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In 2016, tropical screech owl (Megascops choliba) (Tso) chicks were suddenly found dead in a Japanese breeding facility. We autopsied a 9-day-old Tso and discovered white spots scattered on the liver surface. Multifocal necrosis was diffused, and macrophages had infiltrated the necrotic hepatic lesions. Hepatocytes contained numerous intranuclear inclusion bodies. Immunohistochemical staining detected Adenovirus antigen only in the liver. Next, PCR and sequencing (LC536616) identified Tso Adenovirus (TsoAd). Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST) and phylogenic analyzes suggested TsoAd is an owl Aviadenovirus. Our study contributes to an improved understanding of infectious disease among captive raptors.

Aim. Study of the possibility of adenovirus antigen detection by recording of surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) spectra of enzyme oxidized product of 3,3',5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine. Materials and methods. Clinical fecal samples containing adenoviruses, group A rotaviruses, noroviruses and healthy children samples, as well as laboratory strains of adenoviruses with a titer of 5 — 6 lg TCD50/ml were used. Sandwich immunoassay was used, the Raman spectra were recorded by a Raman spectrometer (532 nm) after incubation with silver nanoparticles. Results. The concordance of the adenovirus detection results was obtained in comparison with the enzyme immunoassay method with colorimetric detection and PCR. Conclusion. The possibility of TMB+ using as a SERS reporter and silver nanoparticles as a SERS substrate for the detection of adenovirus antigen in complex biological samples was shown.

Objective: Gastroenteritis is the third common cause of death due to infections. After rotavirus, adenoviruses are also one of the reasons frequently seen in gastroenteritis in infants and children. This study is performed to determine the incidence of enteric virus serotype 40 and 41 in children with acute gastroenteritis in order to enable prompt and appropriate treatment. Materials and Methods: Stool specimens of patients who attended our clinic with a diagnosis of acute gastroenteritis between January 2013 and December 2013 were examined for the presence of enteric adenovirus (Ad40 and Ad41) antigen using immunochromatographic methods. Results: One hundred and two stool samples from 3206 were positive for adenovirus antigens. Adenovirus antigen positive-patients aged 0-5 years constituted 82.3% of patients. Adenovirus infections were observed in all seasons of the year. Conclusion: In our country, the epidemiology of adenovirus infection is not known very well. According to the data we obtained from the results of this study, we assume that idntifying viral agent in patients with diarrhea in an accurate, prompt and reliable way can prevent unnecessary antibiotic use and can contribute seroepidemiologic data in childhood gastroenteritis in our region.

Objective: to determine the proportion of adenovirus gastroenteritides in the structure of acute enteric infections of uncertain etiology among the children of Baku. Subjects and methods. A total of 155 children aged less than 14 years with acute enteric infections of uncertain etiology who had been admitted to the Clinic of Infectious Diseases, V. Akhundov National Research Institute of Medical Prevention, in 2014–2015, were examined. The etiological diagnosis of adenovirus gastroenteritis was made by immunochromatographic assay. To rule out the bacterial etiology of acute enteric infection, all the children underwent fecal bacteriological examination. The examinees included babies under 6 months (17,4%), infants aged 7 months to 1 year (6,4%), those 1–2 years of age (29,6%), and children aged 2–14 years (46,4%). Adenoviruses in conjunction with rotavirus were detected in 7 (4,5%) patients. Adenovirus monoinfection was seen in 23 (15%) children. The contribution of adenoviruses in the etiological structure of acute enteric infections in children was 19,3%. There was no significant difference in the frequency of adenoviruses depending on gender. Adenovirus monoinfection wasregistered in the children all year round. Adenovirus monoinfection occurred as moderate diarrhea whereas mixed adenovirus-rotavirus infection was characterized by the severe course of diarrheal syndrome and catarrhal manifestations.

Introduction: Diagnosis of conjunctivitis can be sometimes difficult, especially in cases of severe conjunctivitis and those involving both eyes. In this study, we performed commercial tests for adenovirus (Capilia Adeno Eye&reg, ) and total tear IgE (Allerwatch&reg, ) in a single visit in patients with bilateral conjunctivitis to examine if, and by how much, the combination of these two tests would improve the diagnostic accuracy of conjunctivitis. Methods: The study included sixty patients with relatively severe conjunctivitis in both eyes within a week of consulting our clinic and who had no previous treatment. Capilia Adeno Eye&reg, and Allerwatch&reg, tests were performed. Results: A significantly higher number of cases (55/60) were diagnosed when both tests were evaluated than with either test (Capilia Adeno Eye&reg, (12/60, p &lt, 0.001) or Allerwatch&reg, (44/60, 0.005)) alone. The positivity rate of Allerwatch&reg, was significantly higher than that of Capilia Adeno Eye&reg, (p &lt, 0.001). The diagnosis rate of atopic keratoconjunctivitis was 100% in patients with allergic conjunctivitis, but there was no significant difference in positivity compared with other types of allergic conjunctivitis. Conclusions: Testing patients with both Capilia Adeno Eye&reg, improves the diagnostic accuracy for conjunctivitis and can diagnose more than 90% of cases. Detection of adenovirus antigen and IgE in tears, using these simple and rapid methods, will be useful for early diagnosis and prevention of adenoviral conjunctivitis.

Introduction: Globally enteric adenovirus has become the second leading cause of viral diarrhea. Present investigation was undertaken to understand the adenoviral etiology of diarrhea among hospitalized children in Assam, northeast India. Materials and methods: Over a period of two years (20132015), 455 faecal samples were collected from hospitalized children aged

Background Acute gastroenteritis stemming from viral causes is very common during the childhood period. Rotavirus and enteric adenovirus are the most common factors of acute gastroenteritis encountered in infants and children. However, the epidemiology of rotavirus and enteric adenovirus gastroenteritis in the east Anatolia region is not well-known. Objectives We aimed to evaluate the relationship between the distribution of antigen positivity in rotavirus and enteric adenovirus antigen tests required cases and demographic data retrospectively in pediatric patients admitted to our hospital. Patients and methods The records of stool sample analyses for 1154 patients admitted to our hospital from June 2011 to December 2011 with complaints of diarrhea were retrospectively examined. The presence of rotavirus and enteric adenovirus antigens in stool specimens was investigated by means of an immunochromatographic test. Results Viral antigens were detected in 327 (28.3%) stool specimens out of 1154. Among the positive results, the frequency was 73.7% for rotavirus and 26.2% for adenovirus. While the detected rotavirus antigen rate was high for all age groups, it was highest for children under the age of 2, with a rate of 57.1%. Moreover, the rotavirus infections were observed at a rate of 44.3% in winter and of 24.6% in autumn. Conclusions The most important factor in childhood acute gastroenteritis in east Anatolia is the rotavirus. Rotavirus and adenovirus antigens should be routinely investigated as a factor in fresh stool samples for the accurate diagnosis and treatment of gastroenteritis in children in the winter and autumn months.

Thirty‐four out of 64 faecal samples with adenovirus particles, as seen by electron microscopy, were found to contain adenovirus 40 or 41 by direct isolation and neutralization in Chang's conjunctival cells, mostly within one week. (Ad40 and 41 candidate viruses are serologically related.) 6 other adenovirus specics were isolated; 6 samples gave equivocal results, and 18 were negative. A genus‐specific ELISA with an antihexon coat yielded positive results in 40 out of 55 samples; the test failed to identify adenovirus antigen in 10 out of 17 specimens, which were found negative by culture. All of them were negative by immunfluorescence of inoculated Chang cell cultures. Hence the failures are probably due to insufficient amount of virus in the samples. The predominance of only two adenovirus species associated with gastroenteritis in children and the ease of cultivating and identifying them should help to elucidate their etiological significance.

Amaç: Adenovirüs ile gelişen epidemik konjunktivit genellikle göz doktorlarının muayenesi sırasında doğrudan temasla bulaşır. Bu yazı yenidoğan yoğun bakım biriminde (YYBB) adenovirus salgın yönetimi deneyimimizi paylaşmak amacıyla yazılmıştır. Gereç ve Yöntem: 14.09.2009-17.10.2009 tarihleri arasında YYBB’de görülen adenovirus salgını geriye dönük incelenmiştir. Bu dökümde tıbbi kayıtlar ve Enfeksiyon Kontrol Kurulu’nun kayıtlarının verileri kullanılmıştır. Serviste yatmakta olan 15 hastadan (9 kız, 6 erkek) ve 25 çalışandan konjunktiva, nazofarenks, dışkı sürüntü örnekleri toplandı. Salgın süresince tüm bebeklerden haftalık örnekler alındı. Örneklerin tümüne eş zamanlı olarak direkt floresan antikor testi ve “shell vial” hücre kültürü yöntemi uygulandı. Adenovirüs konjunktivit tanısı klinik bulgular ve/veya direkt floresan antikor ve hücre kültürlerinde üretilerek konuldu. Analizler yapılırken SPSS 13,0 istatistik programı kullanıldı. Bulgular: Prematüre retinopati taraması amacı ile yapılan göz bakısı ertesinde o gün muayene edilen beş bebekte, muayene eden hekimde ve muayene edilmeyen iki bebekte konjunktivit gelişti. Salgın sırasında YYBB’de yatmakta olan 15 bebekten 10’unda konjunktivit, bu olguların beşinde ishal ve konjunktivit beraber görüldü. Beş hemşirede klinik konjunktivit saptandı ve bir hemşirede adenovirus direkt floresan antikor testi ile gösterildi, hücre kültüründe üretildi. Konjunktiviti olan tüm hemşirelerin çalışmalarına ara verildi. Bulgusu olan üç bebeğin göz sürüntüsünde ve bir bebeğin de transtrakeal sıvısında adenovirus antijeni saptandı. Hücre kültürü ile tanı doğrulandı. Enfeksiyon kontrol kurul önerileri ile standart önlemlere ek olarak temas ve damlacık izolasyon önlemleri alındı. Çıkarımlar: Enfeksiyon kontrol önlemlerinin titizlikle uygulanması, birime hasta girişinin durdurulması, birimin ayrıntılı temizlenmesi ve dezenfeksiyonu salgının yayılmasını ve süresinin uzamasını engellemiştir. İkinci bir salgın dalgası olmamış ve hiç hasta kaybedilmemiştir. (Türk Ped Arfl 2011; 46: 202-6), Aim: Epidemic conjunctivitis caused by adenovirus frequently spreads by management contact during ophtalmologic examination. This report is written to share our experience on an adenovirus epidemic in our neonatal intensive care unit . Material and Method: The detailed medical and infection control committee records of the newborns and personnel together cared in Ege University neonatal intensive care unit in the period between 09.14.2009-10.17.2009 are used in this report. Conjunctival, nasopharyngeal and stool samples were collected from 15 patients, who were living in service (9 girls, 6 boys), and from 25 personnel. Weekly samples were collected from infants during the epidemic. Management fluorescence antibody test and “shell vial” cell culture method were conducted synchronously to all samples. Adenovirus conjunctivitis was diagnosed according to clinical evidence and/or detection of adenovirus in management fluorescence antibody test and cell cultures. During analysis, SPSS 13,0 statistics programme was used. Results: Severe conjunctivitis occurred within three days of fundus examination for screening of retinopathy of prematurity in five newborns who were examined in the same day and in the ophtalmologist who had examined the infants and in two newborns who were not examined. Ten of 15 infants who were cared at the neonatal intensive care unit during this epidemic had conjunctivitis, five of whom had also gastroenteritis. Five nurses had conjunctivitis and had a leave for therapy and isolation. In one of them AV was detected with direct fluorescence antibody test and also in cell cultures. Adenovirus antigen was detected in three conjunctival swabs and one tracheal aspirate of symptomatic infants. The diagnosis was confirmed with tissue cultures. In addition to standard precautions droplet precautions were also taken with the recommendation of the Infection Control Committee. Conclusions: The meticulous infection control measures, closing the unit to new admissions, detailed cleaning and decontamination of neonatal intensive care unit prevented the epidemic to spread further and limited the duration of the epidemic. No further second epidemics occurred and all patients recovered. (Turk Arch Ped 2011; 46: 202-6)

Background: Rotaviruses and adenoviruses are the commonly isolated viral agents from the patients with acute gastroenteritis and cause severe diarrhea in children younger than five years. Epidemiologic knowledge of the prevalence of these viruses is important for infection control policies and vaccination programs. Under this scope, we aimed to present the prevalence of rotaviruses and adenoviruses and their seasonal variations among pediatric age group patients with the diagnosis of acute gastroenteritis, which was determined by the immunochromatographic method in our region. Material and Methods: We evaluated the stool samples of the pediatric age group patients with the diagnosis of acute gastroenteritis during one-year period of January 1st to December 31st in 2015 by using an immunochromatographic assay to determine the rotavirus and adenovirus antigens. Results: During the one-year study period we examined the stool samples of 7994 pediatric patients. Rotavirus antigen was positive in 453 (5.7%) of the samples, whereas adenovirus antigen was positive in 176 (2.2%) of the samples. Acute gastroenteritis cases due to rotavirus dominated mainly in winter (9.5%) and spring (8.9%) and adenovirus affected patients more in spring (3.2%) and summer (2.6%). Conclusion: We have determined the prevalence of rotavirus antigen positivity as 5.7% and adenovirus antigen positivity as 2.2%, which are both relatively low compared to the other studies from Turkey. Seasonal variations are only observed for rotaviruses. Prevalence rates from different studies conducted in different parts of the country together with the rates from this study, will contribute the baseline epidemiologic knowledge for implantation of vaccination programs and infection control policies in Turkey.

A variable rate of false-positive results may be observed with commercial enzyme immunoassays (EIAs) for the detection of rotavirus and adenovirus antigen in stool specimens, depending on the quality of the reagents and the presence of potentially interfering substances in stool samples. The present study was performed in an attempt to improve the specificity of current commercial rotavirus and adenovirus EIAs without significant loss of sensitivity by optimizing the cut-off value. A collective of 174 stool samples obtained from children suffering from acute gastroenteritis was tested. Electron microscopy (EM) and PAGE were used as reference methods for rotavirus detection. For the evaluation of the adenovirus kits, virus isolation in cell culture and the polymerase chain reaction served as reference standards. The highest sensitivity for rotavirus and adenovirus detection was achieved by the Ridascreen® Rotavirus and Ridascreen® Adenovirus. However, the Ridascreen® Rotavirus and Ridascreen® Adenovirus produced the highest number of false-positive results (n = 9) for each rotavirus and adenovirus detection. Cross-reactivities to coronaviruses and reoviruses were observed with the rotavirus antigen EIAs. For Rotazyme II, Ridascreen Rotavirus and Ridascreen Adenovirus, the specificity could be markedly increased without loss of sensitivity by doubling the cut-off value. For the alternative immunoassays, which were overall more specific, it was not possible to significantly decrease the rate of false-positive results without impairment of sensitivity by raising the cut-off value. In conclusion, at least for some rotavirus and adenovirus antigen EIAs, the cut-off value set by the manufacturer may not permit an optimal differentiation between true-positive and -negative samples. By raising the cut-off value from 50 to 100%, the specificity of two rotavirus antigen and one adenovirus antigen EIA can be improved markedly without significant loss of sensitivity.

Purpose To evaluate the clinical features of nosocomial epidemic keratoconjunctivitis (EKC) occurring in the ophthalmology ward of Tokyo Medical University Hospital. Materials and methods We studied the symptoms and clinical course of 41 patients who had EKC caused by nosocomial infections in our hospital. We attempted to detect adenovirus antigen and viral DNA from conjunctival swabs and also to isolate the virus. Results The clinical symptoms of EKC, including postoperative cases, were not severe. In some cases, patients' complaints, for example, increase of lacrimation or appearance of a foreign body sensation, were contributory to diagnosis. Among the 41 patients, 31 out of 34 (91.2%) EKC patients who had undergone ophthalmic surgery had EKC in the operated eye. In cases receiving bilateral operations, EKC occurred first in the initially operated eye. The sensitivity of Adeno-check was 76.9%. Adenovirus type 19 was isolated from conjunctival swabs in 26 cases. Conclusions The early diagnosis of EKC is extremely important to prevent the spread of nosocomial infections. Careful observation of operated eyes and close attention to patient complaints may aid in the early detection of EKC.

Two direct rapid tests to detect adenovirus antigen, enzyme immunoassay (EIA) and immunofiltration (IF) were compared with regard to sensitivity, specificity, ease of interpretation, and technical complexity against 75 adenovirus culture-positive and 35 adenovirus culture-negative conjunctival swab specimens. Enzyme immunoassay and IF were equally sensitive (P = 0.5), with sensitivities of 80.6 and 79.0%, respectively, when swab specimens were collected from patients within 7 days of the onset of clinical symptoms of adenovirus infection. After 7 days of clinical onset, IF (46.2%) was more sensitive (P less than 0.01) than EIA (0.0%), and was able to detect residual antigen in three culture-negative specimens. Enzyme immunoassay and IF were equally specific (100%). Both tests were easy to interpret, but IF was more technically complex and is not yet commercially packaged. Enzyme immunoassay could benefit either an office practice or a central laboratory, whereas IF is better suited for the latter.

A commercial latex agglutination test for diagnosis of adenovirus in diarrheal disease (Adenolex, Orion Diagnostica, Finland) was evaluated by comparison with the results obtained by ELISA, electron microscopy (EM), and virus isolation. Fifty specimens originated from the diagnostic routine, and 50 were selected from a previous epidemiological study on the etiology of diarrheal disease in children. Thirteen of the 100 specimens reacted with the latex control, impairing interpretation of the results. Although the ELISA detected adenovirus antigen in 10(2) higher dilutions than the latex agglutination test, a total agreement was obtained between results by the two tests for 87 specimens including 42 positives. The two additional positives found by EM and virus isolation could not be diagnosed by the latex agglutination test. Of 37 specimens containing enteric adenoviruses (types 40 and 41), the agglutination test diagnosed all but 4 specimens containing type 41 virus. These four specimens were negative also by ELISA and adenovirus had been detected by virus isolation on the 293 cell line. The latex agglutination test gave positive results with nine specimens containing adenovirus types other than the enteric types 40 and 41. The latex agglutination test was found to be a rapid and simple method for the detection of adenovirus in diarrheal disease. Compared to ELISA and EM, the sensitivity was 100% and 95% respectively, and the specificity 100%.

Discussion and summaryThe information presented shows that the HA test can be utilized for determining adenovirus antibody response. The test may be carried out with heated adenovirus antigen and yields results which relate to a current adenovirus infection. Hemagglutination antibody titrations can be performed at room temperature and readings may be made up to 18 hours after the initial 2 hour incubation without change in titration end-points. Although the HA test does not achieve type specificity, this test appears to be more specific than the CF test. Huebner et al. (17) have reported 74%–90% heterotypic crossing in the CF test. The HA test reported here deals only with types 4 and 7 adenovirus infections and by extending these studies to include other adenovirus type infections it may be possible to utilize this test more specifically to determine infections to other types.Based on preliminary data the HA test appears to be superior to the CF test in regard to determining infections in persons having ...

Electron mnicroscopic studies of adenovirus preparations hla-ve revealed tlle presence of smnall "virus-like" partieles approximately 22 mn, in diameter in a runumber of hum-an and simiarn adenovirus types.' Some workers have irlterpreted these particles as being adenovirus subunits,4e while others' 1 have indicated that they represent a contaminating virus. Our early studies' suggested that lthe 22-m,u particles were viruses which replicated poorly, if at all, in human cells in the absence of adenovirus replication. Atchison et al.2 also presented evidence that the small particles were infectious, that they were defective, and that they were immunologically distinct from any knowii adenovirus antigen. They tentatively referred to this virus as adeno-associated virus (AAV) and we shall continue to use this name. The purpose of the present report is to describe some of the physical, biological, aind immunological characteristics of the small particles found in various adenovirus preparations with further evidenice that they are defective viruses and not adenovirus subunits.

A rapid, sensitive counterimmunoelectrophoresis assay was developed to detect adenovirus in stools of patients with gastroenteritis. The parameters of the assay were optimized, and its sensitivity and efficiency was examined. The assay promises to be a useful alternative to conventional techniques of cell culture isolation or electron microscopy for the detection of adenovirus in stool specimens.

The Adenoclone monoclonal antibody for detection of adenovirus antigen was evaluated by enzyme immunoassay and a 72-h indirect fluorescent-antibody test in shell vials and compared with standard culture. The sensitivity and specificity of the Adenoclone test were both 100% with 114 cell culture isolates. With 310 direct clinical specimens, the Adenoclone enzyme immunoassay sensitivity varied from 14.3 to 66.6%, but the Adenoclone indirect fluorescent-antibody test sensitivity was 86.7%, with 100% specificity.