to 7 th) elongated, 7 th being extremely elongated; central or subapical segments 8 th to 10 th pennate, 8 th slightly widened, while 9 th, and 10 th significantly widened and flattened; apical segment 11 th small; while apical segments 12 th to 15 th reduced in size, filiform. Pronotum. Pronotum finely granulated, covered by numerous small and few larger tubercles on the margin of the disc and the lateral lobe of the pronotum; almost flat, except for the wrinkled and scalloped median carina with small wart-like and medium-sized, compressed laterally, semicircular protuberances (different in specimens from different geographical populations); posterior process of pronotum very long, surpassing the hind knee for more than a half hind femur length (macropronotal form). Disc of the pronotum almost of the same height in the anterior part, slightly depressed behind the level of the tegmen apex and gradually descending backwards. Morphology of the pronotal projections variable. Pronotum with 5 unpaired projections of variable size on medial carina (FM and 4 medial projections); 2–3 pairs of FL; a pair of VL (better seen in profile); while among the mediolateral and lateral projections only one projection distinct per group. Prozona very short. Anterior margin of pronotum truncated, bearing small and weak triangular FM directed more upwards, then forwards. Prozonal and extralateral carinae low, tuberculated, not forming sharp saw-like or fan-like ridge, with small FL1 and more distinct dentiform. FL3 indistinct. Behind FM medial carina extended along the whole length of the pronotum, low, bearing four more or less distinct medial projections of variable size (well visible in lateral view). PM triangular, equal to or larger than FM and joined with the latter as a continuous two-humped structure in specimens of some populations. MM1, large. MM2 is the largest and the most massive projection, usually compressed laterally as a semicircular triangular protuberance. MM3 relatively large, while MM4 almost indistinct, marked by spot and darker than rest of the pronotal disc surface. Unlike in Discotettix species, Disconius shelfordi comb. n. has only one distinct projection from the mediolateral group, MML2, situated in the place where most Tetrigidae (Tetriginae) species have a posthumeral spot. Similar to the previous projections’ group, only one projection exists from the lateral group of the projections. In the metazona the humero-apical carinae forms a moderately sharp humeral angle, projected outwards as a small ML tubercle of the humeral angle, much larger than other tubercles along the margin of the pronotal disc and the lateral lobe; and behind this point the humero-apical carinae is joining the external lateral carinae. The apex of the posterior pronotal process in the dorsal view shallowly excised. The lower part of the lateral lobe with smooth anterior and posterior margins, without smaller teeth. The lateral lobe elongated as spine-like VL, directed exactly outwards, blunt (Figs 34A, B, 35A, B). Wings. The visible part of the tegmen elongated and oval, distinctly acuminate towards the apex, about 2.75 times as long as wide. Hind wings reach the apex of the pronotal process. Legs. Femora relatively slender, compressed laterally, and finely granulated, with numerous small teeth-like tubercles on the whole surface. Fore and mid femora bearing a hardly noticeable genicular tooth on the knees, and additionally 1–3 small teeth on the dorsal and ventral margin. Hind femur significantly compressed laterally, finely granulated, without any lappets on dorsal and ventral margins, smooth, and not bearing any recognizable outgrowth on the external carinae. Genicular and antegenicular teeth small. Both sides of the dorsal margin of the hind tibia only finely serrated, without any large teeth. Abdominal apex. Male subgenital plate in ventral view about 1.5 times as long as wide, in lateral view about 2 times as long as tall. Ovipositor elongated. Observed variability and differences found among populations, with implications for taxonomy. In the different populations of D. shelfordi comb. n., we have observed that the projections of the pronotum differ in size and shape. For example, among the specimens from the banks of the Pajau river the pronotum projections are much more expressed than in the specimens from Kuching (the type locality of the species). This primarily applies to lower and weaker medial protuberances in the specimens from Kuching. Especially FM and PM are quite small and wart-like, MM is medium size and slightly compressed laterally. In specimens from the Pajau river FM and PM are well expressed, and form a continuous double-hump structure. Other MMs are much more expressed, and more compressed laterally, they have semicircular form, especially the largest MM2. Only the examination of a larger series will allow drawing conclusions about the specific value of the aforementioned traits. Measurements (female syntype and a non-type male). BL &male; 13.99 mm, &female; 15.87 mm; PnL &male; 18.74 mm, &female; 20.81 mm; PnW &male; 7.35 mm, &female; 7.42 mm; AnL &male; 9.39 mm, &female; 9.68 mm; TL &male; 2.43 mm, &female; 2.62 mm; TW &male; 0.85 mm, &female; 0.96 mm; fFL &male; 3.22 mm, &female; 3.33 mm; fFW &male; 0.57 mm, &female; 0.62 mm; mFL &male; 4.01 mm, &female; 4.15 mm; mFW &male; 0.55 mm, &female; 0.61 mm; hFL &male; 7.99 mm, &female; 8.76 mm; hFW &male; 2.34 mm, &female; 2.71 mm; OvL &female; 1.41 mm; AnL/fFL &male; 2.91, &female; 2.9; VW &male; 1.1 mm, &female; 1.29 mm; EW &male; 0.45 mm, &female; 0.53 mm; VW/EW &male; 2.44, &female; 2.43; SW &male; 0.14 mm, &female; 0.19 mm; AgW &male; 0.39 mm, &female; 0.47 mm; ScW &male; 0.26 mm, &female; 0.38 mm; SW/AgW &male; 0.36, &female; 0.4; SW/ScW &male; 0.54, &female; 0.5; As-L/W &male; 2.35, &female; 2.62; PrzW &male; 3.18 mm, &female; 3.47 mm; PrzL &male; 1.5 mm, &female; 1.71 mm; Prz-W/L &male; 2.12, &female; 2.03; TL/TW &male; 2.86, &female; 2.73; mFW/TW &male; 0.65, &female; 0.64; fFL/fFW &male; 5.65, &female; 5.37; mFL/mFW &male; 7.29, &female; 6.8; hFL/hFW &male; 3.41, &female; 3.23; T1L/T3L &male; 1.27, &female; 1.19.

Discotettix (Discotettix) aruanus Skejo, Pushkar et Tumbrinck sp. n. (Figs 19–20) Vernacular name: Aruan Unicorn Pygmy Devil Type locality: Indonesia: SE Moluccas: Aru Island: Wokam: 10–15 km NEE of Wakua. Material examined. Type material. HOLOTYPE (Fig. 19) 1&female; Indonesia: SE Moluccuas: Aru Island, S coast of Wokam I., 10–15 km NEE of Wakua vill., 0–50 m alt. 21–30.I.2015., St. Jakl leg. (ZMUH); PARATYPE (Fig. 20) 1&female; Indonesia: SE Moluccuas: Aru Island, S coast of Wokam I., 10–15 km NEE of Wakua vill., 0–50 m alt. 21–30.I.2015., St. Jakl leg. (FM broken in this specimen) (ZMUH). Type series depository. Zoologisches Museum Hamburg, Germany. Type series depository. Zoologisches Museum Hamburg, Germany (ZMUH). Etymology. Named after the island of Aru. The specific epitheton is a masculine gender adjective in the Nominative case made from the Latinisation of the name Aru (aruanus, aruana, aruanum). Distribution. This species is known to inhabit the Peninsula of Wokam (Wokam Palau), a part of the island of Aru in the southeastern Moluccas. This is the easternmost species of the genus Discotettix. Specific diagnosis. The new species is very similar to Discotettix selysi from the southern Malaysian peninsula and from Sumatra. It shares many traits with D. selysi, but a few subtle differences exist. Due to morphological differences among D. aruanus, D. selysi and D. doriae (Fig. 21) and because of high geographical isolation, D. aruanus sp. n. is proposed as a new species within the genus Discotettix, and not a subspecies of D. selysi. From D. doriae this species is easily separated by (I) the large FM covering the whole vertex and being produced even in front of the head (in D. doriae FM is much smaller) and (II) by much longer antennae without swollen segments. From D. selysi, the new species can separated by the following set of characteristics: (I) FM somewhat larger and in dorsal and lateral views projected before the head (in D. selysi, there are specimens without and with long projected FM); (III) MMLs more elevated than in D. selysi; (IV) PM and MM1 more elevated and more triangular (usually lower and more oblique in D. selysi); (V) VL spine more distinct in D. aruanus sp. n. because the posterior lobe of the lateral pronotal lobe has smaller spikes than in D. selysi (in D. selysi some specimens are similar to D. aruanus); (VI) femora more slender in D. aruanus sp. n. than in D. selysi; and (VII) humeral angles more projected in D. selysi (well visible in frontal view), and infrascapular area thus wider in D. selysi than in D. aruanus sp. n. For a comprehensive comparison with other species of the genus please consult the diagnoses of D. scabridus and D. belzebuth. Description (holotype). General features. Medium-sized, robust species (body length 11.5–13.5 mm in females, pronotum length about 16.5 mm); pronotum granulated and wrinkled, with numerous small tubercles and net-like elevations. The chitinous surfaces are smooth and without tubercles in some places of the dorsum, while the rest is strongly granulated. One large digitate FM on the anterior margin and numerous small triangular protuberances on the dorsal and lateral sides of the pronotum. Almost the entire body (except the eye, labrum, fore and mid tarsi, second and third segments of hind tarsus, and inner side of the hind femur) covered with numerous small tubercles (Figs 19, 20). Only the macropronotal form is known. Coloration. Body dark brown, only some parts of the pronotal net-like elevations orange-red in color. Antenna dark brown, almost black. Proximal segments of the palpi light brown, and distal black. The visible part of the tegmen dark brown and without spots. Legs dark brown with lighter rings and patches. Fore and mid femora and tibiae dark brown with numerous small tubercles with somewhat lighter apices; fore and mid tarsi black, second segment with a light ring in the middle; 1 st tarsal pads whitish, claws brown. Hind femur dark brown with numerous small tubercles with lighter apices. Hind tibia dark brown with two weak light rings, one in the basal part, and another in the distal third. 1 st tarsus of hind leg pale brown, pads whitish; third segment pale brown with a dark ring in its distal part, claws brown. Tergites, sternites, epiproct, and cerci dark brown. Head. In dorsal and frontal view, vertex 1.7 times as wide as an eye. In frontal view, lateral carinae of the vertex considerably raised and granulated. Fossula elliptic and deep, but not easily observable because it is covered by large FM of the anterior pronotal margin. Lateral ocelli situated just below the level of the lower margin of a compound eye. Antennal groove significantly below the lower margin of a compound eye. In frontal view frontal costa bifurcated at the level of lateral ocelli into facial carinae, forming narrow parallel scutellum. Scutellum narrower than the antennal grove and the scapus (Figs 19E, 20E). Antenna elongated 13-segmented: scapus (1 st antennomere) and pedicel (2 nd antennomere) massive; basal segments (3 rd to 6 th) elongated and circular in crosssection; central or subapical segments (7 th and 8 th) strongly widened, pennate, 8 th being the widest antennal segment (about 2.8–3 times as long as wide); apical segment 9 th elongated and pennate, smaller than the subapical and much larger than the rest of the apical segments; apical segments 10 th to 13 th reduced, very small, and borders between them barely visible. Antennomeres 3 rd to 9 th bear strong saw-like margins, likely because of the presence of large basiconic sensilla (Figs 19D, 20D). Pronotum. Pronotum rugose and granulated with numerous small tubercles and net-like elevations, but in some parts smooth and without tubercles (parts of the pronotal disc and some intervals of the median carina of the pronotum). The anterior part of the pronotum bears one large FM, and a few medium-sized and small protuberances. The posterior process of the pronotum slender, surpassing the hind knees for more than a half-length of the hind femur (macropronotal form). The disc of the pronotum is visually flat, but upon a closer inspection, many triangular elevations (projections) may be observed. A depression is visible on the pronotal disc positioned between the bases of the tegmina, then the disc becomes slightly elevated again. Caudad, pronotum gradually descending. The pronotal disc is rich in chitinous net-like elevations, more distinct in the interhumeral region. Medial carina extended along the whole length of the pronotum from the anterior margin to the pronotal apex, slightly undulated by the unpaired projections of variable size: the largest is high and digitiform massive FM, directed upwards and forwards above and before the head and covering the whole area of the fastigium of the vertex; triangular PM, a large triangular MM1, small triangular MM2; small MM3, and almost completely reduced MM4. Prozona subsquare. Prozonal and extralateral carinae in the prozona distinct, surpassing anterior margin of the pronotum as a small dentiform FL1 and large FL2, which is also well visible in frontal view. FL3 small and dentiform. PML1 and PML2 small. MML1 and MML2 distinct; MML3 very small; MML4 and MML5 indistinct. PL1 and PL2 small. Humeral angle obtuse with a pointed apex. ML small, reduced. Pronotum apex narrow, shallowly excised in the middle. The lower part of the lateral pronotal lobe bearing small teeth on the anterior and the posterior margins, with the middle region elongated as a large spine-like VL, directed mostly outwards and slightly backward (Figs 19A–C, 20A–C). Wings. Tegmina partly covered, not as easily discernible as in D. doriae and D. selysi. The visible part of the tegmen elliptical. Hind wing not reaching the pronotal tip for a few millimeters. Legs. Fore and mid femora elongated, but with robust armature on the dorsal and ventral margins. Fore and mid femora compressed laterally; with dorsal and ventral margins serrated with genicular tooth on the knees and additional 2–3 strongly projected and sharp teeth on each margin. Hind femur bearing small lappets on dorsal and ventral margins and one small protuberance on the ventral external carina. Genicular tooth large, while antegenicular tooth very small. Both sides of the dorsal margin of the hind tibia finely serrated, with 3–4 outer and 1–3 inner larger teeth. Abdominal apex. Female subgenital plate in ventral view bearing a longitudinal keel in the middle and has a triangular protrusion in the middle of the posterior margin. Ovipositor, in ventral view, seems to be elongated, but dorsal valvae are not visible because of the decurvation of the pronotal tip, which is directed downward. Ventral valvae are elongated, but for example in D. selysi the dorsal are more robust, which can be expected in D. aruanus sp. n. as well. Measurements (&female;&female; only, HT— holotype, PT— paratype). BL HT 13.45 mm, PT 11.80 mm; PnL HT 16.29 mm, PT 14.94 mm (without FM); PnW HT 8.40 mm, PT 8.49 mm; AnL HT 6.74 mm, PT 7.10 mm; TL HT 1.4 mm, PT 1.0 mm; TW HT 0.4 mm, PT 0.3 mm; fFL HT 4.40 mm, PT 4.22 mm; fFW HT 0.90 mm, PT 0.72 mm; mFL HT 4.41 mm, PT 4.21 mm; mFW HT 0.88 mm, PT 0.75 mm; hFL HT 8.63 mm, PT 7.42 mm; hFW HT 2.50 mm, PT 1.98 mm; OvL HT (Not visible, more than 1 mm), PT (not visible, more than 1 mm); AnL/fFL HT 1.51, PT 1.68; VW HT 1.00 mm, PT 1.05 mm; EW HT 0.59 mm, PT 0.61 mm; VW/EW HT 1.7, PT 1.7; SW HT 0.23 mm, PT 0.26 mm; AgW HT 0.45 mm, PT 0.40 mm; ScW HT 0.42 mm, PT 0.38 mm; SW/AgW HT 0.5, PT 0.65; SW/ScW HT 0.55, PT 0.68; As—L/W HT 2.8, PT 3.0; PrzW HT 3.71 mm, PT 3.43 mm; PrzL HT 1.85 mm, PT 1.78 mm; Prz—W/L HT 2.00, PT 1.92; TL/TW HT 3.5, PT 3.3; mFW/TW HT 2.2, PT 2.5; fFL/fFW HT 4.9, PT 5.6; mFL/mFW HT 5.0, PT 5.8; hFL/hFW HT 3.4, PT 3.7; T1L/T3L HT 1.1, PT 1.1., Published as part of Skejo, Josip, Pushkar, Taras I., Kasalo, Niko, Pavlović, Marko, Deranja, Maks, Adžić, Karmela, Tan, Ming Kai, Rebrina, Fran, Muhammad, Amira Aqilah, Abdullah, Nurul Ashikin, Japir, Razy, Chung, Arthur Y. C. & Tumbrinck, Josef, 2022, Spiky pygmy devils: revision of the genus Discotettix (Orthoptera: Tetrigidae) and synonymy of Discotettiginae with Scelimeninae, pp. 1-64 in Zootaxa 5217 (1) on pages 33-36, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5217.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7403418, {"references":["Bolivar, I. (1898) Contributions a l'etude des Acridiens especes de la Faune indo et austro-malaisienne du Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova, 39, 66 - 101. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 9541","Bolivar, I. (1887) Essai sur les Acridiens de la tribu des Tettigidae. Annales de la Societe Entomologique de Belgique, 31, 175 - 313."]}

Subgenus Mnesarchus Stål, 1877, nom. resurr. Mnesarchus Stål, 1877: 55; synonymized with Discotettix by Bolívar (1887). Mnesarchus (as subgenus of Discotettix): Kevan 1966: 380. Discotettix (partim): Bolívar 1887: 306; Kirby 1910: 2 [listed in the catalog]; Blackith 1992: 46 [listed in the catalog]; Yin et al. 1996: 866 [listed in the catalog], Otte 1997: 32 [listed in the catalog]. Type species: Mnesarchus scabridus Stål, 1877, by original monotypy. Taxonomic notes. The genus Mnesarchus have been synonymized with Discotettix by Bolívar (1887). Kevan (1966) recognized it as distinct subgenus but later Mnesarchus has been considered a synonym of Discotettix again (Blackith, 1992; Yin et al., 1996; Otte, 1997). The type species is morphologically very different from other Discotettix members and is thus assigned to its own subgenus, Mnesarchus. It can be easily separated from other species of the genus by the set of the following characters: (I) frontal costa bifurcates at the lower margin of the compound eyes (bifurcation is in the lower third of the compound eyes in D. aruanus sp. n., D. belzebuth, D. doriae, D. kirscheyi sp. n., D. selysi, and D. sumatrensis sp. n.), (II) FM present as a low tubercle (developed and elevated in D. aruanus sp. n., D. belzebuth, D. doriae, D. kirscheyi sp. n., D. selysi, and D. sumatrensis sp. n.), (III) MM laterally compressed and elevated (spine-like in D. belzebuth, triangular protrusions in D. sumatrensis sp. n., D. kirscheyi sp. n., while very low in D. aruanus sp. n., D. doriae and D. selysi), (IV) MML low and triangular, compressed elevations (spine-like in D. belzebuth, triangular protrusions in D. sumatrensis sp. n., similarly formed in D. selysi), (V) interscapular area triangular, with large concavity (similarly to D. selysi, and D. sumatrensis sp. n., almost parallel in D. belzebuth), (VI) lateral and humeral carinae strongly toothed (similar to D. belzebuth, granulated in D. selysi, and D. sumatrensis sp. n.), (VII) weak ML (almost absent in D. scabridus, while well visible in other species), (VIII) VL complex, with a few spines (in other species usually with one main spine, and a saw-like margin) and (IX) tegmen more elongated (TL/TW > 5) than in the other species of the genus (TL/TW Composition. The type species of Mnesarchus is the only species presently assigned to this subgenus., Published as part of Skejo, Josip, Pushkar, Taras I., Kasalo, Niko, Pavlović, Marko, Deranja, Maks, Adžić, Karmela, Tan, Ming Kai, Rebrina, Fran, Muhammad, Amira Aqilah, Abdullah, Nurul Ashikin, Japir, Razy, Chung, Arthur Y. C. & Tumbrinck, Josef, 2022, Spiky pygmy devils: revision of the genus Discotettix (Orthoptera: Tetrigidae) and synonymy of Discotettiginae with Scelimeninae, pp. 1-64 in Zootaxa 5217 (1) on page 49, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5217.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7403418, {"references":["Stal, C. (1877) Orthoptera nova ex Insulis Philippinis descripsit. Ofversigt af Kongliga Vetenskaps-Akademiens Forhandlinger, 34 (10), 33 - 58.","Bolivar, I. (1887) Essai sur les Acridiens de la tribu des Tettigidae. Annales de la Societe Entomologique de Belgique, 31, 175 - 313.","Kevan, D. K. (1966) Some Orthoptera-Caelifera from the Philippine, Bismarck and Solomon Islands, with a few interesting records from New Guinea and the Moluccas. Entomologiske Meddelelser, 34, 375 - 420.","Kirby, W. F. (1910) A Synonymic Catalogue of Orthoptera (Orthoptera Saltatoria, Locustidae vel Acridiidae). 3 (2). British Museum (Natural History), London, 674 pp.","Blackith, R. E. (1992) Tetrigidae (Insecta; Orthoptera) of Southeast Asia: Annotated catalogue with partial translated keys and bibliography. Ashford, Wicklow, 248 pp.","Yin, X. - C., Shi, J. & Yin, Z. (1996) Synonymic Catalogue of Grasshoppers and their Allies of the World (Orthoptera: Caelifera). China Forestry Publishing House, Beijing, 1266 pp.","Otte, D. (1997) Tetrigoidea and Tridactyloidea (Orthoptera: Caelifera) and Addenda to OSF. Vols. 1 - 5. Orthoptera Species File, 6, 1 - 261."]}

Discotettix (Discotettix) sumatrensis Skejo, Pushkar et Tumbrinck sp. n. (Figs 30–32) Vernacular name: Sumatran Spiky Pymgy Devil Type locality. Indonesia: Sumatra: Jambi province, 35 km N of Sungai Penuh, NP Kerinci-Seblat, Mt. Kerinci, 1500–2000 m a.s.l. Material examined. Type material. HOLOTYPE: 1&female; Indonesia: Sumatra: Jambi province, 35 km N of Sungai Penuh, NP KerinciSeblat, Mt. Kerinci, 1500–2000 m a.s.l. 8–22.XI.1999. Leg. A.V. Gorochov (Figs 30, 31) (ZISP); PARATYPES: 1&female;, 1&male; Indonesia: Sumatra: Jambi province, 35 km N of Sungai Penuh, NP Kerinci-Seblat, Mt. Kerinci, 1500–2000 m a.s.l. 8–22.XI.1999. Leg. A.V. Gorochov (Figs 30, 31) (ZISP). Type series depository. ZISP: Orthoptera collection of the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences (St. Petersburg), Russia. Additional material. 1&male; Indonesia: Sumatra: Siolak Daras.: Korinchi Valley (= Kerinci) 3100 ft. (= 945 m a.s.l.) III.1914. identified as D. selysi by K. Günther, photographs (Fig. 32) barcode NHMUK012498526 available at https://data.nhm.ac.uk/dataset/56e711e6-c847-4f99-915a-6894bb5c5dea/resource/05ff2255-c38a-40c9-b657- 4ccb55ab2feb/record/8248606 (NHMUK). Etymology. The new species is named sumatrensis (adjective masculine, third, vocal declension) after the type locality, Sumatra Island. Distribution and habitat. The species is currently known only from Mt. Kerinci, Sumatra, the highest vulcano in Indonesia and the Sumatra’s highest peak (above 1500 m). The mountain is surrounded by lush forest. It is an isolated mountain, so there is a chance of D. sumatrensis being a local endemic. Distribution is shown in Fig. 3. Specific diagnosis. The species is morphologically similar to D. kirscheyi sp. n. from Borneo and can be easily distinguished from other species. From D. scabridus the species differs by: (I) frontal costa bifurcates between the eyes, (II) FM well developed, (III) MM triangular and elevated, (IV) MML triangular and elevated, (V) lateral and humeral carinae granulated. The species can be distinguished from D. belzebuth by the following characters: (I) smaller body size, (II) peculiar coloration of antennae with lighter colored segments, (III) antenna with 7 th segment being the widest (not the 8 th as in most of the other species), (IV), pronotum with smaller triangular projections, except the digitate FM, (V) hind femur with large lappets (smaller in D. belzebuth), and (VI) ovipositor generally slenderer than in D. belzebuth. The species differs from D. selysi by (I) peculiar coloration of antennae with lighter colored segments, (II) widened antennal segments narrower than in D. selysi, (III) pronotal disc with numerous triangular protuberances and (IV) large lappets of hind femur (medium sized in D. selysi). The species is similar to D. kirscheyi sp. n. but can be easily distinguished from the mentioned by (I) longer FM, (II) stronger pronotal projections, (III) specialized and colorful antennal segments and (VI) smaller body size. Holotype description. (Figs 30, 31) General features. Medium sized, robust species (body length 11.7–13.5 mm); pronotum granulated and wrinkled, with one digitate FM on anterior margin and numerous triangular protuberances on dorsal and lateral sides.Almost the entire body (except eye, labrum, fore and mid tarsi, second and third segments of hind tarsus, inner side of the hind femur) covered with numerous small tubercles (Figs 31, 32). Macropronotal. Coloration. Body dark brown, almost completely covered by numerous small tubercles with lighter apices. Pronotum dark brown with darker projections and protuberances, tubercle-shaped ML of humeral angles on shoulders lighter. Antenna darkish with yellowish colored apical segments (after widened segments 8 th black with yellowish apex, 9 th yellow, 10 th –13 th black. Maxillary palpi dark brown. The visible part of the tegmen dark brown and without spots. Legs generally dark brown with lighter rings and patches. Fore and mid femora and tibiae dark brown with numerous small tubercles with lighter apices, fore and mid tarsi darkish, second segment with light ring near middle; 1 st tarsal pads whitish, claws brown. Hind femur dark brown with numerous small tubercles with lighter apices. Hind tibia in &female; dark brown with two light rings, one in basal part, and another—in distal third; while in &male; blackish brown, with weak (not distinguishable) light rings. 1 st tarsus of hind leg darkish, with light colored ring near apex, pads whitish; third segment blackish brown with a light ring near the middle, claws brown. Tergites, sternites, epiproct, and cerci dark brown. Head. In dorsal and frontal views, vertex 2.6 times in &male;, 2.5 times in &female; as wide as an eye. Fossula deep. Lateral ocelli situated at the level of the lower margin of the compound eye. In frontal view, frontal costa narrow, bifurcated between the lateral ocelli into a distinctly divergent, finely granulated facial carinae, concave in about the middle of its length, forming sand-clock-shaped scutellum. Frontal costa in &male; 1.6 times, in &female; 1.5 times, wider than antennal groove, 1.25 times in &male;, 1.2 times in &female; as long as antennal groove width. Antennal groove considerably below the lower margin of a compound eye (Fig. 30B). Antenna 13-segmented: scapus (1 st antennomere) and pedicel (2 nd antennomere) massive; basal segments (3 rd to 6 th) dark, elongated and circular in cross-section; central segment 7 th strongly widened and the widest antennal segment (3–3.6 times as long as wide), 8 th segment reduced, weakly pennate, dark, and with yellow apex; apical segment 9 th small, yellow, elongated, and pennate, smaller than the subapical and much larger than the rest of the apical segments; apical segments 10 th to 13 th again dark reduced, small, elongated in comparison to other species of the subgenus, and the borders between them barely visible. Antennomeres 3 rd to 9 th bearing saw-like margins, because of the presence of large basiconic sensilla. Pronotum. Pronotum wrinkled and granulated, covered by numerous small and medium-size tubercles. Posterior process of pronotum extended beyond hind knees for less than half of hind femur length. Disc of the pronotum depressed behind the well-developed shoulder, slightly descending backwards. Pronotum with 6 unpaired projections of variable size on medial carina (large digitate FM and 5 medium-sized medial), 3 pairs of FL projections, 7 pairs of more or less distinct mediolateral, 3 pairs of lateral and 1 pair of VL projections (well seen in profile). Prozona subsquare: prozonal length/width ratio 1.0 in &male;, 1.15 in &female;. Anterior margin of pronotum projected into a large digitate FM protuberance directed mainly forwards than upwards, covering whole vertex above. Prozonal and extralateral carinae in the prozona surpassing the anterior margin of the pronotum as dentiform FL1 and FL2. FL2 more distinct. Downwards, at the anterior margin of the pronotum less developed dentiform FL3. Behind FM medial carina extended along the whole length of the pronotum, with 5 unpaired large and small medial projections (better seen in profile): behind digitate FM, in the prozona, first small triangular PM protuberance. Next large triangular protuberance, between spinae of lateral lobes— MM1, then MM2, MM3 and MM4) protuberances, generally decreasing in size towards apex of pronotal process (sometimes posterior projection almost wanting). Smaller and lower then medial: 7 distinct double triangular MML. Mediolateral projections in the prozona present as more or less distinct PML1 double tubercle as a posterior elongation of prozonal carinae, and on same line PML2 double tubercle near border between prozona and metazona. Small MML1 between the shoulders, and large MML2 projection on the place where most Tetrigidae (Tetriginae) species have a posthumeral spot. Next three— MML3, MML4 and MML5 smaller, decreasing caudad. In the prozona lateral projections present as small double triangular PL1 and PL2 tubercles situated between the sulci on the line joining extralateral and humero-apical carinae. &Iukcy;n metazona, humero-apical carinae forming moderately sharp humeral angle, projected outwards as a small ML tubercle of humeral angle, behind this point joining the external lateral carinae. Apex of posterior pronotal process in dorsal view shallowly excised. Lower part of lateral lobe with serrate anterior and posterior margins, elongated as spine-like VL, directed outwards (Fig. 30A, C, E, F). Wings. Visible part of tegmen slightly elongated, oval with champlevé surface, visible part 3.2 times as long as wide in &male; and 2.9 in &female;; ratio of maximum width of mid femur (without teeth) / visible part of tegmina width 1.6 times in &male; and 1.29 times in &female;. Hind wing almost reaching the apex of the posterior pronotal process (ending 1.2–1.3 mm before it). Legs. Femora robust, compressed laterally, surface from smooth to rough, dorsal and ventral margins roughly serrate. Fore and mid femora bearing one genicular tooth on the knees on each margin, and additionally 3 strong teeth on the upper carina and 2–3 on the lower margin, lower usually smaller than upper; teeth on fore femur equal or smaller than on mid femur. Upper and lower margin of hind femur finely serrated, with 2–3 lappets on each margin, and with numerous small tubercles. Lateral area of hind femur with weak carinae that have 2–3 outgrowths, especially in ventro-external carina. Genicular teeth larger than antegenicular. Fore femur length/width ratio 3.9 in &male; and 3.8 in &female;. Mid femur length/width ratio 4.1 in &male; and 4.2 in &female;. Hind femur length/width ratio 3.0 in &male; and 3.2 in &female;. Both sides of the upper margin of hind tibia finely serrated, additionally with 2–3 outer and 2–3 inner (bit larger) teeth. Abdominal apex. Male subgenital plate in ventral view with shallowly excised apex, 1.4 times as long as wide, in lateral view 2.4 times as long as tall (Fig. 31A, B). Female subgenital plate in ventral view with triangular protrusion in middle of posterior margin. Ovipositor elongated, upper valve 5.0 times as long as wide. Lower valve of ovipositor 6.0 times as long as wide (maximal width) (Fig. 31C, D). Cerci length/width ratio near base 1.8 in &female; and 1.9 in &male;. Measurements (male paratype and female holoype). BL &male; 11.7 mm, &female; 13.5 mm; PnL &male; 12.8 mm, &female; 15.6 mm; PnW &male; 6.63 mm, &female; 7.86 mm; AnL &male; 7.2 mm, &female; 7.2 mm; TL &male; 1.6 mm, &female; 2.0 mm; TW &male; 0.91 mm, &female; 1.1 mm; fFL &male; 3.5 mm, &female; 3.8 mm; fFW &male; 0.89 mm, &female; 1.01 mm; mFL &male; 3.3 mm, &female; 3.8 mm; mFW &male; 0.8 mm, &female; 0.91 mm; hFL &male; 6.4 mm, &female; 7.5 mm; hFW &male; 2.13 mm, &female; 2.49 mm; OvL &female; 2.4 mm; AnL/fFL &male; 2.05, &female; 1.89; VW &male; 1.91 mm, &female; 2.05 mm; EW &male; 0.73 mm, &female; 0.82 mm; VW/EW &male; 2.6, &female; 2.5; SW &male; 0.36 mm, &female; 0.41 mm; AgW &male; 0.23 mm, &female; 0.27 mm; ScW &male; 0.29 mm, &female; 0.23 mm; SW/AgW &male; 1.6, &female; 1.5; SW/ScW &male; 1.25, &female; 1.2; As—L/W &male; 3.6, &female; 3.3; PrzW &male; 4.11 mm, &female; 5.62 mm; PrzL &male; 4.09 mm, &female; 4.91 mm; Prz—W/L &male; 1, &female; 1.15; TL/TW &male; 3.2, &female; 2.9; mFW/TW &male; 1.6, &female; 1.29; fFL/fFW &male; 3.9, &female; 3.8; mFL/mFW &male; 4.1, &female; 4.2; hFL/hFW &male; 3, &female; 3.2; T1L/T3L &male; 1.15, &female; 1.07., Published as part of Skejo, Josip, Pushkar, Taras I., Kasalo, Niko, Pavlović, Marko, Deranja, Maks, Adžić, Karmela, Tan, Ming Kai, Rebrina, Fran, Muhammad, Amira Aqilah, Abdullah, Nurul Ashikin, Japir, Razy, Chung, Arthur Y. C. & Tumbrinck, Josef, 2022, Spiky pygmy devils: revision of the genus Discotettix (Orthoptera: Tetrigidae) and synonymy of Discotettiginae with Scelimeninae, pp. 1-64 in Zootaxa 5217 (1) on pages 44-47, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5217.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7403418

Subfamily Scelimeninae Bolívar, 1887 Discotettiginae: Steinmann 1970, Storozhenko 2013, Tumbrinck 2014, syn. n. Discotettigiae: Hancock 1907a, Hancock 1907b, Willemse 1930, Günther 1938, syn. n. Discotettinae: Otte 1997, Mahmood et al. 2007, syn. n. Discotettigidae: Liang et Zheng 1998, Zheng 2005, Deng et al. 2007, syn. n. Notes. Herewith proposed definition of Scelimeninae is different from recent literature. Bolívar (1887) created the section (now subfamily) to include all Tetrigidae species with outwardly directed spines. Günther (1938) defined two groups within Scelimeninae —1) “Scelimenae verae” to include what are now Scelimeninae, i.e., the genera related to the type genus Scelimena, and 2) “Scelimenae spuriae” to include genera with lateral spines that are not closely related to the genus Scelimena. These “Scelimenae spuriae” are what we know today as tribes Criotettigini and Thoradontini. Kevan (1966) was the one to create the tribes Scelimenini, Thoradontini, Discotettigini, and Criotettigini. Thoradontini and Criotettigini were already then (Kevan 1966) defined as tribes for the taxa from the heterogeneous genera of section “Scelimenae spuriae”. Ad&zcaron;i&cacute; et al. (2020) confirmed the existence of two related tribes, Thoradontini and Criotettigini, which do not belong to Scelimeninae. The current definition of Discotettigini is very different from the Kevan’s (1966) definition, which was unfortunately based on a very partial list of genera by Günther (1955), so it may be regarded as the start of a highly chaotic taxonomy in Otte (1997) and later in Orthoptera Species File (Cigliano et al. 2022). Criotettigini and Thoradontini require revision and might be synonymous. Liang & Zheng (1998) and consequent Chinese authors ignored the taxonomic treatment by Kevan (1966), which we regard as useful, as far as the genera related to the type genus are included in the tribe. Muhammad et al. (2018) provided the most recent treatment for Scelimeninae: Scelimenini, which we follow in this paper. Composition and distribution (sensu Günther 1938, with additions from Muhammad et al. 2018 ). The subfamily currently counts 180 species within 23 genera. The tribe Scelimenini includes amphibious Asian and Papuan taxa with flat pronotum (genera Amphibotettix Hancock, 1906, Euscelimena Günther, 1938, Indoscelimena Günther, 1938, Paramphibotettix Günther, 1938, Platygavialidium Günther, 1938, Scelimena Serville, 1838, Tagaloscelimena Günther, 1938, and Tefrinda Bolívar, 1906), while the tribe Discotettigini stat. resurr. gathers Asian and Papuan corticolous taxa with undulated pronotum (genera Austrohancockia Günther, 1938, Bidentatettix Zheng, 1992, Disconius Skejo, Pushkar et Tumbrinck, gen. n. Discotettix Costa, 1864, Eufalconius Günther, 1938, Gavialidium Saussure, 1862, Gibbotettix Zheng, 1992, Kraengia Bolívar, 1909, Paragavialidium Zheng, 1994, Tegotettix Hancock, 1913). Genera Zhengitettix Liang, 1994, Hebarditettix Günther, 1938, Falconius Bolívar, 1898, and Dengonius Ad&zcaron;i&cacute;, Deranja, Franjevi&cacute; et Skejo, 2020 are of uncertain position within Scelimeninae, while Arulenus Stål, 1877 and Hirrius Bolívar, 1887 do not belong to this subfamily and should be removed from it, thus remaining without subfamily assignment for now., Published as part of Skejo, Josip, Pushkar, Taras I., Kasalo, Niko, Pavlović, Marko, Deranja, Maks, Adžić, Karmela, Tan, Ming Kai, Rebrina, Fran, Muhammad, Amira Aqilah, Abdullah, Nurul Ashikin, Japir, Razy, Chung, Arthur Y. C. & Tumbrinck, Josef, 2022, Spiky pygmy devils: revision of the genus Discotettix (Orthoptera: Tetrigidae) and synonymy of Discotettiginae with Scelimeninae, pp. 1-64 in Zootaxa 5217 (1) on page 9, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5217.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7403418, {"references":["Bolivar, I. (1887) Essai sur les Acridiens de la tribu des Tettigidae. Annales de la Societe Entomologique de Belgique, 31, 175 - 313.","Steinmann, H. (1970) Check-list of the Tetricidae (Orthoptera) of the Oriental faunal region. Acta Zoologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae, 16, 215 - 240.","Storozhenko, S. Y. (2013) Review of the subfamily Tripetalocerinae Bolivar, 1887 (Orthoptera: Tetrigidae). Zootaxa, 3718 (2), 158 - 170. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3718.2.4","Tumbrinck, J. (2014) Taxonomic revision of the Cladonotinae (Orthoptera: Tetrigidae) from the islands of South-East Asia and from Australia, with general remarks to the classification and morphology of the Tetrigidae and descriptions of new genera and species from New Guinea and New Caledonia. In: Telnov, D., Barclay, M. V. L. & Pauwels, O. S. G. (Eds.), Biodiversity, Biogeography and Nature Conservation in Wallacea and New Guinea. Vol. 2. Entomological Society of Latvia, Riga, pp. 345 - 396.","Hancock, J. L. (1907 a) Orthoptera Fam. Acridiidae. Subfam. Tetriginae. Genera Insectorum, 48, 1 - 79.","Hancock, J. L. (1907 b) Studies of the Tetriginae (Orthoptera) in the Oxford University Museum. Transactions of the Entomological Society of London, 1907, 213 - 244. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2311.1907. tb 01760. x","Willemse, C. J. M. (1930) Fauna Sumatrensis (Bijdrage Nr. 62). Preliminary revision of the Acrididae (Orthoptera). Tijdschrift voor Entomologie, 73, 1 - 210.","Gunther, K. (1938) Revision der Acrydiinae, I. Sectiones Tripetalocerae, Discotettigiae, Lophotettigiae, Cleostrateae, Bufonidae, Cladonotae, Scelimenae verae. Mitteilungen aus dem Zoologischen Museum in Berlin, 23, 299 - 437.","Otte, D. (1997) Tetrigoidea and Tridactyloidea (Orthoptera: Caelifera) and Addenda to OSF. Vols. 1 - 5. Orthoptera Species File, 6, 1 - 261.","Mahmood, K., Idris, A. B. & Salmah, Y. (2007) Tetrigidae (Orthoptera: Tetrigoidea) from Malaysia with the description of six new species. Acta Entomologica Sinica, 50 (12), 1272 - 1284.","Liang, G. & Zheng, Z. (1998) Fauna Sinica, Insecta, Orthoptera: Tetrigoidea. Vol. 12. Science Press, Beijing, 278 pp.","Zheng, Z. - M. (2005) Fauna of the Tetrigoidea from Western China. Science Press, Beijing, 501 pp.","Deng, W. - A., Zheng, Z. & Wei, S. - Z. (2007) Fauna of Tetrigoidea from Yunnan and Guangxi. Guangxi Science and Technology Press, Nanning, 458 pp.","Kevan, D. K. (1966) Some Orthoptera-Caelifera from the Philippine, Bismarck and Solomon Islands, with a few interesting records from New Guinea and the Moluccas. Entomologiske Meddelelser, 34, 375 - 420.","Adzic, K., Deranja, M., Franjevic, D. & Skejo, J. (2020) Are Scelimeninae (Orthoptera: Tetrigidae) monophyletic and why it remains a question. Entomological News, 129, 128 - 146. https: // doi. org / 10.3157 / 021.129.0202","Gunther, K. (1955) Uber die Dornschrecken (Orth. Acrid. Tetrigidae) von Sumba und Flores mitfaunenhistorischen Anmerkungen zur Verbreitung einiger Gattungsgruppen der Tetrigidae imsudostasiatischen Inselbereich. Verhandlungen der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft in Basel, 66, 147 - 175.","Cigliano, M. M., Braun, H., Eades, D. C. & Otte, D. (2022) Orthoptera Species File. Version 5.0 / 5.0. Available from: http: // Orthoptera. SpeciesFile. org (accessed 10 August 2022)","Muhammad, A. A., Tan, M. K., Abdullah, N. A., Azirun, M. S., Bhaskar, D. & Skejo, J. (2018) An annotated catalogue of the pygmy grasshoppers of the tribe Scelimenini Bolivar, 1887 (Orthoptera: Tetrigidae) with two new Scelimena species from the Malay Peninsula and Sumatra. Zootaxa, 4485 (1), 1 - 70. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4485.1.1","Hancock, J. L. (1906) Description of new genera and species of the orthopterous tribe Tettigidae. Entomological News, 17, 86 - 91.","Serville, J. G. A. (1838) Histoire naturelle des insectes. Orthopteres. Roret, Paris, 776 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 95609","Bolivar, I. (1906) Rectificaciones y observaciones ortopterologicas. Boletin de la Real Sociedad Espanola de Historia Natural, 6, 384 - 393.","Zheng, Z. - M. (1992) New genera and new species of Tetrigidae (Orthoptera) from Sichuan and Yunnan. Entomotaxonomia, 14 (1), 1 - 7.","Costa, A. (1864) Acquiste fatti durante l-anno 1862. Annuario del Museo zoologico della Universita di Napoli, 2, 8 - 94.","Saussure, H. de (1862) Etudes sur quelques orthopteres du Musee de Geneve. Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France, 1, 469 - 494.","Bolivar, I. (1909) Nouvelles especes d'Acridiens du Musee de Geneve. Boletin de la Real Sociedad Espanola de Historia Natural, 9, 393 - 400.","Zheng, Z. - M. (1994) A new genus and three new species of Scelimenidae from China (Orthoptera: Terigoidea [Tetrigoidea]). Journal of Hubei University (Natural Science), 16 (1), 1 - 5.","Hancock, J. L. (1913) Studies of Tetriginae (Acrydinae) from Sarawak Museum, Borneo. The Sarawak Museum Journal, 1 (3), 39 - 54.","Liang, G. (1994) A new genus and a new species of Scelimenidae from Hainan, China (Orthoptera: Tetrigoidea). Entomological Research, 1, 33 - 34.","Bolivar, I. (1898) Contributions a l'etude des Acridiens especes de la Faune indo et austro-malaisienne du Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova, 39, 66 - 101. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 9541","Stal, C. (1877) Orthoptera nova ex Insulis Philippinis descripsit. Ofversigt af Kongliga Vetenskaps-Akademiens Forhandlinger, 34 (10), 33 - 58."]}

Genus Disconius Skejo, Pushkar et Tumbrinck gen. n. Type species: Discotettix shelfordi Hancock, 1907 (= Disconius shelfordi comb. n.). Justification for the establishment of the new genus. Head and pronotum morphology of Disconius shelfordi comb. n. differs too widely from other Discotettix species for it to be regarded as a member of the latter genus, so a new monotypic genus is established for this species, Disconius Skejo, Pushkar et Tumbrinck gen. n. Fastigial horns are lower, while the bifurcation of the frontal costa, lateral ocelli and antennal grooves have a much higher position than in any Discotettix species. Unlike FM and high pronotal projections in Discotettix, Disconius gen. n. lacks elevated FM (present as a small tubercle on the anterior pronotal margin); FL1 and FL3 are not strongly projected forwards as in Discotettix, and the strongest projections are ML of the shoulders area (similar to Tegotettix). The new genus is assigned to the subfamily Scelimeninae and to the tribe Discotettigini stat. resurr. on the basis of the width of the vertex (wide) and the weak elevation of the lateral carinae of the vertex; the typical arrangement of the pronotal projections (FM, MM, MML, ML); armed femora; and not widened hind tibiae and tarsi. The new genus is similar and likely related to the genera Tegotettix and Discotettx, but also superficially resembles Falconius. From Tegotettix and Falconius it can be easily distinguished by widened antennal segments, while from Discotettix, to which it was formerly assigned, it can be distinguished by a number of characteristics stated above. Molecular and comprehensive morphometric comparison of Disconius shelfordi comb. n. with large series of Discotettix, Tegotettix, and Falconius specimens is needed in the future, to elucidate the evolution of this curious taxon. Composition and distribution. A monotypic genus, including only Disconius shelfordi (Hancock, 1907) comb. n., known only from northern Borneo. Etymology. Because of the former taxonomic placement within Discotettix, and because of the superficial similarity to certain members of the genus Falconius due to its slender appearance and the shape of the pronotal projections, the names of two genera were combined into Disconius, meaning that this is both Discotettix -like and Falconius -like genus. Differential diagnosis. For the comparison with Discotettix, from which Disconius gen. n. has been removed, see the justification above, as well as the diagnosis of the genus Discotettix. From the genus Tegotettix (including T. armatus and T. bufocrocodil) the genus can be separated by head morphology — lateral ocelli positioned higher, frontal costa short before the bifurcation, vertex not bearing high horns, antennae with widened subapical antennal segments, and tibiae not armed. From the genus Falconius, Disconius gen. n. can be separated by the arrangement of the pronotal projections, the lack of flattened hind tarsi, and by widened apical segments of the antennae. Description. Head. Frontal costa bifurcation between the compound eyes; scutellum narrower than scapus; upper margin of the antennal groove above the lower margins of the compound eye; lateral (paired) ocelli between the compound eyes; eyes protruded above the vertex Antennae 15-segmented (1 st scapus; 2 nd pedicel; basal 3 rd –7 th elongated; central or subapical 8 th weakly compressed, 9 th elongated and strongly compressed; 10 th compressed; apical segment 11 th small; apical 12 th –15 th reduced, smooth and cylindrical). Vertex wider than a compound eye. Lateral carinae of the vertex in frontal view weakly elevated, medial carina of the vertex visible, anterior margin of the vertex slightly indrawn. Pronotum. Body robust, the ratio of the humeral angles’ width to the prozonal width more than 3.5. Anterior margin of the pronotum truncated or slightly excised, without strongly elevated FM; prozonal carinae distinct and parallel; extralateral carinae strong, with FL2 as a small elevation; FL3 weak; medial carina continuous along all the pronotum, tuberculated; MM high compressed elevations; PMLs and MMLs distinct; MML2 well developed as a high tubercle; ML triangular protrusion with a tubercle on its tip; interhumeral carinae distinct; interscapular area distinct and with parallel margins; lateral area as wide as the interscapular area; humero-apical, humeral, and lateral carinae with triangular or spine-like projections; VL protruded as a weak spine; paranota triangular; dorsum of the pronotum without Discotettix — characteristic net-like elevations, but still rough. Legs. Fore and mid femora carinated above, armed with a few small teeth on the dorsal and ventral margins; the dorsal margin of hind femora strongly armed; ventral margin with undulated carinae; the external surface of the hind femora with recognizable transverse ridges; hind tibia finely, densely serrate with numerous small teeth, but without large teeth; distal part of the hind tibia slightly widened, proximal tarsal segment slightly widened; first and the third tarsal segments of the hind legs almost equal in length; pulvilli typical for Scelimenini —first two angular and the third obtuse., Published as part of Skejo, Josip, Pushkar, Taras I., Kasalo, Niko, Pavlović, Marko, Deranja, Maks, Adžić, Karmela, Tan, Ming Kai, Rebrina, Fran, Muhammad, Amira Aqilah, Abdullah, Nurul Ashikin, Japir, Razy, Chung, Arthur Y. C. & Tumbrinck, Josef, 2022, Spiky pygmy devils: revision of the genus Discotettix (Orthoptera: Tetrigidae) and synonymy of Discotettiginae with Scelimeninae, pp. 1-64 in Zootaxa 5217 (1) on pages 52-53, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5217.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7403418

Being the northernmost Mediterranean bay, the Adriatic Sea has evolved into a unique biogeographic unit. The region covers eastern Italy in the west, and Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia & Herzegovina, Montenegro, and Albania in the east. Only 13000 years ago, the Adriatic was a large valley with many mountains, whose highlands and peaks today represent islands and coasts. A lot of relict species, such as Epacromius coerulipes and E. tergestinus, have witnessed the formation of the Adriatic Sea by great post-glacial floods. Cycles of drying up and flooding were the signature events which shaped the biogeographical patterns of the Adriatic grasshoppers and crickets. Examples of unusually fragmented distributions include species with distinct northern and southern subpopulations (e.g., Andreiniimon nuptialis and Barbitistes ocskayi), and those with distinct eastern (Apennine) and western (Balkan) subpopulations, such as Barbitistes yersini, Platycleis escalerai, Poecilimon jonicus, or the complex of brachypterous Tesellana species (T. carinata, T. orina, T. nigrosignata). Furthermore, this area is characterized by endemic species, such as Barbitistes kaltenbachi, Bicolorana kraussi, Pseudoprumna baldensis, Rhacocleis buchichii, R. japygia, Roeseliana brunneri, Uromenus dyrrhachiacus, and Zeuneriana marmorata. These distributional patterns can, naturally, be explained by geological events in the Adriatic basin. Starting with the formation of Paratethys Ocean ~34 mya, through the Messinian salinity crisis ~5, 96 mya, the Zanclean flood ~5, 33 mya, decreasing sea level during the last glacial period, and another flood in the Adriatic basin as a consequence of ice melting which started around ~18 000 years ago, many events conditioned the current distribution patterns of the Adriatic Orthoptera. Correct timing of species divergences is important for the interpretation of speciation during the aforementioned events. For now, only a few case studies on trans-Adriatic taxa have been published. Examples of the known cases are the speciation in Troglophilus and Eupholidoptera, which took place ~5-3 mya and a few hundred thousand years ago, respectively. The most recent divergences, such as those of the subpopulations of B. yersini or P. jonicus, probably occurred after the last glaciation, whereas the older ones occurred after the Messinian salinity crisis (during the Zanclean flood). The oldest relicts originate from the period of the Paratethys Ocean formation. In order to better understand the history of speciation in the Adriatic, phylogeographic studies are planned, while biogeographic analyses are currently taking place.

In 2018, the first annotated checklist of Croatian crickets and grasshoppers (Orthoptera: Ensifera, Caelifera) was published. This publication provided insight into the diversity of local orthopteran fauna and served as a basis for future taxonomic, biogeographical and ecological research on these insects. Inhabited by 187 orthopteran species, 105 ensiferans and 82 caeliferans, Croatia is among the richest European countries when it comes to Orthoptera diversity. Nevertheless, as many as 27 species inhabiting the country are under or near the threat of extinction, according to the IUCN European Red List. Among them are stenoendemics Stenobothrus croaticus (Critically Endangered), Barbitistes kaltenbachi (Endangered) and Rhacocleis buchichii (Vulnerable). Accordingly, there is an objective need for the publication of the Red Book of Croatian grasshoppers and crickets, in order to evaluate the IUCN status of orthopteran species at the national level. By bringing together the existing and new, yet unpublished data on their distribution, ecology and threats, this book would be the first publication dedicated exclusively to threatened orthopteran species inhabiting Croatia. Supplemented by distribution maps and quality photos of the species and their habitats, it would be a valuable source of information for specialists and the general public alike.

Ovaj je diplomski rad sveobuhvatni faunistički pregled monaških skakavaca (Orthoptera: Tetrigidae) poluotočnog dijela Malezije. Do sada je ta regija službeno brojala samo 15 vrsta i jednu podvrstu ove porodice, što je vrlo nizak broj u usporedbi s okolnim zemljama. Nakon proučavanja sve dostupne literature značajne za ovu temu i dostupnih uzoraka jedinki iz kolekcija i pronađenih na terenskim istraživanjima, pronađeno je sveukupno 54 vrsta za poluotočnu Maleziju. Od toga su 33 vrste podržane uzorcima koji se nalaze u kolekcijama tamošnjih fakulteta, dok se preostala 21 vrsta treba dodatno proučiti kako bi se ustanovio njihov status. U radu su sve proučene vrste predstavljene fotografijama uzoraka i dodatno detaljno opisane te se daje usporedba sa srodnim vrstama. Za svaku su proučenu vrstu dani dodatni komentari o staništu, ekologiji, rasprostranjenosti, mogućim pogreškama u determinaciji i nedostacima u kolekcijama uzoraka koji služe kao temelj za daljnja istraživanja ove porodice u regiji. This thesis is a comprehensive faunistic overview on pygmy grasshoppers (Orthoptera: Tetrigidae) fauna of Peninsular Malaysia. Until now, the region officially counted only 15 species and 1 subspecies of this family, a very small number when compared to neighbouring countries. By examining all available literature, existing specimens collections, and additional fieldwork research, a total of 54 species is listed for Peninsular Malaysia. Out of those, specimens of 33 species are deposited at local universities, while remaining 21 species need additional research for confirmation of their current status. All examined species are represented with specimen photographs and described in detail along with comparison to morphologically close species. Additional comments are given for each examined species on the subject of its habitat, ecology, distribution, possible misidentifications, and insufficiencies in specimen collections, all serving as basis for future research of this family in the region.

III) Horned Sri-Lankan twighopper Cladonotus turrifer Walker, 1871 Cladonotus turrifer: Walker, 1871: 843, Kirby 1910: 9, 1914: 18, Hancock 1915: 62, G��nther 1938: 411, Blackith 1992: 22. Distribution. Sri Lanka, no locality data (Figure 3, marked with ���?���). Habitat. Likely rainforest. Notes. The holotype originated from an unknown locality (Walker 1871). Since then the species has never been reported, and its distribution remains completely unknown., Published as part of Tumbrinck, Josef, Deranja, Maks, Ad��i��, Karmela, Pavlovi��, Marko & Skejo, Josip, 2020, Cockscomb-shaped twighopper, Cladonotus bhaskari sp. n., a new and rare pygmy grasshopper species from Sri Lanka (Orthoptera: Tetrigidae: Cladonotinae), pp. 333-342 in Zootaxa 4821 (2) on page 337, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4821.2.5, http://zenodo.org/record/4398711, {"references":["Walker, F. (1871) Catalogue of the Specimens of Dermaptera Saltatoria in the Collection of the British Museum. Vol. 5. Department of Zoology, British Museum (Natural History), London, pp. 811 - 850.","Kirby, W. F. (1910) A Synonymic Catalogue of Orthoptera (Orthoptera Saltatoria, Locustidae vel Acridiidae). The Trustees of the British Museum, London, 674 pp.","Kirby, W. F. (1914) Fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma. Orthoptera (Acrididae). Taylor & Francis, London, 276 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 109305","Hancock, J. L. (1915) V. Indian Tetriginae (Acrydiinae). Records of the Indian Museum, 11, 55 - 137.","Gunther, K. (1938) Revision der Acrydiinae, I. Sectiones Tripetalocerae, Discotettigiae, Lophotettigiae, Cleostratae, Bufonidae, Cladonotae, Scelimenae verae. Mitteilungen aus dem zoologischen Museum in Berlin, 23 (2), 299 - 437.","Blackith, R. E. (1992) Tetrigidae (Insecta; Orthoptera) of Southeast Asia: Annotated catalogue with partial translated keys and bibliography. JAPAGA Press, Dublin, 248 pp., key LI-LIV."]}

I) Decurved Sri-Lankan twighopper, Cladonotus humbertianus (Saussure, 1862) Tettix (Cladonotus) humbertianus: Saussure, 1862: 478. Cladonotus humbertianus: Walker 1871: 842, Bol��var 1887: 209, Hancock 1904: 113, 1907: 16, 1915: 62, Kirby 1910: 9, 1914: 17, Sandrasagara 1950: 136, Blackith 1992: 22, Hollier 2013: 211. Distribution. Sri Lanka: Peradeniya (see Table 1), Trincomalee (N8.594306, E81.167916) (Saussure 1862), Kandy (for coordinates see Table 1), Gammaduwa: Mavusakanda (= probably Mousakanda Estate) (N7.568020, E80.696309) (Sandrasagara 1950). Habitat. Rainforests. Notes. The decurved Sri-Lankan twighopper has been reported once (Sandrasagara 1950) since the description (Saussure 1862). Syntypes were collected more than 150 years ago, around Peradeniya and Trincomalee (Saussure 1862). In the original description, Saussure (1862) placed this species in the genus Tettix Charp., newly founded subgenus Cladonotus. Because the original combination was Tettix (Cladonotus) humbertianus, the author should be written in brackets according to Article 51.3. of the International Code of the Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN 1999). Besides the type material (MHNG), there are a few specimens of this species in the Colombo Museum, Sri Lanka (Sandrasagara 1950), which should be studied and digitalized in future., Published as part of Tumbrinck, Josef, Deranja, Maks, Ad��i��, Karmela, Pavlovi��, Marko & Skejo, Josip, 2020, Cockscomb-shaped twighopper, Cladonotus bhaskari sp. n., a new and rare pygmy grasshopper species from Sri Lanka (Orthoptera: Tetrigidae: Cladonotinae), pp. 333-342 in Zootaxa 4821 (2) on page 337, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4821.2.5, http://zenodo.org/record/4398711, {"references":["Saussure, H. de ([1862] 1861) Etudes sur quelques orthopteres du Musee de Geneve. Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France, 4 (1), 469 - 494.","Walker, F. (1871) Catalogue of the Specimens of Dermaptera Saltatoria in the Collection of the British Museum. Vol. 5. Department of Zoology, British Museum (Natural History), London, pp. 811 - 850.","Bolivar, I. (1887) Essai sur les Acridiens de la tribu des Tettigidae. Annales de la Societe Entomologique de Belgique, 31, 175 - 313, pls. 4 - 5","Hancock, J. L. (1904) The Tettigidae of Ceylon. Spolia Zeylanica, 2, 97 - 157.","Hancock, J. L. (1907) Orthoptera Fam. Acridiidae. Subfam. Tetriginae. Genera Insectorum, 48, 1 - 79, pls. 1 - 4.","Hancock, J. L. (1915) V. Indian Tetriginae (Acrydiinae). Records of the Indian Museum, 11, 55 - 137.","Kirby, W. F. (1910) A Synonymic Catalogue of Orthoptera (Orthoptera Saltatoria, Locustidae vel Acridiidae). The Trustees of the British Museum, London, 674 pp.","Kirby, W. F. (1914) Fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma. Orthoptera (Acrididae). Taylor & Francis, London, 276 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 109305","Blackith, R. E. (1992) Tetrigidae (Insecta; Orthoptera) of Southeast Asia: Annotated catalogue with partial translated keys and bibliography. JAPAGA Press, Dublin, 248 pp., key LI-LIV.","Hollier, J. (2013) An annotated list of the Orthoptera (Insecta) species described by Henri de Saussure, with an account of the primary type material housed in the Museum d'histoire naturelle de Geneve. Part 4: The Acridomorpha excluding the su- perfamily Acridoidea. Revue Suisse de Zoologie, 120 (2), 203 - 219.","ICZN [International Commission on the Zoological Nomenclature] (1999) International code of zoological nomenclature. International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature, London, 304 pp."]}

II) Lamellate Sri-Lankan twighopper, Cladonotus latiramus Hancock, 1904 Cladonotus latiramus: Hancock, 1904: 107, 113, 114, 1907: 16, 1915: 62, Kirby 1910: 9, 1914: 19, G��nther 1938: 411, Sandrasagara 1950: 136, Otte 1979: 39, Blackith 1992: 22. Distribution. Central region of Sri Lanka: Kandy (for coordinates see Table 1, for the map see Figure 3). Habitat. Rainforest. Notes. Lamellate Sri-Lankan twighopper has been reported once since the description (Sandrasagara 1950), also from the type locality���Kandy (Hancock 1904). Specimen(s) in the Colombo Museum, Sri Lanka (Sandrasagara 1950) should be studied and digitalized., Published as part of Tumbrinck, Josef, Deranja, Maks, Ad��i��, Karmela, Pavlovi��, Marko & Skejo, Josip, 2020, Cockscomb-shaped twighopper, Cladonotus bhaskari sp. n., a new and rare pygmy grasshopper species from Sri Lanka (Orthoptera: Tetrigidae: Cladonotinae), pp. 333-342 in Zootaxa 4821 (2) on page 337, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4821.2.5, http://zenodo.org/record/4398711, {"references":["Hancock, J. L. (1904) The Tettigidae of Ceylon. Spolia Zeylanica, 2, 97 - 157.","Kirby, W. F. (1910) A Synonymic Catalogue of Orthoptera (Orthoptera Saltatoria, Locustidae vel Acridiidae). The Trustees of the British Museum, London, 674 pp.","Kirby, W. F. (1914) Fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma. Orthoptera (Acrididae). Taylor & Francis, London, 276 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 109305","Gunther, K. (1938) Revision der Acrydiinae, I. Sectiones Tripetalocerae, Discotettigiae, Lophotettigiae, Cleostratae, Bufonidae, Cladonotae, Scelimenae verae. Mitteilungen aus dem zoologischen Museum in Berlin, 23 (2), 299 - 437.","Otte, D. (1979 [1978]) The primary types of Orthoptera (Saltatoria, Blattodea, Phasmatodea, and Mantodea) at the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 130, 26 - 87.","Blackith, R. E. (1992) Tetrigidae (Insecta; Orthoptera) of Southeast Asia: Annotated catalogue with partial translated keys and bibliography. JAPAGA Press, Dublin, 248 pp., key LI-LIV."]}

IV) Cockscomb-shaped twighopper, Cladonotus bhaskari sp. n. (for the photo of the holotype in natural habitat see Figure 1, for dry holotype deposited in the museum collection see Figure 2, and for the distribution please refer to Figure 3). Type series information. 1 holotype female SRI LANKA: Sabaragamawa: Sinharaja rainforest (N6.379331, E80.470206) leg. T. Kirschey 19.XI.2016. (ZFMK). The holotype is deposited in Museum Koenig in Bonn, Germany (ZFMK). Type locality and distribution. Known only from a single female (holotype) from the type locality—SRI LANKA: Sabaragamawa: Sinharaja rainforest (N6.379331, E80.470206). The species inhabits rainforests. Etymology. The species is named in honor of Dhanesh Bhaskar, our colleague and friend from Kerala, India, who is a specialist in grasshoppers (especially pygmy grasshoppers) of the Western Ghats. Mr. Bhaskar has hitherto described one new Tettilobus species. The specific epitheton is noun of the second Latin declension in genitive case; derived from the surname ‘Bhaskar’, the name of Dhaneesh’s father, in Latin declension ‘N bhaskarus, G bhaskari ’. Specific diagnosis (for comparison see Table 2, Table 3, and Figure 3). This species is easily separated from its congeners by its unique pronotal morphology. Unlike C. humbertianus and C. turrifer, C. bhaskari sp. n. has straight promedial projection; unlike C. turrifer and C. latiramus, C. bhaskari sp. n. has shorter promedial projection; unlike C. humbertianus and C. latiramus, C. bhaskari sp. n. has long frontomedial projection; and finally, unlike any other species, in C. bhaskari sp. n. promedial projection starts as a narrow protuberance, and then suddenly widens into an axe-shaped/a cockscomb-shaped apex (see Figure 2A). For measurements please refer to the Table 3. Holotype description (female). General appearance (Figure 1, Figure 2). Holotype of C. bhaskari sp. n. is the largest known specimen of the genus Cladonotus, what could be due to the fact this is the only known female. Female pygmy grasshoppers are larger than males. Body is robust, dark in coloration, dark brown in the living specimen, while pale brown when the specimen is dried. Whole body—head, pronotum and legs—covered in fine and minute spine-like tubercles (Figure 1, Figure 2). Pronotum bears two black spots behind the shoulders. Head (Figure 2E) is, like the rest of the body, very spiky. Vertex is 1.9 times as wide as a compound eye, covered in numerous granules, and has truncated frontal margin. Median carina is short and indistinct; lateral and transverse carinae weakly elevated. In the lateral view, the vertex between the eyes cannot be seen, because of the prominence of the compound eyes, while in the frontal view the median part of the vertex raises above the level of the dorsal margin of the compound eyes, and is indeed the highest part of the fastigium. Frontal costa runs long before the bifurcation, which is positioned just between the compound eyes and bears a few prominent spines, two of which can be observed in the lateral view (Figure 2A). Facial carinae run after the bifurcation in strongly divergent fashion, with two concavities, and are strongly widened ventrad, forming a wide scutellum. Pronotum. Pronotum of this species is unique within the genus. The whole anterior part of the pronotum stands about 0.2 mm higher than the posterior part. All the carinae are covered in tubercles and spines. Anterior margin of the pronotum bears a few strong spines (Figure 2A) and projects before the head in a spine-like fashion. In the lateral view, the anterior margin (also known as the frontomedial projection or FM) surpasses the frontmost part of the frontal costa by 0.35 mm. The highest and the largest projection on the pronotum, as in the other species of the genus, is certainly the promedial projection. It is in this species partially fused with frontomedial projection, forming one L-shaped meta-projection. Promedial projection starts in the dorsum, about 1 mm behind the eyes, as a narrow projection, and in its narrowest part measures 0.5 mm, while some 1.8 mm from the apex, it suddenly widens and measures 2.0 mm in its widest part. The tip of the projection has a cockscomb shape, with five evident apices (Fig. 2A). Promedial projection of this species strongly differs from those reported in other species of the genus. Shoulders are not armed with teeth or projections, except the fine spines present in all the pronotal carinae. Median carina is continuous and equipped with evident spines along its entire length. Median carina is the carina projected into frontal and promedian spine. Depression is present behind the shoulders, where the black dots are situated. Pronotum has a weakly bilobate, truncated apex, on each corner of which there is one large spine, pale colored and with dark apex. Tegminal sinus absent. Infrascapular area long and wide. Ventral sinus deep and evident. Paranota of the pronotum granulated and carinated.Apices of the lateral lobes of the paranota in dorsal view projected outwards and armed with serrated ventrolateral projections. Wings. Tegmina, the fore wings, and alae, the hind wings, are not visible. In order to check this character, we would need to remove pronotum from the specimen and uncover the thorax. Because we have a single specimen this is not possible. Wings are probably completely reduced and, if present, covered by the infrascapular area of the pronotum (probably the apterous or the vestigial type in Zha et al. 2020). Fore legs (Figure 2B). Femora stout and with very spiky surface; bearing strong spines on the dorsal and ventral margins, two of which are especially evident on each of the margins. Tibiae dark with two pale rings, equipped with minute spines. Tarsi. Proximal tarsal segment short and pale colored. Distal long, dark and with a pale ring, bearing pale colored claws at the tip. Mid legs (Figure 2B). Similar to fore legs, except there is a long spine just at the knee of the mid femur. Hind legs (Figure 2B, 2C). Femora robust, 2.7 times as long as wide; ventral margin with minute teeth; dorsal margin with three toothed plates (lappets), of which one is antegenicular tooth. Genicular teeth smaller, but also armoured with saw-like teeth. Outer surface equipped with three prominent spines armoured with minute teeth. Hind tibiae dark, bearing 5-7 spines on the dorsal margins. Hind tarsi. First and third segments elongated, subequal in length. First and second pulvilli of the proximal segment angular and equal in size, third pulvillus elongated, two times as long as previous one, but with smoother apex (Figure 2D). Abdomen (Figure 2B). Dark, almost black, and so is the ovipositor. Parts of the abdomen are covered in rough integument, while other parts are smooth. Dorsal and ventral valvulae elongated. Cerci black and smooth. Teeth on the dorsal and ventral valvulae evident, minute. Male not known. This species is described from a female holotype only. Based on the size in other species (Table 3), male is probably slightly smaller in size.

The paper describes a new species of a Sri Lankan twighopper, genus Cladonotus Saussure, 1862 (Orthoptera: Tetrigidae: Cladonotini), C. bhaskari sp. n., based on a single female specimen collected and photographed by T. Kirschey in 2016 in Sinharaja rainforest (SW Sri Lanka). The new species is clearly distinguished from other species of the genus by its long and spine-like frontomedial projection and cockscomb-shaped promedial projection. Species of this genus resemble tiny twigs, hence the name ‘twighopper’. Our new specimen is the first known female of the genus, and we also present the first photograph of the member of this genus in the natural habitat. An annotated identification key for the Cladonotus species is provided. Furthermore, we synonymize genus Hypsaeus Bolívar, 1887 syn. nov. with Hymenotes Westwood, 1837, based on the pronotal variability of the leaf-like pygmy grasshoppers in the Philippines and introduce one new combination—Hymenotes westwoodi (Bolívar, 1887) comb. nov..