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1. Multiscale characterization of interfacial region in flexible rubber composites: initial structure and evolution upon thermal treatment

Author

Enganati, S. K., Addiego, F., Fernandes, J. P. C., Koutsawa, Y., Zielinski, B., Ruch, D., and Mertz, G.

Subjects
Condensed Matter - Materials Science
Abstract

To investigate the structural changes upon thermal treatment of resorcinol formaldehyde latex (RFL) interfacial layer in rubber-cord flexible composite, a multiscale approach has been employed. High-resolution AFM mapping showed a significant increase of the modulus of the RF phase from 1.2 GPa to 2.3 GPa and latex phase (L) from 0.3 GPa to 0.8 GPa after a thermal exposure at 100{\deg}C for 10 days. The increase of the RF and L phases elastic modulus was correlated with the increase of the oxygen content in RFL layer based on the measurements by SEM-EDX. Besides by combining finite element simulations and AFM modulus profiling, the presence of an interphase region (over 280 nm) between the RFL and the rubber regions was identified and was not deteriorated by the thermal treatment. Peel adhesion testing revealed that the increase of RF and L phases rigidity after thermal treatment was detrimental for the interfacial adhesion of the rubber composite., Comment: 21 pages, 12 figures

Published
2021

5. Cavitation Micro-mechanisms in Silica-Filled Styrene-Butadiene Rubber Upon Fatigue and Cyclic Tensile Testing

Author

Federico, C. E., Padmanathan, H. R., Kotecky, O., Rommel, R., Rauchs, G., Fleming, Y., Addiego, F., Westermann, S., Abe, Akihiro, Editorial Board Member, Albertsson, Ann-Christine, Editorial Board Member, Coates, Geoffrey W, Editorial Board Member, Genzer, Jan, Editorial Board Member, Kobayashi, Shiro, Editorial Board Member, Lee, Kwang-Sup, Editorial Board Member, Leibler, Ludwik, Editorial Board Member, Long, Timothy E., Editorial Board Member, Möller, Martin, Editorial Board Member, Okay, Oguz, Editorial Board Member, Percec, Virgil, Editorial Board Member, Tang, Ben Zhong, Editorial Board Member, Terentjev, Eugene M., Editorial Board Member, Theato, Patrick, Editorial Board Member, Voit, Brigitte, Editorial Board Member, Wiesner, Ulrich, Editorial Board Member, Zhang, Xi, Editorial Board Member, Heinrich, Gert, editor, Kipscholl, Reinhold, editor, and Stoček, Radek, editor

Published
2021
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24. Processing and structural properties of in situ polymerized poly(tetrafluoroethylene)/graphite fluoride composites

Author

Mel'nikov, V. P., Addiego, F., Smirnov, V.V., Ruch, D., and Berlin, A.A.

Subjects
Graphite -- Properties, Polytetrafluoroethylene -- Properties, Polymeric composites -- Production processes, Engineering and manufacturing industries, Science and technology
Abstract

Novel poly(tetrafluorethylene)-based composites were polymerized in situ on the fluorinated petroleum coke as graphite fluoride microparticles. This allows providing high adhesion between poly(tetrafluorethylene) and filler particles which is of much important to improve sufficiently mechanical properties of the polymer. The present work aimed at investigating the relationships between mechanisms of polymerization kinetics and structural properties of the composites. In the presence of fluorinated coke, the polymerization kinetics of tetra-fluorethylene, started at the surface of the filler, is characterized by a long induction period followed by the explosive growth rate. This effect was supposed to be originated by the particles exfoliation due to the anchoring of growing polymer chains to the accessible interface of the filler. Scanning electron microscope confirmed this hypothesis showing fragmentation of graphite fluoride microparticles. The resulting fragments are show to be well distributed in the polymer matrix. Wide-angle X-ray diffraction experiments demonstrates that graphite fluoride crystals are still present after polymerization of poly(tetrafluorethylene) without modification of the crystalline peak (001) position. This asserts that no overall exfoliation mechanism of graphite fluoride into [(CF).sub.n] monolayers is active during the in situ polymerization. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 53:2549-2555, 2013. © 2013 Society of Plastics Engineers, INTRODUCTION Poly(tetralluoroethylene) (PTFE) is a thermoplastic polymer possessing unique properties as a record low friction, chemical inertness, not moistened with water, and most organic solvents. These wonderful qualities are preserved [...]

Published
2013
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27. Resolving interphase structure at nanoscale in polymeric cord - rubber composites

Author

Enganati S.K., IOM Communications and International Rubber Conference Organisation, IRC 2019: Innovations in elastomeric materials & products, Kia Oval, London, UK, 3-5th Sept. 2019, Addiego F., Gerstner D., Kotecky O., Mersch R., Mertz G., Ruch D., Zielinski B., Enganati S.K., IOM Communications and International Rubber Conference Organisation, IRC 2019: Innovations in elastomeric materials & products, Kia Oval, London, UK, 3-5th Sept. 2019, Addiego F., Gerstner D., Kotecky O., Mersch R., Mertz G., Ruch D., and Zielinski B.

Abstract

A number of rubber industry products such as tyres, belts and hoses extensively use variety of polymeric cord reinforced rubber composites. The cords are coated with resorcinol–formaldehyde–latex (RFL) adhesive to improve cord-rubber adhesion. However, the mechanism of this cord-rubber interphase adhesion is not fully resolved. To address this concern, a model system composed of nylon fibre embedded in rubber matrix is developed. The present work proposes a multi-technique approach to investigate nanoscale chemical and mechanical properties of the interphase between cord-rubber, using Scanning Electron Microscopy - Energy Dispersive X-rays (SEM-EDX) and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM). The SEM-EDX measurements shows around three times higher sulphur migration from rubber to RFL, to chemically-bond them at the interphase. Moreover, AFM modulus mapping correlates this possible sulphur migration with difference in elastic modulus from 50 MPa for the rubber matrix to approximately 2GPa for the RFL coating. Understanding the relationship between structure and mechanical behaviour of such composites is essential to improve their durability, A number of rubber industry products such as tyres, belts and hoses extensively use variety of polymeric cord reinforced rubber composites. The cords are coated with resorcinol–formaldehyde–latex (RFL) adhesive to improve cord-rubber adhesion. However, the mechanism of this cord-rubber interphase adhesion is not fully resolved. To address this concern, a model system composed of nylon fibre embedded in rubber matrix is developed. The present work proposes a multi-technique approach to investigate nanoscale chemical and mechanical properties of the interphase between cord-rubber, using Scanning Electron Microscopy - Energy Dispersive X-rays (SEM-EDX) and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM). The SEM-EDX measurements shows around three times higher sulphur migration from rubber to RFL, to chemically-bond them at the interphase. Moreover, AFM modulus mapping correlates this possible sulphur migration with difference in elastic modulus from 50 MPa for the rubber matrix to approximately 2GPa for the RFL coating. Understanding the relationship between structure and mechanical behaviour of such composites is essential to improve their durability

Published
2019

30. Índice

Author

Addiego Fernández, Vicente Eduardo, Colima Mauricio, Diana Esmeralda, Collignon Goribar, María Martha, Fuentes Navarro, Raúl, García Hernández, Jorge Valente, Gómez Cervantes, Marcos Vinicio, Herrera Lima, Susana, Luna Lomelí, Hugo Rodrigo, Luna Esqueda, Martín Emmanuel, Segura, Daniela Martin, Cano, Daniel Rodríguez, and Massarani, Luisa

Published
2018

32. I. Investigación en comunicación de la ciencia: objeto, métodos y ámbitos

Author

Addiego Fernández, Vicente Eduardo, Colima Mauricio, Diana Esmeralda, Collignon Goribar, María Martha, Fuentes Navarro, Raúl, García Hernández, Jorge Valente, Gómez Cervantes, Marcos Vinicio, Herrera Lima, Susana, Luna Lomelí, Hugo Rodrigo, Luna Esqueda, Martín Emmanuel, Segura, Daniela Martin, Cano, Daniel Rodríguez, and Massarani, Luisa

Published
2018

33. Acerca de los autores

Author

Addiego Fernández, Vicente Eduardo, Colima Mauricio, Diana Esmeralda, Collignon Goribar, María Martha, Fuentes Navarro, Raúl, García Hernández, Jorge Valente, Gómez Cervantes, Marcos Vinicio, Herrera Lima, Susana, Luna Lomelí, Hugo Rodrigo, Luna Esqueda, Martín Emmanuel, Segura, Daniela Martin, Cano, Daniel Rodríguez, and Massarani, Luisa

Published
2018

34. Implicación de los recursos de autoridad en la elección de una licenciatura en física, química y biología. Un abordaje con perspectiva sociológica y de comunicación

Author

Addiego Fernández, Vicente Eduardo, Colima Mauricio, Diana Esmeralda, Collignon Goribar, María Martha, Fuentes Navarro, Raúl, García Hernández, Jorge Valente, Gómez Cervantes, Marcos Vinicio, Herrera Lima, Susana, Luna Lomelí, Hugo Rodrigo, Luna Esqueda, Martín Emmanuel, Segura, Daniela Martin, Cano, Daniel Rodríguez, and Massarani, Luisa

Published
2018

35. Prólogo

Author

Addiego Fernández, Vicente Eduardo, Colima Mauricio, Diana Esmeralda, Collignon Goribar, María Martha, Fuentes Navarro, Raúl, García Hernández, Jorge Valente, Gómez Cervantes, Marcos Vinicio, Herrera Lima, Susana, Luna Lomelí, Hugo Rodrigo, Luna Esqueda, Martín Emmanuel, Segura, Daniela Martin, Cano, Daniel Rodríguez, and Massarani, Luisa

Published
2018

36. La ciencia y la cultura como objetos de comunicación y práctica

Author

Addiego Fernández, Vicente Eduardo, Colima Mauricio, Diana Esmeralda, Collignon Goribar, María Martha, Fuentes Navarro, Raúl, García Hernández, Jorge Valente, Gómez Cervantes, Marcos Vinicio, Herrera Lima, Susana, Luna Lomelí, Hugo Rodrigo, Luna Esqueda, Martín Emmanuel, Segura, Daniela Martin, Cano, Daniel Rodríguez, and Massarani, Luisa

Published
2018

38. Lo socioambiental como objeto de comunicación: debates y tendencias en la intersección de la comunicación pública de la ciencia y la comunicación ambiental

Author

Addiego Fernández, Vicente Eduardo, Colima Mauricio, Diana Esmeralda, Collignon Goribar, María Martha, Fuentes Navarro, Raúl, García Hernández, Jorge Valente, Gómez Cervantes, Marcos Vinicio, Herrera Lima, Susana, Luna Lomelí, Hugo Rodrigo, Luna Esqueda, Martín Emmanuel, Segura, Daniela Martin, Cano, Daniel Rodríguez, and Massarani, Luisa

Published
2018

39. II. Prácticas y escenarios

Author

Addiego Fernández, Vicente Eduardo, Colima Mauricio, Diana Esmeralda, Collignon Goribar, María Martha, Fuentes Navarro, Raúl, García Hernández, Jorge Valente, Gómez Cervantes, Marcos Vinicio, Herrera Lima, Susana, Luna Lomelí, Hugo Rodrigo, Luna Esqueda, Martín Emmanuel, Segura, Daniela Martin, Cano, Daniel Rodríguez, and Massarani, Luisa

Published
2018

41. Disney y su construcción simbólica del futuro

Author

Addiego Fernández, Vicente Eduardo, Colima Mauricio, Diana Esmeralda, Collignon Goribar, María Martha, Fuentes Navarro, Raúl, García Hernández, Jorge Valente, Gómez Cervantes, Marcos Vinicio, Herrera Lima, Susana, Luna Lomelí, Hugo Rodrigo, Luna Esqueda, Martín Emmanuel, Segura, Daniela Martin, Cano, Daniel Rodríguez, and Massarani, Luisa

Published
2018

48. Thermally-induced Structural Changes of Resorcinol Formaldehyde Latex Adhesive Used in Cord-Rubber Composites.

Author

Enganati, S. K., Yan, C., Fernandes, J. P. C., Dieden, R., Zielinski, B., Gillick, J., Addiego, F., Ruch, D., Rojas, C. Fuentes, and Mertz, G.

Abstract

The accelerated thermal exposure of resorcinol formaldehyde latex (RFL) adhesive layer used in cord rubber composites was investigated. In particular, the structural changes of the RFL with and without curatives (sulfur, zinc oxide, accelerator and stearic acid) during thermal treatment at 100°C were identified by a multiscale approach using dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (ssNMR). The RFL samples with curatives show approximately a four-fold increase in the overall elastic modulus at room temperature during thermal treatment up to 10 days. At the same time, DMA results indicated the increase of Tg of the latex phase from -39°C to -3°C. Whereas, for the RFL samples without curatives, there was no change in the Tg of the latex phase. At the nanoscale, AFM mappings on samples with curatives have also confirmed the increase in nanoscale modulus in the latex phase (50 ± 10 MPa to 140 ± 20 MPa) and in the RF resin phase (330 ± 100 MPa to 620 ± 200 MPa) for the same thermal treatment duration. Finally, the solid-state NMR analysis showed a decrease in the intensity of the vinyl groups (noted at 115 ppm and 145 ppm) in the latex phase indicating the possibility of further sulfur cross-linking during 10 days of thermal treatment in the case of samples containing curatives. Our studies have highlighted the prominent role of the curatives in the RFL adhesive, its initial structure and evolution during thermal treatment. Accordingly, the RFL structure was drastically modified by the accelerated thermal exposure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2022

49. Multiscale Characterization of the Interfacial Region in Cord-reinforced Rubber for Tire Applications: Initial Structure and Evolution Upon Thermal Treatment.

Author

Enganati, S. K., Addiego, F., Fernandes, J. P. C., Koutsawa, Y., Zielinski, B., Ruch, D., Rojas, C. Fuentes, and Mertz, G.

Abstract

Polymeric cord-reinforced rubber composites are extensively used as light and flexible materials in various applications. A cord is represented as a bunch of fibers twisted together to maintain the dimensional stability and improve the mechanical properties and durability of materials used in various applications such as tires, belts, and hoses. In tires, the cords are generally not compatible with the rubber matrix due to lack of adhesion, hence special coatings for the cords are developed to improve the cord-matrix adhesion. For this purpose, resorcinol-formaldehyde-latex (RFL) dip is widely employed on the tire cords To investigate the structural changes upon thermal treatment of resorcinol-formaldehyde-latex (RFL) interfacial layer in rubber-cord flexible composite, a multiscale approach was employed. High-resolution AFM mapping showed a significant increase in the modulus of the RF phase from 1.2 GPa to 2.3 GPa and in the latex phase (L) from 0.3 GPa to 0.8 GPa after thermal exposure at 100°C for 10 days. The increase of the RF and L phase elastic modulus was correlated with the increase of oxygen content in the RFL layer based on SEM-EDX measurements. Furthermore, by combining finite element simulations and AFM modulus profiling, the presence of an interphase region (over 280 nm microns) between the RFL and the rubber regions was identified and did not deteriorate after the thermal treatment. Peel adhesion testing revealed that the increase of RF and L phase rigidity after thermal treatment was detrimental to the interfacial adhesion of the rubber composite. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2022

50. Development of a Flax Fiber Treatment to Improve Fiber and Elium®-UD Flax Composite Properties.

Author

Addiego, F., Montreuil, A., Mertz, G., Bardon, J., Guillot, J., and Grysan, P.

Abstract

This work investigates the influence of a new surface treatment of flax fiber on the physico-chemical properties of the fiber and on the interfacial properties of an Elium®-UD flax fiber composite. The treatment relies on the use of water-based solutions including a cleaning step and a subsequent coupling agent deposition step. Accordingly, it was possible to control the water surface angle of the flax fiber that became hydrophobic after treatment, its free surface energy, and its surface roughness (Figure 1). The most relevant treatment conditions were selected to treat UD flax fabrics and elaborate Elium®-4 plies UD flax composites by vacuum infusion process. Compared to the composite with untreated flax fibers, the surface treatment enabled to reduce the porosity fraction in the composite as proved by micro-computed x-ray tomography (µCT), and increased the fraction of individual fibers as proved by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) imaging of the composite crosssection. Concerning the mechanical properties of the composite, interlaminar shear strength (ILSS) testing revealed an increase of ILSS when comparing the composite processed with untreated flax fibers with the composite processed with treated fibers (Figure 1). Last, interfacial shear strength (IFSS) testing was done to estimate the interfacial bonding between the flax and the polymer matrix. The apparent IFSS was improved by the cleaning step and by combining the cleaning and coupling agent deposition steps. However, the local IFSS and critical interfacial energy release rate were only improved by the cleaning step, whereas the combining of cleaning and coupling agent deposition did not improve those two interfacial properties (Figure 1). The results were discussed based on the contribution of friction and adhesion during the IFSS testing. Overall, the developed treatment is suitable to create surface nano-roughness and to obtain a hydrophobic surface, and the introduction of those treated fiber in Elium® resin increases ILSS and the apparent IFSS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2022

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