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Background: Orthodontic treatment involves the use of adhesives to bond brackets to enamel surfaces. The treatment's efficacy depends on how long these bonds last. Orthodontic adhesives' shear bond strength (SBS) could be affected by thermal cycling, which mimics the conditions in the mouth. The purpose of this research was to compare the SBS of different orthodontic adhesives following thermal cycling. Materials and Methods: For this study, we randomly assigned 40 removed premolars from adults to one of four groups: Group A (resin-modified glass ionomer cement), Group B (light-cured composite resin), Group C (self-etch adhesive), or Group D (cyanoacrylate-based adhesive). Each group consisted of ten teeth. Over the course of 1,000 cycles, the samples were heated to temperatures ranging from 5 to 55 degrees Celsius. Using a universal testing equipment at a crosshead speed of 1 mm/min, SBS testing was conducted. Adhesive remnant index (ARI) scoring was applied to the debonded surfaces. Results: In MPa, the average SBS values were as follows: 8.5 ± 1.2 for Group A, 14.3 ± 2.1 for Group B, 10.8 ± 1.5 for Group C, and 6.9 ± 0.9 for Group D. The SBS was substantially higher in Group B as contrasted with the other groups (p<0.05). All groups saw a decrease in SBS after thermal cycling, although Group D showed the biggest drop. ARI scores indicated that Group B exhibited minimal adhesive failure, whereas Group D showed predominantly cohesive failure. Conclusion: Among the adhesives tested, light-cured composite resin exhibited the highest shear bond strength after thermal cycling, suggesting its suitability for long-term orthodontic treatment. Thermal cycling significantly impacts bond strength, emphasizing the need for adhesive selection based on clinical conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The purpose of this research was to compare the adhesive residual score/adhesive remnant index (ARI) and shear bond endurance between the two orthodontic bonding systems for zirconia surface bonding: Self-etch (Scotchbond Universal) and total-etch (Transbond XT). Materials and Methods: Color-coded acrylic blocks embedded with zirconia slabs were prepared, and the orthodontic brackets (ceramic) were bonded using either the total-etch or self-etch system. Group 1, represented by pink-colored blocks (N = 12), accommodated 12 zirconia surfaces using the total-etch system, while Group 2, represented purple-colored blocks (N = 12), also housed zirconia surfaces using the self-etch system. The shear bond strength was evaluated using an Instron Universal Testing Machine, and ARI scoring was done upon debonding. The statistical software SPSS was used for the analyses. Results: The average bonding strength for the Scotchbond Universal etch system was 6.21 ± 0.76 MPa, while for the total-etch system, it was 5.59 ± 1.37 MPa. The ARI scores revealed that 83% of surfaces bonded with the self-etch system had no adhesive residue (ARI score 0), compared to 66% for the total-etch system. Conclusion: The self-etch bonding agent demonstrated superior bond strength (6.2 MPa) compared to the total-etch system (5.6 MPa). Furthermore, it exhibited better ARI scores, indicating minimal adhesive residue. These findings suggest that the self-etch system is preferable for bonding ceramic brackets to zirconia crowns, offering improved bonding efficacy and ease of clean-up. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT: Background and Objectives: Today, orthodontic bracket bonding on the tooth surface is a vital phase in any orthodontic therapy as strong tooth-bracket bonding is essential for success and efficiency. Tooth whitening is popular due to tooth discolouration and patient need for esthetic changes. This in vitro study compared the shear bond strength (SBS) and adhesive remnant index (ARI) of brackets bonded with a conventional and moisture-insensitive primer system on tooth surfaces bleached with 35% hydrogen peroxide in dry and moisture conditions. Methods: Fifty-six healthy humans with extracted maxillary first premolars were cleaned using a periodontal curette, rinsed, treated with 35% hydrogen peroxide, and kept in a 0.1% thymol aqueous solution at room temperature. These teeth were embedded in orthodontic acrylic resin in four groups: the conventional primer system in dry conditions, the conventional primer system in moist conditions using artificial saliva, the moisture insensitive primer system in dry conditions, and the moisture insensitive primer system in moist conditions. After bonding metal brackets to tooth surfaces bleached with 35% hydrogen peroxide, universal testing machine and a stereomicroscope were used to calculate SBS and ARI. Results and Discussion: SBS and ARI values were the lowest in the conventional primer system in moist conditions, with statistically significant differences between groups. The study's findings match earlier research. In vivo research should evaluate SBS and ARI to support in vitro findings. Conclusion: In the current study, moisture was found to be a factor affecting SBS and ARI. The moisture-insensitive bonding system was found to be resistant to effects of moisture compared with the conventional system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Objectives The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of in-vivo produced Nisin which is an antimicrobial peptide (AMP) added to adhesive resin on shear bond strength (SBS) and the adhesive remnant index (ARI) of orthodontic brackets. Methods Bacterial AMP was produced by fermentation and the ideal AMP/Bond concentration and antimicrobial efficacy of the mixture were tested. To evaluate the SBS and ARI scores of AMP-added adhesive resins, 80 maxillary premolar teeth extracted for orthodontic purposes were used and randomly assigned into 2 groups (n = 40). Group 1: Control Group (teeth bonded with standard adhesive resin); Group 2: Experimental Group (teeth bonded with AMP-added adhesive resin). Statistical analysis was performed using the SPSS package program and applying the Mann-Whitney U and Fisher’s exact tests. P

OBJECTIVES: This study investigates the mechanical properties and antimicrobial efficiency of orthodontic adhesive modified with Salvadora persica (SP) oil, including adhesive remnant index (ARI) and shear bond strength (SBS), specifically antimicrobial efficacy against Streptococcus mutans. METHODS: Forty freshly extracted human premolars were recruited. They were classified into four groups according to the concentration of SP oil added to Heliosit orthodontic adhesive where the control group was with no adhesive modification, alongside three experimental groups, wherein SP oil was integrated into the adhesive at concentrations of 1%, 3%, and 5% weight/weight, respectively. The tooth buccal surface was etched by phosphoric acid gel (37%). The orthodontic brackets utilized were standard stainless steel edgewise 22". The brackets were bonded with Heliosit by Woodpecker LED light cure for 20 sec. The SBS was assessed using a universal testing machine, and ARI was inspected by a stereomicroscope at 20X magnification power. The antimicrobial activity against Streptococcus mutans was evaluated. The statistical analyses, analysis of variance (ANOVA), and Kruskal-Wallis and Duncan were performed where P ≤ 0.05. RESULTS: The findings indicated that among the experimental groups, the 3% SP oil group exhibited the highest mean SBS value, following closely behind the control group. Conversely, the mean SBS was lowest for the SP group with a 5% concentration. However, ANOVA and Kruskal-Wallis tests revealed no significant differences between groups (P ≥ 0.275, 0.069), respectively. Antimicrobial tests demonstrated a concentration-dependent antibacterial effect, the 5% group exhibiting the highest efficacy. CONCLUSION: Orthodontic adhesive modified with SP oil maintains favorable SBS while demonstrating antimicrobial effects against Streptococcus mutans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Orthodontists are often asked to remove fixed retainers before patients undergo magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The present in vitro study was designed to analyze the heating and bonding efficacy of stainless steel multibraided fixed retainers after 1.5- and 3-tesla (T) MRI. Materials and methods: A total of 180 human mandibular incisors were used to create 45 specimens of four teeth each, divided into nine groups. Handmade multibraided fixed retainers of three different sizes, defined by the diameter of the initial wire used (0.008″, 0.010″ and 0.012″), were tested. Three groups underwent MRI at 1.5 T, another three groups underwent MRI at 3 T and the last three groups did not undergo MRI. Temperature was assessed before and after MRI. Shear bond strength (SBS) and adhesive remnant index (ARI) were assessed after MRI for all groups. Data were statistically analyzed (p < 0.05). Results: After 1.5 T exposure, no significant temperature increase from T0 to T1 was observed in any of the groups (p > 0.05). Regarding the 3 T groups, a significant difference from T0 to T1 was found for all the groups (p < 0.05). Temperature changes were not clinically relevant, as they were less than 1 °C for all groups except for group 3 (ΔT0–T1: 1.18 ± 0.3 °C) and group 6 (ΔT0–T1: 1.12 ± 0.37 °C). Furthermore, there were no significant differences between the temperature variations associated with different wire diameters (p > 0.05). Conclusions: No significant changes in SBS or ARI were found (p > 0.05). Clinical significance: Since overheating was irrelevant and adhesion values did not change, the tested devices were concluded to be safe for MRI examinations at 1.5 T and 3 T. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of in-vivo produced Nisin which is an antimicrobial peptide (AMP) added to adhesive resin on shear bond strength (SBS) and the adhesive remnant index (ARI) of orthodontic brackets. Methods: Bacterial AMP was produced by fermentation and the ideal AMP/Bond concentration and antimicrobial efficacy of the mixture were tested. To evaluate the SBS and ARI scores of AMP-added adhesive resins, 80 maxillary premolar teeth extracted for orthodontic purposes were used and randomly assigned into 2 groups (n = 40). Group 1: Control Group (teeth bonded with standard adhesive resin); Group 2: Experimental Group (teeth bonded with AMP-added adhesive resin). Statistical analysis was performed using the SPSS package program and applying the Mann-Whitney U and Fisher's exact tests. P < 0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Results: Nisin synthesized in-vivo from Lactococcus lactis (L. lactis) (ATCC 7962) bacteria was provided to form a homogenous solution at an ideal concentration To find the minimum AMP/Bond mixture ratio that showed maximum antimicrobial activity, AMP and Bond mixtures were tested at various concentration levels between 1/160 and 1/2 (AMP/Bond). As a result, the optimum ratio was determined as 1/40. The antimicrobial efficacy of Nisin-added adhesive resin was tested against Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) (ATCC 35,688) and Lactobacillus strains (cariogenic microorganisms). AMP formed a 2.7 cm diameter zone alone, while 1/40 AMP-bond mixture formed a 1.2 cm diameter zone. SBS values of the teeth bonded with Nisin added adhesive (17.49 ± 5.31) were significantly higher than the control group (14.54 ± 4.96) (P = 0.004). According to the four point scale, Nisin added adhesive provided a higher ARI score in favour of the adhesive and tooth compared to the control group (ARI = 3, n = 20). Conclusions: Nisin produced from L. lactis (ATCC 7962) had greater antimicrobial effects after mixing with adhesive bond against cariogenic microorganisms S. mutans (ATCC 35,688) and Lactobacillus strains. Nisin added adhesive increased shear bond strength (SBS) of orthodontic brackets and ARI scores in favor of adhesive & teeth. Clinical relevance: Clinicians should take into account that using Nisin-added adhesive resin in orthodontic treatments can provide prophylaxis against tooth decay, especially in patients with poor oral hygiene. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To evaluate and compare the shear bond strength (SBS of the new Optibond eXTRa Universal and Adper Prompt L-Pop self-etch adhesive systems using an in vitro experimental design. Patients and methods: The sample included 40 freshly extracted human maxillary first premolars collected from orthodontic patients, adhering to ethical guidelines. The teeth were randomly assigned to two groups, one treated with Optibond eXTRa Universal self-etch adhesive and the other with Adper Prompt L-Pop. Stainless-steel brackets were then bonded to the teeth using BracePaste orthodontic adhesive composite resin. After storage and thermocycling, SBS was measured using a universal testing machine, and adhesive remnant index (ARI) scores were assessed under a digital microscope. Statistical analyses were performed, including the Shapiro–Wilk method, Student's t -test for SBS, and χ 2 test for ARI scores. Results: The mean SBS showed no significant difference between both groups (P = 0.076). However, the distribution of ARI scores exhibited a highly significant difference between the two groups (P < 0.001). Conclusion: While both adhesives exhibited similar bond strengths, variations in adhesive residue patterns highlight the importance of considering adhesive performance in orthodontic applications such as ease of cleanup and potential impact on enamel health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives. This study examines the mechanical properties and antimicrobial effectiveness of orthodontic adhesive enhanced with Salvadora persica (SP) oil. It includes assessments of adhesive remnant index (ARI), shear bond strength (SBS), and evaluates its antimicrobial efficacy against Streptococcus mutans. Methods. Forty freshly extracted human premolars were included in the study. These teeth were thoroughly cleaned, polished, and rinsed with water before drying. Following this, the buccal surfaces were etched using 37% phosphoric acid gel. Standard stainless steel orthodontic brackets were used in the study. The brackets were bonded using (Heliosit, Ivoclar, Zurich, Switzerland) orthodontic adhesive in four distinct groups: a control group was established wherein bonding occurred without any adhesive modification, alongside three experimental groups wherein Salvadora persica oil was integrated into the adhesive at concentrations of 1%, 3%, and 5% weight/weight, respectively. The SBS was then assessed using a universal testing machine and antimicrobial activity against Streptococcus mutans were assessed. Statistical analyses, including Kruskal-Wallis and one-way ANOVA tests, were performed. Results. The results showed that among the experimental groups, the 3% concentration of SP oil had the highest average SBS value, closely followed by the control group. In contrast, the SP group with a 5% concentration had the lowest mean shear bond strength values. ANOVA analysis indicated no significant differences either within or between the mean values. Antimicrobial testing revealed a concentration-dependent antibacterial effect, with the 5% concentration group demonstrating the highest efficacy. Conclusion. Orthodontic adhesive modified with SP oil maintains favorable SBS while demonstrating antimicrobial effects against Streptococcus mutans.

Copyright of Journal of Orofacial Orthopedics/Fortschritte der Kieferorthopadie is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Aims: Minimal enamel loss during bonding and debonding operations is ideal for preserving the enamel surface in fixed orthodontic treatment. This study aimed to assess the enamel surface after debonding conventional and self-ligating metal and ceramic brackets and compare their enamel damage index (EDI) and adhesive remnant index (ARI) using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Materials and Methods: Thirty-two maxillary first premolar teeth were divided into four equal groups of eight teeth each. According to the type of brackets used, the teeth were set on acrylic blocks that were color-coded: Conventional metal brackets (ORMCO MINI 2000), Self-ligating metal brackets (ORMCO DAMON Q), conventional ceramic brackets (ORMCO SYMETRI CLEAR), and self-ligating Ceramic brackets (ORMCO DAMON CLEAR). After debonding was done using a straight debonding plier, the tooth surfaces were examined by SEM. The ARI and EDI were then evaluated. The Kruskal-Wallis test was used in inferential statistics to determine differences between the groups. The association between the ARI and the EDI was determined using the Pearson correlation test. Results: The ARI revealed lower values for teeth bonded with traditional ceramic brackets, along with higher scores in the EDI. This suggests that the enamel-resin interface was the primary site of bond failure, potentially leading to iatrogenic tooth surface damage from ceramic bracket debonding. Conversely, self-ligating stainless-steel brackets had the lowest EDI scores and higher ARI values, suggesting that the resin-bracket interface was the primary site of bond failure. Additionally, this group showed minimal to no enamel damage, with only a few enamel cracks observed. Conclusion: Self-ligating metal brackets showed the highest ARI scores and lowest EDI scores, whereas conventional ceramic brackets presented with lowest ARI scores and highest EDI scores. The enamel surfaces attached with ceramic brackets showed greater enamel cracks upon SEM analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Nowadays, many patients wanting to bleach and do orthodontic treatment simultaneously, in-office bleaching is more favorable because of the instant results. However, in-office bleaching procedures result in severe enamel surface demineralization and decreasing the attachment of the orthodontic bracket. Applying a desensitizing agent after in-office bleaching can remineralize the enamel surface. There are two types of desensitizing agents: Fluoride-based and non-fluoride-based. Purpose: This study aims to analyze the effect of applying fluoride-based and non-fluoride-based desensitizing agents after in-office bleaching on orthodontic brackets. Methods: Twenty-seven post-extraction upper premolars were divided into three groups (n=9): Control group, fluoride-based group, and non-fluoride-based group. The samples were subjected to an in-office bleaching procedure before a fluoride desensitizing agent was applied to the fluoride group and a non-fluoride desensitizing agent was applied to the non-fluoride group. Then, a brackets bonding procedure was performed on all samples. The samples were tested for shear bond strength (SBS), and the adhesive remnant index (ARI) was measured. The data was analyzed by a one-way analysis of variance on the SBS test, while the ARI scores were analyzed by the Kruskal–Wallis test. Results: The fluoride and non-fluoride groups showed a significantly increased SBS of the brackets after in-office bleaching (P 0.05). Conclusion: The application of desensitizing agents after in-office bleaching increased the metal brackets' SBS but could not change the ARI scores.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the in vitro effect of orthodontic bracket base shape on shear bond strength (SBS) to human enamel and assess the nature of debonding fractures using the Adhesive Remnant Index (ARI). Orthodontic brackets with different-shaped bases (flower, heart, rectangle) were bonded to 120 extracted human third molars. Shear bond strength was measured using a Servohydraulic Test System at 24 h and 2 months after bonding. Adhesive Remnant Index scores were evaluated under 10x magnification to assess the amount of resin left on the tooth. The control bracket (rectangular base shape) had the highest mean SBS (26.8 ± 8.2 megapascals [MPa]), and significantly differed from the flower (17.2 ± 4.4 MPa) and heart (18.9 ± 3.5 MPa) base shapes (p < 0.001). The mean SBS between debonding times at 24 h (21.5 ± 7.4 MPa) and 2 months (20.4 ± 6.7 MPa) were not statistically significant (p > 0.05). Analysis of ARI scores showed a significant difference between flower-24 h versus heart-2 months (p = 0.039), flower-24 h versus heart-24 h (p = 0.004), and control-2 months versus heart-24 h (p = 0.015). Bracket base shape influenced SBS, with the rectangular base shape having a higher mean SBS compared to flower and heart base shapes. Variations in ARI scores occurred based on bracket shape and were of a mixed adhesive-cohesive nature. All bracket shapes had bond strengths above the clinically acceptable range of 6–8 MPa, and may thus provide adequate SBS in a clinical situation.

This article presents the findings of a study that examined the impact of desensitizing agents on the bond strength of orthodontic brackets after in-office bleaching. The study found that both fluoride-based and non-fluoride-based desensitizing agents increased the bond strength of the brackets. However, the application of these agents did not affect the adhesive remnant index (ARI), which measures the attachment failure between the bracket and the tooth. The study suggests that using desensitizing agents after bleaching can enhance the bond strength of metal brackets, particularly fluoride-based agents. [Extracted from the article]

Objective: The objective was to compare the shear bond strength (SBS) and the adhesive remnant index (ARI) amongst six orthodontic bracket groups. Materials and Methods: Three-dimensional printed polycrystalline alumina brackets (3DBs), ceramic brackets (CBs), and metal brackets (MBs), divided into six groups, were bonded to bovine incisors using different bonding procedures. The SBSs were obtained using a universal testing machine, and the ARIs were assessed with a stereomicroscope. The statistical analyses included one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) for SBS differences and Fisher's exact test to show ARI differences amongst the groups (p < 0.05). Results: No significant differences (p > 0.05) were measured amongst the SBSs of the 3DB groups (12.3 MPa, 12.6 MPa, 12.3 MPa, 11.0 MPa, respectively). The latter four groups generally had significantly lower SBSs (p < 0.001) than the conventional bracket groups, CB and MB (16.9 MPa and 19.3 MPa, respectively). Also, there was no significant difference in SBSs for the CB and MB groups (p > 0.05). A high ARI for CBs and MBs (2) indicated that more than 50% of the adhesive remained on the enamel surface. The four 3DB groups had no residual adhesive or less than 50% adhesive on the enamel surface after debonding (ARI scores 0 and 1). A significant difference in ARI levels existed across the types of brackets (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Three-dimensional printed polycrystalline alumina brackets exhibited adequate SBS values for successful bonding. However, the values were lower compared to those for conventional ceramic and metal brackets. The majority of the adhesive remnant for the 3D-printed brackets was mainly located on the bracket base. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVES: This study investigates the mechanical properties and antimicrobial efficiency of orthodontic adhesive modified with Salvadora persica (SP) oil, including adhesive remnant index (ARI) and shear bond strength (SBS), specifically antimicrobial efficacy against Streptococcus mutans. METHODS: Forty freshly extracted human premolars were recruited. They were classified into four groups according to the concentration of SP oil added to Heliosit orthodontic adhesive where the control group was with no adhesive modification, alongside three experimental groups, wherein SP oil was integrated into the adhesive at concentrations of 1%, 3%, and 5% weight/weight, respectively. The tooth buccal surface was etched by phosphoric acid gel (37%). The orthodontic brackets utilized were standard stainless steel edgewise 22”. The brackets were bonded with Heliosit by Woodpecker LED light cure for 20 sec. The SBS was assessed using a universal testing machine, and ARI was inspected by a stereomicroscope at 20X magnification power. The antimicrobial activity against Streptococcus mutans was evaluated. The statistical analyses, analysis of variance (ANOVA), and Kruskal-Wallis and Duncan were performed where P ≤ 0.05. RESULTS: The findings indicated that among the experimental groups, the 3% SP oil group exhibited the highest mean SBS value, following closely behind the control group. Conversely, the mean SBS was lowest for the SP group with a 5% concentration. However, ANOVA and Kruskal-Wallis tests revealed no significant differences between groups (P ≥ 0.275, 0.069), respectively. Antimicrobial tests demonstrated a concentration-dependent antibacterial effect, the 5% group exhibiting the highest efficacy. CONCLUSION: Orthodontic adhesive modified with SP oil maintains favorable SBS while demonstrating antimicrobial effects against Streptococcus mutans.

Objectives: Orthodontists are often asked to remove fixed retainers before patients undergo magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The present in vitro study was designed to analyze the heating and bonding efficacy of stainless steel multibraided fixed retainers after 1.5- and 3-tesla (T) MRI. Materials and methods: A total of 180 human mandibular incisors were used to create 45 specimens of four teeth each, divided into nine groups. Handmade multibraided fixed retainers of three different sizes, defined by the diameter of the initial wire used (0.008″, 0.010″ and 0.012″), were tested. Three groups underwent MRI at 1.5 T, another three groups underwent MRI at 3 T and the last three groups did not undergo MRI. Temperature was assessed before and after MRI. Shear bond strength (SBS) and adhesive remnant index (ARI) were assessed after MRI for all groups. Data were statistically analyzed (p < 0.05). Results: After 1.5 T exposure, no significant temperature increase from T0 to T1 was observed in any of the groups (p > 0.05). Regarding the 3 T groups, a significant difference from T0 to T1 was found for all the groups (p < 0.05). Temperature changes were not clinically relevant, as they were less than 1 °C for all groups except for group 3 (ΔT0–T1: 1.18 ± 0.3 °C) and group 6 (ΔT0–T1: 1.12 ± 0.37 °C). Furthermore, there were no significant differences between the temperature variations associated with different wire diameters (p > 0.05). Conclusions: No significant changes in SBS or ARI were found (p > 0.05). Clinical significance: Since overheating was irrelevant and adhesion values did not change, the tested devices were concluded to be safe for MRI examinations at 1.5 T and 3 T.

Successful orthodontic therapy, apart from a proper treatment plan, depends on optimal bracket–enamel adhesion. Among numerous factors affecting adhesion, the type of bracket and preparation of the tooth's surface are crucial. The aim of this study was to compare the shear bond strength (SBS) of metal and ceramic brackets to the enamel's surface using direct bonding. Forty extracted human premolars were divided into four groups according to the etching method (etch-and-rinse and self-etch) and bracket type. The SBS and adhesive remnant index (ARI) were determined. The ceramic brackets achieved the highest SBS values both in the self-etch (SE) and etch-and-rinse (ER) protocols. Higher SBS values for ceramic and metallic brackets were found in the ER protocol. In all tested groups, the achieved SBS value was satisfactory to withstand orthodontic and occlusal forces. There was no significant difference in the ARI score between study groups (p = 0.71). The fracture occurred between the bracket base and adhesive material in both types of brackets, which decreased the risk of enamel damage during debonding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Graphene-based materials have great prospects for application in dentistry and medicine due to their unique properties and biocompatibility with tissues. The literature on the use of graphene oxide in orthodontic treatment was reviewed. Methods: This systematic review followed the PRISMA protocol and was conducted by searching the following databases: PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Cochrane. The following search criteria were used to review the data on the topic under study: (Graphene oxide) AND (orthodontic) ALL FIELDS. For the Scopus database, results were narrowed to titles, authors, and keywords. A basic search structure was adopted for each database. Initially, a total of 74 articles were found in the considered databases. Twelve articles met the inclusion criteria and were included in the review. Results: Nine studies demonstrated the antibacterial properties of graphene oxide, which can reduce the demineralization of enamel during orthodontic treatment. Seven studies showed that it is biocompatible with oral tissues. Three studies presented that graphene oxide can reduce friction in the arch-bracket system. Two studies showed that it can improve the mechanical properties of orthodontic adhesives by reducing ARI (Adhesive Remnant Index). Three studies demonstrated that the use of graphene oxide in the appropriate concentration can also increase the SBS (shear bond strength) parameter. One research study showed that it can increase corrosion resistance. One research study suggested that it can be used to accelerate orthodontic tooth movement. Conclusion: The studies included in the systematic review showed that graphene oxide has numerous applications in orthodontic treatment due to its properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background The dental profession is seeing a constant influx of new adhesive systems from manufacturers, each claiming to be more dependable than the last. This study assessed the bond strength and adhesive remnants of different light-cured adhesives used for bonding metal brackets to teeth. Methods 80 extracted maxillary premolars with the sound crown structure were acid etched and bonded with brackets on their buccal surfaces utilizing primer and light-cured adhesives into four equal groups, which are Transbond XT, Heliosit, Enlight, and Bracepaste. Shear bond strength (SBS) for de-bonding the brackets were evaluated with Instron- testing machine after 48 hours. The de-bonded samples’ adhesive remnant index (ARI) scores were also measured. Results The maximum mean SBS was found for Transbond XT (12.91 ± 2.0 MPa), followed by Bracepaste (12.87 ± 1.59 MPa), Enlight (11.77 ± 1.87 MPa), and lowest for Heliosit (10.93 ± 1.71 MPa). According to the four point scale, adhesive remnant index (ARI), Transbond XT has the least adhesive residue left on the tooth, followed by Heliosit. Enlight and Bracepaste have a similar distribution of adhesive, with both having a maximum amount left. Conclusion It can be inferred that all groups involved demonstrated a satisfactory level of bond strength from a clinical perspective. Transbond XT is the preferred orthodontic adhesive over the other three adhesives due to its superior SBS and ARI properties.

Objective:The present study aimed to find a chemical reagent that would reduce the debonding force to enable easier debonding of the ceramic brackets, thus reducing enamel damage as well as chair side time.Methods:The study included 4 groups -control (distilled water), eucalyptus oil, glutathione and lemon essential oil for immersing teeth bonded with ceramic brackets. Samples (25 in each group), extracted first premolars, were mounted and immersed in their respective solution for a duration of 10 minutes following which they were tested to evaluate the debonding force using the INSTRON universal testing machine. The amount of adhesive left behind on the enamel surface was evaluated using adhesive remnant index (ARI) score and surface changes were checked using a scanning electron microscope.Results:Teeth immersed in glutathione showed the greatest amount of reduction in debonding force (p=0.001) compared with other groups. ARI scores were low for specimens immersed in glutathione. SEM images showed that teeth in the glutathione group had a cleaner enamel surface, suggesting less or no adhesive was left behind and no sign of enamel damage after debonding ceramic brackets.Conclusion:Specimens that were immersed in glutathione for a duration of 10 minutes before debonding of ceramic brackets showed the greatest reduction in debonding force compared with control and demonstrated peel off effect with no enamel damage. Glutathione can be used as an effective reagent during the clinical debonding of ceramic brackets.

Background The dental profession is seeing a constant influx of new adhesive systems from manufacturers, each claiming to be more dependable than the last. This study assessed the bond strength and adhesive remnants of different light-cured adhesives used for bonding metal brackets to teeth. Methods 80 extracted maxillary premolars with the sound crown structure were acid etched and bonded with brackets on their buccal surfaces utilizing primer and light-cured adhesives into four equal groups, which are Transbond XT, Heliosit, Enlight, and Bracepaste. Shear bond strength (SBS) for de-bonding the brackets were evaluated with Instron- testing machine after 48 hours. The de-bonded samples’ adhesive remnant index (ARI) scores were also measured. Results The maximum mean SBS was found for Transbond XT (12.91 ± 2.0 MPa), followed by Bracepaste (12.87 ± 1.59 MPa), Enlight (11.77 ± 1.87 MPa), and lowest for Heliosit (10.93 ± 1.71 MPa). According to the four point scale, adhesive remnant index (ARI), Transbond XT has the least adhesive residue left on the tooth, followed by Heliosit. Enlight and Bracepaste have a similar distribution of adhesive, with both having a maximum amount left. Conclusion It can be inferred that all groups involved demonstrated a satisfactory level of bond strength from a clinical perspective. Transbond XT is the preferred orthodontic adhesive over the other three adhesives due to its superior SBS and ARI properties.

Introduction: The aim of study is to determine if laser irradiated enamel may be a viable alternative to acid etching for orthodontic bonding of molar tubes. Method: Sixty extracted permanent molars were divided into 3 groups of 20 each. Group I was irradiated with Er:YAG laser for 15 s, group II with Er;Cr:YSGG laser for 15 s, and group III was etched with 37% phosphoric acid. Ten samples from each group were observed under scanning electron microscope and later all 60 samples were bonded with molar tubes. Molar tubes were debonded and shear bond strength was recorded. Adhesive remnant index was measured under electron microscope (2000×). Results: Shear bond strength with Er:YAG laser etching was significantly higher than with acid etching and Er;Cr:YSGG laser etching. Er:YAG laser etching, and Er;Cr:YSGG laser etching showed Type III etching pattern with microcracks while acid etching showed Type I etching pattern. Adhesive remnant index was significantly higher for Er:YAG laser etching as compared to conventional acid etching. Conclusion: Er:YAG and Er;Cr:YSGG laser etching is a viable alternative to acid etching for bonding of bondable molar tubes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: The aim of this study was to compare the shear bond strength (SBS) and adhesive remnant index of stainless-steel brackets bonded with different orthodontic adhesive systems. Materials and Methods: In our study performed on 60 premolar teeth extracted for orthodontic reasons, MBT prescription 0.022'' stainless-steel brackets (Discovery Smart®, Dentaurum, Germany) were used. In teeth randomly divided into 3 groups, bonding was performed with Group 1: Trulock Light Activated Bonding System (RMO, USA), Group 2: Bisco Ortho Bracket Paste LC (Bisco, USA), Group 3: Transbond XT Light Cure Adhesive (3M, USA). SBS and residual adhesive indexes (ARI) were evaluated by breaking the samples. Adhesive residues were cleaned with tungsten carbide burs from the surfaces of the teeth, rebonding was made after sanding the brackets’ surfaces. SBS and ARI values were re-evaluated. One-way ANOVA, two-sample t-test and Mann-Whitney U tests were used for statistical analysis of the data, p

Copyright of Journal of Orofacial Orthopedics/Fortschritte der Kieferorthopadie is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective: To investigate the effects of surface preparation with sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) on bracket shear bond strength and amount of residual adhesive on primary and permanent teeth. Materials and Methods: 24 permanent premolars, 12 in each group (groups I and III), and 24 primary molars, 12 in each group (groups II and IV) were included. In group I and II, 37% phosphoric acid was applied to the tooth surfaces, without using any other agent. In Group III and IV, 5.25% NaOCl was first applied. Following washing and drying, surface roughening was performed with phosphoric acid. The shear bond strengths (SBS) of the brackets bonded to the tooth surfaces was measured. After debonding, the base of each bracket was examined for adhesive remnant index (ARI) scores. Results: There were no statistically significant differences in SBS values between primary and permanent teeth with and without preparation with NaOCl(P gt;0.05). Mean SBS(18.55±14.98 MPa) was higher in permanent premolars subjected to surface deproteinization with NaOCl (group III) when compared with other groups, but the difference was not significant. There was no significant difference in ARI scores between the groups. Conclusions: The bond strength of orthodontic brackets or the distribution of ARI scores were similar between groups with and without NaOCl pretreatment. Hence, it can be concluded that conventional bonding procedures applied without any additional preparation to primary teeth are sufficient and the debonding of brackets didn’t cause any harm to enamel surfaces.

Objective: The objective was to compare the shear bond strength (SBS) and the adhesive remnant index (ARI) amongst six orthodontic bracket groups. Materials and Methods: Three-dimensional printed polycrystalline alumina brackets (3DBs), ceramic brackets (CBs), and metal brackets (MBs), divided into six groups, were bonded to bovine incisors using different bonding procedures. The SBSs were obtained using a universal testing machine, and the ARIs were assessed with a stereomicroscope. The statistical analyses included one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) for SBS differences and Fisher’s exact test to show ARI differences amongst the groups (p < 0.05). Results: No significant differences (p > 0.05) were measured amongst the SBSs of the 3DB groups (12.3 MPa, 12.6 MPa, 12.3 MPa, 11.0 MPa, respectively). The latter four groups generally had significantly lower SBSs (p < 0.001) than the conventional bracket groups, CB and MB (16.9 MPa and 19.3 MPa, respectively). Also, there was no significant difference in SBSs for the CB and MB groups (p > 0.05). A high ARI for CBs and MBs (2) indicated that more than 50% of the adhesive remained on the enamel surface. The four 3DB groups had no residual adhesive or less than 50% adhesive on the enamel surface after debonding (ARI scores 0 and 1). A significant difference in ARI levels existed across the types of brackets (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Three-dimensional printed polycrystalline alumina brackets exhibited adequate SBS values for successful bonding. However, the values were lower compared to those for conventional ceramic and metal brackets. The majority of the adhesive remnant for the 3D-printed brackets was mainly located on the bracket base.

Objective: The present study aimed to find a chemical reagent that would reduce the debonding force to enable easier debonding of the ceramic brackets, thus reducing enamel damage as well as chair side time. Methods: The study included 4 groups -control (distilled water), eucalyptus oil, glutathione and lemon essential oil for immersing teeth bonded with ceramic brackets. Samples (25 in each group), extracted first premolars, were mounted and immersed in their respective solution for a duration of 10 minutes following which they were tested to evaluate the debonding force using the INSTRON universal testing machine. The amount of adhesive left behind on the enamel surface was evaluated using adhesive remnant index (ARI) score and surface changes were checked using a scanning electron microscope. Results: Teeth immersed in glutathione showed the greatest amount of reduction in debonding force (p=0.001) compared with other groups. ARI scores were low for specimens immersed in glutathione. SEM images showed that teeth in the glutathione group had a cleaner enamel surface, suggesting less or no adhesive was left behind and no sign of enamel damage after debonding ceramic brackets. Conclusion: Specimens that were immersed in glutathione for a duration of 10 minutes before debonding of ceramic brackets showed the greatest reduction in debonding force compared with control and demonstrated peel off effect with no enamel damage. Glutathione can be used as an effective reagent during the clinical debonding of ceramic brackets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The adhesion of fixed orthodontic appliances and dental enamel is an important procedure, which must be correctly planned with the materials assigned for each clinical situation, which can be variable due to the dental surface, the medical and stomatological history of the patient. In addition, to allow effective treatment in clinical practice, factors affecting cementation must be taken into account, which may be related to clinical materials such as acid etching, bracket type, bracket design and size, adhesive, and adhesion to restorative materials. Also, they may be related to the dental surface, such as fluorosis, a defect in the dental surface that affects the quality of the enamel. On the other hand, there are extrinsic factors such as mouthwashes, smoking or dental whitening. Finally, it is imperative to mention that this literary review was carried out through previous studies, where they evaluated orthodontic adhesion techniques to achieve better clinical management, which allow the success of orthodontic treatment, such as shear bond strength, adhesion index remnant, in vivo survival analysis and microscopic evaluation of the microfracture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To determine the effect of fluoride varnish application combined with a simulated oral environment prior to bracket bonding on the shear bond strength (SBS) between brackets and tooth enamel. Sixty de-identified, extracted teeth were grouped to either receive or not receive fluoride varnish and then stored for 7 days at 37 °C in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) solution or PBS combined with three 15-min cycles/day in a demineralizing solution to simulate pH variation following meals. Subsequently, brackets were bonded and after 24-h dark cure at 37 °C, debonded using shear forces in a simulated oral environment. The maximum shear force was used to calculate SBS, and the adhesive remnant index (ARI) was determined by image analysis of photos of the bracket mesh pad after debonding. A statistically higher SBS (10.16 MPa) was observed when fluoride varnish was applied prior to storage in PBS + demineralizing solution compared to SBS (6.38 MPa) following storage in the same solution without varnish application. Based on 37% effect size, this difference is also clinically relevant. In contrast, no significant differences in SBS were observed with varnish application combined with PBS with no demineralizing solution or between storage solution alone. Moreover, there was no significant difference in ARI due to varnish combined with either storage method or storage solution only. Results suggest varnish application prior to bracket bonding in combination with simulated oral environment that included acid exposure is beneficial in maintaining higher SBS between bracket and enamel. Despite higher SBS, adhesive remaining on enamel did not increase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Graphene-based materials have great prospects for application in dentistry and medicine due to their unique properties and biocompatibility with tissues. The literature on the use of graphene oxide in orthodontic treatment was reviewed. Methods: This systematic review followed the PRISMA protocol and was conducted by searching the following databases: PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Cochrane. The following search criteria were used to review the data on the topic under study: (Graphene oxide) AND (orthodontic) ALL FIELDS. For the Scopus database, results were narrowed to titles, authors, and keywords. A basic search structure was adopted for each database. Initially, a total of 74 articles were found in the considered databases. Twelve articles met the inclusion criteria and were included in the review. Results: Nine studies demonstrated the antibacterial properties of graphene oxide, which can reduce the demineralization of enamel during orthodontic treatment. Seven studies showed that it is biocompatible with oral tissues. Three studies presented that graphene oxide can reduce friction in the arch-bracket system. Two studies showed that it can improve the mechanical properties of orthodontic adhesives by reducing ARI (Adhesive Remnant Index). Three studies demonstrated that the use of graphene oxide in the appropriate concentration can also increase the SBS (shear bond strength) parameter. One research study showed that it can increase corrosion resistance. One research study suggested that it can be used to accelerate orthodontic tooth movement. Conclusion: The studies included in the systematic review showed that graphene oxide has numerous applications in orthodontic treatment due to its properties.

Introduction: Grape Seed Extract (GSE) contains Proanthocyanidins (PA) which have been shown to cross-link and strengthen demineralised dentin collagen. There is paucity of research to evaluate, if grape seed extract increases the Shearbond Strength (SBS) of orthodontic resin when bonding to enamel. Aim: To evaluate the SBS and Adhesive Remnant Index (ARI) scores of enamel surface bonded with orthodontic resin after immersing in 30% of grape seed extract and compare the same with that of control group. Materials and Methods: This in-vitro study was conducted in SRM Dental College, Ramapuram, Chennai, India, from January 2021 to August 2021, in which 72 extracted teeth samples were divided into two groups. The two groups, each with 36 specimens, included Group I (Control), Group II (Test). Teeth in the test group were soaked in 30% grape seed extract for 10 minutes before bonding and teeth in the control group were bonded directly without soaking in grape seed extract. SBS were measured using a universal testing machine. To evaluate the amount of resin left on the enamel surfaces after debonding, ARI scores were used. The samples were subsequently evaluated using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) to study the surface characteristics of enamel after immersion in grape seed extract. Student's t-test was used to assess the difference between two groups in SBS and Chi-square test was used for ARI scores. Results: Total of 72 teeth were analysed, 36 extracted teeth in each group. The mean SBS in group I was 78.9 Newton (N), 59.03 N in group II. There was a stastistically significant differences in the mean scores of SBS between the groups (p-value=0.0024). The SBS of control group was significantly higher than the test group. Significant difference (p-value=0.016) found in ARI scores between the two groups. In SEM analysis, after grape seed extract conditioning followed by acid etching, pronounced cobble stone appearance was noticed, indicating a type II etching pattern. Conclusion: Adhesive failure occurred at the resin and bracket interface indicating that SBS reduces, when teeth were immersed in grape seed extract. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AIM: To evaluate the effect of three different reconditioning techniques on the shear bond strength (SBS) of rebonded brackets. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Forty-five orthodontic brackets were bonded to human premolar teeth using TransbondTMXT. After debonding, the samples were randomly assigned into equal groups to assess three techniques for the removal of residual adhesive from bracket bases: in Group A, each bracket base was sandblasted with aluminum oxide; in Group B1, each base was cleaned superficially with a greenstone bur; and in Group B2, the bases were thoroughly abraded with a greenstone bur. Subsequently, brackets were rebonded and the SBS and the adhesive remnant index (ARI) were determined. Data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), plus Tukey and Kruskal-Wallis post-hoc tests (P = 0.05). RESULTS: The average SBSs were: Group A, 11.75 (±4.83) MPa; Group B1, 8.22 (±4.01) MPa; and Group B2, 7.54 (±2.85) MPa. No statistically significant differences in SBS were found between Groups A and B1 (P = 0.051) and Groups B1 and B2 (P = 0.885), but there was a significant difference between Groups A and B2 (P = 0.016). Regarding ARI scores, there were statistically significant differences between Groups A and B2 (P < 0.001) and between B1 and B2 (P = 0.014), but not between Groups A and B1 (P = 0.068). CONCLUSION: All reconditioning methods were found to have a positive effect, but the sandblasting technique performed best. Brackets reconditioned by sandblasting and superficial grinding mainly showed mixed-type failure, while in samples thoroughly reconditioned by greenstone bur, bonding failure occurred predominantly at the adhesive/bracket interface. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

INTRODUCTION: The demand by dental practitioners for adhesives led to the innovation of newer self-etched universal adhesive systems. The objectives were to evaluate the shear bond strength (SBS) of metal brackets bonded with Optibond eXTRa Universal self-etch adhesive and Transbond XT primer and also to assess the adhesive remnant index (ARI). MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 100 extracted human premolar tooth samples were divided into 2 groups (n = 50) according to the adhesive system employed: Transbond XT (3M Unitek) and Optibond eXTRa Universal (KaVo Kerr). In group A, Transbond XT primer was applied, and in group B, Optibond eXTRa was applied, and metal brackets (American Orthodontics) were bonded with the Transbond XT adhesive, followed by photopolymerization with LEDition. The samples were preserved in artificial saliva for 30 days. SBS was tested using a universal testing machine (DAK Series7200, India). The ARI was assessed at 10 magnification under a stereomicroscope (Meiji Techno, Japan). The SBS scores were subjected to independent sample t-test and ARI scores to Pearson's Chi-square test. RESULTS: The mean SBS and standard deviation of Transbond XT is 12.11 ± 2.6 MPa and that of Optibond eXTRa Universal is 11.36 ± 2.8 MPa, revealing a statistically nonsignificant difference. Transbond XT displayed higher ARI scores and was statistically significant (P = 0.001). CONCLUSION: The Optibond eXTRa Universal adhesive appears to be preferable for orthodontic bonding as it exhibited clinically acceptable SBS and performed better in terms of the ARI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The objective of the present study was to evaluate and compare the bond strength of orthodontic brackets bonded to permanent teeth with a conventional acid-etching and self-etching primer systems. Also, the study aims to evaluate the mode of bond failure after debonding the brackets. Materials and Methods: It was an experimental study. Fifty extracted permanent premolars were collected, checked, and cleaned. Teeth were split equally into two groups, group A and B. Orthodontic brackets were bonded using conventional acid-etching and self-etching primer systems for group A and B, respectively. Shear bond strength (SBS) was measured with a universal testing machine, and the mode of bracket-adhesive failure was determined by using adhesive remnant index (ARI). Data were analyzed with a statistical software. Independent sample t-test was used to compare the SBS and Mann–Whitney U test was used to assess whether there is a significant difference of ARI score between the groups. Results: Although the SBS with self-etching primer was within clinically acceptable range, the overall mean SBS for group A (14.71 MPa) was significantly greater than group B (9.24 MPa) (P = 0.024). There was no significant difference in ARI scores between conventional acid-etching and self-etching groups (P = 0.801). Conclusion: The SBS of the conventional acid-etching was significantly higher than the self-etching primer. The SBS of self-etch was within the acceptable range to withstand the forces of mastication. The majority of the brackets recorded ARI score of 1 indicating a cohesive failure with no significant difference between acid-etch and self-etch groups.

Background/purpose: To assess the usefulness of plastic bracket primer (PBP) for improving the bond strength of plastic brackets (PBs) using three types of orthodontic brackets, including PBs, metal brackets (MBs), and ceramic brackets (CBs). Materials and methods: A total of 162 premolars were gathered and divided equally into six groups of 27. Three groups were tested with the application of PBP (PB+, MB+, and CB+), and three groups were tested without primer (groups PB-, MB-, and CB-). All the groups were bonded using BeautiOrtho Bond II self-etching adhesive. The shear bond strength (SBS) was measured and the bond failure mode was evaluated using the adhesive remnant index after debonding. Results: There were significant differences in the mean SBS between groups PB-, MB and CB-, between PB+ and CB+, and between MB+ and CB+. Group PB + had a significantly higher mean SBS than group PB-. The occurrence of bond failure at the enamel and adhesive interface was more frequent in groups PB+ and CB- than in group PB-; and in groups PB+ and CB + than in group MB+. Conclusion: Plastic bracket primer can increase the bond strength of PBs to the level of metal brackets, but not to the level of ceramic brackets.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate in vitro, the shear bond strength (SBS) and adhesive remnant index (ARI) of pit and fissure sealants (PFS) after enamel conditioning with different new-generation self-etching (SE) agents; additionally, enamel etching patterns were assessed. Methods: Healthy unerupted third molars surgically removed for therapeutic reasons (n = 25p/g), were randomly assigned to six groups. Conventional etching (CE) or SE was applied prior to pit and fissure sealants bonding. Enamel conditioned surfaces were evaluated by SEM at × 500, × 1000, and × 2000 magnification to determine etching patterns. Subsequently, 25 PFS blocks (3 × 2 × 1.5 mm) p/g were bonded to enamel surface. Samples were stored in water at 37 °C for 24 h, previous to SBS and ARI test. One-way ANOVA and Tamhane statistic tests were used for SBS; while Mann–Whitney U and Kruskal–Wallis were employed for ARI (p ≤ 0.05). Results: For SBS test, CE_PFS_3M and SE1_PFS_Shofu groups showed the lowest values (8.74 ± 4.02 and 8.75 ± 3.90, respectively). The highest scores were observed in SE_PFS_Kuraray group (13.46 ± 5.83). Significant differences in SBS and ARI assessments were found. All experimental groups showed type 1 etching pattern. Conclusion: The etching pattern was less pronounced in self-etching groups, which showed an equal or superior in vitro performance compared to conventional etching agents. The clinical use of self-etching agents could be recommended before pit and fissure sealants application in new dental protocols. The best in vitro performance was observed when both applied materials, self-etching agent and pit and fissure sealant have 10-methacryloyloxydecyl dihydrogen phosphate in their chemical composition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective:Sealants are used in orthodontics to help prevent demineralization during treatment. This study aimed to determine if there is a difference in the shear bond strength (SBS) between 2 different resin sealants bonded to teeth.Methods:Extracted human premolars (n=20/group) were randomly divided and prepared by acid etching, followed by application of primer or sealant. Group 1, the control group, used Transbond XT Primer (3M Unitek). Groups 2 and 3 were prepared with the sealants L.E.D. Pro Seal (Reliance Orthodontic Products) and Opal Seal (Opal Orthodontics) as the respective primers. Transbond XT Adhesive was applied to a stainless steel bracket and bonded to each tooth. Each group was stored in distilled water at 37°C for 48 hours before. SBS was measured using a universal testing machine, and the adhesive remnant index (ARI) was scored.Results:The SBS (MPa) of the groups was as follows: Group 1 (Transbond): 20.1±6.0; Group 2 (Pro Seal): 16.5±4.8; and Group 3 (Opal Seal): 15.7±3.9. The SBS of Transbond XT Primer was significantly greater than that of Opal Seal (p

Objective: This study aimed to compare the shear bond strength (SBS) of enamel-bonded orthodontic brackets with the conventional acid etching (CAE) system and the self-etching primer (SEP) in vitro and to compare the clinical performance of both systems when used in the treatment of malocclusion patients., Materials and Methods: In the first part of the study, 40 extracted human premolars were randomly divided into two groups containing 20 teeth. The first group (the conventional enamel etching group) employed 37% phosphoric acid before bonding the metallic brackets (0.022-inch slot, MBT prescription, American Orthodontics, Sheboygan, WI, USA). The etching system was Tetric 5th (Ivoclar Vivadent, Schaan, Liechtenstein). The second group used a SEP (Sep Tetric 7th, Ivoclar Vivadent, Schaan, Liechtenstein) to bond the same brackets. In the first part of the study, SBS was evaluated, followed by the adhesive remnant index (ARI) assessment. The second part of the study (i.e., the clinical part) assessed a cohort of 30 patients during a 6-month observation period. The upper 10 teeth (from the second premolar on the right side to the second on the right side) were bonded using the chosen method for each patient in the clinical assessment. That is, 150 teeth in each group were evaluated regarding the failure rate. The ARI was assessed for those teeth that lost their brackets., Results: The mean SBS was greater in the SEP group compared to the CAE group (17.93 MPa and 16.60 MPa, respectively; P = 0.014). The difference was not statistically significant. Conversely, the failure rate was lower in the CAE group compared to the SEP group, with a failure rate of 6% and 14.7%, respectively. The difference was statistically significant (P = 0.014). However, the ARI showed no statistically significant difference in in-vivo and in-vitro analyses, as most bracket failures were at the adhesive level., Conclusion: Laboratory results showed no statistical difference in the SBS mean values between the two groups. Clinically, the SEP group showed a greater failure rate than the CAE group, but both failure rates in the two groups were within the clinically acceptable range. The ARI did not show any difference between the two groups in terms of the failure site when the evaluation was conducted in vivo and in vitro, as most of the areas of failure were concentrated in the material itself., Competing Interests: Human subjects: Consent was obtained or waived by all participants in this study. Local Research Ethics Committee at the National Dental Center, Ministry of Health issued approval Approval Number: 423. Ethical approval was obtained from the Local Research Ethics Committee at the National Dental Center (Reference number: 423 dated 27.5.2023). Animal subjects: All authors have confirmed that this study did not involve animal subjects or tissue. Conflicts of interest: In compliance with the ICMJE uniform disclosure form, all authors declare the following: Payment/services info: All authors have declared that no financial support was received from any organization for the submitted work. Financial relationships: All authors have declared that they have no financial relationships at present or within the previous three years with any organizations that might have an interest in the submitted work. Other relationships: All authors have declared that there are no other relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted work., (Copyright © 2024, Alomar et al.)

Background and Objective: One of the ordinary problems throughout orthodontic treatment is bracket debonding , which affect treatment course and results in increased treatment duration and more clinical time for bonding again of failed brackets This study aimed to evaluate the shear bond strength(SBS) of brackets bonded to demineralized enamel pretreated with fluoride varnish (3M),sodium hypochlorite NaClO 5% and low viscosity Icon Infiltrant resin (DMG)and laser ( YAG) with fluoride and evaluation of the adhesive remnant index (ARI) on the deboned bracket. Materials and method: A total of 65 human maxillary premolar teeth were assigned in to five groups (n=13) Groups. The surface of all groups were submitted to demineralized solution, and the first groups was the demineralized group (left with no treatment), second and third groups (demineralized) were treated with fluoride varnish 5% (Clinpro White Varnish, 3m ESPE) and 5.5% sodium hypochlorite NaClO, fourth and fifth group (demineralized) were treated with Infiltrate resin (Icon, DMG) and laser (Er,Cr:YSGG laser,Waterlase® iPlusTM). Shear bond strength(SBS) was evaluated by means of a universal testing machine, and Stereomicroscope was used to determine (ARI) at x20 magnification. Data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS, version 22). Kruskal Wallis test was used to analyze the bond strength data and adhesive remnant index (ARI). Results: Notable difference was observed in the shear bond strength of all groups. The bond strength of the demineralized group, which treated by fluoride varnish 5% (Clinpro White Varnish, 3m ESPE) was significantly lower than the other groups. According to the (ARI) most samples in all groups show score 0 which means the failure zone inside demineralized enamel surface. Conclusion: Fluoride varnish, infiltrate resin (Icon, DMG) and laser were failed to improve SBS (shear bond strength) of brackets on demineralized teeth.

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Objective: This study sought to compare enamel surface morphology and orthodontic bracket re-bonding strength after phosphoric acid- or erbium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet (Er:YAG) laser-mediated re-etching. Methods: A total of 81 extracted premolars were obtained from patients undergoing orthodontic procedures. Conventional etching with 35% phosphoric acid was first used to bond brackets to the enamel surface. Then brackets were de-bonded 1 week later. These samples were then separated randomly into three groups (n = 27 teeth each group) and re-bonded with new brackets after one of the following re-etching manners: Group A--35% phosphoric acid, Group B--Er:YAG laser (200 mJ, 30 Hz), and Group C--Er:YAG laser (250 mJ, 30 Hz). The enamel surface and the interface of enamel and adhesive were then analyzed through scanning electron microscopy. Shear bond strength (SBS) and adhesive remnant index (ARI) were also measured. Results: Samples in Group A exhibited significant residual adhesive at the enamel surface, whereas samples in Groups B and C showed a cleaner surface with more distinct and evenly distributed honeycomb-like structures. Further, samples in Group C displayed a larger average SBS value between the two laser-etching groups, although there were no significant differences in SBS values or ARI scores between the acid and laser re-etching groups ( p > 0.05). Conclusions: Er:YAG laser-based enamel re-etching (250 mJ, 30 Hz) produces an uniform honeycomb-like structure and a trend of similar SBS compared with 35% phosphoric acid-mediated re-etching. Er:YAG laser-mediated re-etching seems to be a promising alternative approach for bracket re-bonding [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to formulate and characterize functionalized graphene nanoplatelets (GNP) with silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and evaluate the antimicrobial and mechanical properties of GNP‐Ag‐modified adhesives bonded to orthodontic brackets. The morphology and physiochemical properties of nanoparticles were studied. The functionalized nanoparticles were incorporated at 0.25 and 0.5 wt% into experimental orthodontic adhesives (Transbond XT) and characterized for their biological, antimicrobial capacity, degree of conversion (DC), shear bond strength (SBS), and adhesive remnant index (ARI). Among the experimental groups, the specimen treated with 0.25 wt% modified experimental adhesive had the highest mean DC score (40.8 ± 6.5), shear bond strength (9.8 ± 1.8), lowest mean adhesive remnant index scores (1.35 ± 0.78), and the lowest cytotoxicity effect after 72 h (p < 0.001). However, 0.5 wt% GNP‐Ag modified experimental adhesive specimens showed a greater relative antibiofilm viability against S. mutans after 24 h and 30 days in comparison to 0.25 wt%. Our study found that 0.25 wt% revealed substantial increase in antibacterial properties and therefore could be used for bonding orthodontic brackets to the enamel surface without compromising bond strength. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Success of long orthodontic treatment using orthodontic brackets depends mainly on the efficiency of the adhesive system used and it's degree of resistance in the face of stresses and foresees applied during treatment. The aim of this study was to evaluate the shear bond strength of orthodontic brackets bonded with three adhesive systems using different light curing times. The 126 human extracted premolars were randomly divided into three equal groups (n = 42) depending on the type of adhesive system used; total-etch (Transbond XT), self-etch (Transbond Plus), and self-adhesive (GC-Ortho Connect) system. Then each group was randomly subdivided into three subgroups (n = 14) based on the curing time; 1-s, 3-s, and 20-s. The shear bond strength (SBS) and adhesive remnant index (ARI) were evaluated in each subgroup using universal testing machine and stereomicroscope respectively. The data were analyzed statistically by a two-way ANOVA for SBS, and Scheirer Ray Hare Test for ARI. The significance level was set at P ≤ 0.05. The results showed a statistically significant difference in shear bond strength at the three-time points for each adhesive system (p < 0.001) with the highest SBS value in 20-sec groups followed by 3-sec groups while 1-sec groups was the lowest. However, there was no statistically significant difference in Shear bond strength between the three adhesive systems except 20-sec groups (p < 0.001). ARI showed a statistically significant difference between all adhesive systems with the highest scores in TE groups, while the lowest in SE groups. All adhesive systems provided acceptable values of SBS at all curing times except the 1-sec group in SE and SA adhesive systems where the SBS values were the lowest and below the acceptable range. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The objective of the present study was to evaluate and compare the bond strength of orthodontic brackets bonded to permanent teeth with a conventional acid-etching and self-etching primer systems. Also, the study aims to evaluate the mode of bond failure after debonding the brackets. Materials and Methods: It was an experimental study. Fifty extracted permanent premolars were collected, checked, and cleaned. Teeth were split equally into two groups, group A and B. Orthodontic brackets were bonded using conventional acid-etching and self-etching primer systems for group A and B, respectively. Shear bond strength (SBS) was measured with a universal testing machine, and the mode of bracket-adhesive failure was determined by using adhesive remnant index (ARI). Data were analyzed with a statistical software. Independent sample t-test was used to compare the SBS and Mann--Whitney U test was used to assess whether there is a significant difference of ARI score between the groups. Results: Although the SBS with self-etching primer was within clinically acceptable range, the overall mean SBS for group A (14.71 MPa) was significantly greater than group B (9.24 MPa) (P= 0.024). There was no significant difference in ARI scores between conventional acid-etching and self-etching groups (P= 0.801). Conclusion: The SBS of the conventional acid-etching was significantly higher than the self-etching primer. The SBS of self-etch was within the acceptable range to withstand the forces of mastication. The majority of the brackets recorded ARI score of 1 indicating a cohesive failure with no significant difference between acid-etch and self-etch groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To investigate the clinical and in vitro performance of single-component orthodontic adhesives under metal brackets. Materials and methods: Bimaxillary orthodontic treatment was required for sixty patients and 60 premolar teeth were divided into three groups (n: 20). The single-component orthodontic adhesives Biofix and GC Ortho Connect (GC) that did not require primers were compared to the control group using Transbond XT, which was applied with a primer. For each patient, total bonding time was measured. The Adhesive Remnant Index (ARI(Bracket)) score was noted over 12 months. In vitro tests were used to evaluate specimens, shear bond strength (SBS), ARI(Bracket), and Enamel Surface Index (ESI). After in vitro debonding, the enamel surface and bracket base were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). Results: Clinical failure rate with primer was 9.0%, while it was 8.0 and 10.0 for GC and Biofix, respectively. The mean in vitro SBS values of the Biofix, GC, and Transbond XT groups were 8.21, 8.07, and 7.37 MPa, respectively. There were no statistically differences in clinical failure (p = 0.160) and SBS values (p = 0.158). Mean differences in bond-up time per jaw were 9.65, 10.51, and 11.97 min, which were statistically significant (p = 0.0001). Conclusion: Single-component adhesives had acceptable SBS values and enamel effects according to SEM-EDX analysis. Clinically, bonding failure was not shown statistically inferior to bonding with primer. There was also a significant difference in bond-up times. Clinical relevance: Considering an intensely working clinic with bonding processes for at least two jaws per day, this means a saving of the chair time of 1 patient per week. However, better saliva contamination and moisture control with lack of the primer stage and, thereby, an acceptable bracket failure rate will bring clinically significant results with less chair time for clinicians. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]