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Herbal medicines have been used for disease prevention and treatment for both humans and animals worldwide. The present study was designed to determine the herbs used during pregnancy in Jos and to evaluate attitudes of pregnant women. The survey was carried out in antenatal clinics. Information was obtained from pregnant women (17-60 years) through both informal, unstructured conversations and the use of structured questionnaire. Botanical data were focused on the name and part of the herbs or plant used during pregnancy including herbs, herbal preparations and finished products having medicinal properties. In total, 300 pregnant women were enrolled for this study. The respondents were farmers (33.3 %), housewives (26.7%) and students (23.3 %). The most commonly used herbs were, garlic (16.7 %), pawpaw (13.6 %), ginger (13.0 %) and Moringa (8.0 %). Among the parts, bulb was the most used (16.7 %) followed by fruits (14 %). The most common reasons for the use were: herbal medicine is more effective than conventional medicine for some medications (20 %) and more easily accessed than conventional medicine (20 %). Most of the women were advised by family (31.3 %) and believed herbs had fewer side effects. The findings revealed their knowledge on medicinal plants. The women used one or more herbal medicine during pregnancy. Keywords: Pregnant women; Herbal medicine; Medicinal plants; Jos; Nigeria

Global Tuberculosis (TB) control is facing major challenges such as occurrence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) and extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis (XDR). The current TB drugs are getting less effective and associated with side effects limiting their use, especially with MDR and XDR infected patients. In Mali, many medicinal plants are used against various diseases including bacterial infections. The study aimed at studying the antimycobacterial activities of 60 extracts from 22 Malian medicinal. The antibacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv was assessed employing micro-broth dilution method. Out of 60 extracts evaluated, eleven from nine different plants were found to be active against H37Rv strain. The minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) ranked from 125 μg/mL to 1250 μg/mL. The most active extracts (125 μg/mL) were represented by ethanolic extract of Saba senegalensis and Vitellaria paradoxa leaves, dichloromethane extract of Cola cordifolia leaves, Strychnos spinosa and Ximenia Americana roots. Ethanolic extract of Zizyphus mauritiana, Guiera senegalensis and methanolic extract of Anthocleista djalonensis also prevented the growth of H37Rv at 250 μg/mL. The results suggest that Saba senegalensis, Vitellaria paradoxa, Cola cordifolia, Strychnos spinosa and Ximenia Americana could be potential sources of antimycobacterial molecules

Dans le cadre de contribuer à la prise en charge symptomatique des affections respiratoires pouvant se manifester pendant la Covid-19, la présente étude a été entreprise pour recenser les plantes médicinales Africaines actives contre ces manifestations. Une étude bibliographique a été effectuée pour recenser les espèces végétales utilisées dans la prise en charge des maladies respiratoires en Afrique de l’Ouest. La fréquence de citation et un score de convergence d’usage des espèces ont été également calculés. Un total de 318 recettes issues de 145 espèces végétales a été inventorié à travers différentes publications. Guiera senegalensis, Sterculia setigera, Bridelia ferruginea, Euphorbia hirta et Terminalia avicennioides étaient les plantes les plus citées avec les meilleurs scores de convergence d’usage. Les feuilles de ces espèces étaient les plus citées tandis que la toux était la plus indiquée. Les résultats de cette étude pourraient servir de base de données des espèces végétales utilisées dans la prise en charge des maladies du tractus respiratoire en Afrique de l’ouest.Mots clés : Plantes médicinales, Affections respiratoires, Covid-19, Afrique de l’Ouest. English Title: Medicinal plants from West Africa for the management of respiratory diseases that may appear during the Covid-19 As part of contributing to the symptomatic management of respiratory conditions that may manifest during Covid-19, the current study was undertaken to identify African medicinal plants active against these manifestations. A bibliographic study was carried out to identify the plant species used in the management of respiratory diseases in West Africa. The frequency of citation and a convergence score for the use of the species were also calculated. A total of 318 recipes from 145 plant species were inventoried through various publications. Guiera senegalensis, Sterculia setigera, Bridelia ferruginea, Euphorbia hirta and Terminalia avicennioides were the most cited plants with the best usage convergence scores. Leaves from these species were most cited while the cough was more indicated. The results of this study could serve as a database of plant species used in the management of respiratory tract diseases in West Africa.Keywords: Medicinal plants, Respiratory Affections, Covid-19, West Africa.

Medicinal plants used against malaria in Mali have previously been tested for their antiplasmodial activities using their organic solvent and water extracts. As the healers mainly use the water extracts for their treatments of malaria-patients, our aim was to study the water-soluble components from Malian plants used for treatment of malaria. Argemone mexicana (aerial parts), Sarcocephalus latifolius (root bark), Vitex doniana (leaves), and Malarial-5® (an improved traditional medicine (ITM) in tea) were the objects of our studies. Water extracts of these plants contained primarily polysaccharides. Due to this, the studies focused on the determination of the monosaccharide composition of the polymers present as well as assessing the immunomodulatory properties of the polysaccharide fractions isolated from these plants. Each plant material was extracted sequentially with dichloromethane, 80% ethanol and water at 100°C. The polysaccharides were obtained using gel filtration of the aqueous extracts and their monosaccharide compositions were determined using gas chromatography. Immunomodulatory effects were assessed using the complement fixation test and macrophage stimulation. All aqueous extracts from the four samples contained polysaccharides. The monosaccharide compositions vary between the plants. Arabinose, rhamnose, galactose, glucose and galacturonic acid were present in all samples, glucose being the main monomer. These polysaccharides showed complement fixing activity and induced nitrite oxide release from macrophages in a dose dependent manner. The polysaccharide fractions of A. mexicana (Am1) and V. doniana (Vd1) showed the most potent activities. These two fractions had an ICH50 of 2.4 and 6.3 μg/mL respectively in the complement fixation assay. The same two fractions induced a dose dependent release of nitrite oxide from macrophages. The results demonstrated that antimalarial plants contain polysaccharides with immunomodulatory properties. This preliminary work constitutes a new approach of antimalarial studies. Key words: Polysaccharides, immunomodulatory effects, antimalarial plants, Mali.

In Mali, improved traditional medicines [“Médicaments Traditionnels Améliorés”] are prepared from traditionally used medicinal plants. Recently, the Department of Traditional Medicine has identified Terminalia macroptera Guill. & Perr. (Combretaceae) as a potential candidate for an improved traditional medicine. T. macroptera is a West African medicinal plant used in Mali against various health disorders, with more than 30 different indications mentioned by traditional healers, including hepatitis, gonorrhea, fever, pain relief, and various infectious diseases (Helicobacter pylori-associated diseases). To date, validation of most of the biological activities of has been mainly carried out in vitro, except for antimalarial activities. In this study, the potential anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, analgesic, and hepatoprotective properties of T. macroptera were investigated in different murine models. Administration of T. macroptera ethanolic root and leaf extracts in rats significantly reduced pyrexia, pain, inflammation, and hepatic marker enzymes such as alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, and alkaline phosphatase in the different murine models used (p

Le diabète est une maladie endocrinienne qui touche 2% de la population mondiale. L’objectif du présent travail était d’évaluerl’activité antihyperglycémiante des extraits aqueux des écorces de racines de Zizyphus mauritiana et des feuilles de Zizyphusmuronata. Nous avons utilisé 10 lapins repartis en quatre lots: le lot essai 1 de 3 lapins a reçu 8mg/kg du décocté aqueux des écorcesde racines de Zizyphus mauritiana; le lot essai 2 de 3 lapins a reçu 8mg/kg du décocté aqueux des feuilles de Zizyphus mucronata;le lot témoin de 2 lapins a reçu 1ml/kg d’eau distillée et le lot de référence de 2 lapins a reçu 22,1mg/kg de Metformine 500mg.Les animaux ont été rendus diabétiques par surcharge de glucose 30mn après l’admistration de l’eau distillée, des extraits et de laMetformine. Toutes les substances ont été administrées par voie orale. L’évaluation de l’activité a été faite sur des prélèvementssanguins aux temps T0, T30, T90, T120 et T180. Dans l’ensemble les extraits ont réduit l’hyperglycémie. Cependant l’extrait des écorcesde racines de Zizyphus mauritiana a donné la meilleure activité avec des réductions de 53,49% et 53,6% respectivement à T90 et àT180 alors que les feuilles de Zizyphus mucronata ont donné 14,09% et 29,44% de réductions respectivement aux mêmes temps.Ces résultats montrent que Zizyphus mauritiana et Zizyphus mucronata ont des propriétés antihyperglycémiantes. Cela pourraitjustifier leur utilisation en médecine traditionnelle pour la prise en charge du diabète.

Contexte : Selon les resultats d’une enquete menee dans differentes zones ecologiques et culturelles au Sud du Mali, beaucoup de plantes medicinales sont utilisees dans la prise charge du paludisme chez les enfants, dont Annona senegalensis, Flueggea virosa, Gymnosporia senegalensis et Vitex doniana. Nous avons approfondi les etudes sur la composition phytochimique, la securite d’emplois et les activites contre les symptomes du paludisme. Objectifs : Caracteriser les metabolites secondaires, determiner la toxicite aigue, verifier l’activite hemolytique et evaluer les proprietes antalgiques, antipyretiques et antiinflammatoires des quatre plantes. Methodologie : La composition phytochimique a ete determinee par des reactions colorees en tube. L’activite hemolytique a ete evaluee par CCM, revelee par le sang humain. La toxicite aigue et les activites biologiques ont ete determinees in vivo chez les souris et les rats. Resultats : Les coumarines, sterols, tri terpenes, tanins et flavonoides ont ete caracterises dans les extraits aqueux des quatre plantes. Ces extraits n’ont pas presente de constituants qui provoquent l’hemolyse. Les decoctes administres par voie orale a la dose de 2000 mg /Kg chez des souris n’ont pas provoques d’effets toxiques et de mortalite. Les decoctes administres par voie orale a la dose de 100 et 200 mg /Kg chez des souris ont montre des remarquables activites antalgique, antiinflammatoire et chez les rats l’activite antipyretique. Conclusion: Ces resultats preliminaires valident l’utilisation traditionnelle des quatre plantes dans la prise en charge des symptomes du paludisme chez les enfants.Introduction: According to the results of a survey conducted in different ecological and cultural areas in southern Mali, many medicinal plants are used by traditional paediatricians in taking charge of malaria in children. The survey highlighted the use of four plants, which we decided to carry out further study on phytochemical composition, safety of use and activity against symptoms of malaria. Objectives: To characterize secondary metabolites, to determine acute toxicity, to check haemolytic activity, and to evaluate the analgesic, antipyretic and anti-inflammatory properties of Annona senegalensis, Flueggea virosa, Gymnosporia senegalensis, and Vitex doniana. Methods: The phytochemical composition of the aqueous extracts of the leafy twigs of the four plants was determined by coloured tube reactions. Haemolytic activity was assessed by TLC and revealed by human blood. Acute toxicity and biological activities were determined in vivo in mice and rats. Results: Coumarins, sterols, tri-terpenes, tannins and flavonoids were characterized in the aqueous extracts of the leafy twigs of the four plants. These decocts did not show any constituents that cause haemolysis. Decoctions given orally at the dose of 2000 mg / kg in mice did not cause toxic effects and mortality. Decoctions administered orally at the dose of 100 and 200 mg / kg showed remarkable analgesic, anti-inflammatory (in mice), and antipyretic (in rat) activities. Conclusion: These preliminary results validate the traditional use of the four plants in the management of malaria symptoms in children.

Au Mali, les racines tuberisees de Vernonia kotschyana Sch. Bip. ex Walp. sont utilisees pour le traitement des gastrites et de l’ulcere gastroduodenal. La pression d’exploitation de la plante a entraine la rarefaction de cette plante dans la nature. Dans le but de l’introduire en culture, un essai de culture a ete entrepris. Pour ce faire, l’effet de la technique de travail du sol, de la fumure organique et de la densite de plantation sur la production de racines tuberisees a ete etudie a travers un dispositif en Split-plot en 4 repetitions. Les resultats obtenus ont montre que la production de racines tuberisees chez Vernonia kotschyana est influencee par la technique de travail du sol (6,30 t/ha) et la densite de plantation (8,25 t/ha). Par contre, malgre une production maximale de 8 t/ha, la fumure organique n’a pas produit d’effet significatif sur la production de racines tuberisees. Toutefois, l’interaction densite de plantation/dose d’engrais a produit des effets significatifs sur la production de racines tuberisees. En conclusion, le billonnage et la densite de plantation ont produit le meilleur effet sur la production de racines tuberisees. Mots cles : Vernonia kotschyana , culture, production de racines tuberisees. English Title: Ridging effect, planting density and organic manure on the production of tuberous roots of Vernonia kotschyana Sch. Beep. ex Walp. In Mali, the tuberous roots of Vernonia kotschyana Sch. Beep. ex Walp. are used for the treatment of gastritis and peptic ulcer. The operating pressure of the plant has led to the rarefaction of this plant in nature. With a view to introduce it into culture, a culture test was undertaken. To do this, the effect of the tillage technique, organic manure and planting density on the production of tuberous roots was studied through a splitplot device in 4 repetitions. The results obtained showed that the production of tuberous roots in Vernonia kotschyana is influenced by tillage technique (6.30 t/ha) and planting density (8.25 t/ha). On the other hand, despite a maximum production of 8 t/ha, the organic manure did not have a significant effect on the production of tuberous roots. However, the interaction planting density/fertilizer dose produced significant effects on the production of tuberous roots. In conclusion, ridging and planting density produced the best effect on tuberous root production. Keywords : Vernonia kotschyana , culture, tuberous root production.

The use of plant roots and stem barks is a common practice in traditional medicine. This practice could lead to the disappearance of some plant species. Anacardium occidentale (L) is a plant whose stem bark is commonly used for the traditional management of diabetes and hypertension in Mali. In the hope of replacing this organ with the leaves, a comparative phytochemical study of the two organs was carried out. The Phytochemical screening was carried out through colouring and precipitation reactions. The Folin-Ciocalteu reagent was used to determine the content of total phenolic compounds whereas the flavonoids were determined using aluminium trichloride. Antioxidant activity was evaluated by the TAC and DPPH methods. The results obtained have shown that both organs were rich in secondary metabolites with a similar phytochemical profile. Also, it was found that regardless of the solvent used, the leaves contained the highest levels of total phenols and flavonoids. Thus, the contents of total phenols in methanolic extracts have been 211.2±21.8 mg GAE/g and 129.72±5.15 mg GAE/g for leaves and stem barks respectively. As for those of flavonoids, they have been 59.02±5.88 mg QE/g for leaves and 31.30±2.74 mg QE/g for stem barks. However, the stem barks showed the higher antioxidant activity than the leaves, which is also appreciable. In sum, other studies such as toxicological one must be conducted before replacing stem barks with leaves in the traditional management of these two pathologies.

Goal: The objective of our study was to assess the evolution of the knowledge and behavior of pharmacy pharmacists in the fight against malaria with a view to involving officer's pharmacists in the fight against malaria.Method: This was a cross-sectional descriptive study that took place in two phases in the private dispensaries of the Bamako district of Mali. The first phase of the study (initial investigation) took place from April to May 2014 and covered 55 pharmacists from communes III and VI in Bamako. The second phase (monitoring) took place from November 2014 to November 2015, after training of all dispensary pharmacists in the Bamako district in accordance with the PNLP guidelines, which concerned all pharmacists in the Bamako district.Result: This revealed that some indicators are significantly improved: possession of a national policy document; Knowledge of drugs recommended for simple malaria; Practice and sale of rapid diagnostic tests for malaria. Other indicators have increased: availability of ACTs; Sale of insecticide-treated mosquito nets; Behavior before a suspicion of simple malaria; Behavior before suspicion of severe malaria.Conclusion: Thus, an involvement of officer pharmacists in malaria epidemiological surveillance can significantly reduce malaria morbidity and mortality. We recommend to the pharmacists the dispensation of the antimalaria ones according to the recommendations of the national program of fight against the malaria.

En Afrique, plusieurs personnes utilisent les plantes medicinales pour traiter l’inflammation et la douleur. L’objectif du present travail etait d’evaluer l’effet analgesique de Cymbopogon citratus (DC) Stapf., Cleome viscosa Linn., Mitragyna inermis (Willd.) O. Kuntze et Sclerocarya birre a (A. rich.) Hochst utilisees dans la prise en charge traditionnelle du paludisme au Mali et au Togo. Le materiel vegetal (feuilles, rameau feuille, ecorce de tronc et partie aerienne) des especes a ete recolte au Mali et au Togo. Les extraits aqueux du materiel vegetal ont ete prepares pour realiser d’une part l’analyse phytochimique a l’aide de la chromatographie sur couche mince et d’autre part l’evaluation de leur activite analgesique sur la douleur induite avec l’acide acetique chez les souris. L’analyse phytochimique a revele que les extraits de plantes contenaient des tanins, flavonoides, alcaloides, sterols et terpenes, et des saponosides. Dans l’ensemble, toutes les plantes protegent contre la douleur. Cependant, Cymbopogon citratus et Mitragyna inermis ont presente les meilleures protections. Les proprietes analgesiques des extraits aqueux de ces plantes ont un grand interet dans la prise en charge traditionnelle du paludisme. Mots cles : Plantes antipaludiques, proprietes analgesiques, Mali, Togo.

Au Mali, le Gastrosedal qui est un Medicament Traditionnel Ameliore (MTA) produit a base de Vernonia kotschyana est utilise pour traiter les gastrites et l’ulcere gastroduodenal. L’une des difficultes liees a la production de ce MTA est la disponibilite permanente et la mauvaise qualite de la matiere premiere. L’objectif du present travail etait de cultiver et controler la qualite des plants de Vernonia kotschyana issus de differentes conditions de culture. L’etude, conduite en 2016 au Mali, a porte sur la culture de Vernonia kotschyana sous trois traitements de fertilisants (non apport de nutriment vegetal (T 0 ), apport de nutriment a 5 tonnes/ha (T 1 ) et apport de nutriment a 10 tonnes/ha (T 2 )). Les plants obtenus ont ete soumis a des analyses botanique et physicochimique par des methodes specifiques. Les resultats botaniques ont montre que la croissance et le diametre au collet des plants avaient ete stimules a 180 jours apres repiquage (JAR). Une difference significative avait ete obtenue a 150 JAR pour la longueur et le diametre des tubercules. Une difference significative a ete aussi obtenue avec le rendement des tubercules. La microscopie a montre la presence de cellules polygonales allongees, de xyleme spirale, de fibres, de fragment de xyleme pointu, de cristaux d’oxalate de calcium et de poil tecteur unicellulaire. Ce dernier element n’a pas ete retrouve dans tous les echantillons. Quant aux resultats physicochimiques toutes les teneurs en eau des trois traitements a 180 JAR etaient inferieures a 10%. Cependant, le traitement T 2 a 150 JAR contenait plus de cendres chlorhydriques (1,03%). Le traitement T 1 a 150 JAR contenait plus de substances extractibles par infusion (61%). Les indices de mousse etaient tous eleves excepte celui de T 0 a 120 JAR. Ces resultats ont revele que Vernonia kotschyana mise en culture est de qualite et peut remplacer les plants sauvages; tout en assurant un approvisionnement suffisant en matiere premiere pour la production du Gastrosedal et la preservation de l’environnement. Mots cles : Vernonia kotschyana , culture, gastrites et ulcere gastroduodenal, plantes medicinales, Mali.

La période de soudure est celle pendant laquelle les stocks de céréales sont épuisés et les prochaines récoltes ne sont pas encore prêtes. Au Mali (Afrique de l’Ouest), elle varie d’août à septembre. Pendant cette période, les communautés locales utilisent les plantes sauvages comme aliment. L’objectif de la présente étude était de recenser les plantes sauvages alimentaires consommées dans les régions Sud du Mali (Kayes, Koulikoro, Sikasso et Ségou) pendant cette période. Des enquêtes ethnobotaniques utilisant les méthodes du focus group, d’enquête individuelle et d’interviews semi-structurées ont été menées. Au total, 454 personnes dont 338 hommes et 116 femmes soit respectivement 74,4% et 25,6% ont été interrogées. Les jeunes (15 - 30 ans), cultivateurs et Bambara étaient les plus nombreux. 87 plantes alimentaires appartenant à 44 familles ont été identifiées; les fruits de 56 plantes (62,2%), les feuilles de 43 plantes (47,8%) et les graines de 10 plantes (11,5%) sont consommées comme aliments pendant les périodes de soudure. Parkia biglobosa, Adansonia digitata et Vitellaria paradoxa sont les plantes les plus utilisées soit seules ou dans des plats comme additifs. Certaines de ces plantes servent également comme médicament et comme source de revenus pour les communautés locales.© 2016 International Formulae Group. All rights reserved.Mots clés: Plantes sauvages alimentaires, enquête ethnobotanique, période de soudure, Sud-MaliEnglish Title: Ethnobotanical study of food plants used in the period of soldering in the southern regions of MaliEnglish AbstractThe lean period is the one during which grain stocks are depleted and the next harvest is not yet ready. In Mali (West Africa), it varies from August to September. During this period, local communities use wild plants as food. The objective of this study was to identify wild food plants consumed in the southern regions of Mali (Kayes, Koulikoro, Segou and Sikasso) during this period. Ethnobotanical surveys using focus group methods, individual survey and semi-structured interviews were conducted. A Total of 454 respondents including 338 (74.4%) men and 116 (25.6%) women were interviewed. Yong farmers (15-30 years) from Bambara ethic group were the most numerous. 87 food plants belonging to 44 families have been identified; the fruit of 56 (62.2%) plants, the leaves of 43 (47.8%), and the seeds of 10 plants (11.5%) were consumed as food during lean periods. Parkia biglobosa, Adansonia digitata and Vitellaria paradoxa are the most used plants either alone or in dishes such as additives. Some of these plants are also used as a medicine and as a source of income for local communities.© 2016 International Formulae Group. All rights reserved.Keywords: wild food plants, ethnobotany survey, lean period, South Mali

Opilia celtidifolia est une plante traditionnellement utilisee contre les plaies et l’ulcere gastro duodenal. Le but de ce travail etait d’etudier l’activite antiulcereuse des extraits aqueux de cette de la plante. Des extraits aqueux, total et epuise, ont ete prepares par decoction. Le decote total a ete teste a 100 et 200 mg/kg et le decocte epuise a100 mg/kg. Le Sucralfate a ete utilise comme temoin positif a la dose de 1000 mg/kg et le groupe non traite a recu de l’eau distillee a10 ml/kg. Les extraits ont ete administres par voie intragastrique, une heure apres, 0,5 ml d’ethanol a 90% a ete administre aux animaux pour provoquer l’ulcere pendant une heure. Apres ce temps, les rats ont ete sacrifies. L’estomac de chaque rat a ete ouvert pour observer et compter les ulceres. L’indice d’ulcere a ete exprime et le pourcentage de protection a ete calcule. A 100mg/kg, le decocte epuise a induit une protection de la muqueuse de 75%, contre 31% pour le decocte total. Le Sucralfate, utilise comme temoin a presente une protection de 87,50%. Ces resultats demontrent que les feuilles de Opilia celtidifolia peuvent intervenir dans le traitement de l’ulcere gastrique. La mise au point d’un phytomedicament contre l’ulcere gastrique a base des feuilles de cette plante est donc envisageable. Mots cles : Opilia celtidifolia, protection, ulcere gastrique.