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DOI: 10.1590/2179-8966/2020/49493ResumoO presente artigo pretende analisar a relação entre Pan-Africanismo e Internacionalismo, visando delinear o importante papel desempenhado pelo trabalho Pan-Africano em 1945, particularmente nas conferências fundadoras da organização World Federation of Trade Unions (WFTU) [Federação Sindical Mundial], bem como em outros eventos e nos preparativos para o Congresso Pan-Africano de Manchester. Ponto ápice do movimento Pan-Africano este Congresso formulou uma política unitária de luta anti-imperialista, anti-colonialista e antirracista. Os representantes do trabalho Pan-Africano argumentaram que “o trabalhador de pele branca não pode emancipar-se onde o trabalhador de pele negra é marcado com ferro em brasa”.Palavras-Chave: Pan-Africanismo; Internacionalismo; África; Diáspora. AbstractThis article aims to analyze the relationship between Pan-Africanism and Internationalism, in order to outline the important role played by Pan-African work in 1945, particularly at the founding conferences of the organization World Federation of Trade Unions (WFTU), as well as in other events and in preparations for the Pan African Congress in Manchester. High point of the Pan-African movement, this Congress formulated a unitary policy of anti-imperialist, anti-colonialist and anti-racist struggle. Pan-African labor representatives argued that “Labour cannot emancipate itself in the white skin where in the black it is branded”.Keywords: Pan-Africanism; Internationalism; Africa; Diaspora.

DOI:10.1590/2179-8966/2020/42150A Diáspora Africana, ‘Desenvolvimento’ & Moderna Teoria Política AfricanaThe African diaspora, ‘development’ & modern African political theory Hakim AdiUniversidade de Chichester, Chichester, West Sussex, Reino Unido. E-mail: adi@chi.ac.uk. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4778-9320. Versão original:Hakim Adi (2002) The African diaspora, ‘development’ & modern African political theory, Review of African Political Economy, 29:92, 237-251, DOI: 10.1080/03056240208704611 TraduçãoMario Soares Neto, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brasil. E-mail: mario.soares@ufba.br, mario.adv.soares@gmail.com

This study embarked on the importance of and tendency on Halal products and services in Malaysia and the global market. In the global market, consumer base for Halal products is around 1.7 billion people and worth more than 2.3 trillion dollars. It makes the Halal market a vitally important emerging sector that should not be overlooked. From the market perspective, traditional target market remains in Asia and the Middle East; however, due to the effect of globalization, there is a significant development of market size for Halal market in Europe and the USA. Besides, in the Western country, most Halal product is still not readily available for the UK market. We see this phenomenon being applied not only on food items. Personal hygiene and healthcare products, toiletries, and cosmetics are all appearing as Halal options. Once Halal is understood as a lifestyle choice, the range of options for Halal product will increase exponentially. In Malaysia, Halal products are not a big issue as we can find Halal food everywhere from the street market up to the high-end chain. The competition can be considered intense in the market.

This article discusses the effects of carbon dioxide emission on the economic environment. The major contribution of this study is by improvising the IPAT’s fuzzy dilemma into a better model using the Distance-based Ranking Fuzzy Numbers Approach introduced by Ahmad Syafadhli Abu Bakar, Daud Mohamad, Nor Hashimah Sulaiman (2012). This study is a pioneer study using the Ranking Fuzzy Numbers Approach in modeling air pollution measurement in Malaysia. The time series data collected are from 1970 to 2011 where these data will be used to explain the relationship between carbon emission with the population, gross domestic product (GDP) and the manufacturing industry. All calculation and explanation with regards to economic perceptions are also provided. The forecasted value of carbon dioxide emission can be used to assist the government in future planning and development.