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Nanotechnology is science, technology, and engineering that is directed at the nano scale (1-100 nm). This is a diverse and attractive field, owing to its unique properties and applications. The surface- to- volume ratio is the most important property of a material, which makes a clear difference between bulk materials and materials at nano scale. Nano can be referring to materials, particles, thin films, wires, fibers, etc. Nanotechnology is a revolutionary method for developing of new systems and technologies. In this study, the types of nano materials on their structures are discussed. The remarkable properties of the nanomaterials have also been explained. Common characterization techniques are explained and highlight the applications of nano materials. The conclusions of all the sections are presented at the end of the paper.

Today, the earnest need for earth-abundant and environmentally friendly thermoelectric materials has revealed the importance of semiconductor metal oxides in order to eliminate the barrier towards their wide-ranging use in industrial applications. In the present work, we demonstrate the synthesis of p-type tin oxide thin films on quartz glass and Si substrates by using electron beam evaporation technique followed by rapid thermal annealing process at 200 °C for 20 min in Ar-atmosphere. Annealing-induced structural, electrical, optical and thermoelectric properties of pristine and annealed SnO thin films are primarily studied. The compositional and structural analysis of SnO films are performed by using X-Ray Diffraction, Scanning Electron Microscope as well as Atomic Force Microscope. Moreover, the mechanism of thermoelectric transportation at different measurement temperatures is deeply inspected via thermoelectric measurements. The Seebeck coefficient, carrier concentration and hole mobility in conjunction with the development of thin film nanostructures are discussed, predominantly. The optimal annealing may tune structural, electro-optic and thermoelectric properties of SnO films for the commercial-level maturity of thermoelectric devices for energy applications.

This study aims to reveal the extent of application of the requirements of the occupational health and safety management system (ISO45001:2018) in the thermal station. The problem is reflected in the weak interest of the thermal station in occupational health and safety, which workers should have a safe working environment free from occupational risks and diseases through the application of an efficient system for occupational health and safety management, which leads to an increase in the efficiency and productivity of workers. To reach the scientific facts, I adopted the case study approach, which includes observation, field coexistence, and direct meetings, in addition to the checklist prepared by the British Standards Organization (BSI). The results of the study show that there is a gap between the actual reality of the occupational health and safety management system in the thermal station and the requirements of the occupational health and safety management system (ISO45001:2018). The evaluation results showed a total gap of (34.8%). Occupational health and safety is heading towards the permanence of the work of secondary stations for energy production and distribution networks, and the provision of services to citizens.

Cancer is a disease that causes abnormal cell formation and spreads throughout the body, causing harm to other organs. Breast cancer is the most common kind among many of cancers worldwide. Breast cancer affects women due to hormonal changes or genetic mutations in DNA. Breast cancer is one of the primary causes of cancer worldwide and the second biggest cause of cancer-related deaths in women. Metastasis development is primarily linked to mortality. Therefore, it is crucial for public health that the mechanisms involved in metastasis formation are identified. Pollution and the chemical environment are among the risk factors that are being indicated as impacting the signaling pathways involved in the construction and growth of metastatic tumor cells. Due to the high risk of mortality of breast cancer, breast cancer is potentially fatal, more research is required to tackle the deadliest disease. We considered different drug structures as chemical graphs in this research and computed the partition dimension. This can help to understand the chemical structure of various cancer drugs and develop formulation more efficiently.

Let G be a connected graph with V(G) and E(G) be the vertex set and edge set. For a vertex u ∈ V(G) and a subset W ⊂ V(G), the distance between u and W is (u, W)=min {d(u, x): x ∈ W}. Let ∏ ={ W1, ...

Background: Image processing based catheter selection is a newly developed procedure in which a catheter is selected based onpatient's image data, acquired prior to the intervention. In this technique, the arteries are extracted from the data followed by thecomputation of geometric parameters for all available catheters.Objectives: To propose an improved algorithm for estimating geometric parameters such as coronary artery curve angle andlength of the coronary artery curve.Material& Methods: We propose a new framework to compute the geometric parameters from the patient magnetic resonance /computed tomography images. In order to meet the clinical time constraint, we calculate CACA and CACL in 3D MR cardiacimages of the patients.Results: The method has been tested on seven MR cardiac images provided by Unieklinikum Wrzburg. The results show moreaccuracy and less computation time as compared to the already developed method.Conclusion: The proposed algorithm uses an enhanced method for extracting 3D curve to calculate the angle and there by greatlyreduces the computation time and improves the accuracy.Keywords: Optimal catheter; Right coronary angiography; Catheter selection; Landmarks; Geometricparameter

Malnutrition remains the most serious health problem and the single leading contributor of child morbidity and mortality among children under 5 years of age. Worldwide, malnutrition causes almost one-third of the children's deaths each year which is approximately 2.6 million even before they turn five. Objective: To find out the determinants of malnutrition in children less than 5 years of age in Ganga Ram Hospital, Lahore. Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted at Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, Lahore. A sample of 350 malnourished children of both genders was selected through non probability convenient sampling from Preventive Pediatrics Department of Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, Lahore. Data were collected through pre-tested questionnaire. SPSS version 21.0 was used for data analysis. Results: The prevalence of female malnourished children (52%) was higher than males; 48% and 56% mothers delivering babies with Caesarean while 64% children were premature at the time of birth. 54% mothers were physical abused during the pregnancy, 38% of the children did not receive exclusive breast feeding up to 6 months and only 6% mothers fed their children up to 2 years. 69% mothers were introducing weaning food after 6 months. Conclusions: Malnutrition was more prevalent in females. Major risk factors for mal nutrition were pre-mature birth, lack of breast feeding, inadequate weaning and poverty.

The understanding and design of wetting-transport and wetting-charge-transport interplay in nanometer-sized pores is a still not fully understood key step in improving nanopore transport-related applications. A control of mesopore wettability accompanied by pore filling and ionic mesopore accessibility analysis is expected to deliver major insights into this interplay of nanoscale pore wetting and transport. For a systematic understanding, we demonstrate a gradual adjustment of nanopore ionic accessibility by gradually tuning silica nanopore wettability using chemical vapor phase deposition of 1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorooctyl dimethylchlorosilane. The mutual influence of wetting on liquid imbibition, condensation, and molecular transport as well as on heat transfer were studied by ellipsometry, cyclic voltammetry and boiling experiments, respectively. A multi-methodical analytic approach was used to directly couple wetting properties of mesoporous silica thin films to ionic mesopore accessibility allowing us to determine two different ion transport mechanisms based on three defined wetting regimes as well as a threshold hydrophobicity suppressing pore accessibility. Furthermore, boiling experiments showed a clear increase in nucleation site density upon changing the wettability of the mesoporous surfaces from hydrophilic to hydrophobic. Hence, these results provide insights into the complex interplay of pore wall functionalization, wetting, and charge-dependent nanopore properties.

Wettability-defined liquid infiltration into porous materials in nature and several industrial applications is of fundamental interest. Direct observation of wetting-controlled imbibition in mesopores is anticipated to deliver important insights into the interplay between nanoconfined liquid movement and nanoscale wettability. We present a systematic study of water imbibition into mesoporous silica thin films with wetting properties precisely adjusted through chemical functionalization. We observe the liquid infiltration, resulting in an imbibition ring around the water droplet, by top-view imaging using a camera with collimated coaxial illumination. With decreasing hydrophilicity, the maximum imbibition area around the droplet decreases, accompanied by a simultaneous change in the imbibition kinetics and imbibition mechanism. Initially, the imbibition kinetics follow a modified Lucas–Washburn law that considers a strong influence of evaporation. However, with increasing imbibition time after reaching constant imbibition ring dimensions, the imbibition area starts to increase again, causing a deviation from the applied model. This observation is ascribed to water-mediated surface activation at the imbibition front, leading to a slightly increased wettability, which is also confirmed by water adsorption measurements. Furthermore, recently described spontaneous condensation-evaporation imbalances that cause oscillations of the imbibition front could be verified and were studied with regard to changing wetting properties. By increasing the contact angle of the material and therefore the partial pressure needed for capillary condensation, the amplitude of the imbibition front oscillations decreases. These results provide insights into the wettability-defined complex movement of water in mesoporous structures, which has practical implications, e.g., for nano/microfluidic devices and water purification or harvesting.

This paper presents an efficient algorithm for classifying the ECG beats to the main four types. These types are normal beat (normal), Left Bundle Branch Block beats (LBBB), Right Bundle Branch Block beats (RBBB), Atrial Premature Contraction (APC). Feature extraction is performed from each type using Legendre moments as a tool for characterizing the signal beats. A Multiclass Support Vector Machine (multiclass SVM) is used for the classification on process with Legendre polynomial coefficients as inputs. A comparison study is presented between the proposed and some existing approaches. Simulation results reveal that the proposed approach gives 97.7% accuracy levels compared to 95.7447%, 95.88%, 95.03% , 93.40%, 96.02%, 95.95%, 96.24% achieved with Discrete wavelet (DWT), Haar wavelet and principle component analysis (PCA) as feature extractors and ANN, Simple Logic Random Forest, LibSVM and J48 as classifiers.

In 2020, the World Health Organization has characterized COVID-19, a disease caused by infection with the SARS-CoV-2 virus, as a pandemic. Although a few vaccines and drugs have been approved to, respectively, prevent or treat the disease, several clinical trials are still ongoing to test new vaccines or drugs to mitigate the burden of the pandemic. Few studies have shown the role of host genetics in disease prognosis and drug response highlighting the importance of diverse participation in COVID-19 clinical trials. The goal of this study is to assess public attitudes in Egypt, Saudi Arabia, and Jordan toward participating in COVID-19 clinical trials and to identify the factors that may influence their attitude. An online questionnaire was developed and distributed among the target group through social media platforms. The number of responses was 1,576. Three quarters (74.9%) of participants heard about clinical trials before, 57.6% of them had a positive attitude toward participation in COVID-19 clinical trials. The conduct of clinical trials in accordance with the scientific, research, and ethical guidelines was a strong predictor of willingness to participate in clinical trials. Other positive factors also included protection of family from COVID-19 and contributing to the return to normal community life as well as receiving additional healthcare benefit was the fourth significant predictor. On the other hand, the thought that clinical trials can have a negative impact on the health of participants strongly predicted the unwillingness of individuals to participate in such trials. This was followed by having limited information about the novel coronavirus and COVID-19 and the lack of trust in physicians and hospitals. In general, Arab citizens are accepting the concept and have a positive attitude toward COVID-19 clinical trials. Increasing awareness of COVID-19 and clinical trials, enforcing the concept of altruism, and placing clear policies in conducting clinical trials are needed to increase participation in clinical trials among Arabs.

A systematic study of gating water infiltration and condensation into ceramic nanopores by carefully adjusting the wetting properties of mesoporous films using photoactive spiropyran is presented. Contact angle measurements from the side reveal significant changes in wettability after irradiation due to spiropyran/merocyanine-isomerization, which induce a wetting transition from dry to wet pores. The change in wettability allows the control of water imbibition in the nanopores and is reflected by the formation of an imbibition ring around a droplet. Furthermore, the photoresponsive wettability is able to overcome pinning effects and cause a movement of a droplet contact line, facilitating droplet coalescence, as recorded by high-speed imaging. The absorbed light not only effectuates droplet merging but also causes flows inside the drop due to heat absorption by the spiropyran, which results in gradients in the surface tension. IR imaging and particle tracking is used to investigate the heat absorption and temperature-induced flows, respectively. These flows can be used to manipulate, for example, molecular movement inside water and deposition inside solid mesoporous materials and are therefore of great importance for nanofluidic devices as well as for future water management concepts, which include filtering by imbibition and collection by droplet coalescence.

Functionalized nanopores have attracted strong interest in different fields in which nanopore transport is essential. Detailed insights into mass transport through nanopores and its correlation to pore wall properties such as wettability are essential. The potential and challenges using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) to analyze mass transport through mesoporous silica thin films with precisely adjusted wettability are discussed. The accessible area of the electrode, the charge transfer or film resistance and the diffusion coefficients of the redox probe [Ru(NH₃)₆]2+/3+ inside the mesopores are determined. The influence of experimental parameters such as silica film pre-treatment is evaluated. Hydrophilic mesoporous films display comparable diffusion coefficients around 1*10⁻⁸ cm² s⁻¹ independently of the exact wettability. As expected, hydrophobic films do not exhibit transport due to water exclusion. The sample pre-treatment strongly influences the transport characteristics. Incubation into aqueous KCl leads to a decrease in the resistance for all tested mesoporous films. This is ascribed to an increase in the silanol group concentration at the pore wall. Besides the insights into mass transport in mesoporous films and on how to measure EIS in such films, this study elucidates the importance of sample pre-treatment and surface chemistry concerning mesoporous film performance.

Let G be a simple connected graph. Suppose Δ = Δ 1 , Δ 2 , … , Δ l an l -partition of V G . A partition representation of a vertex α w . r . t Δ is the l − vector d α , Δ 1 , d α , Δ 2 , … , d α , Δ l , denoted by r α | Δ . Any partition Δ is referred as resolving partition if ∀ α i ≠ α j ∈ V G such that r α i | Δ ≠ r α j | Δ . The smallest integer l is referred as the partition dimension pd G of G if the l -partition Δ is a resolving partition. In this article, we discuss the partition dimension of kayak paddle graph, cycle graph with chord, and a graph generated by chain of cycles. It has been shown that the partition dimension of the said families of graphs is constant.

Worldwide, malnutrition is the severe most health problem leading to the highest rate of disease andmortality among children less than 5 years of age. Objective: To find out the association betweenmalnutrition and demographic profile. Methods: 350 malnourished children were chosen by nonprobabilityconvenient sampling technique from Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, Lahore. Children wereassessed through pre-tested questionnaire. Data were analyzed by SPSS version 21.0. Results: 45%malnourished children were 1-3 years of age, majority of the children were females (52%), 89% childrenwere from rural areas, 82.6% children were from low socioeconomic status, 54.6% mothers wereuneducated, 50% malnourished children were not having their own house, 115 malnourished childrenwere having 3 or more siblings and 89 mothers were having less than one year of pregnancy gap.Conclusions: Low socioeconomic status, illiteracy of mothers, rural area, gap between pregnancy andfemale gender has been found to be linked with malnutrition in children below 5 years of age.

In this article, we find chirped and dipole soliton for nonlinear negative-index materials with quadratic-cubic nonlinearity. We will use sub-ODE method [32] to find chirped soliton and ansatz method of Choudhuri and Porsezian [41] to get dipole soliton.

We present high quality WX2 (X = S, Se) single crystals synthesized via an improved chemical vapor transport technique. Morphological and structural characteristics of the as-grown layered single crystals were analyzed using SEM, TEM, XPS, Raman spectroscopy, XRD and UV visible spectroscopy characterization techniques. Cyclic voltammetry (CV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and charge-discharge analysis reveal the insights for WX2 single crystals to be used an as excellent material for electrochemical supercapacitors. Notably the obtained supercapacitor electrodes show excellent cycle stability and high capacitance retention of 80 and 99% for WS2 and WSe2 respectively after 20,000 cycles, suggesting their high potential in electrochemical energy storage applications.

The hydrothermal synthesis and effect of annealing temperature on morphological and structural properties of Cu2MoS4 nanosheets are studied in this work. The as-grown Cu2MoS4 nanosheets are annealed in ambient Ar environment at different temperatures (250, 300, 350, 400, 500, 750, 1000 °C). Suitable annealing disintegrates the Cu2MoS4 nanosheets into MoS2 and Cu2S nanoheterostructures. The annealing effect on prepared materials is characterized through X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The structural changes are observed during XRD analysis and corresponding morphological changes are studied through TEM. Raman spectroscopy is employed to study the vibrational modes of the materials and it also confirms the disintegration of Cu2MoS4 nanosheets into MoS2 and Cu2S nanoheterostructures. The influence of annealing temperature on binding energy of the Cu2MoS4 nanosheets is studied by XPS. The assembled nanoheterostructures are tested as anode material for the Li-ion battery and it shows significant specific capacity and cyclability.

Two-dimensional stable metallic 1T-MoSe2 with expanded interlayer spacing of 10.0 A in situ grown on SWCNTs film is fabricated via a one-step solvothermal method. Combined with X-ray absorption near-edge structures, our characterization reveals that such 1T-MoSe2 and single-walled carbon nanotubes (abbreviated as 1T-MoSe2/SWCNTs) hybridized structure can provide strong electrical and chemical coupling between 1T-MoSe2 nanosheets and SWCNT film in a form of C–O–Mo bonding, which significantly benefits a high-efficiency electron/ion transport pathway and structural stability, thus directly enabling high-performance lithium storage properties. In particular, as a flexible and binder-free Li-ion anode, the 1T-MoSe2/SWCNTs electrode exhibits excellent rate capacity, which delivers a capacity of 630 mAh/g at 3000 mA/g. Meanwhile, the strong C–O–Mo bonding of 1T-MoSe2/SWCNTs accommodates volume alteration during the repeated charge/discharge process, which gives rise to 89% capacity retention and a capacity of 9...

We demonstrate a heterostructure Ni9S8/MoS2 hybrid with tight interface synthesized via an improved hydrothermal method. As compared to pure MoS2, the increased surface area and the shorten charge transport pathway in the layered hybrid significantly promote the photocatalytic efficiency for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). In particularly, the optimized Ni9S8/MoS2 hybrid with 20 wt % Ni9S8 exhibits the highest photocatalytic activity with HER value of 406 μmolg–1h–1, which is enhanced by 70% compared to that of pure MoS2 nanosheets (285.0 μmolg–1h–1). Moreover, the value is 4 times more than the commercial MoS2 (92.0 μmolg–1h–1), indicating the high potential of the hybrid in the catalytic fields.

Designing advanced electrocatalysts for hydrogen evolution reaction is of far-reaching significance. Active sites and conductivity play vital roles in such a process. Herein, we demonstrate a heteronanostructure for hydrogen evolution reaction, which consists of metallic 1T-MoS2 nanopatches grown on the surface of flexible single-walled carbon nanotube (1T-MoS2/SWNT) films. The simulated deformation charge density of the interface shows that 0.924 electron can be transferred from SWNT to 1T-MoS2, which weakens the absorption energy of H atom on electron-doped 1T-MoS2, resulting in superior electrocatalytic performance. The electron doping effect via interface engineering renders this heteronanostructure material outstanding hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) activity with initial overpotential as small as approximately 40 mV, a low Tafel slope of 36 mV/dec, 108 mV for 10 mA/cm2, and excellent stability. We propose that such interface engineering could be widely used to develop new catalysts for energy conv...

Patient: Male, 24-year-old Final Diagnosis: Internal hernia Symptoms: Abdominal distension • abdominal pain • dizziness • peritonitis Medication: — Clinical Procedure: Laparotomy Specialty: Surgery Objective: Rare disease Background: Intestinal obstruction secondary to internal hernia is a rare phenomenon in adults particularly in patients with history of pulmonary tuberculosis, but commonly seen in pediatric population. Mostly it occurs along the duodenum in the paraduodenal recesses. The patient might be misdiagnosed as having obstruction secondary to strictures formed as a result of intestinal tuberculosis and pose delay in exploration. Case Report: We describe an adult patient who presented with intestinal obstruction by a tourniquet or ring formed between the tip of appendix and ileocecal junction through which small bowel herniated, strangulated and finally perforated before exploration, initially thought to be due to intestinal tuberculosis. He underwent exploratory laparotomy and was release of obstruction, appendectomy and resection of bowel. The patient tolerated the procedure well and discharged in stable condition. Conclusions: Intestinal obstruction due to internal hernia is rare in adults. Computed tomography abdomen can diagnose the condition; however, exploration of the abdomen can give the definite diagnosis and tailor the appropriate therapy.

Mimicking ankle angles continuously and accurately during gait cycle for lower limb prosthesis is of prime importance in prosthesis control. A robust control system is thus desired to mimic natural gait cycle of a healthy human for an amputee. This research focuses on simulating a control system which mimics natural ankle angles of human ankle biomechanics. The controller mimics a reference ankle angle input as output with maximum accuracy for lower limb prosthesis developed earlier. This control system can be further advanced to mimic human ankle torque and power profiles as well.

Thin, planar nanojunctions between layered 2H/1T-MoS2 and graphitic C3N4 (g-C3N4) were fabricated and 1T phase nanojunctions allowed faster photogenerated electrons across the junction interfaces to facilitate hydrogen evolution. This research represents a proof of concept for the rational fabrication of thin 1T phase interfacial junctions and the importance of the 1T phase for further improving the HER perfomance.

Vertical 1T-MoS2 nanosheets with an expanded interlayer spacing of 9.8 A were successfully grown on a graphene surface via a one-step solvothermal method. Such unique hybridized structures provided strong electrical and chemical coupling between the vertical nanosheets and graphene layers by means of C–O–Mo bonding. The merits are very beneficial for a high-efficiency electron/ion transport pathway and structural stability. As a proof of concept, the lithium ion battery with the as-obtained hybrid's electrode exhibited excellent rate performance with a 666 mA h g−1 capacity at a high current density of 3500 mA g−1. We can extend this method to produce various metallic 1T-MX2 (M = transition metal; X = chalcogen) vertically edged on a graphene frame as one of the promising hetero-structures for several specific applications in the fields of electronics, optics and catalysis.

The replacement of expensive noble-metals cocatalysts with inexpensive, earth-abundant, metallic nonmetal materials in most semiconductor-based photocatalytic systems is highly desirable. Herein, we report the fabrication of stable 1T-MoS2 slabs in situ grown on CdS nanorods (namely, 1T-MoS2@CdS) by using a solvothermal method. As demonstrated by ultrafast transient absorption spectroscopy, in combination with steady-state and time-resolved photoluminescence, the synergistic effects resulting from formation of the intimate nanojunction between the interfaces and effective electron transport in the metallic phase of 1T-MoS2 largely contribute to boosting the photocatalytic activity of CdS. Notably, the heterostructure with an optimum loading of 0.2 wt % 1T-MoS2 exhibits an almost 39-fold enhancement in the photocatalytic activity relative to that exhibited by bare CdS. This work represents a step towards the in situ realization of a 1T-phase MoS2-based heterostructure as a promising cocatalyst with high performance and low cost.