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The unique Neotropical species of the alderfly genus Protosialis van der Weele, 1909, P. bifasciata (Hagen, 1861), is herein transferred to the newly described genus Caribesialis gen. nov. This new taxon is proposed to be sister to the clade Protosialis + Sialis Latreille, 1802, after a phylogenetic analysis that included male genital characters scored on a previous morphological matrix of the family. Also, Ilyobius nigrocephalus sp. nov., a remarkable new species from Ecuador, is described and its phylogenetic position is discussed. Furthermore, Ilyobius bimaculatus (Banks, 1920) from Bolivia, known solely from the female holotype, is redescribed. Based on the present study, the Neotropical fauna of Sialidae is proposed to be constituted by two genera, one insular (Cuba) and one continental (Mexico to Chile and Argentina).

Platyneuromus van der Weele (Megaloptera, Corydalidae, Corydalinae) is a dobsonfly genus endemic to Mexico and Central America with three valid species. Its larvae or hellgrammites are exclusively aquatic, feed on aquatic invertebrates or – sometimes – small vertebrates, and inhabit lotic ecosystems, from small mountain streams to large tropical rivers, typically clean and well oxygenated. Until the present study only Platyneuromus soror (Hagen) had its larva described. Recently, dobsonfly larvae were collected in Agua Azul waterfalls, Chiapas, Mexico, a previously recorded site for the geographically restricted Platyneuromus reflexus Glorioso & Flint. Herein, we associate those larvae to the latter species through DNA barcoding comparison with adults from the site. We describe the larva of P. reflexus for the first time, as well as the larva of Platyneuromus sp. A, a probable undescribed species from mountainous areas of western Mexico; both are compared with the previously described P. soror. We also provide a key for the identification of known larvae of this poorly known dobsonfly genus.

A global synonymical checklist of the species and higher taxa of the insect order Megaloptera is provided. The checklist includes both extant and extinct taxa, and recognizes 2 families, 4 subfamilies, 48 genera, 425 species, and 6 subspecies. Both families (Corydalidae and Sialidae), and three of the four subfamilies (Corydalinae, Chauliodinae, and Sialinae) are known from both extant and extinct species; the Sharasialinae (Sialidae) is entirely extinct. Country-level geographic distribution data are provided for all species and subspecies. Synoptic type data are provided for taxa in the family and genus groups. Summary data are given for the numbers of megalopteran species currently known to occur in each of the major biogeographical regions of the world, and for the world fauna. Increase of knowledge about the diversity of the world Megaloptera fauna is summarized in counts of valid species described per decade and in a global taxonomic description curve. An updated set of keys to the world families, subfamilies, and genera of the Megaloptera is also provided.

The genus Plega Navás, 1928, belongs to the subfamily Symphrasinae, a group recently transferred from Mantispidae to Rhachiberothidae. This genus is herein reported as parasitoid of the symphytan family Diprionidae for the first time, becoming the first record of association between this neuropteran subfamily and non-aculeate Hymenoptera. This new association was discovered in “Ixcateopan de Cuauhtémoc”, in the Mexican state of Guerrero, where Plega spinosa Ardila et al., 2019 was found associated with immatures of the sawfly Monoctenus cuauhtemoci De Lira, 2021, a pest in forests of Juniperus flaccida Schlechtendal (white cedar). The neuropteran was found to be the most abundant parasitoid of this symphytan, becoming a potential candidate for biological control of phytophagous sawflies in juniper forests, an economically important plant species for the wood industry in the region. Considering the behavior and morphological aspects of the primary larvae and the behavior of the adults of Plega, three possible scenarios in which the primary larvae of P. spinosa board the larvae of Monoctenus to complete its life cycle are outlined. This finding reinforces the hypothesis of a generalist ectoparasitoid lifeway of the larvae of the genus Plega on larvae and pupae of holometabolous insects.

Species of Symphrasinae (Neuroptera: Mantispidae) are ectoparasitoids of larvae and pupae of holometabolous insects, primarily of Hymenoptera in their larval stages. Herein we present the third case of an association between the mantidfly genus Anchieta Navás, 1909 with the order Hymenoptera. The hymenopteran species attacked by the as of yet undescribed species of Anchieta is Montezumia dimidiata Saussure, 1852 (Vespidae: Eumeninae), a predacious wasp that constructs mud nests. The association was observed in Peruvian Amazonia (near Tarapoto, San Martín), after rearing the mantidflies from a wasp nest. The biology and mimicry pattern with stingless bees of the reared Anchieta species is discussed.

The genus Isostenosmylus Krüger, 1913 (Neuroptera: Osmylidae) is the most species-rich genus of lance lacewings in the Neotropical region. Seven species are newly described here (Isostenosmylus angustipennis, sp. nov., Isostenosmylus apaapensis sp. nov., Isostenosmylus barbatus, sp. nov., Isostenosmylus inca, sp. nov., Isostenosmylus jaguar, sp. nov., Isostenosmylus penai, sp. nov., Isostenosmylus triangulatus, sp. nov.). A neotype of Oedosmylus morenoi Navás, 1928 is proposed, the male of Isostenosmylus irroratus Ardila-Camacho et al., 2016 is newly described, and identification keys to males and females of Isostenosmylus species are provided. A morphological phylogeny and biogeographical analysis of the genus are also presented. Isostenosmylus is recovered as a monophyletic genus and species are divided in two main clades (named here as ‘bifurcatus’ and ‘pulverulentus’ clades); the greatest diversity of this genus is located in the Andean mountain range, where new studies should be focused on. http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:7AA1CED6-D30D-4DE5-A45A-86C2F038B915

Isostenosmylus Krüger, 1913 is the richest genus of Osmylidae of the Neotropical region, with 17 described species so far, which are distributed mainly in the Andean region and in the South of Brazil and Paraguay. A new remarkable Colombian species of Isostenosmylus—I. ammirabilis sp. nov.—is herein described and illustrated. DNA barcode of mitochondrial gene cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) for this species is also provided. Taxonomic keys for the genus are updated.

The knowledge of Megaloptera (Neuropterida) fauna of Colombia is updated. Based on the specimens studied and literature records, it was determined that 18 species grouped into three genera (Ilyobiu...

The larval stages of the genus Kempynus Navas, 1912 (probably K. falcatus Navas, 1912 based on the presence of synchronic and sympatric adults) are described for the Neotropical Region for the first time, and the larval stages of Isostenosmylus pulverulentus (Gerstaecker, 1893) are redescribed. The external morphology of third-instar larvae of both species and their habitats are described and compared. Kempynus sp. is a water-dependent species and can be considered semi-aquatic, whereas I. pulverulentus larvae are terrestrial and live in undergrowth vegetation. The first key to identification of Neotropical Osmylidae larvae is provided, based on third-instar larvae of both species.

Four new species of Plega Navás, 1928 (Mantispidae: Symphrasinae) from Mexico are herein described and illustrated, namely P. mixteca sp. n. from Oaxaca and Jalisco, P. stangei sp. n. from Morelos and Oaxaca, P. sonorae sp. n. from Sonora, and P. spinosa sp. n. from Guerrero, Jalisco, Morelos, Nayarit, Oaxaca, Puebla, and Veracruz. Including these new species, Plega’s diversity raises to 17 described species, of which 12 are recorded from Mexico, and one of them, Plega variegata Navás, 1928, is herein proposed as nomen dubium. A taxonomic key to the known species of Plega from Mexico is provided.

The genera of the lance lacewing family Osmylidae (Neuroptera) and extinct allied families (Archeosmylidae, Saucrosmylidae) are reviewed. A key to living Osmylidae genera of the world is presented. Each genus is diagnosed and figured with a checklist of species included for each. New, revised or support for previous taxonomic changes include the following: Nuddsia Menon & Makarkin, 2008 (= Burmaleon Myskowiak et al. , 2016 syn. nov.); Kempynus Navas, 1912 (= Clydosmylus New 1983a syn. nov.); Osmylus Latreille, 1802 (= Hyposmylus McLachlan; Dictyosmylus Navas, 1910; Plesiosmylus, Makarkin, 1985; Plethosmylus Kruger, 1913a); Parosmylus Needham, 1909 (= Mesosmylus Kruger, 1913c; Phlebosmylus Navas, 1928 syn. nov.); Thaumatosmylus Kruger, 1913a (= Glenosmylus Kruger, 1913a syn. nov.). New classification changes include: Mesomylidus Jepson, 2012 and Petrushevkia Martynova, 1958 are transferred to Protosmylinae; Lahulus Navas, 1930 is placed in Osmylinae; Stenosmylina Jepson et al. , 2009 is transferred to Eidoporisminae. Cratovoluptia Martins-Neto & Rodrigues, 2009 is removed from Osmylidae and transferred to Ithonidae, while Cratosmylus Myskowiak et al. , 2015 is transferred to Nymphidae. Idiastogyia Lin, 1986 and Yanosmylus Ren in Ren et al. , 1995 are excluded from Osmylidae and placed as incertae sedis in Neuroptera.

The Neotropical fauna of Mantispidae is currently composed of 106 species. We provide new distributional records of Mantispidae from Colombia and Panama. Three new species are described, one in Symphrasinae from Colombia, and two in Mantispinae from Colombia and Panama. Haematomantispa nubeculosa (Navás, 1933) and Leptomantispa axillaris (Navás, 1908) are reported from Colombia for the first time, the former being the first record of the genus in the country. New locality records for other species previously known from Colombia are also given. For Panama, we report Anchieta fasciatella (Westwood, 1867) and Trichoscelia iridella (Westwood, 1867) for the first time, the former is herein newly transferred from Plega to Anchieta. Three names Mantispa confluens Navás, 1914, n. syn., Buyda apicata Navás, 1926, n. syn., and Mantispa neotropica Navás, 1933, n. syn., are here synonymized with Buyda phthisica (Gerstaecker, 1885). Updated keys for the genera of Mantispinae, and species of genera Trichoscelia, Buyda, and Climaciella from Colombia are included. With this new information, the known species richness of Mantispidae from Colombia increases from 21 to 26, and from 16 to 19 species in Panama.

Megaloptera belong to a large monophyletic group, the Neuropteroidea, together with Coleoptera, Strepsiptera, Raphidioptera, and Neuroptera. With the latter two, this order constitutes the Neuropterida, a smaller monophyletic subset among which it is the only entirely aquatic group, with larvae of all species requiring submersion in freshwater. Megaloptera is arguably the oldest extant clade of Holometabola with aquatic representatives, having originated during the Permian before the fragmentation of Pangea, since about 230 Ma. It includes 54 genera (35 extant and 19 extinct genera), with 397 extant described species and subspecies. Recent Megaloptera are divided into two families: Corydalidae (with subfamilies Corydalinae—dobsonflies and Chauliodinae—fishflies) and Sialidae (alderflies), both widely yet disjunctively distributed among zoogeographical realms. All species of Megaloptera have aquatic larvae, whereas eggs, pupae, and adults are terrestrial. The anatomy, physiology, and behavior of megalopteran larvae are specialized for an aquatic predatory habit, yet their ecological significance might still be underappreciated, as their role in food webs of benthic communities of many temperate and tropical streams and rivers is still understudied and largely unquantified. In many freshwater ecosystems, Megaloptera larvae are a conspicuous benthic component, important in energy flow, recycling of materials, and food web dynamics.

The family Berothidae is recorded for the first time in Colombia, with Spiroberotha sanctarosae Adams, 1989, collected from Tayrona National Park and Zambrano municipality, in Magdalena and Bolivar departments, respectively. The external morphology and male genitalia are illustrated, providing complementary information to the original description. A key to separate species of Spiroberotha, as well as a list of species of Central- and South American Berothidae are presented.

This study revises the Mantispidae of Colombia. 151 adult specimens of 12 entomological museums of Colombia were examined and identified. On the basis of the specimens studied and a comprehensive literature search, it is determined that 20 nominal species (including two doubtful records) plus four proposed as new to science, in ten genera (Anchieta, Plega, Trichoscelia, Gerstaeckerella, Buyda, Climaciella, Dicromantispa, Entanoneura, Leptomantispa, and Zeugomantispa) and, three subfamilies (Symphrasinae, Drepanicinae, and Mantispinae) occur in Colombia. In addition, A. eurydella (Westwood), C. amapaensis Penny and P. fasciatella (Westwood) are redescribed, providing complementary information to the original descriptions. A list of Colombian Mantispidae, distribution maps and taxonomic keys to subfamilies, genera and species are included. Illustrations of the external morphology and male genitalia are provided for selected species. The taxonomic status of P. hagenella (Westwood) is discussed, and its diagnostic characters are redefined. Anchieta remipes (Gerstaecker) is newly transferred to this genus from Trichoscelia.

The family Osmylidae is recorded for the first time in Colombia, extending its known distribution range to the north of South America in the northern Andes. Two new species of the genus Isostenosmylus Krüger, 1913, I. contrerasi n. sp. and I. septemtrionalandinus n. sp. and one morphospecies distributed along the eastern cordillera in the departments of Cundinamarca, Huila, and Norte de Santander are described and illustrated. A key to species of the genus Isostenosmylus, as well as a list of South American species of Osmylidae is included.

A new species of the dobsonfly genus Corydalus from the Colombian Andean region is described and illustrated. This species is unique in having the longest tenth gonostyli of all known species of the genus and is apparently closely related to members of the C. nubilus group. In addition, C. clavijoi Contreras-Ramos and C. nubilus Erichson are recorded for the first time from Colombia and new Colombian locality records are provided for other known species. A key to Colombian species of Corydalus is included.

Osmylidae is a small family of Neuroptera with a worldwide distribution. Only four subfamilies and five genera of Osmylidae have been reported to date for the Neotropical region, with a total of 16 species, whilst 200 species are known in the world. In this study three new species are described— Isostenosmylus bifurcatus n. sp., I . irroratus n. sp. and I. julianae n. sp. Moreover, species of Gumilla Navas, 1912 and Paryphosmylus Kruger, 1913 are redescribed; additionally one larva of Isostenosmylus sp. and the female of Isostenosmylus fasciatus Kimmins, 1940 are described. Images of type specimens of Neotropical species of Osmylidae are provided. New records of known species are reported and a distribution map is presented. An updated checklist and a key for Neotropical species of Osmylidae are provided.

A new species of Haploglenius Burmeister, 1839 from Colombia (H. abdominevittatus Ardila & Jones sp. nov.) is described.This species is unique among members of Haploglenius—which are newly diagnosed here under a slightly revised definitionby the presence of three rows of anal cells in the hind wing—in having both a well-developed axillary angle and a highly exca-vated posterior margin at the base of the forewing, characters normally distinctive of other Neotropical genera of Haploglenii-nae. This species also exhibits unique color patterning on the abdomen. The male genitalia are illustrated, a first for species in the genus.

The genus Glenurus Hagen, 1866 is recorded for the first time in Colombia, with G. heteropterix Gerstaecker, 1885 collected in the departments of Santander and Tolima, extending their known distribution range to the Colombian Andes.

This study revises the Mantispidae of Colombia. 151 adult specimens of 12 entomological museums of Colombia were examined and identified. On the basis of the specimens studied and a comprehensive literature search, it is determined that 20 nominal species (including two doubtful records) plus four proposed as new to science, in ten genera (Anchieta, Plega, Trichoscelia, Gerstaeckerella, Buyda, Climaciella, Dicromantispa, Entanoneura, Leptomantispa, and Zeugomantispa) and, three subfamilies (Symphrasinae, Drepanicinae, and Mantispinae) occur in Colombia. In addition, A. eurydella (Westwood), C. amapaensis Penny and P. fasciatella (Westwood) are redescribed, providing complementary information to the original descriptions. A list of Colombian Mantispidae, distribution maps and taxonomic keys to subfamilies, genera and species are included. Illustrations of the external morphology and male genitalia are provided for selected species. The taxonomic status of P. hagenella (Westwood) is discussed, and its diagnostic characters are redefined. Anchieta remipes (Gerstaecker) is newly transferred to this genus from Trichoscelia.

The family Osmylidae is recorded for the first time in Colombia, extending its known distribution range to the north of South America in the northern Andes. Two new species of the genus Isostenosmylus Kruger, 1913, I. contrerasi n. sp. and I. septemtrionalandinus n. sp. and one morphospecies distributed along the eastern cordillera in the departments of Cundinamarca, Huila, and Norte de Santander are described and illustrated. A key to species of the genus Isostenosmylus, as well as a list of South American species of Osmylidae is included.