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Purpose: To evaluate histological findings in human immature permanent premolars scheduled for extraction for orthodontic reasons, in which mechanical pulp exposures were capped with white ProRoot Mineral Trioxide Aggregate (WMTA) or calcium hydroxide (CH)., Methods: Forty-eight human immature premolars in 23 patients (age 10-18 years) were randomly treated with WMTA or CH. After rubber dam isolation Cl I cavities were prepared and the pulps exposed. After hemostasis the pulps were capped with either material. The preparations were restored using an acid etch, bonding agent, flowable composite and composite resin technique. The teeth were extracted after 47 to 609 days and processed for routine histological examination, stained with hematoxylin and eosin and Brown and Brenn for recognition of bacteria. Statistical analyses of inflammation, bridge formation and bacterial leakage were performed using a Chi-square test and ANOVA., Results: Forty-four of 48 teeth were suitable for microscopic evaluation, 30 with WMTA, 14 with CH. Of the WMTA group, 29 teeth were vital, 28 had formed a bridge, and one specimen had failed. Twelve of 14 teeth with CH were vital, while three teeth failed to form a bridge. No statistically significant differences between WMTA and CH were found, except for superficial and deep inflammatory cell response (P < or = 0.05). Pulp capping of intentionally exposed human immature premolars performed slightly better when using MTA.

Aim: In 1987, 1995 and 2003 dental surveys were carried out in the Gdansk region of Poland investigating the prevalence of dental caries in 12-year-old school children., Materials and Methods: Sampling and examination were performed according to WHO standards. A sample of 180 children in each year were selected from different living environments: a large city, a small town and a rural area., Results: The caries prevalence (ratio of caries-free children) and caries experience (mean DMFT scores) changed significantly in some groups in the period from 1987-2003. However, there was no change in caries experience in children living in a large city. The average DMFT score of all 12-year-olds dropped from 4.07 in 1987 to 3.20 in 2003., Conclusion: The remarkable improvement of dental health may be explained by the oral health education and increased availability of fluoridated toothpaste.

Aim: The aim of the study was to evaluate the dental caries experience of children suffering from bronchial asthma., Methods: During the year 1998 a clinical dental examination was conducted in the northern part of Poland on children aged 3-15 years who had chronic bronchial asthma. The control group comprised 326 generally healthy children matched for age, sex and socioeconomic status. Both the controls and those with bronchial asthma underwent an assessment of their oral health condition measuring caries experience in both primary and permanent teeth using dmft/DMFT., Results: At the ages of 10, 11 and 12 years a statistically significant higher average dmft values were observed in the children suffering from bronchial asthma as compared with their peers in the control group. In permanent dentition, the DMFT figures were significantly higher at 13 years of age with a value of 6.76 observed in asthmatic subjects compared with 5.06 in the controls., Conclusion: Children suffering from bronchial asthma appear to be at higher caries risk and should be provided with particularly intensive preventive dental programmes.

Forced eruption offers a method of treatment of teeth fractured close to the alveolar crest. We introduce a modification of this common technique. The fractured fragment of a patient's crown is bonded to the adjacent teeth and used as anchorage, permitting the root extrusion while offering acceptable aesthetics. The bonded crown does not impede the eruption of the root so that the frequent occlusal adjustment of other methods is not required. The final result is acceptable and a low cost alternative to common techniques.

Diet and fluoride can modify tooth-germ development. In many morphological and biochemical studies malnutrition was shown to impair odontogenesis. However, quantitative observations of the morphological changes implemented by underfeeding and fluoride are still scanty. The aim of the study was to assess stereologically the enamel and dentin deposition in tooth-germ of 14-day-old rat pups derived from dams fed with deficient diet and given water without or with low (10 mg/l) and high (110 mg/l) doses of natrium fluoride, starting from the 13th day of pregnancy. The volume fractions of ameloblasts, enamel, dentin and odontoblasts in histological sections were estimated by the point counting method. The lack of fluoride in drinking water in rats maintained on low-protein diet changed the proportions of the deposited dental mineralised tissues as compared to the control animals: it substantially increased deposition of enamel (by 48%), and significantly decreased dentin production (by 28%). The supplementation of drinking water with fluoride in rats fed with deficient diet partially reversed these effects towards values found in the control rats maintained on standard diet that drank water with trace amount of fluoride. The possible toxic activity of high doses of fluoride can only be conferred to the decreased volume fraction of ameloblasts. Our findings suggests an important role of the fluoride ion in the maintenance of the proper enamel and dentin relation in the developing teeth of rats fed with low-protein, low-fat, high-carbohydrate diet.

The influence of fluoride on tooth germ development, especially mineralised tissue, is well documented in numerous dental publications, but there are few reports concerning the influence of fluoride on enamel organ and dental papilla cells. The aim of the study was to assess histologically the development of tooth germs of 20-day-old rat foetuses whose mothers drank water without fluoride or with low (10 mg) and high (110 mg) contents of natrium fluoride, starting from the 12th day of the pregnancy. The fluoride contained in drinking water in low as well as high concentration accelerated the development of enamel organ and dental papilla structures in rat foetuses. The acceleration was proportional to the content of fluoride in drinking water. No disturbances caused by high concentration of natrium fluoride were observed.

The influence of diet and fluoride on odontogenesis in rats was investigated. 20 foetuses, 20 days old, were divided into four groups. The control group was fed with the standard diet and drank water with 0.16 mg F/l. The second, third and fourth groups were fed with the deficit, experimental diet and drank distilled water with 10 and 110 mg of natrium fluoride per litre or without fluoride. In each group, the observed tooth-bud development assumed different stages. The less advanced cap stage assumed the tooth-bud in the group fed with the deficit diet and given distilled water without fluoride. In the remaining groups, the development of observed first molars in mandible assumed the different level of its advancement in the same stage of odontogenesis--bell stage.

Longitudinal clinical studies of the periodontium have been carried out in the same subjects aged 14 and again 26 years old who-since their birth till the time of maturity-were drinking water with a trace, overoptimal amount of fluorine. Fluorine has been shown to decrease susceptibility of the periodontium tissues to pathogenic factors.