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Introdução: Apendicectomia é um dos procedimentos cirúrgicos mais realizados em crianças e é a terapia de escolha no tratamento da apendicite aguda. Há evidências na literatura que favorecem a realização da cirurgia pela via laparoscópica em detrimento da via aberta na população pediátrica. Objetivo: comparar a apendicectomia aberta e laparoscópica no tratamento da apendicite aguda em crianças em um hospital terciário público do Brasil. Métodos: estudo observacional prospectivo comparando apendicectomias abertas e videolaparoscópicas realizadas em pacientes pediátricos com apendicite aguda atendidos entre março/2017 e março/2018. Foram analisados aspectos epidemiológicos; pré-operatórios (clínica, exames laboratoriais e de imagem, tempo entre admissão e procedimento); intra-operatórios (tempo de procedimento, técnica); pós-operatório (tempo de internação; complicações). Resultados: amostra de 63 pacientes, com média de idade de 8 anos. 80,9% apresentavam vômitos, sinal de Bloomberg em 63,5% e dor abdominal difusa em 71,4%. Realizado hemograma em 43 pacientes, com 72% de leucocitose e 51,2%, bastonetose; radiografia abdominal em 12 e ultrassonografia em 47,6%. 31,7% realizaram apendicectomia laparoscópica, enquanto 68,3%, apendicectomia aberta. Não houve diferença entre os grupos quanto as condições da cavidade e características do apêndice. O grupo da cirurgia aberta teve 52,3% de apendicectomias complicadas, complicação pós-operatória em 2,3% e tempo de internação médio de 3 dias, já no da laparoscópia, 60% foram complicadas, 10% com complicação pós-operatória e 2,9 dias de tempo de internação médio. Conclusão: o presente estudo permite afirmar, com limitações estatísticas, que não há diferença entre apendicectomia aberta e videolaparoscópica quanto ao tempo entre a admissão e o procedimento, tempo de internação e complicações pós-operatórias, sendo relevante a diferença no tempo do procedimento.

Background: Most residents do not have a defined program for simulation training in video surgery in Brazil. The training takes place for the most part in vivo or in short courses. The goal of this article is to describe and evaluate a set of exercises using low-cost materials, created by the residents themselves, to enable basic skills training in video surgery. Materials and Methods: Seven exercises were elaborated aiming to simulate main maneuvers performed in video surgery. The residents were guided by a written and video description showing the execution of the exercises, performed the exercises, and answered a questionnaire. After 3 weeks of free training, the residents performed the exercises and answered the questionnaire again. Results: Seven residents started the study; however, 6 completed the two steps. Among the participants, 83% received in vivo video surgery training, and only 2 (33%) received some supervised simulation training in minimally invasive surgery before this time. All participants considered the set of seven exercises representative of the actual skills in video surgery. There was no difficulty in acquiring the materials or in assembling them to carry out the training. All the participants had a shorter training time than initially proposed, on average 1 day/week for 20 minutes. Conclusions: A simple set of exercises can be elaborated by the residents themselves and make feasible the simulated training in video surgery even without the availability of sophisticated and expensive materials. The presence of a tutor and the scheduling of exclusive training seem necessary for more satisfactory results.

Highlights • The most common mechanism of urethral injury in children is trauma. • Urethral trauma in children most commonly is due to pelvic fractures from car accidents. • Urethral trauma can present in many forms. • Possible options for management of urethral injuries are presented. • The surgeon must keep in mind different techniques for urethral reconstruction., Introduction Most pediatric urethral injuries are a result of pelvic fracture after high-impact blunt trauma, mainly due to motor vehicle accidents. The management of urethral injuries depends on if the rupture is complete or partial as well as the timing of surgical intervention. Presentation of cases Three male children with urethral trauma caused by motor vehicles accidents are presented in this article. Preoperative suprapubic catheterization was initially carried out in all patients. Each patient then received one of three different techniques during the deferred time to surgical intervention: anterior sagittal transanorectal approach (ASTRA) for end-to-end urethral anastomosis, perineal approach for urethroplasty using buccal mucosa, and urethroplasty with preputial skin flap. The three techniques were successfully performed. Discussion In the initial management suprapubic cystostomy has been a good solution in urgent situations. Deferred urethroplasty is the procedure of choice for the definite treatment of posterior urethral distraction defects. The anterior sagittal transanorectal approach provides excellent exposure of the posterior urethra and retrovesicular region, and allows the surgeon to perform dissection under direct vision. Conclusion It’s very important for the pediatric urologist to be familiar with the different techniques available in order to choose the best approach for each particular patient.

Bladder urothelial carcinoma (UC) it is the fifth most prevalent carcinoma in humans, nevertheless in children and young adults it's very rare. It usually occurs in older adults. Literature on UC in pediatric population is limited and important information (risk factors, follow-up protocols, etc.) are poorly defined. We present an 11-year-old boy with a painful macroscopic hematuria. Ultrasound revealed a heterogeneous intravesical mass without extravesical extension, which was confirmed by computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The first biopsy was compatible with urothelial papilloma. After 1 year, he returned with a bigger mass. Transurethral resection of the bladder (TURB) was performed and immunohistochemistry showed low-grade papillary UC with a high-grade component, with tumor free margin. Tumor had mutations in the BRAF and KRAS genes. Two and a half years after the resection the patient has no recurrence. Less than 1% of bladder UC occur in the first two decades of life. Gross hematuria is a common symptom. Ultrasound is generally the first diagnostic tool. MRI is also helpful, but cystoscopy allows definitive diagnosis. Transurethral resection of the bladder (TURB) is the standard treatment, with good results and low recurrence rate, and it was the treatment of choice for our patient, that remains free of disease. The BRAF and KRAS gene mutations were never described before in pediatric UC. There are only few cases in literature of pediatric UC that present a tumor genetic profile; therefore, our case report adds more information to this very rare disease in children.