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Las instalaciones aeroportuarias, hoy en día, son un foco de gran volumen de personas. Un aeropuerto se divide en dos partes: el lado aire, el cual lo incluyen las zonas de embarque, y el lado tierra, la zona de facturación de las aerolíneas, entre otras cosas. El conducto para poder cruzar de un lado a otro, son los controles de seguridad. Cada año, los controles de seguridad se ven afectados debido a que la frecuencia y la demanda de vuelos se incrementan. Analizando la situación actual, se considera que se pueden mejorar sus sistemas de manera que haya una flexibilidad para poder absorber con eficiencia el flujo de pasajeros. Dicho esto, este trabajo de final de carrera, tratará de diseñar y desarrollar una aplicación que mejorará el tiempo de espera en las colas de la zona del acceso del control de seguridad. Este documento se va a dividir en cinco grandes bloques: objetivos y motivación, planteamiento, el diseño, implementación del diseño y líneas futuras. En el bloque del planteamiento, tratará de definir toda la descripción del diseño de la aplicación, la cual será implementada con módulos ESP32, entre otros dispositivos electrónicos. También se podrá visualizar una representación en 3D de dicho diseño, con la finalidad de que el lector pueda comprender dicha descripción. En el bloque del diseño, se hablará de todo el desarrollo del diseño hardware y software. Es decir, toda la explicación de la funcionalidad de cada dispositivo electrónico utilizado para la aplicación y la programación informática que se ha creado para ejecutar dichos dispositivos. En el bloque de implementación del diseño, se visualizará la parte práctica de este proyecto, el cual se basa en demostrar el funcionamiento de la aplicación creada. Así pues se mostrarán diferentes imágenes de los diferentes módulos. Finalmente, se explicará, en un futuro, la implementación de dicho diseño en un escenario real, como es un aeropuerto. En este mismo apartado, se detallarán los beneficios que podría aportar a un aeropuerto y las modificaciones que se deberían realizar para su implementación. Nowadays airport facilities are a focus of a high volume of people. Airports are divided in two parts: air-side, where you can find boarding gates and land-side where you can find the check-in staff. The way to go through these two parts is the security control. Each year security controls are affected by the increasing volume and frequency of passengers. Analyzing this situation, is considered that these systems could be improved so they can be more flexible and absorb efficiently the passenger flow. That said, this degree final thesis will try to design and develop an application which will improve the waiting time in the queues of the security filter. This document will be divided in five blocks: motivation and objectives, approach, design, design implementation and future lines. The approach block will try to define the whole description of the application design, which will be implemented with ESP32 modules among other electronic devices. Also, a 3D representation of the design will be shown, so the reader can understand this description. On the design block, the design of the hardware and software development will be treated. That is the whole explanation of each device functionality used for these application and the computer programming developed to execute those devices. On the design implementation block, find the practical part of the project will be presented, which is a demonstration of the application operation, so different images of each block will be shown. On the last block, the future lines of the project will be explained. These future lines are mainly the implementation of the design presented on that work but considering a real scenario. In this block the pros of the project will be detailed and also the adaptations that it will need for its implementation.

Airports are critical facilities mostly controlled by SCADA systems, which can be vulnerable to cyberattacks if not properly protected. In this document, we present an analysis of such systems from the security point of view, by analysing the potential attack points and providing a set of countermeasures. SCADA systems are used to control, monitor and interact with the facilities remotely by means of devices such as the MTU, which is the main computer that is responsible for monitoring and collecting information from the RTUs, the RTUs that control the substations and receive signals from the field devices, the communications network responsible for managing the information that is sent between the devices, and the field devices that allow the automation of the system. Communication between devices is guaranteed by means of several protcols such as OPC, BACnet, Profibus, Profinet, MQTT and Modbus protocols. In terms of vulnerabilities, there are three major areas: the control center, the communications network, and the technical processes where DoS attacks, simple integrity attacks, or stealth integrity attacks can take place. In order to detect attacks, we can follow different approaches focused either on information security, data or models. It is also desirable to follow cybersecurity standards in order to ensure the security of systems where the best known are the IEC6443, the NERC-CIP, or the NIST 800-2. On the other hand, Machine Learning algorithms might be a good ally in order to protect the system since it can allow us to create a model from a data-set and be able to classify network traffic as normal or malicious, and in the latter, take the appropiate action to protect the system. In this document we present some of these algorithms and provide simulation results of their application to a SCADA system. Objectius de Desenvolupament Sostenible::9 - Indústria, Innovació i Infraestructura

Purpose: The article aims to show the viability of installing a precision-based approach system in Viseu airfield, in Portugal. This work looks to evidence to what extent the implementation of ILS (Instrument Landing System) or GBAS (Ground Based Augmentation System) in the airfield is viable, and which of the two would be the better option for this case, from a technical and economic view and as a way to increase safety levels.Design/methodology/approach: The article analyses the airfield’s evolution over time and forecasts its movements for the future, over a 10-year period, by utilising two different models: multiple linear regression and IATA traffic forecasts. The different types of airfield taxes were also reviewed and their values were estimated for the following years. The equipment’s technical aspects and individual prices were analysed to accurately determine the time needed for the airfield to recover the investment done, allied with an 80% funding European project.Findings: Approach systems are being modernized, and throughout the years more airports and airfields are starting to replace old approach systems for satellite-based new ones. When compared to ILS, GBAS offers more advantages at a technical and economic level, and even for smaller airfields with a low traffic volume, sometimes it can be technically and economically possible to have such systems implemented.Originality/value: Studies about the implementation of new radio aids are usually prepared for big airports by airport operators or ANSPs before major investment projects. However, for most small regional airports in the country, where traffic is not near as big, such studies don’t exist, and for that reason, investigating the possibility of installing such kind of equipment is very important, especially taking into consideration the safety they provide and other benefits that naturally come up with it.

This final Bachelor thesis explains the need in extending the current security control of the T2B Terminal at the Barcelona-El Prat Airport, in 6 years. In the first place, the project is written by compiling the need to expand the current security control of the T2B with reference to the growth of the traffic of passengers at the airport in the last recent years. The term "Airport Security" is explained below. This item contains a chronology of the various acts of illicit interference that followed the Second World War that have been registered to date and, the changes and improvements that have been incorporated, according to airport security, accordingly to such acts. The body of this project consists in designing and sizing the new 6-year security control, explaining all the factors that have been taken into account. Previously, an analysis of the evolution of traffic has been carried out, considering the Catalan GDP and the evolution of passenger traffic at the Barcelona-El Prat Airport in the last 5 years. This growth has been incorporated at the peak hour of the current programming of flights of the T2B Terminal to adapt its sizing. Through queue theory in order obtain the most optimal VVSS configuration in a security line, times taken in the field and the equations provided by the IATA's ADRM, the integral design of the security control of the T2B Terminal via autoCAD has been done. Once the new security control is designed, there is a proposal to expand the counting and tracking system of passengers with which the control is currently equipped. Aquest treball de final de grau explica la necessitat d'ampliació del control de seguretat actual de la Terminal T2B de l'Aeroport de Barcelona - El Prat, en 6 anys vista. En primer lloc, es presenta el treball redactant la necessitat d'ampliar l'actual control de seguretat de la T2B fent referència al creixement del tràfic de passatgers a l'aeroport en els últims anys. A continuació s'explica el terme "Seguretat Aeroportuària". Aquest punt conté una cronologia dels diferents actes d'interferència il·lícita posteriors a la Segona Guerra Mundial que s'han registrat fins a dia d'avui i, els canvis i millores que s'han incorporat, a efectes de seguretat aeroportuària, en conseqüència als esmentats actes. El cos del treball consisteix en el disseny i el dimensionament del nou control de seguretat a 6 anys vista, explicant tots els factors que s'han tingut en compte. Prèviament, s'ha realitzat una anàlisi de l'evolució del tràfic, considerant el PIB català i l'evolució del tràfic de passatgers de l'Aeroport de Barcelona - El Prat en els últims 5 anys. A continuació s'ha incorporat aquest creixement en l'hora pica de la programació actual de vols de la Terminal T2B per adaptar-ne el dimensionament. Mitjançant la teoria de cues per obtenir la configuració més òptima de VVSS en una línia de seguretat, els temps que es prenen en camp i les equacions proporcionades per l'IATA en l'ADRM, s'ha procedit al disseny integral del control de seguretat de la T2B Terminal mitjançant autoCAD. Una vegada dissenyat el nou control de seguretat, s'ha elaborat la proposta d'ampliar el sistema de comptabilitat i rastreig de passatgers amb el qual està equipat el control actualment.

Purpose: This research studies the UAV incidents in the vicinity of worldwide airports in order to deliver a quantitative and qualitative analysis of this phaenomenon, to analyse the risks associated to this threat and propose mitigation measures that brings this risk to an ‘acceptable’ level.Methodology: A population of 139 ‘serious UAV incidents in the vicinity of worldwide airports’ has been constituted on the basis of the FAA and NASA databases and articles published on the Web by online media. This phaenomenon has then been analysed quantitatively using descriptive statistics techniques and qualitatively by analysing in-depth some representative incidents. A risk analysis has then been performed based on the FAA Safety Risk Management 5-steps process to identify the hazards i.e. the root causes of those UAV incidents, determine their outcome i.e. negative consequences that jeopardize airports objectives and assign them a severity level and likelihood i.e. frequency level. Analysed risks have then been assessed based on FAA ARP Risk Matrix. Mitigation measures (prevention, deterrence, denial, detection, neutralisation) have been identified following a ‘Defence-in-Depth’ approach.Findings: The findings of the study are that those UAV incidents are more numerous than anticipated and happen higher and further from the airports than expected: they happen not only in CTRs but also in TMAs. This has an impact on the mitigation measures that shall not only be deployed at airports side but also be on-boarded in manned aircrafts.Originality: To our knowledge, no study has combined different sources to constitute such a population focused on ‘serious’ UAVs incidents around airports worldwide, has applied the official FAA Safety Risk Management process to assess this risk and followed a structured ‘Defence-in-Depth’ approach typically used in Cybersecurity to mitigate this risk.Keywords: Airport security and safety, Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) threat, Risk analysis and mitigation, Counter-UAVs technologies.

The study aims to analyze the importance of safety in the effect of the physical surroundings on the operation of an airport. It focuses on various obstacle free surfaces defined in the design of an airport: obstacle limitation surfaces and procedure obstacle free areas. The study includes the enhancement of an automatic tool for the representation of these surfaces and their corresponding obstacle analysis. The tool will be tested in the safety analysis of a new real Greenfield airport development projects. The summary of the tasks to be performed during the project are: Identification and description of the concept of safety according to the effect of the physical environment of an airport on its operations. Analysis of the currently developed automatic tool and identification of the further improvements to be implemented. Further development of the automatic tool according to the improvements previously identifiedValidation of the enhanced tool and analysis of its advancements. Calibration and testing of the tool using the case study of a real airport developments

The goal of this project is to carry out a risk assessment in order to evaluate the probability of an overrun runway excursion in some Spanish airports with an operative short runway. The study will be performed by means of Flight Data Analysis, which allows the collection, processing and analysis of the data retrieved from the flight data recorder of the aircraft to gather valuable safety information, identify threats and mitigate the risks. The data derives from Vueling 2014 summer peak operation in A Coruña (LCG) and San Sebastian (EAS) airports, which are the ones with the shortest runways operated by Vueling in Spain. The relevant flight parameters have been captured at 500, 50 and 35ft above ground level respectively and at the touchdown moment as well. Once the data has been processed, several statistical techniques including probability models from the Airport Cooperative Research Program have been applied in order to compare the whole operation with the worst runway excursion accident in history: the flight 3054 from TAM Airlines in Sao Paolo, Brazil. TAM Airlines and the accident in particular turn out to have several similarities with Vueling operation in terms of fleet, operative pressure and airport destination characteristics, becoming an excellent candidate for the comparison and allowing us to improve our daily operation and safety records. The results show that despite having few flight cases which approximate to some conditions of the accident of TAM Airlines, the use of the right flight procedure, which was thoroughly revised shortly after the accident and the quick reaction of the flight crew is essential to avoid a major incident. Worldwide airlines have learnt from the aviation tragedy in Sao Paolo and fortunately none of the flights that were analysed was close to have a runway excursion like the one in the accident.

A training manual for the firefighters of the airport of Barcelona has been developed in this project. The intention is to compile in just one document part of the information that AESA requests on the Technical Instruction Training for the staff of rescue and fire fighting. Nowadays, the airport of Barcelona trains its firefighters using courses, documents of specific subjects and practices. It has not a special manual of this kind, so this becomes the first training manual for firefighters in El Prat. During the development of the TFC, the central subject has been the manual, annexed to this report. The main contents of the manual are found summarized in the report, divided following the structure of AESA (initial training, continuous training and training for the acquisition of new capabilities). However, the manual has not been divided this way. This report explains also other factors of personal consideration during the elaboration of the manual. These factors include the difficulties surged during the project, mainly related to the lack (or excess in some cases) of information. Also, they include all the personal suggestions that have lead to a modification of some parts of the manual. Finally, some personal appreciations have been added too. These refers to some sections of the manual, to the previous knowledge used to redact it and the knowledge achieved after doing it or the justification of the development of the manual by an engineering student. The conclusion of this project is that the elaboration of this manual has not been something easy and it demands a high level of responsibility. It is impossible to redact a document that includes everything a firefighter must know. Therefore, this manual is a basis of the training, but someone becomes a complete firefighter during the practises and the time working in the airport. En este trabajo se ha desarrollado un manual de formación para los bomberos de el aeropuerto de Barcelona. La idea es recopilar en un solo documento parte de la información que AESA demanda en la Instrucción Técnica Formación para el personal de salvamento y extinción de incendios. El aeropuerto actualmente forma a sus bomberos mediante cursos, documentos sobre temas específicos y prácticas. N o dispone de ningún manual espec ial de este tipo, con lo que éste se convierte en el primer manual de formación para bomberos de El Prat. Durante el desarrollo del TFC el tema central ha sido el manual, añadido como anexo de la memoria. Los principales contenidos del manual se encuentran resumidos en esta memoria, divididos siguiendo la estructura de la AESA (formación inicial, formación continua y formación para adquisición de nuevas aptitudes), aunque después en el manual no se ha tenido en cuenta esta división. En esta memoria se explican, además, otros factores de consideración personal sobre el desarrollo del manua l . Estos elementos incluyen las dificultades surgidas durante el trabajo, relacionadas principalmente con la falta (o exceso en algunos casos) de información. También todas aquellas sugerencias propias que han derivado en una modificación de algunas partes del manual. Por último también se han añadido valoraciones personales sobre algunos temas del manual, sobre los conocimientos adquiridos y necesitados para la redacción del manual o sobre la justificación de la elaboración de este manual por un estudiante de ingeniería. L a conclusión de este trabajo es que el desarrollo de este manual no ha sido fácil y exige un alto nivel de responsabilidad. Es imposible hacer un documento que incluya absolutamente todo lo que un bombero debe saber. Este manual da la base de formación, pero es durante las prácticas y en el día a día de trabajo en el aeropuerto cuando se forma de verdad un bombero.

Una de les línies evolutives que els operadors dels aeroports han seguit des de sempre ha estat enfocada a la millora del nivell de servei ofert a l’usuari. El control de seguretat, com a element integrat en l’aeroport, també ha de renovar-se per tal d’adaptar-se als canvis legislatius i a la demanda creixent per continuar oferint una qualitat de servei mínima als passatgers. Englobada en aquesta qualitat es troba la capacitat del control en si mateix, és a dir, el nombre de passatgers per unitat de temps que poden ser tractats. El control de seguretat és el tràmit obligatori que uneix la zona de circulació aèria amb la zona de lliure accés de l’aeroport i està format per filtres independents entre sí situats en paral·lel. Cada filtre consta d’un escàner de Raig X, un arc metàl·lic i dues cintes corredores d’entrada i sortida dels Raig X respectivament. El primer és l’encarregat d’analitzar les pertinències personals dels passatgers, maletes, motxilles, etc. Mentre que per l’arc hi han de passar els passatgers per detectar si porten algun objecte metàl·lic amagat. Les dues cintes serveixen per preparar i recollir les pertinences personals abans i després d’haver passat pels Raig X. Amb la finalitat d’augmentar la capacitat del sistema, es poden realitzar principalment dos tipus d’actuacions: reduir el temps total de servei de cada passatger o incrementar el nombre de filtres del control. La primera es pot dur a terme amb aportacions basades en la tecnologia o amb una millora dels processos de funcionament establerts, mentre que la segona opció comporta una ampliació de l’espai utilitzat en la direcció perpendicular al flux de passatgers. Això implica una sèrie de despeses que ho poden arribar a fer inviable. Degut a la configuració actual dels filtres i a les característiques particulars de cada element, aquest control és el que origina el “coll d’ampolla” o punt crític tan pels usuaris del transport aeri, com per l’operador de l’aeroport que és qui realitza el control. Per aquest motiu és necessari estudiar la capacitat individual de cada element del filtre, les variables que hi intervenen i analitzar les relacions existents entre aquests. És per tant objectiu d’aquesta tesina trobar, tant a nivell qualitatiu com a nivell quantitatiu, la capacitat del sistema i la matriu d’influències associada. Es segueixen dos procediments d’anàlisi: la formulació analítica corresponent per a cada element i una simulació amb Visual Basic per a la cinta de sortida creada expressament per aquesta tesina. Un cop obtinguda l’expressió analítica de la capacitat i analitzades totes les relacions i restriccions corresponents entre els elements del sistema, conjuntament amb l’anàlisi dels costos associats, es proposaran un seguit d’actuacions o palanques de maniobra amb les que millorar el procés de control, augmentant la capacitat del sistema a partir de la optimització dels recursos .

El objetivo de este trabajo ha sido crear una herramienta de apoyo para el Departamento de Seguridad Operacional del Aeropuerto de Barcelona-El Prat, para poder llevar el seguimiento y control de los obstáculos que vulneran las servidumbres del aeropuerto y ponen en peligro la seguridad de las aeronaves en sus operaciones alrededor de éste. En este documento se explican las necesidades que han impulsado al desarrollo de esta aplicación, así como los requisitos que se han tenido en cuenta para su diseño, los programas que se han utilizado y porqué y los lenguajes de programación con los que se ha trabajado. Para realizar la aplicación se ha utilizado Access, Excel y Google Earth, programas propuestos por el aeropuerto, y se ha programado el código en Visual Basic, SQL y KML que son los lenguajes de programación que utilizan dichos programas. La aplicación desarrollada consta de varias pantallas hechas en una base de datos de Access, donde se permite almacenar y visualizar todos los datos sobre obstáculos de servidumbres, visualizar sobre planos la ubicación exacta de los obstáculos en Google Earth y crear tablas en Excel con los datos de los diferentes obstáculos guardados. Gracias a la aplicación, se podrá cuantificar la cantidad de obstáculos que hay en las cercanías del aeropuerto, ver cuán cerca se encuentran éstos del aeropuerto y por tanto el peligro que representan. A parte de visualizar la ubicación de los obstáculos, en Google Earth también se muestra una breve descripción de cada uno de los obstáculos con la información almacenada en la base de datos. Además, en función de la altura que tienen, se muestran con unos iconos diferentes para poder distinguir entro los de menor y mayor altura e identificar fácilmente cuáles pueden suponer más afección a la seguridad.

Air safety is one of the most sensitive issues in the fascinating world of aeronautics. Even though the rate of victims to accident in case of any aircraft catastrophe is relatively low in comparison with other means of transport such as a car, the echo of the news and its economic impact is far away high with respect to the others. Because of that, the international and local organizations of aviation have created a set of regulations in order to reduce and prevent any possible causes that could lead to any kind of disaster. Aeronautical servitude with an objective of protecting the airspace of airport facilities and its vicinity, applying a series of restrictions that ban construction or presence of any object that infringe aircrafts operation safety are the principal terms of the cited regulations. This document is development of an application from which airports servitude is designed in accordance with ICAO's and BOE's regulations and standards that leads to analyse and understand these regulations. The application is designed in the programming language C# using Microsoft Visual Studio 2012 as an interface for the user interaction. Finally, it is necessary to assimilate and implement the commands and .dll libraries in applications's code in order to be able to represent servitudes in the AUTOCAD environment.

This document makes a prior introduction of some historical events about attacks inside the aircraft, with the largest number of deaths. Following is a brief explanation of the monitoring bodies involved in airport security, whose pretext is to define the scope of practice of each other. Once conscious of the potential extent of the security failure, proceed to the analysis of airport security at Barcelona Airport, Terminal 2 specifically. The study of T2 is done by collecting data in the same place, with the collaboration of Barcelona Airport. The study outlines the various points that have character deficit, or improved, with consequent improvement proposal. Such suggestions are adjusted, the physical terrain, logistics and professional rigor. On the measures to be applied, the differentiation is made between those applicable to Barcelona Airport with national regulation and the only incumbent to it. El presente documento realiza una introducción previa de algunos de los acontecimientos históricos sobre atentados perpetrados en el interior de las aeronaves, con el mayor número de fallecidos. Con posterioridad se r ealiza una breve explicación de los cuerpos de vigilancia involucrados en la seguridad aeroportuaria, cuyo pretexto es definir el área de actuación de cada uno. Una vez con cienciado de la magnitud que puede alcanzar un fallo en la seguridad, se procede al análisis de la seguridad aeroportuaria del Aeropuert o de Barcelona, en concreto la terminal 2 . El estudio de la T2 se realiza mediante la toma de datos en el propio aeropuerto , junto con la colaboración del Aeropuerto de Barcelona. En el estudio se expo ne n los diversos puntos que presentan carácter deficitario, o mejorable, con su consecuente propuesta de mejora. Dicha s sugerencias se ajustan, al terreno físico, logístico y rigor profesional. En las medidas a aplicar , se realiza l a diferenciación entre l as aplicables al Aeropuerto de Barcelona con regulación nacional y las que incumben sólo a éste.