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George Thomas, the first naval hydrographic surveyor continuously employed in the nineteenth century, was highly regarded by the three Admiralty hydrographers under whom he served until 1846. An earlier account of his humble origins and youthful adventures, based on the recollections of his clerk, is supported only in part by contemporary records. This recent investigation shows how his considerable ability came to be recognized at the Admiralty, and, until 1814, illustrates his sometimes demanding relationships with his crew, with the Hydrographer, Captain Thomas Hurd, and with the Admiralty and Navy Boards.

The Hydrographic Office is commonly known for its navigational charts. However, there is plenty of evidence to show how although chart production and supply was its main objective, there were also many other areas of activity in which it was involved. The head of this department was the Hydrographer to the Admiralty Board, a man well versed in hydrographic surveying and navigation, but also many other aspects of the wider field of nautical science. Individuals approached the Hydrographer for advice on a range of nautical matters. He, in return, acted as a consultant, providing free advice on areas of his expertise; advice that was given to civilians and military personnel. The office of Hydrographer to the Admiralty Board soon became recognised as the Admiralty's and Royal Navy's expert in all matters relating to navigation, charting and nautical science.

Welsh policy-makers have rejected customer-driven market approaches to the delivery of public services. Instead they espouse a model of delivery rooted in collaboration and citizen engagement. Empirical evidence from two recent wide-ranging reviews of public services in Wales suggests that this approach could offer a viable alternative to user choice and competition but, for it to be fully effective, central and local government need to embrace other drivers of improvement.

A comprehensive evaluation of the application of airborne geophysics to the management of dryland salinity is currently underway in Australia. Known as the National Airborne Geophysics Project (NAGP), it is a joint initiative of the Commonwealth and State Governments designed to assess the value-added contribution that can be made by time domain EM, frequency domain EM, magnetics and radiometrics to those data (including topography, soils and satellite imagery) already in use for salinity management. The project will concentrate on five selected catchments in Queensland, New South Wales, Victoria and Western Australia. The focus of the project will be to define the geological characteristics, to measure three-dimensional variability in conductivity in the regolith system, and to determine the spatial variability in soil characteristics. The analysis will allow the derivation of products such as maps showing salinity hazard, water resource target, soils, regolith conductivity and thickness, and geological interpretation. These derived products will be integrated with other datasets to specifically assist with the development of land management plans at appropriate scales and to contribute to the understanding of hydrogeological processes. The project will also produce cost/benefit analyses and confidence level estimates associated with the use of airborne geophysical and other data (Woodgate et al., 1998).

Unsealed roads and tracks are acknowledged as the major sources of sediment pollution in forested catchments. In particular, road to stream connectivity via gullied pathways as well as via diffuse overland flow can contribute to significant fine sediment inputs to forest streams. At present in the State forests of New South Wales (NSW), Australia, road drainage spacings are determined on the basis of road slope. In this study forest road surveys were conducted across seven coastal catchments near Coffs Harbour on the sub-tropical NSW mid north coast to determine connectivity between gravel roads and streams via channelised and diffuse pathways under a range of rainfall intensities. A total of 10.82 km of representative road sections was assessed, comprising 129 relief pipes and 22 mitre drains. Of the 151 drains surveyed, gullies were evident at the outlets of 26 relief pipes (20.2%) but at none of the mitre drains. Relationships previously derived between contributing road length and hillslope gradient, and between contributing area and hillslope gradient adequately predicted thresholds of gully formation at drain outlets. During lower intensity storms with average recurrence intervals of 10 years or less, less than 20% of drains are connected to streams via overland flowpaths. However, the degree of diffuse connectivity increases when contributing area takes account of table drains and cut batters, as well as with increasing rainfall intensity. We conclude that when constructing new roads or reassessing drainage on existing roads in forest environments, in addition to preventing erosion of the road surface, gully formation and connectivity with streams via diffuse overland flow should be avoided. This requires factoring in contributing area, hillslope gradient at drain outlets and distance to the nearest stream. Preventing or reducing road-to-stream connectivity is essential for reducing impacts on water quality across all land tenures.

Assmy, Philipp ... et. al.-- 6 pages, 4 figures, Diatoms of the iron-replete continental margins and North Atlantic are key exporters of organic carbon. In contrast, diatoms of the iron-limited Antarctic Circumpolar Current sequester silicon, but comparatively little carbon, in the underlying deep ocean and sediments. Because the Southern Ocean is the major hub of oceanic nutrient distribution, selective silicon sequestration there limits diatom blooms elsewhere and consequently the biotic carbon sequestration potential of the entire ocean. We investigated this paradox in an in situ iron fertilization experiment by comparing accumulation and sinking of diatom populations inside and outside the iron-fertilized patch over 5 wk. A bloom comprising various thin- and thick-shelled diatom species developed inside the patch despite the presence of large grazer populations. After the third week, most of the thinner-shelled diatom species underwent mass mortality, formed large, mucous aggregates, and sank out en masse (carbon sinkers). In contrast, thicker-shelled species, in particular Fragilariopsis kerguelensis, persisted in the surface layers, sank mainly empty shells continuously, and reduced silicate concentrations to similar levels both inside and outside the patch (silica sinkers). These patterns imply that thick-shelled, hence grazer-protected, diatom species evolved in response to heavy copepod grazing pressure in the presence of an abundant silicate supply. The ecology of these silica-sinking species decouples silicon and carbon cycles in the iron-limited Southern Ocean, whereas carbon- sinking species, when stimulated by iron fertilization, export more carbon per silicon. Our results suggest that large-scale iron fertilization of the silicate-rich Southern Ocean will not change silicon sequestration but will add carbon to the sinking silica flux, P.A. was supported through Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft–Cluster of Excellence “The Ocean in the Earth System” and the Centre for Ice, Climate and Ecosystems at the Norwegian Polar Institute

International audience; Fertilization of the ocean by adding iron compounds has induced diatom-dominated phytoplankton blooms accompanied by considerable carbon dioxide drawdown in the ocean surface layer. However, because the fate of bloom biomass could not be adequately resolved in these experiments, the timescales of carbon sequestration from the atmosphere are uncertain. Here we report the results of a five-week experiment carried out in the closed core of a vertically coherent, mesoscale eddy of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current, during which we tracked sinking particles from the surface to the deep-sea floor. A large diatom bloom peaked in the fourth week after fertilization. This was followed by mass mortality of several diatom species that formed rapidly sinking, mucilaginous aggregates of entangled cells and chains. Taken together, multiple lines of evidence--although each with important uncertainties--lead us to conclude that at least half the bloom biomass sank far below a depth of 1,000 metres and that a substantial portion is likely to have reached the sea floor. Thus, iron-fertilized diatom blooms may sequester carbon for timescales of centuries in ocean bottom water and for longer in the sediments.

This article presents research evidence concerning the introduction of performance appraisal in UK universities. The notion of ‘procedural compliance’ is proposed to draw attention to the implications of the largely externally imposed nature of appraisal in universities. The article reports the findings deriving from a study of appraisal in four universities. The notion of procedural compliance usefully illuminates the reactions of respondents to appraisal, though it has to be supplemented in order to provide a more complete picture.

[1] Surface δ15NPON increased 3.92 ± 0.48‰ over the course of 20 days following additions of iron (Fe) to an eddy in close proximity to the Antarctic Polar Front in the Atlantic sector of the Southern Ocean. The change in δ15NPON was associated with an increase in the >20 μm size fraction, leading to a maximal difference of 6.23‰ between the >20 μm and

This study mapped the development of performance appraisal in UK universities and assessed the initial impact of appraisal in four case study institutions. University staff felt that appraisal has had little impact on their motivation, efficiency and performance. One reason for this may be the ambiguity surrounding the intentions of staff appraisal in universities: it is neither a management tool, nor is it wholly focused on staff development. If appraisal is primarily concerned with assessment, it must be linked to promotion and merit pay awards. The current arrangement of using agreed summaries from the appraisal interviews in promotion procedures is not entirely satisfactory and requires further consideration. If, on the other hand, appraisal is intended for the purposes of staff development, this aim should be explicity stated and backed up with adequate resources and effective procedures designed to ensure that identified training needs are met.

[1] The Southern Ocean (SO) plays a key role in modulating atmospheric CO2 via physical and biological processes. However, over much of the SO, biological activity is iron-limited. New in situ data from the Antarctic zone south of Africa in a region centered at ∼20°E–25°E reveal a previously overlooked region of high primary production, comparable in size to the northwest African upwelling region. Here, sea ice together with enclosed icebergs is channeled by prevailing winds to the eastern boundary of the Weddell Gyre, where a sharp transition to warmer waters causes melting. This cumulative melting provides a steady source of iron, fuelling an intense phytoplankton bloom that is not fully captured by monthly satellite production estimates. These findings imply that future changes in sea-ice cover and dynamics could have a significant effect on carbon sequestration in the SO.

Universities have had to respond to the Government's requirement for greater accountability and efficiency in the use of public resources. This has resulted in a movement to more commercial, or executive styles of management, and with this the introduction of systematic staff appraisal. Funded by the Department of Education and Science (DES), the authors are conducting an evaluation of university staff appraisal schemes as they begin to operate.

Coordination is a perennial problem for public services — most especially the human and social services. British policy towards community care and de-hospitalisation is examined as a case study of governmental attempts to improve inter-organisation relations. Three questions are addressed: do the theoretical approaches within the public policy literatures offer policy makers a coherent guide to action; have successive government policies been influenced by these theoretical approaches; has British empirical research on joint planning offered additional insights of help to policy makers? The need to link theories of trust — and the micro dynamics of inter-organisational relations — to the public policy tradition is emphasized, as is the need for a reflexive governmental concern for problems of implementation and governance.

[1] In April 2001 four hydrographic sections perpendicular to the southern East Madagascar Current were surveyed as part of the Agulhas Current Sources Experiment. Observations with a vessel mounted and a lowered ADCP produced information on the current field while temperature, salinity, oxygen and nutrient data obtained with a CTD-Rosette system, gave information on the water mass structure of the currents southeast of Madagascar. The peak velocity in the pole-ward East Madagascar Current through these four sections had a typical magnitude of ∼110 cm/s, while the width of this current was of the order of 120 km. The mean pole-ward volume transport rate of this current during the survey above the 5°C isotherm was estimated to be 37 ± 10 Sv. On all four sections an undercurrent was observed at intermediate depths below the East Madagascar Current. Its equator-ward transport rate amounted to 2.8 ± 1.4 Sv. Offshore of the East Madagascar Current the shallow South Indian Ocean Countercurrent was observed. This eastward frontal jet coincided with the barotropic and thermohaline front that separates the saline Subtropical Surface Water from the fresher Tropical Surface Water in the East Madagascar Current. The near-surface geostrophic flow of the East Madagascar Current, derived from satellite altimetry data from 1992 to 2005, suggests a strong variability of this transport due to eddy variability and interannual changes. The long-term pole-ward mean transport of the East Madagascar Current, roughly estimated from those altimetry data amounts to 32 Sv. The upper-ocean water mass of the East Madagascar Current was very saline in 2001, compared to WOCE surveys from 1995. Comparison of our undercurrent data with those of the WOCE surveys in 1995 confirms that the undercurrent is a recurrent feature. Its water mass properties are relatively saline, due to the presence of water originating from the Red Sea outflow at intermediate levels. The saline water was advected from the Mozambique Channel to the eastern slope of Madagascar.

We measured the vertical water column distribution of nitrous oxide (N2O) during the European Iron Fertilization Experiment (EIFEX) in the subpolar South Atlantic Ocean during February/March 2004 (R/V Polarstern cruise ANT XXI/3). Despite a huge build‐up and sedimentation of a phytoplankton bloom, a comparison of the N2O concentrations within the fertilized patch with concentrations measured outside the fertilized patch revealed no N2O accumulation within 33 days. This is in contrast to a previous study in the Southern Ocean, where enhanced N2O accumulation occurred in the pycnocline. Thus, we conclude that Fe fertilization does not necessarily trigger additional N2O formation and we caution that a predicted radiative offset due to a Fe‐induced additional release of oceanic N2O might be overestimated. Rapid sedimentation events during EIFEX might have hindered the build‐up of N2O and suggest, that not only the production of phytoplankton biomass but also its pathway in the water column needs to be considered if N2O radiative offset is modeled.

[1] Hydrographic sections were conducted south of Madagascar during the Agulhas Current Sources EXperiment (ACSEX-2) cruise survey in March 2001. The East Madagascar Current (EMC), presumably one of the sources of the Agulhas Current, was crossed four times over the Madagascar ridge. The upwelling cell, at the southeastern tip of Madagascar (inshore of the EMC), was hydrographically highlighted for the very first time during ACSEX-2. The behavior of the EMC south of Madagascar is studied using both hydrographic data and satellite imagery. At the southeastern end of Madagascar, the EMC turns westward and the dramatic change in the shape of the shelf favours the development of a cyclonic eddy that is embedded between the EMC core and the coast. The upwelling is then associated to the presence of this eddy and to wind favorable conditions.

This chapter analyses the relationship of European Union (EU) environmental policy and business with the particular example of the packaging directive and its impact on the Swedish paper firm, Korsnas AB of Gavle, as its case study. For the discussion to be meaningful, however, it must unpick a much wider network of relationships which impinge on the main argument and determine its whole character. Those other relationships, moreover, are themselves multi-dimensional and by no means necessarily internally consistent. The final section of this chapter will be devoted to a review of some unresolved questions.

SUMMARY Social care is an important field of practice in which policy proposals and prescriptions need to be tested systematically against field experience. The article reports on research evaluation of a 'field experiment' in the use of multi-disciplinary teams to develop as well as to deliver services. Although based in the care of people with learning disabilities, the work outlined and the conclusions drawn have a far wider relevance. They relate to such key issues as: the long-standing debate about specialist and generic modes of working; the advocacy of teams based in small neighbourhood patches and the assertion that such teams are the best way of working with informal networks and non-statutory agencies; the official enthusiasm for 'mobilizing resources' and casting social services in an enabling role; and the advocacy of a demarcation between 'purchaser' and provider roles. Above all, the article addresses the issue of how sufficient, varied, and responsive services may be generated in order to make a reality of community care. The importance of social care can hardly be overestimated. It involves very large client groups (elderly, physically disabled, and mentally ill people as well as people with learning disabilities); constitutes one of the major tasks of the personal social services; and it is an arena in which hopes and aspirations have consistently been disappointed (Walker, 1982; Webb and Wistow, 1986; Martin, 1987). Yet the post Seebohm decades have not resolved the question of how best to set about it or what, quintessentially, should be the role of social workers within it (Webb and Wistow, 1987; Pinker, 1990). These shortcomings lie behind the proposals and policies outlined by the Audit Commission (1986), Sir Roy Griffiths (1988) and the govern ment in its White Paper, Caring for People (1989). But these pro nouncements should not be taken as the fount of all wisdom. Ideas developed and tested in the field should also command attention and in this paper we highlight one, highly pertinent, innovation in social care.

To determine whether bone loss in patients with chronic cholestatic liver disease is the consequence of a high or low bone turnover state, 30 female patients with biopsy-proven primary biliary cirrhosis underwent iliac crest biopsy following double tetracycline labeling. The mean trabecular bone volume was decreased as a result of trabecular plate thinning in both the premenopausal (p less than 0.02) and postmenopausal (p less than 0.05) patients, compared to age- and sex-matched controls. Indications that osteoblastic function was impaired included a significantly lower mean wall thickness (p less than 0.01) and mean osteoid seam width (p less than 0.05), and this in association with a decreased mineral appositional rate and prolonged mineralization lag time was suggestive of a defect in matrix synthesis. Further evidence of impaired osteoblastic activity was the significantly lower bone formation rate at both tissue (p less than 0.001) and basic multicellular unit levels (p less than 0.05) in the postmenopausal patients. Total resorption surfaces and fasting urinary calcium/creatinine ratios were significantly increased (p less than 0.005 and 0.05, respectively) in the premenopausal patients and mean interstitial bone thickness reduced in both pre- and postmenopausal patients, suggesting that increased resorption may also contribute to bone loss in primary biliary cirrhosis.

One of the consequences of the Seebohm inspired reorganisation of the personal social services has been a marked increase in the attention and resources directed to management and planning within the local authority social service departments. One suspects that, at least in terms of speed and scale of its development, this outcome of reorganisation was an unexpected one. Nevertheless, policy decisions have encouraged the trend, none more so perhaps than the request made by the Department of Health and Social Security in August 1972 that local authorities should prepare plans covering their personal social service capital and revenue programmes for the period 1 April 1973 to 31 March 1983. In one sense the circular Department of Health and Social Security 35/72 represents a resumption of the ten year planning processes for health and community care initiated in 1963, but it can equally be seen as a new milestone in the development of the post-Seebohm services. The new planning process offers an opportunity to exploit administrative changes that have taken place in both the local authorities and in the National Health Service: it marks a changing relationship between the Department of Health and Social Security (hereafter referred to as the Department) and local authority departments.

This article explores the contention that the conventions of public expenditure accounting conceal, rather than reveal, the real nature and implications of resource trends. A benchmark — a constant level of service output — is established as a basis for examining the relationship between trends in expenditure inputs and service outputs. Changes in unit costs are identified as the major source of deviation between expenditure and output trends. The impact of resource constraint on policy and policy-implementation is then examined in relation to one, essentially stable, area of policy in the personal social services: community care. The meaning of the term‘policy’ is far from straightforward and community care is best understood as the interaction of relatively independent streams of policy, towards service outputs and resource inputs, extant in both central and local government. Mechanisms by which policy streams could be reconciled are of particular interest and an innovative example — joint finance — is examined in some detail.