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The crime rates in Mexico have been increasing in recent years, every day there are news on social media and in the news where assaults and verbal aggressions by criminals can be seen. Public transportation units suffer from violence that authorities have not been able to reduce, despite their efforts. That is why we have developed a fuzzy logic model that can adapt to almost any scenario thanks to the dynamism that we have implemented in each one of its stages. We have obtained promising results that we believe will be of great help to the authorities in the police headquarters to detect in real time the exact moment in which a verbal aggression typical of a violent assault is happening. This is a tool to help the authorities, not a substitution; making use of the latest technologies available to us.

In the last two decades, violence and homicides have been consistently increasing in Mexico; the official data shows relations to other crimes and time-dependent territorial patterns. Even though this phenomenon has been studied from different perspectives, from social sciences to geostatistical studies, to the best of our knowledge, machine learning and computational intelligence methods have not been applied to the Mexican case. This work presents a two-fold contribution; first, we compare the Bayesian Ridge Regression, Linear Regression, Multilayer Perceptron, Ridge Regression, Linear Regression with Stochastic Gradient Descent, and Support Vector Machine, for forecasting the number of homicides for the future three months, in the 15 most violent municipalities of Mexico using as predictors a database of 50 crimes that are monthly released by the Mexican Government. The methods’ performance varies according to the predictors selected or extracted from the database and the time window size. Hence, second, we use feature engineering techniques for improving their performance by exhaustively testing combinations of techniques. The resulting statistical measurements are useful to find directions about the best-performed method, the best sliding or rolling time window, and the adequate functions for feature extraction.

Machine learning methods have been used to classify neurodegenerative diseases using gait data. Recent works with Huntington's disease (HD) patients have reported results up to 88.2% of correct classification based on a probabilistic modeling approach for gait assessment. The aim of this paper was to improve HD patients' classification results while reducing the number of sensor devices to capture gait data and identifying the related gait features. The proposed method is based on general assembles (Meta) classifier algorithms' approach, for the classification of HD affected gait versus healthy control (HC) subjects normal gait. The proposed methodology was tested on gait data recorded on HD patients and HC subjects using raw data from smart-phones movement sensors placed at both ankles. Best partial results of individual classifier algorithms are taken at each iteration of the meta-classifier, to predict the final result by averaging results and majority votes. Several instances of this combined approach were tested and validated. Obtained results confirm an improvement in accuracy, since 13 subjects out of a total of 14 were correctly classified. All seven Huntington's disease patients were correctly selected with Logitboost & RandomForest combination.

La educación intercultural en México se impulsó como una propuesta educativa con distintos ejes, entre los que destacan la creación de políticas educativas, la creación de planes y programas de estudios, universidades y escuelas normales a lo largo y ancho del país, priorizando en todo momento los contextos con mayor población indígena.

A new root-knot nematode parasitising coffee in the region of the Izalco volcano, Sansonate, El Salvador, is described as Meloidogyne izalcoensis n. sp. The suggested common name is El Salvador coffee root-knot nematode. The perineal pattern is characterised by the moderately high to high, squareish to rounded, dorsal arch, striae coarse, smooth to wavy, sometimes zigzaggy, usually without a distinct whorl, and similar to that of M. incognita and M. paranaensis. The female head region set off from body, sometimes annulated, and the labial disc has two prominent elevations or bumps on the ventral side that are slightly raised above the medial lips. The female stylet is robust, 15.0-16.0 μm long and with the DGO at 4.5-6.0 μm posterior to the knobs. Males have a high, round, head cap continuous with the body contour and the labial disc is fused with the medial lips to form an elongated structure. The head region is never marked by incomplete annulations. The stylet is robust, 23.0-26.0 μm long, and has rounded, backwardly sloping, knobs with the DGO located at 4.0-7.0 μm posteriorly. The stylet of second-stage juveniles is 12.0-13.0 μm long and the DGO is located 3.0-4.0 μm posterior to the stylet base; the tail is 45-48 μm long, conoid, with a rounded terminus. Biochemically, the esterase phenotype I4 (= Sa4) (Rm: 0.86, 0.96, 1.24, 1.30) is unique and is the most useful character to differentiate M. izalcoensis n. sp. from all other species.

9 páginas.-- 5 figuras.-- 2 tablas.-- 58 referencias, [EN] A major challenge in studies estimating stand water use in mixed-species forests is how to effectively scale data from individual trees to the stand. This is the case for forest ecosystems in the northeastern USA where differences in water use among species and across different size classes have not been extensively studied, despite their relevance for a wide range of ecosystem services. Our objectives were to assess the importance of different sources of variability on transpiration upscaling and explore the potential impacts of future shifts in species composition on the forest water budget. We measured sap velocity in five tree species (Fagus grandifolia Ehrh., Acer rubrum L., Acer saccharum Marsh., Betula alleghaniensis Britton, and Betula papyrifera Marsh.) in a mature stand and a young stand in New Hampshire, USA. Our results showed that the greatest potential source of error was radial variability and that tree size was more important than species in determining sap velocity. Total sapwood area was demonstrated to exert a strong controlling influence on transpiration, varying depending on tree size and species. We conclude that the effect of potential species shifts on transpiration will depend on the sap velocity, determined not only by radial variation and tree size, but also by the sapwood area distribution in the stand., [FR] Les études dont le but est d'estimer l'utilisation de l'eau a` l'échelle du peuplement dans les forêts mélangées font face a` un défi majeur : comment passer efficacement de l'échelle des arbres individuels a` l'échelle du peuplement. C'est le cas pour les écosystèmes forestiers dans le nord-est des États-Unis où les différences dans l'utilisation de l'eau entre les espèces et parmi les différentes catégories de taille n'ont pas fait l'objet d'études approfondies malgré leur pertinence pour une vaste gamme de services de l'écosystème. Nos objectifs consistaient a` évaluer l'importance des différentes sources de variation sur l'extrapolation de la transpiration et a` explorer les impacts potentiels des changements futurs dans la composition en espèces sur le bilan hydrique de la forêt. Nous avons mesuré la vitesse de la sève chez cinq espèces d'arbre (Fagus grandifolia Ehrh., Acer rubrum L., Acer saccharum Marsh., Betula alleghaniensis Britton et Betula papyrifera Marsh.) dans un peuplement mature et dans un jeune peuplement au New Hampshire (É.-U.). Nos résultats ont montré que la plus grande source potentielle d'erreur était la variation radiale et que la vitesse de la sève était davantage déterminée par la taille des arbres que par l'espèce. La surface totale de bois d'aubier avait un effet très déterminant sur la transpiration qui variait selon la taille et l'espèce d'arbre. Nous concluons que l'effet des changements potentiels dans la composition en espèces sur la transpiration dépendra de la vitesse de la sève qui est principalement déterminée par la variation radiale et la taille des arbres mais aussi de la distribution de la surface de bois d'aubier dans le peuplement., This work was funded by the University of New Hampshire and the New Hampshire Agricultural Experiment Station. The Bartlett Experimental Forest is operated by the USDA Forest Service Northern Research Station. S. Mcgraw, P. Pellissier, C. Breton, S. Alvarado-Barrientos, R. Snyder, and Z. Aldag assisted in the field and in the lab. The 2011 stand inventory was led by S. Goswami. Tree heights were measured and compiled by C. Blodgett, T. Fahey, and L. Liu. A. Richardson shared meteorology and solar radiation data from the Bartlett Amerflux tower. The stands used in this experiment are maintained and monitored by the MELNHE project under the direction of R. Yanai and M. Fisk, with funding from NSF grants DEB 0235650 and DEB 0949324

The Scalar Helmholtz Equation is separable in eleven orthogonal coordinate systems. Despite being one of the most studied equations in Mathematical Physics, this fact is not mentioned and the whole story is hard to find in the classical textbooks or even specialized literature. Moreover, even when mentioned, the geometry of some of those coordinate systems is not properly illustrated in the literature. In order to transform the differential operator of the Helmholtz equation the corresponding metric for the curvilinear coordinates is used. For some of these, after performing the transformation, the resulting equation can be very cumbersome and the method of separation of variables does not apply in a simple and straightforward way. This leads to look for an alternative method also barely known that is the Stackel determinant, this allows to get the three separated differential equations for each of the curvilinear coordinates. The method can be used for the eleven coordinate systems. From which emerge fifteen different differential equations to solve. To represent the whole families of scalar wave fields it is necessary to solve each of the three equations for each one of the curvilinear coordinates. In most of the cases the solutions are given in terms of not widely known special functions and in some cases their numerical evaluation is not an easy task. We will present in an understandable and visual way the eleven coordinate systems in which the Helmholtz equation is separable. We will show the surfaces associated with them, whose intersections determine univocally a point in a three dimensional space. We will present the normalization in a canonical form, the corresponding sets of ordinary differential equations resulting from the separation of the Helmholtz equation, providing a graphical picture of the fundamental solutions that enable the representation of radiating electromagnetic wave fields for each of the curvilinear coordinate systems.

9th International Congress on Molecular Epidemiology and Evolutionary Genetics of Infectious Diseases OCT 30-NOV 01, 2008 Irvine, CA; International audience; The tropical and subtropical parthenogenetic plant-parasitic nematodes Meloidogyne are polyphagous major agricultural pests. Implementing proper pest management approaches requires a good understanding of mechanisms, population structure, evolutionary patterns and species identification. A comparative analysis of the mitochondrial vs nuclear diversity was conducted on a selected set of Meloidogyne lines from various geographic origins. Mitochondrial co2-16S sequences and AFLP markers of total DNA were applied because of their ability to evidence discrete genetic variation between closely related isolates. Several distinct maternal lineages were present, now associated with different genetic backgrounds. Relative discordances were found when comparing mitochondrial and nuclear diversity patterns. These patterns are most likely related to crosses within one ancestral genetic pool, followed by the establishment of parthenogenesis. In this case, they mirror the genetic backgrounds of the original individuals. Another aspect could be that species emergence was recent or on process from this original genetic pool and that the relatively short time elapsed since then and before parthenogenesis settlement did not allow for lineage sorting. This could also be compatible with the hypothesis of hybrids between closely related species. This genetic pool would correspond to a species as defined by the species interbreeding concept, but also including the grey area of species boundaries. This complex process has implications on the way genotypic and phenotypic diversity should be addressed. The phenotype of parthenogenetic lines is at least for part determined by the ancestral amphimictic genetic background. A direct consequence is, therefore, in terms of risk management, the limited confidence one can have on the direct association of an agronomic threat to a simple typing or species delineation. Risk management strategies and tools must thus consider this complexity when designing quarantine implementation, resistance breeding programmes or molecular diagnostic

International audience; Species delineation in parthenogenetic tropical species of Meloidogyne nematodes is particularly difficult although they are strictly apomictic. In fact, parthenogenesis in Meloidogyne nematodes is a recent phenomenon and the structure of the genetic diversity is mainly explained by crosses prior to the establishment of parthenogenesis. Under such hypothesis, increasing the size of a characterized sample by adding individuals should result in the decrease of the diversity structure. Twelve individuals from different geographical origins were added to the initial pool of 26 lines characterized in a previous study and an AFLP study was conducted on the whole set of 38 lines. As expected under the panmixy hypothesis, this resulted in a loss of genetic structure. This confirms thus that the genetic structure of tropical parthenogenetic Meloidogyne is due to crosses anterior to the establishment of apomixy

Abstract Fifteen isolates of Meloidogyne spp. collected from coffee plantations in every country in Central America, with one isolate from Brazil, were inoculated on two common cultivars (Catuai and Sarchimor) and two wild genotypes from Ethiopia (ET15 and ET28) of coffee (Coffea arabica) under controlled conditions. These isolates displayed a wide range of pathogenicity on the different varieties. Meloidogyne sp. 2 isolate esterase 'VS1S1' from Guatemala, was unable to multiply on any cultivar. All other isolates multiplied on cv. Catuai. The Meloidogyne incognita isolate from Brazil did not multiply on cv. Sarchimor or genotype ET28. Four Meloidogyne sp. 1 (esterase 'F1') isolates from Guatemala multiplied at relatively low rates on cv. Sarchimor, but did not multiply on genotypes ET15 and ET28. Meloidogyne arenaria and Meloidogyne sp. 3 (displaying the new esterase phenotype 'M1F1a'), both from El Salvador, multiplied at a high rate on cv. Sarchimor; M. arenaria multiplied at a low rate on genotype ET15, but did not multiply on genotype ET28. Meloidogyne sp. 3 multiplied at a low rate on genotype ET28. Meloidogyne sp. 4 from El Salvador (esterase 'Sa4') multiplied at a high rate on genotype ET15. The M. arabicida isolate from Costa Rica did not multiply at all on genotype ET15. All isolates of Meloidogyne exigua multiplied on cv. Sarchimor as well as on both Ethiopian genotypes. This new information highlights the great parasitic diversity of root-knot nematodes parasitising coffee in Central America, a diversity which must be taken into account when developing integrated pest management strategies and breeding for resistance to nematodes.

Abstract Isozymes (Esterases, MDH, SOD, GOT) and perineal patterns were studied in 29 isolates of Meloidogyne spp. collected on coffee (Coffea arabica) plantations in four Central American countries and on one isolate collected in Brazil. Five species were clearly diagnosed and six new multi-enzyme phenotypes were also revealed corresponding to within-species diversity or possible new species. Meloidogyne exigua was found in Costa Rica, Nicaragua and Honduras, M. arenaria in El Salvador and M. incognita ('M1a' esterase phenotype) in Brazil. Meloidogyne arabicida was found in Costa Rica and has a new esterase phenotype, 'M1F1b'. Nematodes with the 'F1' esterase phenotype were found in Guatemala and their specific status is discussed. Two isolates from El Salvador displayed unknown esterase phenotypes ('M1F1a' and 'Sa4'). One isolate from northern Guatemala was clearly identified as Meloidogyne hapla and another from the same area was related to M. enterolobii or M. mayaguensis. Neither of these latter isolates was able to develop in coffee roots under our growing conditions. The diversity of root-knot nematodes parasitising coffee roots in this region is discussed.

New laser-based technique for anatomical-functional study of the medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC) of the brain of experimental animals (rats) is presented. The technique is based on making accurate well-controlled lesions to small MPFC and subsequent observing behavioral alterations in the lesioned animals relative to control ones. Laser produces smaller and more accurate lesions in comparison to those obtained by traditional methods, such as: mechanical action, chemical means, and electrical currents. For producing the brain lesions, a 10 W CO2 CW laser is employed for reasons of its sufficiently high power, which is combined with relatively low cost-per-Watt ratio. In our experience, such power rating is sufficient for making MPFC lesions. The laser radiation is applied in a form of pulse series via hollow circular metallic waveguide made of stainless steel. The waveguide is of inner diameter 1.3 mm and 95 mm long. The anesthetized animals are placed in stereotaxic instrument. Via perforations made in the skull bone, the MPFC is exposed to the laser radiation. Several weeks later (after animal recuperation), standard behavioral tests are performed. They reveal behavioral changes, which point to a damage of some small regions of the MPFC. These results correlate with the histological data, which reveal the existence of small and accurate MPFC lesions. The present technique has good prospects for use in anatomical- functional studies of brain by areas. In addition, this technique appears to have considerable promise as a treatment method for some pathologies, e.g. the Parkinson's disease.© (1999) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.

En este trabajo se desarrolló un prototipo de red IoT de sensores corporales para la captura de información biomecánica de la marcha utilizando sensores inerciales, como acelerómetros y giroscopios. El prototipo hace uso de software y hardware abierto como Arduino y Raspberry Pi para adquisición de la información. Se implementaron dos maneras de visualización de la información en tiempo real, mediante un programa de visualización dentro del servidor y otra para acceso remoto mediante la implementación de MQTT. 107