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This note is a rejoinder to Hodgson's second attempt at a critique of our model of participatory planning through negotiated coordination. The rejoinder is organized under four headings: market exchange and market forces/negotiated coordination; subsidiarity and pluralism; innovation, entrepreneurship, and tacit knowledge; and autonomy and self-government. We consider Hodgson's characterization of our position to be a travesty and rebut his assertions under each heading. The note concludes with a restatement of the promise of participatory planning--a self-governing society in which people have both the right to autonomy and privacy and also the right and responsibility to participate in the running of their society's economy, rather than leaving economic activity to be shaped by an economic ruling class and/or the coercion of market forces. Keywords: participation; economic planning; negotiated coordination; tacit knowledge; entrepreneurship; deliberative decision-making; autonomy; self-government.

As long as social organization runs in its ruts, no individual economic motives need come into play; no shirking of personal effort need be feared; division of labor will automatically be ensured; economic obligations will be duly discharged; and, above all, the material means for an exuberant display of abundance at all public festivals will be provided. In such a community the idea of profit is barred; higgling and haggling is decried; giving freely is acclaimed as a virtue; the supposed propensity to barter, truck, and exchange does not appear. The economic system is, in effect, a mere function of social organization. --Karl Polanyi, This is a methodological essay on the different ways of theorizing the set of activities that can be captured by neither the price mechanism of the markets nor by governmental [...]

The authors explore the impact of geographical proximity of environmental problems on environmental concern and willingness to pay (WTP) for environmental improvement, with emphasis on the relevance of Inglehart's postmaterialism thesis on this inquiry. A questionnaire was administered to 1,565 respondents in Istanbul. The Contingent Valuation Method was used to measure WTP. Sea pollution in Istanbul (local issue), soil erosion in Turkey (national issue), and ozone depletion (global issue) were issues chosen for valuation. The sample was separated into three subsamples, with each being presented with only one issue. Individuals distinguish between local and global environmental concern. Peoplewith materialist values rather than postmaterialist values exhibit more concern for local environmental problems. However, postmaterialist values determine WTP for improvement in both the local and the global environmental problems. Distinguishing among concern for environmental issues, which are differentiated on the basis of geographical proximity, has relevance for the ongoing postmaterialist values debate.

Attempts to construct contemporary forms of socialist economic systems fall under three categories. These include market socialism, direct calculation and participatory planning. Of the three models, participatory planning provides the best solutions to the problems of calculation, motivation and discovery. This model of a socialist economic system, with its emphasis on self-organization, institutions of civil society and participatory democratic processes, may be considered as a logical extension of Karl Marx's theories.

A pseudo-experimental method is used to estimate the labor supply function for factory workers in two plants in Turkey. Workers were asked through a questionnaire how they would correlate their labor supply with hypothetical wage levels. Results show that workers perceive their wage to be unequal to the labor they produce. The elasticity of wage related to labor show that a 10% increase in wage would result in 3.7% increase in labor. For those working below their offer curves, the increase in labor would be smaller.

Byline: Fikret Adaman, Gokhan Ozertan The Harran region, located in the South-eastern part of Turkey, is facing an increasing salinity problem due to excessive and inefficient irrigation practices. In this paper, we survey 619 cotton producers in the region and analyse their perceptions and practices towards soil salinity. The survey results indicate that formal education and training are the central factors that determine the farmers' awareness of the relationship between excessive irrigation and salinity. The recognition of the negative externalities resulting from the unsustainable use of irrigation by neighbouring farms positively affects farmers' willingness to participate in collective action to deal with the salinity problem. Yet, the current institutional setting in the Harran region discourages collective action and farmer initiatives. Policymakers need to support the empowerment of the local farmers through better and locally-relevant education and training and provide adequate incentives for farmers to adopt more sustainable practices and technologies.