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Xylocarpus granatum J. Koenig (XG) is a popular plant that grows in the mangrove forest of Bali. Flavonoids, saponins, phenolics and tannins are active metabolites of this plant, which have antiinflammation, antioxidant and wound healing effects. IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α are pro-inflammatory cytokines involved in the pathophysiology of the wound. Flavonoids trigger increased wound contraction and reduced the period of re-epithelialization. Reepithelialization plays a role in wound closure. Saponins increase fibroblast migration and proliferation as indicated by the amount of high cell density. Fibroblasts support granulation tissue synthesis, ECM production, and collagen synthesis, thereby accelerating wound healing. Tannins have antibacterial activity and increase the angiogenesis. Phenolics can stimulate wound contraction, migration of fibroblasts, and re-epithelialization processes in wound healing. The present study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of XG extract seeds cream on burn wound grade IIA in mice. XG extract was evaluated for antioxidant activity using the DPPH method. The wound healing activity of XG creams (10% and 15% concentration) were evaluated from wound contraction, histological analysis of fibroblast proliferation and reepithelialization in mice. Statistical analyses were performed with post hoc Tukey using analysis of variance and were analyzed using SPSS, Version 26. XG extract has a very strong antioxidant activity (IC50=7.939ppm). The treatment with XGC 15% promotes significant increases in wound contraction rate (74.91%), proliferation of fibroblasts (p value = 0.521) and reepithelialization (p value = 0.521) with SSD. These results suggest that XGC 15% is effective in wound healing in mice by increasing the wound contraction rate, proliferation of fibroblasts and re-epithelialization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A group of coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) was historically classified as a nonpathogenic bacteria. Over the last few decades, nosocomial infections caused by CoNS as opportunistic pathogens have increased and become one of the major nosocomial infections. The aim of this study was to identify the relationship between the use of an antibiotic agent for CoNS in Bali's regional public hospital and the development of antibiotic resistance during 3 years period. This study was a retrospective ecological study of antibiotic resistance and antibiotic consumption secondary data collected prospectively. The study was conducted using three years of inpatient data. Susceptibility of CoNS to antibiotics was obtained from the hospital antibiogram of all isolates from 2017 to 2019. Sensitivity results in the antibiogram were based on the standards provided by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) with the disk diffusion method. Antibiotic consumption in DDDs/100 bed-days was calculated. The relationships between DDDs/100 bed-days of each antibiotic and rates of antibiotic resistance of each resistant strain of CoNS were tested using Spearman correlation and logistic regression. There was no significant correlation between antibiotic consumption (DDD) and the percentage of antibiotic resistance among the three CoNS species (p>0.05). However, this study found there was an inverse relationship between DDD and antibiotic resistance in Staphylococcus hominis species (OR = 0.063; CI [0.004-0.915]; p=0.043). We conclude that no significant correlation between antibiotic consumption and resistance to the 3 CoNS species. There needs to be further research to identify antibiotic consumption, antibiotic resistance, and other factors affecting antibiotic resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]