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Today, the geography a significant part of which is located within the borders of Uzbekistan, has been mentioned as Transoxiana in the sources since the 9th century. This geography is the name of a special region that gives life to science-culture and art, hosts intellectual currents. This region which has trained countless scientists who have shaped the history of Islamic thought-science and contributed to the development of Islamic civilization for centuries; is a geography with privileged features where history, culture and universal values meet. Cities such as Bukhara, Samarkand, Tirmidh, Tashkant and Fargana have hosted many religious, intellectual and philosophical schools as well as being centers of science. Very important works related to different fields, a significant part of which have survived to the present day, were also written in this geography. In the middle of the 7th century, it is assumed that the people of the region knew about Islam, albeit indirectly. The role and influence of Muslim traders, scholars and men of heart known as spiritual guides or cynical politicians, who traveled to these places before the conquest of the region by the Islamic armies, on the spread of Islam will be investigated and it is aimed to analyze the current debates in this study. It will be evaluated how the Islamization process has developed in Transoxiana from the beginning and if a periodization is made, it will be tried to determine which events, which states or which individuals' activities will be based on. It is known that the first contact of Turks with Muslims was after the Nihawant War (21/642) during the Umayyad period. If the year 644 is to be taken as a basis for the first encounter, the Islamization process was officially completed in the first century in Transoxiana. However, considering all of Turkestan, it would not be wrong to say that it was completed three centuries later. Especially in Transoxiana, cities were frequently changed hands and destroyed due to the power struggle between Muslims and the inhabitants of the region. It is certain that the stability that could not be achieved in the region for nearly a century has affected the Islamization process. However, it should be noted that although it is said that there is a slowdown in Islamization studies in certain periods, it continues without interruption. In this study, for about a century of Islamization process from the first contact will be evaluated., Bugün önemli bir kısmı Özbekistan Cumhuriyeti sınırları içinde yer alan coğrafya, IX. yüzyıldan itibaren kaynaklarda Mâverâünnehir olarak zikredilmektedir. Bu coğrafya, ilim-kültür ve sanata hayat veren, fikrî akımlara ev sahipliği yapan özel bir bölgenin adıdır. Asırlar boyunca İslâm bilim-düşünce tarihine yön veren ve İslâm medeniyetinin gelişimine katkı sağlayan sayısız bilim insanı yetiştirmiş olan bu bölge; tarih-kültür ve evrensel değerlerin buluştuğu ayrıcalıklı niteliklere sahip bir coğrafyadır. Buhara, Semerkant, Tirmiz, Taşkent ve Fergana gibi şehirler, birer ilim merkezi olmuştur. Öte yandan bu şehirler fikrî, felsefî ve dinî akımların doğduğu ve birçok ekollerin oluştuğu şehirlerdir. Önemli bir kısmı günü-müze kadar ulaşan; Tıp, Dil, Edebiyat, Felsefe, Kelâm, Tefsir ve Hadis gibi farklı alanlarla ilgili çok önemli eserler yine bu coğrafyada kaleme alınmıştır. VII. Yüzyılın ortalarında bölge insanının İslâmiyet hakkında dolaylı da olsa bilgi sahibi olduğu var sayılmaktadır. Henüz İslâm orduları tarafından bölgenin fethi gerçekleştirilmeden buralara seyahat eden Müslüman tacirlerin, İlim adamlarının ve manevî rehberler olarak bilinen gönül adamlarının Müslümanlığın yayılmasındaki rolü ve etkisi araştırılacak olup mevcut tartışmaların da bu çalışmada analiz edilmesi hedeflenmektedir. Mâverâünnehir’de İslâmlaşma sürecinin başlangıçtan itibaren nasıl geliştiği değerlendirilecek ve bir dönemlendirme yapılacak olsa hangi olayların hangi devletlerin ya da hangi şahsiyetlerin faaliyetlerinin esas alınacağı belirlenmeye çalışılacaktır. Türklerin Müslümanlarla ilk temasının Emeviler döneminde Nihavend Savaşı (21/642) sonrası olduğu bilinmektedir. Müslüman Arapların Mâverâünnehir’de Türklerle ilk karşılaşması ise 644 yılında olmuştur. Bu tarih esas alınacak olursa bölgedeki İslâmlaşma sürecinin ilk yüzyılda resmen tamamlandığı söylene-bilir. Ancak tüm Türkistan dikkate alındığında sürecin üç yüzyıl sonra tamamlandığını belirtmek gerektir. Özellikle Mâverâünnehir’de Müslümanlar ile bölge sakinleri arasında sürdürülen güç mücadelesi nedeniyle, şehirler sık sık el değiştirmiş ve tahrip edilmişti. Yaklaşık yüz yıl bölgede temin edilemeyen istikrarın İslamlaşma sürecini etkilediği muhakkaktır. Ancak İslâmlaşma çalışmalarında belli dönemlerde bir yavaşlamadan söz edilse de inkıtaya uğramadan sürdürüldüğü de belirtilmelidir. Bu çalışmada ilk temasla birlikte yaklaşık bir asırlık İslâmlaşma süreci değerlendirilecektir.

Introduction: Metacarpal bone fractures often lead to significant shortening in the phalanges; it can be caused by variable conditions, ranging from idiopathic, and infective to traumatic causes. There are very rare reports of metacarpals shortening in idiopathic primary hypoparathyroidism cases in the literature. Traumatic metacarpal shortening differs from congenital agenesis [2]. This condition leads to both functional and cosmetic limitations which affect the patient’s quality of life. Case Report: A 22-year-old male patient was admitted to our outpatient clinic with a traumatic left-hand fracture that caused a bone defect in the second metacarpal shaft leading to bone loss, shortening and flexion limitation in the second finger of the left hand, and a flexion contracture in the first metacarpophalangeal joint. For the treatment plan, an external fixator was set on the second metacarpal of the left hand for a 23 mm elongation over a period of 58 days, elongation rate was organized as 1 mm/day. After achieving the planned elongation, another operation was planned for the reconstruction of the bone defect that has occurred due to trauma in the second metacarpal bone. An osteotomy was performed for extracting an iliac crest graft and inserting it into the bone defect after debridement of scar tissue. For the first metacarpophalangeal joint, an arthrodesis was performed through the use of plate and screws. Multiple studies have showed a common complication of pin tract infections, which were controlled with oral antibiotics and local wound care [10,11]. Proper alignment and union were achieved with early, stable fracture fixation of low-velocity gunshot wounds of the metacarpal. With early rehabilitation, treatment was provided without an increase in morbidity. [11]. Conclusion: It is possible to obtain acceptable surgical results when the method of fixation of the defect with autograft is used after lengthening with external fixator in pseudoarthrosis with metacarpal defect.

Background and objectives: Literature does not show any studies regarding plate placement problems in the coronal plane of patients with volar plating due to distal radius fracture diagnosis. We aimed to investigate the functional and laboratory results of the coronal malposition of the volar locking plate in patients with distal radius fracture treated with internal fixation. Methods: In this retrospective study, we included patients who had volar plate fixation, were aged between 18 and 80, had no pathological fracture, had a minimum of six months of follow-up, and had the same rehabilitation protocol. We consider the angle subtended on the coronal axis between the distal radius long axis and the distal radius locking plate as coronal malposition. We named the coronal malposition angle the "AYE Angle." Patients with an AYE angle of over 1 degree were evaluated under group 1. Patients with an AYE angle of 0-1 degrees were evaluated under group 2. Radiological parameters were taken from AP-Lateral X-ray views. Superficial University System of Georgia (USG) examinations were applied to detect tendon problems. The DASH and QUICK-DASH scoring systems were used for clinical evaluation. Grip strength was measured with a dynamometer in all patients. All results were compared between the two groups. Results: Thirteen patients were female and 27 patients were male. Nineteen patients who had coronal malposition were added to group 1, while 21 patients who had no coronal malposition were added to group 2. Fifteen patients had normal USG results in group 2, while 18 patients had edema around the flexor pollicis longus (FPL) tendon as a result of USG in group 1. Statistically, a significant difference was detected between the two groups in terms of the amount of tenosynovitis around FPL (p=0.01). A statistically significant relationship was found between USG grading and malposition grading. The study revealed that a higher rate of USG grade 2 was found in patients with malposition grade 2 (90.9%), while a higher rate of USG grade 1 (50%) was observed in patients with malposition grade 1 (p=0.01). A statistically significant difference was not found between Soong grading and USG in terms of the level of tenosynovitis around the FPL tendon. The amount of tenosynovitis detected around the FPL tendon was 62.5% for Soong and grade 0 level, 60.7% for grade 1 level, and 50% for grade 2 level. There was no statistically significant difference between the two groups in the DASH and QUICK-DASH scoring systems (p=0.96). There was no statistically significant difference between the two groups in the grip strength (p=0.52). Conclusion: Coronal plate position in the treatment of the distal radius fracture is important to avoid potential flexor tendon problems. The volar plate position should be adjusted properly both in the coronal and sagittal axes.

This prospective study was conducted for the clinical evaluation of pain severity and knee functionality following PRP injections with different leukocyte (WBC) concentrations applied to cases diagnosed with knee osteoarthritis. A total of 109 patients were included in the study. According to the leukocyte content the PRP injections were prepared as low-leukocyte content PRP (P-PRP) and high concentration leukocyte content PRP (L-PRP). Patients were divided into 2 groups. Group 1 (n=44) received low-leukocyte content PRP and Group II (n = 65) received high-leukocyte content PRP. The patients were evaluated clinically with Visual Analog Scale (VAS) and Knee Society Score (KSS). The changes in the PLT levels of the L-PRP group after the procedure compared to the levels prior to the procedure were found to be statistically significantly greater than the changes in the PPRP group. The mean VAS score of all the cases before treatment was 9.05±0.91 and this score decreased to 3.71±1.46 within 12 months. The increases in the mean Knee Society Score (KSS) values were determined as 16.92±1.97 within 6 months and 16.89±2.97 within 12 months in the P-PRP group and 19.71±1.24 within 6 months and 19.86±0.42 within 12 months in the L-PRP group. The most important aspect of this study is that, in contrast to many other studies, the results continued after the 6th month and were reported to be good in the 12th month. It was also recorded that L-PRP was clinically superior to P-PRP in the treatment of early stage knee osteoarthritis.

We evaluated the effect of using a tourniquet on early-stage pain and 1-year postoperative functional outcomes when patients were divided into two groups according to the pain threshold (PT). Overall, 120 patients who were assessed preoperatively with an algometer were recruited for this prospective, double-blinded, randomized controlled trial. Patients were randomized to undergo total knee arthroplasty (TKA) with a tourniquet (group 1, 60 patients) and without tourniquet (group 2, 60 patients). Primary outcome measures were visual analog scale (VAS) pain scores at 24, 36, and 48 hours postoperatively and functional assessment with Knee Society Score (KSS) test at 1 year postoperatively. No significant differences were observed between groups in terms of gender (49 females and 8 males in group 1 vs. 53 females and 6 males in group 2; p = 0.201) and age (68.9 years in group 1 vs. 68.7 years in group 2; p = 0.811). There was no significant difference between groups in all the VAS and KSS 1 and KSS 2 scores. PT measurements ranged from 2.5 to 11.5 with a mean of 7.69 ± 1.70 and a median of 8. Total 54 patients with a median value of Level of evidence: Level 1 prospective randomized study.

In this study, a research conducted on to investigate countries’ market potentials for Turkish exporters. The main purpose of this research is to examine the factors that can be used in assessment of the market potential. In the research, the potential of international markets was evaluated by factors of ease of trade, market growth, market size and market accessibility. As a result of the research, China, Germany, India, USA and United Kingdom have been ranked as the top market potential for Turkish exporter companies. In addition, countries were divided into six clusters and those with the highest potentials were identified.

The main purpose of this study is to reveal the thoughts that middle school students’ and high school students’ possess about the concept of ‘Mathematics’ through metaphors and to compare these metaphors. The study was carried out together with 400 students in three public schools during autumn semester of 2012-2013 academic year. The research data was collected with the "Mathematics Metaphors Questionnaire" which prepared by the researchers. Questionnaire consists of two questions . The first question is "If mathematics was a type of food, it would be..... because ........... ", and the second question is "If mathematics was an animal, it would be..... because ........... ". It was asked students for writing a metaphor at first gap in the desired category about mathematics and also write the reason of selecting this metaphor at the second gap. Both content analysis and descriptive statistics were used for data analysis. Metaphors derived from the study were listed regardless of whether they were meaningful or not. In the next step, metaphors which were invalid removed from the list. Metaphors were grouped under five different categories accordingly having common characteristics in terms of the concept of "mathematics". These categories are “extent of mathematics”, "difficulty/ easiness/ nature of mathematics", "the necessity of mathematics" , "student interest / attitude", "teacher interest / attitude". At the end of the study, metaphors that students produced through mathematics were compared. Especially in the category of "extend of mathematics", high school students produced metaphors two times rate compared to middle school students. This situation can be associated with being more extensive of high schools mathematics curriculum compared to middle schools' mathematics curriculum.

İnternetin dünyada hızlı şekilde yayılmasıyla bu medya ortamında ortaya çıkan ünlüler bulunmaktadır. Bu ünlüler çok geniş fan kitlesine sahip olmaktadır. Fan kitlesinin kendilerine özgü tüketim alışkanlıkları bulunmaktadır. Bu çalışmada internetin popüler paylaşım alanlarında ünlü kültü oluşturulması ve fan tüketim kültürü üzerine etkileri incelenmiştir. Bu amaçla internetin popüler paylaşım alanlarında en fazla takipçilerine sahip iki ünlü Katy Perry ve Justin Bieber örnek olay olarak ele alınmıştır. Sonuç olarak her iki ünlünün de kült haline gelmesinde internetin oldukça etkili olduğudur. Kült haline gelen ünlülerin de fanlarının tüketimlerini de etkilediği sonucuna varılmıştır.

Araştırmanın amacı Türk markalarının değerlerinin hesaplanmasında marka gücünün ve bu markaların toplam satış hasılatları içerisinde markalı ürünlerinden elde ettikleri gelirlerin rolünün belirlenmesidir. Araştırma hem finansal hem de tüketici yönlü bakış açılarını olanaklı kılan karma hesaplama yöntemlerinden Interbrand marka değerleme yöntemiyle, Türk markalarının analizlerini kapsamaktadır. Araştırmanın uygulama kısmında, BrandFinance 2017 Türkiye’nin en değerli markaları sıralamasında yer alan; Türk Telekom, Turkcell, Türk Hava Yolları ve Arçelik incelenmiştir. Araştırma sonucunda değerlerine göre markalar sıralanmış ve bu sıralamaya göre Türk Telekom birinci, Turkcell ikinci, Arçelik üçüncü en değerli markalar olarak belirlenmiştir. Interbrand marka değerleme yöntemi ile en değerli Türk markalarının değerlendirilmesinin literatürde önemli bir boşluğu dolduracağı düşünülmektedir.

Buçalışma perakende yenilikçiliği ve bölgesel inovasyon sistemleri arasındaki bağıntınınkümeleme analizi yöntemiyle incelenmesini kapsamaktadır. Araştırmanın amacıperakende yenilikçiliği tutumu ve bölgesel inovasyon sistemleri arasındakibağıntıyı ortaya çıkarmaktır. Araştırmanın ana kütlesini Türkiye PerakendecilerFederasyonuna üye perakendeciler oluşturmaktadır. Araştırmada telefonyöntemiyle toplanan anket verileri iki adımlı kümeleme analizine tabitutulmuştur. Araştırma sonucundaperakende yenilikçiliklerine göre dört küme elde edilmiştir. Her bir kümedekiperakendecilerin bölgesel inovasyon indeks puanları ve perakende yenilikçiliğitutumları karşılaştırılmıştır. Perakende yenilikçiliği gelişmiş ülkelerdeönemli görülmektedir. Günümüzde perakendecilik üretici ve tüketici arasındakidengesizlikleri giderebilmesinden dolayı ekonomide önemli bir yer edinmiştir.Gelişmekte olan ülkeler de bu nedenle perakendeciliği ekonomik kalkınmanın biraracı olarak önemli konumda görmektedirler. Araştırma bölgesel inovasyonsistemleri ve perakendeci yenilikçilik tutumlarının bir arada incelendiği özgünbir çalışmadır., This study involves analyzing the link between retailinnovation and regional innovation systems by clustering analysis. The aim ofthe research is to reveal the link between the attitude of retail innovationand the regional innovation systems. The research was carried out for all ofTurkey Retailers Federation members. Survey data gathered by telephone methodin the study were subjected to two step cluster analysis. As a result ofresearch, four clusters were obtained according to retail innovations.Theregional innovation index scores and retail innovativeness attitudes of eachcluster retailer were compared. Retail innovation is seen as important indeveloped countries. Today, retailing has taken an important place in theeconomy because of the imbalances between producers and consumers. Developingcountries, therefore, see retailing as an important means of economicdevelopment. The research is a unique study in which regional innovationsystems and retailer attitudes are examined together.

Günümüzün yüksek teknoloji elektronik sektörü dayanıklı tüketici ürünlerinin konseptlerinin değişmesine neden olmaktadır. Tüketici ürünleri birçok özelliği bir arada sunabilen çok işlevli hibrit ürünlere dönüşmektedir. Bu çalışmada hibrit ürünlere yönelik fonksiyonel kullanım amaçları ve ürün değiştirme tutumlarının satın alma niyetine etkisi araştırılmaktadır. Bu amaçla çevrimiçi anket yoluyla 101 kişiden veri toplanmıştır. Toplanan verilerle açıklayıcı faktör analizi ve doğrusal regresyon analizi yapılmıştır. Ayrıca kategori benzerliği ve gereksinimlerin lükslüğü / gerekliliği değişkenleriyle moderatör analizi gerçekleştirilmiştir. Analiz sonucunda fonksiyonel kullanım amaçları ve ürün değiştirme tutumunun satın alma niyetini etkilediği belirlenmiştir. Bunun yanı sıra bu ilişkiyi kategori benzerliği ve gereksinimlerin lükslüğü / gerekliliğinin düzenlediği sonucuna varılmıştır.

Yellow dwarf viruses (YDVs) are economically destructive viral diseases of cereal crops, which cause the reduction of harvested yield and quality of grains. Up to now the identification of such viruses was limited to monocotyledonous Poaceae weed hosts, and was not investigated in dicotyledons. In this study, using DAS-ELISA and RT-PCR methods, 6 dicotyledonous weed species, collected from Trakya, Turkey, were examined for the presence of the YDVs pathogens BYDV-PAV, BYDV-MAV, BYDV-RMV, BYDV-SGV and CYDV-RPV. The screening tests revealed certain samples of Geranium dissectum L. and Juncus compressus Jacq. were infected with BYDV-PAV, while other samples of the same species were positive for BYDV-MAV. Additionally, RT-PCR tests of both weed species revealed cases of mixed infection by BYDV-PAV and BYDV-MAV. Transmission experiments using the aphid species Rhopalosiphum padi L. showed that BYDV-PAV was transmitted persistently from Geranium dissectum to barley cv. Barbaros seedlings. To our knowledge, this is the first report of Geranium dissectum and Juncus compressus as possible plant hosts of BYDV-PAV and BYDV-MAV in Turkey. Turkish Scientific and Technological Research Council (TUBITAK)Turkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Arastirma Kurumu (TUBITAK) [109O522] We would like to thank to Turkish Scientific and Technological Research Council (TUBITAK) for the valuable support to Project 109O522, from part of its results this work was obtained.

Grape is an important nutrient with its high sugar and calories, some mineral substances and vitamins. It is also regarded as an important source of calcium, potassium, sodium and iron, and vitamins A, B1, B2, Niacin and C . According to the United Nation Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) 2018 data, 79 million tons of grapes were produced on approximately 7.2 million hectares in the world. Spain, China and France have the largest vineyard areas in the world. Turkey, ranks fifth with 417 thousand ha vineyard. China, Italy and USA are in the top three in terms of production and Turkey ranks 6th with 3.9 million tons production and 5% rate. Turkey, due to its location, is a favourable climate for viticulture. As in other cultivated plants, weeds in vineyards shared many other resources in the environment especially factors that directly affect plant growth such as water, nutrients and light with viticulture and they affect the growth of cultivated plants negatively with the allelopathic chemicals they secrete. In addition, parasitic weeds such as dodder (Cuscuta monogyna) weaken the plants by penetrating directly into the young stems and shoots of the viticulture. This study was carried out in July-August 2015 to determine the weed species, density and frequency of occurrence in the vineyard areas of Tekirdağ province. To do this, survey were realized on an area covering 50 vineyards in two towns of Tekirdag province. As a result of the researches, 65 weed species belonging to 23 families were determined. Among these, Convolvulus arvensis, Cynanchum acutum, Chenopodium album, Solanum nigrum, Sorghum halepense, Amaranthus retroflexus, Portulaca oleracea, Cynodon dactylon, Cirsium arvense. and Setaria viridis were the most frequently determined 10 species. According to their frequencies; Convolvulus arvensis, Chenopodium album, Solanum nigrum, Sorghum halepense, Amaranthus retroflexus, Xanthium strumarium, Cirsium arvense, Cynanchum acutum, Lactuca serriola species came front., Üzüm; içerdiği yüksek şeker ve kalorisi, bazı mineral maddeleri ve vitaminleri ile önemli bir besin maddesidir. Ayrıca mineral maddelerden kalsiyum, potasyum, sodyum, demir ile A, B1, B2, Niacin ve C vitaminleri yönünden de önemli bir kaynak olarak kabul edilmektedir. Birleşmiş Milletler Gıda ve Tarım Örgütü FAO 2018 yılı verilerine göre dünyada yaklaşık 7.2 milyon ha alan üzerinde 79 milyon ton üzüm üretimi gerçekleşmiştir. Dünyada en çok bağ alanına sahip olan İspanya, Çin ve Fransa’dır. Türkiye 417 bin ha bağ alanı ile 5. sırada yer almaktadır. Üretim bakımından ilk üç sırada Çin, İtalya ve ABD yer almakta ve Türkiye %5’lik oran ve 3.9 milyon tonluk üretimle 6. sırada yer almaktadır. Türkiye konumu gereği bağcılık için elverişli bir iklim kuşağındadır. Diğer kültür bitkilerinde olduğu gibi bağ alanlarında da yabancı otlar, özellikle su, besin maddesi ve ışık gibi bitki gelişimini doğrudan etkileyen faktörler başta olmak üzere ortamdaki diğer pek çok kaynağa ortak olmakta ve salgıladıkları allelopatik kimyasallarla kültür bitkisi gelişimini olumsuz yönde etkilemektedirler. Ayrıca küsküt (Cuscuta monogyna Vahl,) gibi parazit yabancı otlar, doğrudan asmaların genç gövde ve sürgünlerini penetre ederek, bitkileri zayıf düşürmektedir Tekirdağ ili bağ alanlarındaki yabancı ot türlerini, yoğunluk ve rastlama sıklıklarını belirlemek için yapılan bu çalışma, 2015 yılı Temmuz-Ağustos aylarında gerçekleştirilmiştir. Bu amaçla Tekirdağ iline bağlı 2 ilçede, toplam 50 bağ alanında sürvey yapılmıştır. Yapılan araştırmalar sonucu 23 familyaya ait 65 adet yabancı ot türü belirlenmiştir. Bu yabancı otlardan Convolvulus arvensis, Cynanchum acutum, Chenopodium album, Solanum nigrum, Sorghum halepense Amaranthus retroflexus, Portulaca oleracea, Cynodon dactylon, Cirsium arvense ve Setaria viridis türleri en yoğun türler olarak belirlenmiştir. Rastlama sıklıklarına göre ise; C. arvensis,C. .album, S. nigrum, S.. halepense, A. retroflexus, Xanthium strumarium, C. arvense, Cynanchum acutum ve Lactuca serriola türleri ön plana çıkmıştır.

ÖZAlgısal haritalama markalarla ilgili tüketici algılarının grafiksel gösterimine izin veren bir analiz yöntemidir. Tüketici algılarının rekabetçi konum elde etmede önemli olmasıyla onları anlaşılır hale getirmek de ilgi çeken bir alan olmaktadır. Bu çalışmada genel anlamda tüketicilerin ilgilenim düzeylerinin yüksek olduğu spor ayakkabı markalarıyla ilgili tüketici algıları belirlenmeye çalışılmıştır. Bu amaçla çalışmada çok boyutlu ölçeklendirme yöntemiyle algısal haritalama analizi kullanılmaktadır. Algısal haritalama sonuçlarına göre Adidas, Puma ve Nike markaları kullanım, kalite, dayanıklılık, rahatlık; New Balance markası ayakkabı tabanı; Superga markası renk, yaşam tarzını yansıtma, şıklık, desen, tasarım ile yakın algılanmaktadır. Ayrıca Nike ve Adidas markaları birbirin[1]e benzer markalar olarak algılanmaktadır.Anahtar Kelimeler: Çok Boyutlu Ölçekler, Algısal Haritalama, Konumlandırma, Spor Ayakkabı, Moda. JEL Kodları: M30, M31, M37

Objective: The aim of the present study was to present the results of patients with unstable distal radius fracture treated with closed reduction and percutaneous fixation followed by application of the Pennig dynamic wrist fixator to allow early wrist motion. Methods: Twenty-five patients diagnosed with distal radius fracture and treated with closed reduction and percutaneous fixation followed by application of a dynamic wrist fixator were included in the study. There were 15 (60%) male and 10 (40%) female patients. The mean age of the patients was 47.32 (20–76) years. The mean period between initial trauma and operation was 8.52 (1–23) days. All patients were allowed active shoulder, elbow, and finger exercises immediately after surgery. Results: Radiological evaluation was performed according to the criteria described by Sarmiento and modified by Lidström. Results were excellent in 12 (46.15%), good in 11 (42.30%), and fair in 3 (11.55%) patients. No patient had poor result. Functional scores were assessed according to the Gartland–Werley classification and modified by Sarmiento. Results were excellent in 14 (56%), good in 8 (32%), and moderate in 3 (12%) patients. Conclusion: Use of the Pennig dynamic wrist fixator in the treatment of unstable distal radius fractures has advantages, such as ease of use, minimal surgical trauma, allowing early rehabilitation, and early return to daily activities as well as increased anatomical and functional results.

Emeviler donemi (41-132/661-750); idari, siyasi ve askeri sahalardaki gelismeler kadar bilim, kultur ve sanat hayatindaki gelismelerin de dikkatle incelenmesi gereken bir zaman dilimidir. Birden fazla bilim adaminin bir araya gelerek; birbirinden farkli klasik kaynaklardan ciltlerce eseri ve cagdas calismalari tarayip degerlendirerek olusturuldugu ve bir ihtiyaci karsilamak uzere akademik bir kaygi gozetmeksizin kaleme alindigi anlasilan bu calisma; Emeviler donemi ilim, kultur ve sanat hayatini konu edinmekte ve kuskusuz Islâm kultur tarihinin en onemli ve en tartismali donemlerinden birine isik tutmaktadir. Doksan yillik bir zamani kapsayan bu donemde, Islâm dunyasinda derin yaralar acan bazi olumsuz gelismelerin yaninda pek cok olumlu gelismelerin de meydana geldigi, kultur ve medeniyetin gelismesinde buyuk hamlelerin yapildigi, dolayisiyla kultur, sanat ve bilimsel faaliyetlerin oldukca arttigi; muzik, edebiyat, siir, dil, egitim-ogretim, sehircilik ve mimaride dev adimlarin atildigi da bu calismadan anlasilmaktadir.

Yellow dwarf viruses (YDVs) are economically destructive viral diseases of cereal crops, which cause the reduction of yield and quality of grains. Cereal yellow dwarf virus-RPV (CYDV-RPV) is one of the most serious virus species of YDVs. These virus diseases cause epidemics in cereal fields in some periods of the year in Turkey depending on potential reservoir natural hosts that play a significant role in epidemiology. This study was conducted to investigate the presence and prevalence of CYDV-RPV in grasses and volunteer cereal host plants including 33 species from Poaceae, Asteraceae, Juncaceae, Geraniaceae, Cyperaceae, and Rubiaceae families in the Trakya region of Turkey. A total of 584 symptomatic grass and volunteer cereal leaf samples exhibiting yellowing, reddening, irregular necrotic patches and dwarfing symptoms were collected from Trakya and tested by ELISA and RT-PCR methods. The screening tests showed that 55 out of 584 grass samples were infected with CYDV-RPV in grasses from the Poaceae family, while none of the other families had no infection. The incidence of CYDV-RPV was detected at a rate of 9.42%. Transmission experiments using the aphid species Rhopalosiphum padi L. showed that CYDV-RPV was transmitted persistently from symptomatic intact grasses such as Avena sterilis, Lolium perenne and Phleum exratum to barley cv. Barbaros seedlings. PCR products of five Turkish RPV grass isolates were sequenced and compared with eleven known CYDV-RPV isolates in the GenBank⁄ EMBL databases. Compared nucleotide and amino acid sequences of CYDV-RPV isolates showed that the identities ranged from 40.38 − 95.86 % to 14.04 − 93.38%, respectively. In this study, 19 grass species from the Poaceae family and two volunteer cereal host plants were determined as natural reservoir hosts of CYDV-RPV in the cereal growing areas of Turkey.

Introduction. ACTS secondary to amyloidosis is a very rare situation in the literature, and here, we present a unique case of ACTS secondary to amyloidosis. Case Report. A 61-year-old male patient was admitted to our hospital with complaints of numbness in the lateral half of his 1, 2, 3, and 4 fingers of his right hand. These complaints started acutely, and the patient did not have a history of trauma. His clinical examination was suitable for acute carpal tunnel syndrome. Discussion. Carpal tunnel syndrome, as well as acute carpal tunnel syndrome, may occur based on different causes. ACTS is very rare, especially when it is not caused by a trauma. Here, we presented a unique case of ACTS based on amyloidosis. Conclusion. It should be kept in mind when ACTS may occur in patients with the diagnosis of amyloidosis.

As it is mentioned in the literature, rates of complications and revision are higher in the obese compared to non-obese patients, although obesity does not a contraindication for unicompartmental knee arthroplasty and successful outcomes are achieved. However, there is not any study in the literature comparing the outcomes of fixed and mobile unicompartmental prostheses which are applied in the obese patients. Objective of this study was to compare outcomes of our obese patients who we applied fixed or mobile unicompartmental arthroplasty and followed up for 8 years and over. Of 293 patients in whom we performed unicompartmental knee prosthesis due to medial gonarthrosis between 2003 and 2014, 239 patients who were regularly followed-up at least for 18 months were included in this study. Total 248 knees with 193 (77.8%) fixed including bilateral prosthesis in 9 patients and 55 (22.2%) mobile prostheses were retrospectively assessed. The study included 57 patients having BMI30 kg/ m2 who were regularly followed-up. In the final controls; mean flexion was found as 107° (100-128°)(p0.05), mean extension as 3° (0-5°) and mean tibio femoral angle as 4° (1-5°) (p0.05) valgus. Postoperative mean WOMAC value was found as 91.23 ± 3.02 (92-96) (p0.05) and mean KSS score as 88.3 ± 3.94 (85-100) (p0.05). In the final controls, respective knee flexions were seen to be 105° (100- 125°) and 108°(105-128°) in the fixed and mobile insert subgroups (p0.05). Unicompartmental knee prosthesis is a good treatment option which can be applied also in obese patients and has high survival rates. No significant difference was found between the prostheses with fixed and mobile insert in terms of function and knee scores. However, fixed unicompartmental prosthesis should primarily be preferred in obese patients because of the challenging surgical technique, difficult learning curve and insert dislocation that we encounter with mobile prostheses.

WOS: 000386892400014 PubMed ID: 27475745 Introduction: This study aimed to compare mortality rates and functional results of transtibial and transfemoral amputations in elderly patients with diabetes. Methods: 87 amputees [54 (62.1%) transtibial and 33 (37.9%) transfemoral] were included. Mean ages were 70.7 and 69.3 years in transfemoral and transtibial groups, respectively. Mean follow up time was 41.8 months. Amputee Mobility Predictor scores (with and without prosthesis) and Barthel Daily Living Index were used for functional evaluation of the survivors. Results: First year mortality rates were 29.6% and 30.3% in transtibial and transfemoral groups, respectively. Overall mortality rate of both groups was 65.5% (66.7% in transtibial and 63.6% in transfemoral group). There was no difference between mortality rates of two groups. Duration between surgery and death was significantly shorter in transfemoral group. The mean Amputee Mobility Predictor scores (with prosthesis) of the transtibial and transfemoral groups were 32.3 and 26.9 points, respectively. The average Amputee Mobility Predictor scores (without prosthesis) of the transtibial and transfemoral groups were 29.5 and 22.7 points respectively. The differences between two groups' scores were significant. The mean Barthel Daily Living Index scores of the transtibial and transfemoral groups were 82.5 and 80.2 points respectively. The difference was not significant. Conclusions: High mortality rates and morbidities after major lower limb amputations emphasize the importance of preventive measures and foot care in patients with diabetes.

WOS: 000446917300016, PubMed: 27419120, To compare the two different anterior cruciate ligament surgery techniques' effect in rehabilitation and activity performance. Fifty-five patients were evaluated. Twenty-seven patients with transtibial technique (TT), 28 with anatomic single-bundle technique (AT) included. Tegner Activity Scale (TAS) was performed at preoperation and follow-up. The returning time of the sport and work was evaluated at follow-up. Single-leg hop test was performed at follow-up. Outcomes were compared between the two groups. The determined length difference between the operated knee and the intact knee was compared between the two groups. Average age of TT and AT was 27.9 +/- 6.4 yr, 28.3 +/- 6 yr, respectively. There was a significant difference between the two groups in duration of returning to sport. 7 group had higher duration to return to sport (P< 0.01). No difference between the two groups in duration of returning to work (P> 0.05). There was a significant difference between the two groups. 7 group had significantly higher values than AT group (P 0.05). The increase of TAS in patients who had AT was higher than the patients who had TT (P> 0.05). No difference in single-leg hop test at 55%-65%, 65%-75%, and 85%-95% level (P> 0.05). In this test at 75%-85% TT group had higher values than AT group (P< 0.05), AT group had higher values at 95%-105% level (P

WOS: 000375550000011, PubMed: 26987514, Introduction: Most of the ACL reconstruction is done with isometric single-bundle technique. Traditionally, surgeons were trained to use the transtibial technique (TT) for drilling the femoral tunnel. Our study compared the early postoperative period functional and clinical outcomes of patients who had ACL reconstruction with TT and patients who had ACL reconstruction with anatomical single-bundle technique (AT). Material method: Fifty-five patients who had ACL reconstruction and adequate follow-up between January 2010-December 2013 were included the study. Patients were grouped by their surgery technique. 28 patients included into anatomical single-bundle ACL reconstruction surgery group (group 1) and 27 patients were included into transtibial AC reconstruction group (group 2). Average age of patients in group 1 and group 2 was 28.3 +/- 6, and 27.9 +/- 6.4, respectively. Lachman and Pivot-shift tests were performed to patients. Laxity was measured by KT-1000 arthrometer test with 15, 20 and 30 pound power. All patients' muscle strength between both extremities were evaluated with Cybex II (Humac) at 60 degrees/sec, 240 degrees/sec frequencies with flexion and extension peak torque. The maximum force values of non-operated knee and the operated knee were compared to each other. Groups were evaluated by using International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) knee ligament healing Standard form, IKDC activity scale, modified Lysholm and Cincinnati evaluation forms. Return to work and exercise time of patients were compared. Functional and clinical outcomes of two groups were compared. NCSS 2007 and PASS 2008 Statistical Software programs were used for statistical analysis. Result: There was no statistically significant difference between Lachman and Pivot-shift results (p > 0.01). Positive value of Pivot-shift test and incidence of anterior translation in Lachman test were higher in the patients who had TT. Lysholm activity level of patients who had TT, 33.3% (n = 9) were excellent, 51.9% (n = 14) were good and 14.8% (n = 4) were moderate; patients who had AT, 57.1% (n = 16) were excellent, 39.3% (n = 11) were good and 3.6% (n = 1) was good level. There was no statistically significant difference between Lysholm Activity level of the patients (p < 0.01). Lysholm Activity level of patients who had AT significantly higher than TT. There was no statistically significant difference between Modified Cincinnati activity level of the patients (p < 0.05). Modified Cincinnati activity level of patients who had AT were significantly higher than those had TT. There was no statistically significant difference between two groups with post treatment IKDC activity level (p < 0.01). Intense activity after treatment rate of patient who had AT was significantly higher than those had TT. There was statistically significant difference between Cybex extension-flexion 60 measurement and extension 240 measurement of the patients (p < 0.01). KT-1000 arthrometer test results with AT was better than the TT in antero-posterior translation of the knee kinematics at 20 and 30 pound of forces. Return to exercise time of patients who had TT was significantly higher than those had AT (p < 0.01). There was no statistically significant difference between return to work time of patients (p > 0.05). Conclusion: Single-bundle anatomic ACL reconstruction was better than the TT in term of clinical, functional, and laboratory results. We believe that AT ACL reconstruction will increase in use and traditional method which is TT ACL reconstruction surgery will decrease in the long term. Theoretically, anatomic relocation of the ACL can provide better knee kinematics. (C) 2016 IJS Publishing Group Ltd. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Volar locking plating treatment results in fragmented intra-articular distal radius fractures in adults. Twenty-five patients (14 men, 11 women; mean age, 44.32±12.12 years) who were treated with volar locking plates due to distal radius fractures were prospectively studied. Among the fractures, 44% were C2 and 56% were C3, according to the AO classification system. Clinical analyses were performed using the Gartland and Werley scale, the short version of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand Questionnaire (QuickDASH), and the visual analogue scale (VAS); radiological evaluations were performed using the Stewart evaluation criteria. The mean patient follow-up time was 20.36±7.62 months. According to the Gartland and Werley assessment scale, 68.0% of the patients (n = 17) had excellent results, 28.0% (n =7) had good results, and 4.0% (n =1) had poor results. The mean VAS score was 0.84±1.07, and the quick-average DASH subjective question score was 7.07±12.95. According to the Stewart score, the percentages of patients with perfect and good results were 92% and 8%, respectively. Among the patients, the mean grip strength was 77.3% when it was evaluated on the healthy side. One patient was diagnosed with complex regional pain syndrome, while another patient was diagnosed with flexor tenosynovitis and paraesthesia in the distribution of the median nerve; two patients were diagnosed with flexor tenosynovitis. Volar locking plating is an effective surgical method for treating distal radius fractures. The plate should be properly placed during surgery, and post-operative movement should begin early.

This study aimed to compare the effects of the traditional short- and long-term traction methods on the union and angulation of femoral fractures in pre-school children.Thirty-six patients aged 0–6 years, with diaphyseal femur fractures, who had undergone a conservative treatment, were included in the study. The patients were dividedinto two groups according to their traction times before the application of the hip spica cast: 0–10 days of traction (Group A) and 11–21 days of traction (Group B). Afterthe completion of the union and the removal of the casts, bone scans were performed and the angulations in the coronal and sagittal planes were comparatively evaluated,as well as the lengths of the lower extremities. The mean age of the patients was 4.2 ± 1.94 years. Hip spica casts were applied to 17 patients after short-term traction and19 patients after long-term traction. The mean length of hospital stays of the patients who were applied the hip spica casts after short-term and long-term tractions were 8.4and 19.3 days, respectively. A statistically significant difference was observed between groups A and B regarding hospital stay (p < 0.001). After the removal of the casts,the angulation values of groups A and B were 13.5 ± 5.28° and 13.69 ± 8.84° in the coronal plane and 14.75 ± 6.66° and 14.46 ± 10.95° in the sagittal plane, respectively.The shortness value of the groups was 1.67 ± 0.75 and 1.56 ± 0.95 cm, respectively. There was no statistically significant difference between both groups in terms ofangulation and shortness (p > 0.05). Hip spica casting after short-term traction can be used as a safe alternative method in the treatment of diaphyseal femur fractures inpreschool children due to its adequate stability and shorter length of hospital stay.

Background The diagnosis of anterior cruciate ligament tear can be made by physical examination and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in the supine position. In cases where the tear is partially evaluated on MRI, the choice of treatment may vary. The purpose of the study was to investigate the efficiency of MRI at maximum knee flexion in the prone position and to compare the images with findings of the ACL detected during surgery. Materials and methods Sixty-one patients with partial ACL tears with meniscal and cartilage lesions requiring arthroscopic knee surgery were included in the study between 2017 and 2019. MRI of these patients was prescribed at maximum knee flexion in the prone position. Then, an arthroscopic operation was performed on 61 patients and the findings (intact, partial or total tear of ACL) were recorded. The ACL was evaluated as being intact and partial or total tear. The statistical significance of the efficacy of MRI in the supine position with the knee at maximum flexion in the prone position was compared. Results It was found that, of 61 patients with suspected partial ACL tears, 25 patients had intact ACLs, 22 patients had partial tears and 14 patients had total ACL tears, through the interpretation of MRIs of the prone position by the radiologist. In the arthroscopic surgery of 61 patients, 20 patients had intact ACLs, 27 patients had a partial tear and 14 patients had a total tear. The MRI results with maximum knee flexion in the prone position were more compatible with the findings of the arthroscopic surgery. Conclusions It could be considered that MRI with maximum knee flexion in the prone position may also be guiding in the diagnosis and treatment of patients with partial anterior cruciate ligament rupture.

The purpose of this study was to determine the comparative effectiveness of the use of single fluoroscopy versus double fluoroscopy during intramedullary nailing in the oblique position for intertrochanteric femur fractures in terms of surgery and radiation time.Fifty-two patients (20 men, 32 women; average age: 78.2 years; range: 69-88 years) were included in the study. While double fluoroscopy was used for 25 patients, single fluoroscopy was used for the remaining 27 patients. Data of the preparation time between anesthesia and surgery, surgery time, radiation time, bleeding volume, postoperative collodiaphyseal angle between the fractures and intact parts, and the tip-apex distance (TAD) were compared.The surgery time in the double and single fluoroscopy groups averaged 34.48±8.92 minutes and 50.37±16.63 minutes, respectively (p0.01). The radiation time was 42.72±16.00 seconds for the double-fluoroscopy group and 68.22±21.53 seconds for the single-fluoroscopy group (p0.01). The surgical preparation time, bleeding volume, collodiaphyseal angle and TAD distance did not vary significantly between groups (p0.05).The use of double fluoroscopy in the oblique position in the surgical treatment of intertrochanteric femur fractures reduced the surgical time and the anesthesia time for patients, as well as the exposure to radiation, thereby also reducing the risk of complications.

The aim of the study is todetermine the role of brand equity in the calculation of the values of Turkishbrands and the role of these brands from their branded products in total salesrevenue. The research covers the analysis of Turkish brands through Interbrandbrand valuation method, which is one of the mixed calculation methods thatenables both financial and consumer oriented perspectives. In the applicationpart of the study, from the Brand Finance 2017 ranking list of Turkey’s mostvaluable brands; Turk Telekom, Turkcell, Turkish Airlines and Arcelik wereexamined. At the end of the research, the brands were listed according to theirvalues and according to this ranking, Turk Telekom was determined as the first,Turkcell as the second and Arcelik as the third most valuable brands. Theevaluation of the most valuable Turkish brands with Interbrand brand valuationmethod is considered to fill an important gap in the literature., Araştırmanın amacı Türk markalarının değerlerininhesaplanmasında marka gücünün ve bu markaların toplam satış hasılatlarıiçerisinde markalı ürünlerinden elde ettikleri gelirlerin rolününbelirlenmesidir. Araştırma hem finansal hem de tüketici yönlü bakış açılarınıolanaklı kılan karma hesaplama yöntemlerinden Interbrand marka değerlemeyöntemiyle, Türk markalarının analizlerini kapsamaktadır. Araştırmanın uygulamakısmında, BrandFinance 2017 Türkiye’nin en değerli markaları sıralamasında yeralan; Türk Telekom, Turkcell, Türk Hava Yolları ve Arçelik incelenmiştir.Araştırma sonucunda değerlerine göre markalar sıralanmış ve bu sıralamaya göreTürk Telekom birinci, Turkcell ikinci, Arçelik üçüncü en değerli markalarolarak belirlenmiştir. Interbrand marka değerleme yöntemi ile en değerli Türkmarkalarının değerlendirilmesinin literatürde önemli bir boşluğu dolduracağıdüşünülmektedir.