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Animal personality has received increasing interest and acknowledgment within ecological research over the past two decades. However, some areas are still poorly studied and need to be developed. For instance, field studies focused on invertebrates are currently highly underrepresented in the literature. More studies including a wider variety of traits measured and species tested are needed to improve our understanding of trait‐correlation patterns and generalities. We studied nine behavioral traits, in the damselfly Calopteryx splendens, from an array of three experiments: (i) courtship, (ii) aggressiveness, and (iii) boldness, and calculated their repeatability. The behaviors were measured twice in two different contexts: (i) undisturbed territory and (ii) partially deteriorated territory. Traits related to courtship and boldness were all repeatable across the two contexts. Among aggressive behaviors, only one trait (number of hits) was repeatable. This work demonstrates, for the first time, the presence of within‐population personality differences in an adult damselfly in the wild. We further propose C. splendens as a promising model species for testing personality in the wild under highly controlled environmental conditions., Calopteryx splendens behaviors are highly repeatable. The presented field experiments allow to control for most environmental factors. Hence, the species and its habitat is a good model for personality studies in the wild.

Monitoring adult populations of Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), a major agricultural pest, provides data useful for its control. Food attractants, considered as adult insect behavior regulators based on the preference of an herbivorous pest for food sources or their volatiles, also have great potential for monitoring populations. To study the feasibility of monitoring the population dynamics and reproductive development of H. armigera in the field using food attractants, we quantitatively analyzed reproductive organ development of adults in a laboratory population as a way to predict the reproductive development of adults trapped using food attractants in the field in 2019 and 2020. The adults trapped using food attractants had obvious generational changes and the same trends in variation for females and males. The extent of ovarian development in trapped females tended to increase within each generation, and the major axis length of testis in trapped males tended to decrease. Reproductive developmental status of trapped adults also differed significantly among months. This study shows that by trapping H. armigera with food attractants, the population dynamics of adults in the field can be monitored, and reproductive anatomy can also be used to monitor adult reproductive status. These approaches are a new way to forecast the population dynamics of this pest.

The aim of this research is to study factors affecting thermal fogger for controlling “Parloria Blanchardi” on the date-palm trees. The outlet tube of the tested fogger was modified by addition tube of 1000 mm length with 30.8 mm diameter. So, the total resonator length increased to 1740 mm to suit with palm-tree heights and easy fog flow. The studied variables included fogger conditions (mobile fogger by human and fogger attached to tricycle), control materials (Malathion, Mineral oil(KZ),“KZ+malathion” and without insecticide), tricycle forward-speeds (0.6, 0.8, 1.0 and 1.2 m/s), the fog angles (30⁰, 45⁰ and 60⁰) and resonator length (74 and 174 cm). The maximum control efficiencies for the nymphs and adult insect were 84.7 and 95.81% respectively, using fog angle of 45⁰, resonator length of 174 cm, control material of “KZ” and forward-speed of 0.6 m/s. The fogger capacities were 93, 108, 120 and 132 tree/h using tricycle forward-speeds of 0.6, 0.8, 1.0 and 1.2 m/s respectively. Using optimum fog angle of 45⁰ with resonator length of 174 cm, the maximum yield of date-palm fruit is 109.6 kg/tree at forward-speed of 0.6 m/s and “KZ” controlling material. Meanwhile, the minimum yield recorded 88.2 kg/tree was obtained under forward-speed of 1.2 m/s and “Malathion” control material. Under fog angle 45⁰ approximately and resonator length of 174, the minimum range of hourly, operation and production costs of using the fogger attached to tricycle at forward speed range of 0.6-1.2 m/s were 24.6-26.2 L.E./h, 0.20-0.26 L.E./tree and 1.96-2.41 L.E./Mg fruit for “KZ”.

ABSTRAC T Wheat (Triticum spp.) is one of the commodities cereals are consumed by people in Indonesia. Indonesia climate conditions that are less in accordance with the growth and development of wheat crops affect food security of Indonesia. The imports of wheat Indonesia tend to increase from over the years. In the process, Sitophilus oryzae Linnaeus which is major insect pest of grain so that it causes damage and decrease of quality of grain. Therefore, effective control measures of this insect pest by quarantine officers are important. Phosphine solid formulations are expected to control pests S. oryzae effectively. The objectives of this study were to determine the dosage and exposure time which will were effectively kill S. oryzae on wheat commodities. S. oryzae on wheat was exposed to phosphine at 3 dosage (0.5 gr/m 3 , 1 gr/m 3 , and 1.5 gr/m 3 ) and exposure times (6, 12, 18 and 24 hours). Moreover, mortality test of adult insect and adult insect of F1 offspring. Results showed that application of phosphine at dosage of 0.5 gr/m 3 , 1 gr/m 3 and 1.5 gr/m 3 with exposure time 18 and 24 hours completely killed 100% mortality adult insect of S. oryzae on wheat commodities. Dosage 1.5 gr/m 3 with exposure time 24 hours show the average adult insect of F1 offspring as much as one tail. Keywords : Sitophilus oryzae L., Phosphine (PH 3 ), Wheat

Black soldier fly (BSF, Hermetia illucens), may be a reliable source of animal protein, fats, calcium, lysine, etc. This makes it possible the products obtained by this insect to become substitutes (partly orentirely) of the soybean and fish meal. First of all, however, different issues should be solved to react on the future increase in the demands for such kind of products as feed. This means to dramatically change the technology of manufacturing and to introduce regulatory legislative frameworks in which this industry to be developed, guaranteeing its safety for the customers. This is necessary despite the fact that in BSF larvae such preconditions due to the biological and cycle characteristics are not observed, as naturally it excludes the transfer of pathogens from the bed because of the disconnection of the composted matter at the prepupae stage. This is a result of natural migration, during which the larvae are self-cleaning mechanically and chemically, while emptying their gastrointestinal tract. Additional reliability is also assured by the fact that the adult insect does not feed, does not lay eggs directly in the compost and is not a carrier of infectious and parasitic diseases. Since it is a natural resident of the poultry manure, it can also be successfully used for its processing, on the one hand reducing the volume, and on the other decreasing the concentration of the pathogenic microflora in it, which naturally leads to its decontamination. In terms of origin, some drawbacks have also been identified, however, the effect of which can easily be neutralized by developing the systems used and regulating the composition of the food substrate.

La investigación evaluación de la dinámica poblacional del picudo de la palma (Rhynchophorus palmarum) en palma africana con cuatro tipos de atrayentes, tuvo como objetivos determinar la dinámica poblacional del picudo de la palma africana y evaluar el uso de cuatro tipos de atrayentes para el control de adultos del picudo. La metodología permitió utilizar un diseño experimental completamente aleatorizado y la variable evaluada fue número de insectos adultos capturados por trampa cada siete días. Los resultados permiten concluir que la dinámica poblacional del picudo en palma africana indica que la mayor captura se obtuvo el 6 de julio con 383 capturas de insectos adultos y con tendencia a la baja hasta la evaluación cinco que fue efectuada el 3 de agosto donde se capturaron 239 insectos adultos; pero posteriormente en la siguiente evaluación se obtuvo un incremento de captura de insectos, lo que indica que es muy variada la fluctuación poblacional del picudo; además que el uso de cuatro tipos de atrayentes para el control de adultos del picudo, indica que la mayor captura en las siete evaluaciones efectuadas se presentó donde se utilizó las trampas con feromonas y ubicadas cada 300 metros de distancia con capturas ubicadas por trampa entre 18,00 y 28,75 insectos adultos capturadas cada 7 días.Palabras claves: etología, trampas, monitoreo, capturaSUMMARYThe research evaluation of the population dynamics of the palm weevil (Rhynchophorus palmarum) in African palm with three types of attractants, had as objectives to determine the population dynamics of the palm weevil and to evaluate the use of three types of attractants for the control of weevil adults. The methodology allowed us to use a completely randomized experimental design and the variable evaluated was the number of adult insects captured pro trap every seven days. The results allow us to conclude that the population dynamics of the palm weevil in African palm indicates that the highest catch was obtained on July 6 with 383 adult insect captures and with a downward trend until the five evaluation that was made on August 3 where they were captured. 239 adult insects; but later in the following evaluation an increase of insect capture was obtained, which indicates that the population fluctuation of the weevil is very varied; In addition, the use of three types of attractants for adult control of the weevil indicates that the largest catch in the seven evaluations carried out was where pheromone traps were used and located every 300 meters away with catches located by trap between 18,00 and 28.75 adult insects captured every 7 days.Keywords: ethology, traps, monitoring, capture

The correlation between the timing of adult emergence and variation in morphophysiological parameters of males and females has been analyzed in the black-veined white Aporia crataegi L. In 2013 to 2015, black-veined white butterflies were collected from a natural population in the south of Sverdlovsk oblast throughout the emergence period; at the same time, adult insects were reared from pupae in individual cages. Comparison of the field observations in nature and the results of rearing preimaginal stages has shown that the largest adults are the first to emerge, while the smallest are the last to emerge. This pattern holds true both for the parameters varying throughout the adult insect life (body weight and relative abdomen weight) and for the permanent characteristic of the “structural” size (wing area). The influence of protandry and food availability to caterpillars on the variation in the size of adult A. crataegi during the period of generation emergence is discussed.

The current study was carried out to investigate the forensic insects associated with two animal carcasses namely; dog (Canis lupus familiaris)and rabbit (Lepus cuniculus) during the summer season. A total of 687 adult insect specimens representing 9 families were collected from dog carcass placed outdoor, while 342 adult insect specimens representing 8 families were collected from dog carcass placed indoor. Diptera, Coleoptera and Hymenoptera comprised 57 %, 36 % and 7 % of insects collected from dog carcasses placed outdoor and 59 %, 37 % and 4 % of insects placed indoor. A total of 274 adult insect specimens representing 8 families were collected from rabbit carcass placed outdoor, while 68 adult insect specimens representing 5 families were collected from rabbit carcass placed indoor. Diptera, Coleoptera and Hymenoptera comprised 70 %, 19 %, 11 % and 46 %, 38 %, 16 % of the insect collected from rabbit placed outdoor and indoor, respectively. The insect succession on dog and rabbit carcasses throughout the decompositional stages showed that the Calliphorid fly, Chrysomya albiceps was the first fly attracted to the early stages of decomposition. In general, it has appeared that the diversity and numbers of forensic insects which colonize dog or rabbit carcasses were increased outdoor and decreased indoor. Moreover, forensic insects were higher in numbers on dog carcasses than on rabbit carcasses.

Common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) are one of the most important protein sources worldwide. However, infestation by bruchids compromises the storage of these beans after harvest. The objective of this study was to determine the emergence rate of Zabrotes subfasciatus (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) in four P. vulgaris varieties (Carioca Pitoco, Enxofre, Gorgutuba Vermelho, and Rosinha) cultivated in the southwestern Amazon (State of Acre, Brazil). The grains from each variety were infested with 50 non-sexed adult Z. subfasciatus, and the insects were collected 13 days after initiating the bioassays. The adult progeny was collected from each plant variety on alternate days from the beginning to the end of the emergence period, and they were counted (number of insects/jar). The sum of emerged insects per day (SEd) was determined from the beginning of the emergence period, from which the accumulated emergence was calculated (SEa= ΣSEd, % day). There were differences in the emergence rates of Z. subfasciatus among the bean varieties, with the rates being lower in the Gorgutuba Vermelho variety. Although this bean variety had the lowest peak of adult insect emergence, the period of insect development was not of increased length in this variety compared to the other varieties. In general, the Gorgutuba Vermelho variety appears to be resistant to Z. subfasciatus. RESUMO O feijão comum (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) é uma das fontes proteicas mais importantes em todo o mundo. Todavia, o ataque de bruquídeos inviabiliza o armazenamento do produto após a colheita. O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar a taxa de emergência de Zabrotes subfasciatus (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) em quatro variedades de feijão P. vulgaris (Carioca Pitoco, Enxofre, Gorgutuba Vermelho e Rosinha) cultivadas na Amazônia sul-ocidental (Acre, Brasil). Os grãos de cada variedade foram infestados com 50 adultos não-sexados e após 13 dias do início dos bioensaios, os insetos foram removidos. A progênie adulta obtida nas variedades foi contabilizada e removida em dias alternados, a partir da primeira emergência, até o final do período de emergência (n° de insetos/frasco). A soma da emergência de insetos foi acumulada a partir da emergência inicial e resultou na soma da emergência acumulada (SEa, % dia), calculada por SEa = ∑SEd. Foram constadas diferenças nas taxas de emergência de Z. subfasciatus entre as variedades de feijão, sendo que a variedade Gorgutuba Vermelho apresentou menor taxa de emergência. Embora esta variedade de feijão tenha apresentado menor emergência de adultos, o tempo de desenvolvimento dos insetos não se estendeu nesta variedade, em comparação com as outras variedades. Em geral, a variedade Gorgutuba Vermelho apresentou indícios de fontes resistência a Z. subfasciatus.

Sperm polymorphism is widely known in invertebrates. In insects, Lepidoptera has two types of sperm: nucleated eupyrene (fertile) sperm and anucleated apyrene (unfertile) sperm. These sperm types are produced during post-embryogenesis, and eupyrene spermatogenesis precedes apyrene spermatogenesis. During overwintering, spermatogenesis stops and a portion of undifferentiated-stage spermatocytes degenerate. After overwintering, spermatogenesis restarts with unaffected spermatogonia. However, how new spermatozoa arise in the adult testes after overwintering is not known in Lepidoptera. In this study, we investigated the spermatogenesis events in the nymphalid butterfly Polygonia c-aureum after overwintering under various environmental conditions. Our results indicate that both eupyrene and apyrene spermatogenesis restart at any stopping stage and sperm of these types are regenerated in no particular order after adult insect overwintering. This suggests that the spermatogenesis occurring after overwintering proceeds without embryogenetic restrictions related to the developmental sequence.

Indirect Flight Muscles (IFMs) in adult Drosophila have served as a valuable model for studying muscle development. In terms of function, they provide the key power stroke in adult insect flight. Variability in their architecture including of fiber numbers, shape and arrangement may provide insightful clues into adult muscle function. Conventional histological preparations in imaging techniques severely limit exact morphometric analysis of flight muscles, thereby impeding causal or correlative studies between muscle morphology and function. In this study we employ MicroCT scanning on a tissue preparation that retains muscle morphology under homeostatic conditions. We use this method to deliver precise measurements of a subset of IFMs, the Direct Longitudinal Muscles’ (DLMs) size and shape, in male and female Drosophila and changes therein, with age. Our findings reveal several unexpected characteristics of muscle fibers. We also demonstrate application to other insect species making it a valuable tool for histological analysis of insect biodiversity.Significance StatementAdult Drosophila muscles serve as models of homeostatic muscles. Accurate analysis of their form and function is key to understanding affects of genetic and physiological states on them. Recording adult muscle shape and volume has so far depended on protocols that inevitably distort tissue. Here, we use a MicroCT scanning based method that delivers changes in shape, size and organization between males and females, with time. This method is a significant step forward in recording muscle structure in situ with applications across species.

Although in vivo measurements of larval insects are often performed during developmental studies of necrophilous beetles, their impact on development has not been studied. During measurements insects are taken out of the incubator for a few minutes at room temperature, which may affect the development and eventually the quality of the developmental reference data. Additionally, while being measured larvae are under stress which may have an effect on their development. We conducted an experiment using predatory beetle species Creophilus maxillosus L. (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae) which often occurs and breeds on large vertebrate carcasses. We tested the hypothesis that multiple, in vivo measurements affect the development of C. maxillosus by increasing its duration and changing adult insect size at emergence. As a consequence, we predicted that the multiple insect measurement protocol will affect the accuracy of age estimates using the resultant reference developmental data. Development of C. maxillosus was studied at 7 constant temperatures. All individuals were inspected for developmental landmarks; half of them were also repeatedly measured and weighed. Measured beetles developed longer than non-measured beetles (e.g. 1.59 days longer at 22.5 °C) and at emergence were distinctly smaller (e.g. 1.5 mm shorter and 22 mg lighter at 22.5 °C). The accuracy of age estimates was greater while using the model for non-measured beetles. These results support the claim that multiple in vivo measurements of insects reduce the quality of resultant developmental data. The measurements were particularly detrimental for the adult insect size. Consequently, particular attention should be paid to isomegalen diagrams which are based on insect length. Our findings indicate that these diagrams, when based on multiple, in vivo measurements of larval beetles, will systematically overestimate their age.

Trogoderma granarium and Trogoderma versicolor are some of the most dangerous insects for stored products. Their larvae damage seeds of a great number of crops, products and materials of plant and animal origin. These species are quarantine pests for Bulgaria. A laboratory population of T. versicolor was used in bioassays originating from samples of foreign wheat varieties stored in the Plant Protection Institute (Bulgaria). The lethal effect of mycoses caused by one Metarhizium anisopliae and ten Beauveria bassiana isolates to adult insects was studied under laboratory conditions. The insects were treated with conidial suspensions (1х109conidia/ml). The dead individuals were placed in a humid chamber. The lethal effect was evaluated as a percentage of the cumulative daily mortality due to mycosis after correction with the mortality in the control variant. The highest lethal effect (100%) was recorded on the second day after the treatment with isolates 667Bb of B. bassiana and 619Ma of M. anisopliae, followed by mortalities of 97.56%, 95.13% and 93.90% caused by isolates 666Bb, 660Bb and 655Bb. The lowest lethal effect (24.39%–26.82%) was caused by 433Bb and 559Bb on the same day. Mortality caused by all isolates, except 563Bb, was 100% on the 5th day. This is the first report in Bulgaria on bioassays with fungal pathogens against T. versicolor adults.

Global health and environmental concerns against synthetic pesticides in stored-grain coupled with high cost, unavailability and inaccessibility of modern non-chemical grain treatment technologies in Africa are driving the need for low-cost and low-dose combination of readily available alternatives. Laboratory studies were conducted to determine the efficacy of non-registered low-dose food grade diatomaceous earths enhanced with natural grain protectants: IBS at 50, 75 and 100 ppm; IPE1 at 200, 300 and 400 ppm; IPE2 at 100, 150 and 200 ppm against Prostephanus truncatus and Sitophilus zeamais adult insects on maize. Adult insect mortality was assessed at 7, 14 and 21 days after treatment (DAT) while progeny emergence was assessed at 49 and 70 DAT for S. zeamais and P. truncatus, respectively. IBS caused significant (p

The fruit fly,Drosophila melanogaster, is an established and powerful model system for neuroscience research with wide relevance in biology and medicine. Until recently, research on theDrosophilabrain was hindered by the lack of a complete and uniform nomenclature. Recognising this problem, the Insect Brain Name Working Group produced an authoritative hierarchical nomenclature system for the adult insect brain, usingDrosophila melanogasteras the reference framework, with other taxa considered to ensure greater consistency and expandability (Ito et al., 2014). Here, we extend this nomenclature system to the sub-gnathal regions of the adultDrosophilanervous system, thus providing a systematic anatomical description of the ventral nervous system (VNS). This portion of the nervous system includes the thoracic and abdominal neuromeres that were not included in the original work and contains the motor circuits that play essential roles in most fly behaviours.

We investigated the effectiveness of two raw diatomaceous earths (DEs) obtained from Bularafa and Abakire districts in Yobe State, Nigeria, against the rice weevil, Sitophilus oryzae (L.) and the lesser grain borer, Rhyzopertha dominica (F.). Insecto, a commercialized DE, was also tested as standard check. Adults of the two species were exposed on wheat admixed with the respective DEs at a dose rate of 1000 ppm, at 30 °C and 55% RH. Relative to R. dominica, Insecto, Bularafa and Abakire DEs induced 14-d corrected adult mortalities of 73.6, 61.2 and 40.4%, respectively. Corrected 14-day adult mortalities against S. oryzae were 100, 100 and 81%, respectively. Mortality increased with increasing exposure duration. Bularafa and Insecto DEs were more effective than Abakire DE both in terms of adult insect mortality and F1 progeny suppression in the two species investigated. Both species avoided contact with DE-treated wheat. Bularafa and Insecto DEs contain higher levels of silica (81.0% and 87.0%, respectively) than Abakire DE (60.2%), and also have smaller particle sizes than Abakire DE. These differences in silica level and particle size probably explain why Bularafa and Insecto DEs are more effective against S. oryzae and R. dominica than Abakire DE. The decreasing order of efficacy of the three DEs against the two pest species is Insecto > Bularafa > Abakire. Bularafa DE has potential for the management of insect pests of stored grain in Nigeria.

Insecticides are the dominant pest management method in fruit and vegetable crops worldwide owing to their quick effect, low cost, and relatively easy application, but they bear negative effects on human health and the environment. Insecticide mode of action (MoA), target species, and sex are variables that could affect insecticide-induced mortality. We recorded the mortality caused by three neurotoxic insecticides with different modes of action (chlorpyrifos [organophosphate, acetylcholinesterase inhibitor], λ-cyhalothrin [pyrethroid, sodium channel modulator], and thiacloprid [neonicotinoid, nicotinic acetylcholinesterase receptor agonist]) applied topically to adult males and females of three economically important tortricid species [Cydia pomonella (L.), Grapholita molesta (Busck), and Lobesia botrana (Denis & Schiffermüller)] that strongly depend on insecticide use for their control. Concentration and dose-mortality curves were recorded at 24 and 48 h postapplication. Large mortality differences between insecticides (maximum 7,800-fold for LD50) were followed by much lower, yet important, differences between species (maximum 115-fold), and sexes (maximum 41.5-fold). Significant interactions between the three factors indicate that they are not independent from each other. Interestingly, with the organophosphate chlorpyrifos, males of the three species were less susceptible than females, which was unexpected, as females are larger than males. Higher female sensitivity to organophosphates has been reported previously but only in G. molesta, not in other moth species. Our results highlight the importance of taking into account sex in dose-mortality studies with adult moths. MAN-R was supported by a Ph.D. fellowship from the University of Lleida. This study was supported by research Grant AGL2013-49164-C2-1 MINECO, Spain.

Objective:� Report the finding of T. copy rubrofasciata in urban areas in the city of Recife, Pernambuco. Methods: The adult insect was manually captured inside the home by a resident and subsequently delivered to the Environmental Health Agent and Endemic Disease Control (ASACE) of the locality, and retained for analysis in Endemic Diseases Laboratory, Central Public Health Laboratory of Pernambuco (LABEND/LACEN/SES-PE) within the coverage area. Results: In this paper we register the finding of a kind of copy found in the Brasilia Stubborn neighborhood situated between the area of the Port of capital and the Pina neighborhood in the city of Recife, Pernambuco. Conclusion: This region has relevance in the local tourism area with the waterfront and has a large hotel chain.

Submitted by Guilherme Lemeszenski (guilherme@nead.unesp.br) on 2013-08-22T18:44:53Z No. of bitstreams: 1 S1983-40632013000100014.pdf: 348265 bytes, checksum: 6a4080f0111e00a380976bced5eba62c (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2013-08-22T18:44:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 S1983-40632013000100014.pdf: 348265 bytes, checksum: 6a4080f0111e00a380976bced5eba62c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-03-01 Made available in DSpace on 2013-09-30T17:53:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 S1983-40632013000100014.pdf: 348265 bytes, checksum: 6a4080f0111e00a380976bced5eba62c (MD5) S1983-40632013000100014.pdf.txt: 35714 bytes, checksum: 02013005a5b1f88737c30b7e0bbb3f4d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-03-01 Submitted by Vitor Silverio Rodrigues (vitorsrodrigues@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2014-05-20T13:14:56Z No. of bitstreams: 2 S1983-40632013000100014.pdf: 348265 bytes, checksum: 6a4080f0111e00a380976bced5eba62c (MD5) S1983-40632013000100014.pdf.txt: 35714 bytes, checksum: 02013005a5b1f88737c30b7e0bbb3f4d (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2014-05-20T13:14:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 S1983-40632013000100014.pdf: 348265 bytes, checksum: 6a4080f0111e00a380976bced5eba62c (MD5) S1983-40632013000100014.pdf.txt: 35714 bytes, checksum: 02013005a5b1f88737c30b7e0bbb3f4d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-03-01 O feijão-vagem (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) pode sofrer ataque de carunchos, como os da espécie Zabrotes subfasciatus (Bohemann, 1833) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), afetando, diretamente, a qualidade das vagens e sementes e deixando-as inviáveis para o consumo e comercialização. A fim de buscar uma alternativa para o controle deste inseto, foram determinados os tipos e graus de resistência, envolvidos em genótipos de feijão-vagem, ao ataque de Z. subfasciatus, em testes com e sem chance de escolha. Os genótipos utilizados foram UEGD7, UEG05, UEG06, UEG11, UEG13, UEG15, UEG18, UEG19 e UEG26, com quatro repetições. No teste com chance de escolha, os parâmetros avaliados foram o número de ovos viáveis, inviáveis e total e a atratividade dos adultos pelos genótipos. No teste sem chance de escolha, foram avaliados o número de ovos viáveis, inviáveis e total, massa seca consumida e massa seca consumida por inseto, massa e longevidade dos adultos, período de ovo a adulto, razão sexual e número e percentagem de insetos emergidos. Concluiu-se que o genótipo UEG05 foi o menos preferido por Z. subfasciatus, para oviposição, em teste com chance de escolha. O UEG13 foi altamente resistente e UEG05, UEG15 e UEG19 foram moderadamente resistentes. O UEG18 foi susceptível e os demais genótipos foram altamente susceptíveis a Z. subfasciatus. The string bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) can be attacked by worms of species such as the Zabrotes subfasciatus (Bohemann, 1833) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), which directly affects the pods and seeds quality, making them unsuitable for consumption and commercialization. In order to find out an alternative way of controlling this insect, string bean genotypes and resistance levels to the Z. subfasciatus attack were evaluated, by using free and no-choice tests. The genotypes used were the UEGD7, UEG05, UEG06, UEG11, UEG13, UEG15, UEG18, UEG19 and UEG26, with four replications. In the free-choice test, the number of total, viable and unviable eggs and the attractiveness of adults by genotypes were evaluated. In the no-choice test, the number of total, viable and unviable eggs, dry weight consumption and dry weight consumption per insect, adult insect weight and longevity, period from egg to adult, sex ratio and number and percentage of insect emergence were evaluated. It was observed that the UEG05 genotype was the less preferred for oviposition by Z. subfasciatus, in the free-choice test. The UEG13 genotype showed to be highly resistant and the UEG05, UEG15 and UEG19 were moderately resistant. The UEG18 genotype was considered susceptible and the other ones highly susceptible to Z. subfasciatus. Universidade Estadual Paulista Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias Departamento de Fitossanidade Universidade Estadual Paulista Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias Departamento de Fitossanidade

Stored product pests such as Tribolium castaneum ( Herbst, 1979) are a major problem. Adult insects were obtained from laboratory cultures maintained in the dark in incubators at 25 1C and 70 80percent r.h., reared on wheat flour and fed with flour disks containing a known concentration of essential oil of 9 plants. The chemical components of essential oil of 3 plants, collected on the area of Montenegro, were also identified using GC-MS analysis. The results of insecticidal effect of essential oils were discussed. Also, mortality rate of adult insects was tested. In this research, the essential oils of C. glandulosa which were rich in monoterpene alcohols carvacrol and contained ketonic component showed strong insecticidal and fumigant activity against adults of T. castaneum. Less toxic effect showed essential oils of Satureja montana which had a lower carvacrol and ketonic content. On the other hand, essential oils of Teucrium polium which did not contain ketonic component did not show any activity. Therefore, it was observed that essential oils of C. glandulosa with concentration of 1.14% showed powerful toxic and repellent effect, with very high mortality rate after 24h (56,67%).

Sunn pest is one of the most serious pests of wheat and barley in Asia, North Africa and Eastern Europe. Using of resistant cultivars is an effective strategy for Integrated Pest Management (IPM). In order to identify the resistant wheat to sunn pest, 79 Iranian bread and durum wheat cultivarslines were evaluated for resistance to natural infestations of sunn pest in field conditions using CRD with four replications in Karaj in two cropping seasons. Analysis of variance revealed significant differences among the genotypes for overwintered density of the adult insect and spike damage. Based on density of overwintered adult insect, cultivar Darab 2 with an average of 12.6 insects per m2 had the highest density and was the most susceptible cultivar to pest damage and the cultivars Marvdasht, M-82-6 and Bezostaya with densities of one insect/m2 were the most resistant wheat genotypes. The density of overwintered adult insects in oat (resistant check) was zero. Based on the results for spike damage, line S-83-13 with 80 damaged spikes per m2 and the two cultivars MV17 and Gaspard both with 10 damaged plants per m2 were identified as the most susceptible and the most resistant wheat genotypes, respectively. Oat showed no damage based on this index. Based on the results of this study, it can be deduced that adult insects decrease grain yield through a reduction to number of grains per spike and number of spikes/area. It was also determined that at this growth stage of the sunn pest, those cultivars, which produce late heading and early maturing, incur less damage, indicating that the sunn pest prefers those cultivars that produce plants with more height than the shorter varieties.

Differences in susceptibility to insecticides based on adult insect sex indicate that males are more susceptible than females. Hence, it may be necessary to sex the insects before a bioassay is conducted, but this activity is tedious, takes time, and this manipulation might cause harm to the insects. Monitoring the evolution of resistance to the neonicotinoid insecticides in field whitefly populations is important and usually based on adult exposure to these toxicants. The aim of this study was to correlate the susceptibility to thiamethoxam with sex in susceptible populations of Bemisia tabaci (Genn.) B-Biotype and Trialeurodes vaporariorum (West.). Five-day-old males, females, and a mixture of female and male (80:20) adults were evaluated to determine log doses-Probit lines for this insecticide. In B. tabaci, the CL50 ranged of 1.4 mg [lA] L-1 to 2.8 mg and the relative proportion RR50 ranged from 1.0 to 2x. The CL95 ranged from 12.3 to 16.7 mg and the RR95 values varied from 0.8 to 1.0x. In T...

SYNOPSIS A report is given on the pharmacological activity of body fluids from milkweed bugs maintained on a diet of sunflower seeds, together with observations on the toxin accumulating system of the adult insect.

In dual choice experiments, adult female granary weevils, Sitophilus granarius L. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), demonstrated no feeding preference for wheat that had been previously exposed to male and female conspecifics but avoided feeding on grain parasitized with related or unrelated conspecific eggs. Feeding avoidance was lost if egg-parasitized grains possessed an additional unsealed oviposition cavity. Females also preferred to consume artificially damaged grains over undamaged grains. These results suggest that a harbourage-derived feeding deterrent does not exist but an oviposition-derived feeding deterrent does, and that this deterrent protects S. granarius conspecifics from infanticide regardless of their relationship to the adult insect. Egg-plugs may also serve to reduce infanticide by preventing the release of phagostimulatory compounds from oviposition-damaged wheat.

The potato tuber moth Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller) is a major pest of potatoes in the field, and of tubers stored under ambient temperatures post-harvest. The encyrtid parasitoid Copidosoma koehleri (Blanchard) effectively controls the pest in the field in some countries. We tested whether C. koehleri can also reduce tuber moth populations in storage. Tubers stored indoors and outdoors in Israel, under controlled initial tuber moth infestation levels, received 1–2 releases of adult parasitoids during an eight-week storage period. Tubers were repeatedly sampled for infestation, and reared out until adult insect emergence. In the indoor storage experiment, parasitoid populations increased and tuber moth populations were significantly reduced. Nevertheless, tuber infestation reached 100% in C. koehleri-treated tubers and in untreated controls. In potatoes stored in heaps outdoors, parasitized hosts were rarely recovered, and infestation levels of parasitoid-treated heaps did not differ from untreated controls. We discuss possible reasons for C. koehleri’s limited efficiency as a biological control agent.

El objetivo del presente trabajo fue determinar la variación anual en las propiedades insecticidas de Peumus boldus Molina, en el control de Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky, bajo condiciones de laboratorio. El polvo de hojas de P. boldus se evaluó durante 12 meses, en concentraciones de 0,5, 1 y 2% (p/p). Se evaluaron 36 tratamientos con tres repeticiones, en un diseño experimental completamente al azar, con un arreglo factorial. Se determinó el porcentaje de mortalidad y emergencia de insectos adultos e inmaduros y pérdida de peso y germinación del grano. La mayor mortalidad se obtuvo en los meses de agosto y septiembre de 2003, para las tres concentraciones con un 100%, mientras que la menor fue en mayo de 2003, cuando solo la concentración de 2% fue próxima a 100% de mortalidad. La menor emergencia de insectos adultos y pérdida de peso se obtuvieron en los mismos tratamientos. El efecto sobre estados inmaduros fue menor que contra adultos, y la germinación de los granos de maíz fue afectada por los polvos de P. boldus. Las propiedades insecticidas del polvo de hojas de P. boldus no son estables durante el año, Mayo es el mes con la menor eficacia insecticida, y la germinación de las semillas se ve afectada por el polvo.

SUMMARY 1. Stream ecologists have been puzzled by the apparent paradox that invertebrate populations persist in headwater streams despite the high frequency with which individuals drift downstream. To resolve this ‘drift paradox’, directions and distances of both larval and adult movement must be identified. Using over 50 interception traps in combination with results from several mark–capture experiments using 15 N as a label, we tested the assumption that interception traps accurately represent the ultimate direction of adult insect flight. 2. In several streams in the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest, 76% of 15 N-labelled stoneflies (Leuctra ferruginea) had flown upstream from where they emerged to where they were captured. In contrast, over 60% of stoneflies were flying downstream when captured, i.e. on the upstream side of an interception trap. 3. The instantaneous direction, as indicated by the side of the interception trap on which they were captured, indicated the ultimate flight direction for fewer than 1/3 of the individuals captured. Thus, such traps did not accurately reflect the ultimate flight patterns of individuals, as indicated by mark–capture data. 4. Conclusions drawn from interception trap counts regarding the direction of movement and the distribution and persistence of populations may need to be re-evaluated. We suggest that better tracking methods, including mass mark–capture studies using stable isotopes, be used to evaluate the potentially complex patterns of adult insect movement and the consequences of that movement for individuals and populations.

Food energy expenditures by gypsy moth at different developmental stages under conditions of feeding on larch needles are described. The distribution of total food energy (%) for metabolism, the formation of exuvia (throughout ontogeny), and the formation of an adult insect is assessed. The proportion of food energy lost with excrements over the entire period of feeding is the same (58%) in females and males. The assimilated part of food energy is distributed differently: energy expenditures for the formation of exuvia and adult insects are greater in females than in males. The proportion of food energy expended for metabolism throughout the insect life span is approximately 30% in both females and males.

Hopkins’ host-selection principle (HHSP) refers to the observation that many adult insects demonstrate a preference for the host species on which they themselves developed as larvae. The meaning of HHSP has changed significantly since its first proposal in 1916. This review considers how the meaning of HHSP has changed over time and considers the various mechanisms that could contribute to a behavioral bias for the developmental host. The assumption that HHSP implies that the behavior of adult insects is conditioned by larval experience has resulted in widespread condemnation of HHSP. Despite a great deal of attention, there is still very little convincing evidence for preimaginal conditioning of host choice in insects. But growing evidence indicates that genetic variation in behavior and conditioning during the life span of an adult insect can contribute to a preference for the host on which an insect developed. Insects can acquire adult oviposition or feeding preferences through exposure to chemical residues from the environment of earlier life history stages. The concepts of host races and host fidelity have become familiar and acceptable, while the association of HHSP with preimaginal conditioning has led to a general rejection of the term.

Essential oil extracted from plants has been widely investigated for pest control properties, with some proving to be toxic in insect pests. In this study, effect of the synergist diethyl maleate (DEM) on toxicity of one monoterpenoids, linalool was studied against two most common stored-product insects such as Callosobruchus maculatus and Rhyzopertha dominica . Diethyl maleate was combined in mass ratios (1:8 and 1:4) with acetone used and applied on C. maculatus and R. dominica adult. Five concentrations of linalool were tested with four replications at 24 and 48 h with 30 adult insect in each replication. After 24 h of exposure, the LC 50 values were estimated to be 23.61 and 31.01 μl/l air, and after 48 h, they were 15.07 and 21.84 for each insect, respectively. A combination of inalool with the synergist after 24 h of exposure, the LC 50 values was estimated to be 11.93 and 13.07 μl/l air and after 48 h, they were 7.38 and 7.93, respectively for each insect. The synergist is able to block the specific system of enzymes involved in selection of tolerance in susceptible generations. Diethyl maleate is an inhibitor of glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity. These results show that diethyl maleate decrease doses of linalool. Key words : Diethyl maleate, linalool, LC50, synergism, Rhyzopertha dominica, Callosobruchus maculatus.

The insecticides discussed in this chapter target structures and physiological systems unique to insects and similar creatures and are consequently of low mammalian toxicity. This is despite one group, the ecdysone agonists, targeting an insect steroid hormonal system. Curiously, a remarkably large number of these compounds, notwithstanding their structural diversity, have adverse effects on the mammalian haematological system. As these compounds target insect development, they are not ‘knock-down’ insecticides and are not very effective against established adult insect infestation.

We present the design, fabrication, characterization and neural recordings with flexible microfabricated neural interfaces that are implanted into developing insect sensory organs. During metamorphosis, the neuronal processes extending from the insect sensory organ grow through the implant resulting in an adult insect with a stable and fused organ-interface assembly. We present neural recordings from adult eyes and antennas taken with these interfaces. We believe this work will have impact as a method for obtaining stable chronic insect sensory recordings.

The powders and oils extracts of Anacardium occidentale (L.) seeds and Allium sativum (L.) bulbs were tested as contact insecticides against the cowpea bruchid, Callosobruchus maculatus (Fab.) in cowpea seeds. The powders were incorporated at rates 1, 2.5 and 5/20g of cowpea seeds and acetone extracts of the plants were also applied at 0.5, 1 and 1.5ml per 20g of cowpea seeds to assess contact mortality of adult insect, oviposition, adult emergence and damage assessment. The results obtained showed that at 72 hours; 1, 2.5 and 5/20g of cowpea seeds evoked 63.3, 80 and 100% adult mortality of the cowpea bruchid while the corresponding results for A. sativum were 60.7, 73.3 and 100% mortality respectively. All concentration of acetone extracts that were used evoked 100% mortality of C. maculatus after 72 hours of post treatment. Complete protection of seeds and complete inhibition of adult emergence in both powders and extracts of A. occidentale and A. sativum were achieved. The results obtained from this research revealed that powders and extracts of A. occidentale seeds and A. sativum bulbs were effective in controlling cowpea bruchid, C. maculatus in stored cowpea seeds.