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In its new energy and climate change policies, released in January 2008, the European Union has made the most daring change of energy policy up to date. It has decided to set up a binding target of 20% renewables in final energy demand, to reduce greenhouse gases emissions by 20% and to reduce the primary energy use by 20%, by 2020. A significant technology shift will be necessary to fulfill such goals, but it is already clear that technologies that will be used are available, mainly in the area of renewable electricity and heat generation, biofuels, energy efficiency, especially in buildings and transportation, cogeneration, nuclear energy in those countries in which it is politically acceptable, which will all be achieved by a combination of binding targets, certificate trading and fiscal policies. With a change of direction also anticipated in the United States, the intertwining of security of energy supply and environmental protection is becoming a new global tenet. The 4th Dubrovnik Conference on Sustainable Development of Energy, Water and Environment Systems was dedicated to the improvement and dissemination of knowledge on methods, policies and technologies for increasing the sustainability of development, taking into account its economic, environmental and social pillars, as well as methods for assessing and measuring sustainability of development, regarding energy, transport, water and environment systems and their many combinations. Sustainability being also a perfect field for interdisciplinary and multi-cultural evaluation of complex system, the Dubrovnik Conference has during the first decade of the 21st century become a significant venue for researchers in those areas to meet, and discuss, share, and disseminate new ideas.

Veliki porast potrošnje energije i korišćenja tehnologija za konverziju, transformaciju, transport, distribuciju i finalnu potrošnju energije, dovodi u pitanje globalnu raspoloživost energetskih izvora i narušavanje životne sredine, tako da će se tome u buduće poklanjati izuzetna pažnja u cilju obezbeđenja uslova za održivi život i razvoj na Zemlji. Danas Beograd kao kulturni, obrazovni, naučni, administrativno-politički i trgovački centar regiona predstavlja, sa svojom strukturom proizvodnog, saobraćajnog, uslužnog i urbanog sistema, značajnog potrošača raznorodnih nosilaca energije. Zato, dalji razvoj energetskog sistema Beograda nameće potrebu razvoja i primenjivanja koncepta održivog razvoja, koji bi u sebi sadržao višekriterijumski pristup sa ekonomskim, ekološkim, resursnim i socijalnim kriterijumima. Primena koncepta održivog razvoja na energetski sistem Beograda zahteva definisanje i određivanje kriterijuma i indikatora koji bi služili kao mera za vrednovanje doprinosa različitih činioca u proceni energetskog sistema. Pošto se sektorima potrošnje u gradu isporučuju samo nosioci finalne energije, stanje ''energetskog konzuma'' se odnosi na strukturu sektora potrošnje energije i strukturu nosioca različitih oblika energije. U ovom radu za procenu energetskih potreba grada za duži vremenski period korišćen je simulacioni model MAED. Na osnovu predviđanja energetskih potreba za tri najveća energetska konzuma (domaćinstva/javni sektor, sektori industrije i saobraćaja) određeni su 'scenariji' održivog razvoja energetskog sistema Beograda za vremenske intervale od 2005.-2010.; 2010.-2015.; 2015.-2020. Za svaki 'scenario' razvoja određeni su energsteki sistemi primarnih izvora koji treba da zadovolje predviđene razlike u energetskoj potrošnji za vremenske intervale do 2020. Procena održivosti za svaki 'scenario' dobijena je korišćenjem metode višekriterijalne analize. Višekriterijalna analiza je zasnovana na određivanju opšteg indeksa održivosti koji je definisan sinteznom aditivnom funkcijom, gdu su normalizovane vrednosti razmatranih indikatora za svaki 'scenario' pomnoženi sa određenim težinskim koeficijentima pod uslovima ograničenja koja su unapred definisana. Energetski indikatori održivog razvoja su parametri i predstavljaju meru kvaliteta određenog energetskog sistema. Vrednost težinskog koeficijenta je uvedena da bi se odredio uticaj specifičnog kriterijuma i prioritet odabrane opcije. Za procenu održivosti energetskog sistema, korišćenjem energetskih indikatora održivog razvoja, u razmatranja su uzeti sledeći indikatori: ekonomski, socijalni i životne sredine. Svaki od izabranih indikatora je definisan skupom podindikatora. Na osnovu različitih energetskih sistema primarnih izvora koji treba da zadovolje buduće energetske potrebe grada, izvršena je procena održivosti i upoređen je razvoj različitih 'scenarija' energetskog sistema Beograda. Dobijeni rezultati mogu da se koriste u procesima odlučivanja, od strane eksperata, u cilju određivanja prioriteta i u slučaju korišćenja različitih kriterijuma, kao i u slučajevima kada se moraju koristiti ne-numeričke informacije. Dalji razvoj energetskog sistema Beograda zahteva dalji razvoj i primenu koncepta održivog razvoja, koji podrazumeva višekriterijalni pristup sa kvalitetno izmerenim ekonomskim i socijalnim kriterijumima, kao i kriterijumom životne sredine. Increased energy consumption and use of technologies for conversion, transformation, transport, distribution and final use of energy pose a threat to energy resources and environment, so their protection will be given particular attention in the future in order to preserve life on our planet. Nowadays Belgrade as a cultural, educational, scientific, administrative-political and business center of the region with it's own structure of production, transportation, services and urban system, represents significant consumer of different energy forms. Thus, further development of energy system in Belgrade will require application of sustainable development concept based on multi-criteria approach (economic, environmental, resource-wise, and social criteria). Implementation of the sustainable development concept in the energy system of Belgrade requires definition and determination of criteria and relevant indices which could be used for assessment of the different factors’ impact. Only final and useful energy is delivered to the consumed energy sectors of town. The ''energy consumer'' condition refers to the structure of consumed energy in different energy sectors and structure of various energy forms. Simulational model of MAED was used in this paper for the estimation of towns' energy demand in long period of time. On the basis of energy forecast demand for three major ''energy consumers'' (Household/Service Sector, Industry Sector and Transportation Sector) until 2020, the 'scenarios' of sustainable development of Belgrade energy systems are developed (2005-2010; 2010-2015; 2015-2020). For each 'scenario' of development, the energy systems of primary resources are determined which should satisfy predicted differences in energy consumption for the time intervals until 2020. The evaluation of each 'scenario' sustainability is obtained by usage of multi-criteria analysis method. The multi-criteria analysis is based on determination of the general index sustainability defined as the synthesizing additive function, where normalized values of all indicators for each scenario multiplied with respective weighting coefficients and under the condition of predefined constraints. Energy indices are parameters and measurements of the respective quality of energy system. The value od weight coefficient is introduced to determine influence of specific criteria and determine the priority of selected options. For the assessment of energy system sustainability, using energy indices for sustainable development, following indices are taken into consideration: Economic, Social and Environmental. Each one is defined by set of sub-indicators. Regarding different energy system of primary resources that should satisfy future energy demands, sustainable estimate is done and development of different 'scenarios' of Belgrade energy system are compared until 2020. Obtained results can be used by experts in decision-making process with the aim to validate priority in case of different criteria usage as well as when they have to use non-numerical information. Further development of Belgrade energy system needs the further development and application of sustainable development concept, which would contain multi-criteria approach with appropriate quality of economic, social and environmental criteria.

Following the 9/11 attacks in the United States it had became clear that the shipping industry needs a new, more stringent and more comprehensive set of measures to address the measures of maritime security. The purpose of the International Ship and Port Facility Security Code is analysed, stressing the important role of the company and the ship, ship security officer, the port facility and its control and compliance, with the responsibility of contracting governments . The author points out that implementation is the key issue and that significant and far-reaching measures cannot be implemented at no cost. In author's opinion it is important to achieve balance between the new security regime and ensuring that disruption of global trade is kept to a minimum, as well as to reach balance between the freedom of navigation and the need for special protection.

In this paper, the analysis of flat-plate solar collectors and radiative panels operation using average hourly weather data for a maritime climate region was performed. The panels were integrated in the space-ventilation system with air-conditioning by means of a water coil. Their primary function was to prepare sufficient quantity of cold water, integrating radiative and convective cooling, that was collected in the cold-water tank during the nighttime operation. That cold water was used for cooling of the air during daytime. On the other hand, solar collectors were used to produce the hot water that is collected in a separate tank. A simulation model for the parametric analysis of the system and the influence of its components on the system’ s operation was developed. The model includes the control of the system’ s operation, which prevents water circulation in the periods without cooling/heating contributions. The purpose of the research was to predict the system behaviour in Irish climatic conditions, to enable sizing and design of the test rig that is to be built for experimental validation as part of a current large research project. The results were presented in the appropriate charts, where the influence of the main parameters on the system’ s operation was illustrated. The results showed that the system covers full cooling energy demands during summer and a significant proportion of the hot water heating requirements in the daytime operation.

Croatia as an Annex I country of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and a country that has pledged in the Annex of the Kyoto Protocol to reduce its greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions by 5% from the pre-transition level by the budget period 2008-12, will have to envisage a new energy strategy. Compared to the energy consumption collapse in some transitional countries like Russia and Ukraine, Croatia has passed through a relatively limited long term reduction of GHG emissions since 1990 because of higher efficiency of its pre-transition economy. It is expected that in case of business as usual scenario it will breach the Kyoto target in 2003 since the demand for energy will be high, especially as the income continues to rise, especially in domestic use for heating, for transport and for electricity generation. Several scenarios of developing energy system are compared from the point of view of GHG emissions. Business as usual scenario covers the planned gasification of coastal Croatia. In the transport sector no GHG reduction compared to the business as usual scenario is expected, unless there are technology innovations on global automotive industry level. The energy sector that will most probably be the most influenced by the UNFCCC objectives is electricity generation. Several scenarios are compared. The cost-effective scenario expects a mixture of coal and gas fired power plants to be built to satisfy the new demand and to replace the old power plants that are being decommissioned. More Kyoto friendly scenario envisages avoiding the construction of the most of the future fossil fuel power plants, while decommissioning the old ones as planned, and is compared to the others from the GHG emissions point of view. The conclusion is that by measures tackling only electricity generation it will not be possible to keep GHG emission under the Kyoto target level.

This paper analyses some technological scenaria to increase of the penetration of RE sources in Corvo and Graciosa islands. The H2RES model, specially developed for this type of work was used to simulate several scenaria integrating RE sources and hydrogen storage or batteries. Based on existing load and meteorological data, several scenaria are developed and fully modelled for those two islands, in order to increase security of supply and reduce pollution. The scenaria modelled were envisaging the following technologies: wind, solar PV, and batteries and hydrogen storage. The present study can be the base for a complete approach of a 100% RES island. The Azores archipelago has been very conscious on environmental concerns and the reduction of pollutants and dependence on imported fuels, mainly by the use of renewable energies. For an appropriate integration scheme, strategies should be developed for a regional high-level energy production with RE systems, taking into account local characteristics. They must specifically reflect the needs and behaviour of consumer daily and seasonal patterns, taking into account the economic development and human needs that have an impact on energy consumption. In Corvo island the main drive for RE integration is security of supply and in Graciosa is fuel dependency.

With respect to energy production, most of the islands in Europe and in the other parts of the World depend on importation, mainly from oil and its related products. Some are trying to become renewable islands, satisfying their energy demand entirely from indigenous and renewable sources. Since most available renewable energy sources are intermittent, energy storage has to be devised. The most promising technology is storing hydrogen, which can later be used for electricity production, but also for transport. This model describes the model for optimising of integration of hydrogen usage with intermittent renewable energy sources on the example of the island of Porto Santo, Madeira, Portugal.

The energy sector in many Small Island Developing States (SIDS) is an important constraint for socio-economic development. It also is the cause for major environmental damage, from desertification to GHG emission. In a previous study for Santo Antăo Island (Duic et al.), a simulation of wind and solar energy penetration in the power production sector was performed and the possibility of Clean Development Mechanism to act as incentive was analysed. This paper analyses the impact of end-use energy policy measures aiming at reducing CO2 emissions. The end use approach will be compared with the supply side approach carried out in the previous study. In 1990 the domestic sector accounted for almost 40% of the energy consumption in Cape Verde. In a rural region as Santo Antăo Island this share rises to nearly 80%. Electricity consumption accounts for only 0.7% of the total consumption while wood fuel consumption rises above 60% of the total. Even if the recent rural electrification increased the electrification rate from 13% in 1990 to about 53, 5% in 2000, this did not likely affect the demand of wood for cooking. Thus, any action aiming at reducing energy consumption and GHG emissions in Santo Antăo should have the domestic sector as main target. To carry out an end-use analysis the energy sector is disaggregated into sub-sectors (e.g. domestic), end-use (e.g. cooking) and devices (e.g. improved stoves). For cooking the population generally uses a combination of two sources between wood, biomass, kerosene and LPG. Wood fuel is burned in traditional three stone, classic stoves and improved stoves. In this paper we analyse the impact of better efficiency, changes on behaviour and introduction of solar stoves on CO2 emission. It is assumed that a program to reduce GHG emission starting in 2000 until 2030 will be implemented. A financial analysis is carried out and the possibility of financing trough Clean Development Mechanism is investigated. It was concluded that for Cape Verde, particularly the Santo Antăo Island, a simple program aimed at reducing GHG emission based on behaviour changes, fuel shift and improved efficiency can be implemented with high impact and reduced cost. The application of such measures can, with correct accounting, be included in CDM projects and thus be easily financed by a market mechanism.

Cape Verde is an example of a state that consists of several islands, with its particular energy situation. The electrical energy system is split into nine islands, and some of the islands, as well as Santo Antao, are further split into several independent electrical energy systems, which makes it hard for modern energy planning. The electricity generation is heavily dependent on Diesel engines of various powers, while on some islands there are some wind capacities installed, particularly on Sao Vicente. Diesel power is expensive and polluting, but still the most appropriate for such small scale electricity generation. This paper studies implications of different scenarios of development of electrical energy system on the island of Santo Antao, one of the most undeveloped and hard to electrify because of geography and lack of resources. An estimate of electricity demand for the period until 2030 is given. Business as usual scenario based on Diesel capacity is compared to two renewable energy scenarios, one envisaging 30% of the electricity generated by the wind power, and the other combining 25% of wind power with 5% of photovoltaic power. Further scenarios were generated and compared to the previous by the assumption of declining prices of renewable energy technologies. The scenarios were compared from the point of view of electricity generation prices, but also from the point of view of greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions. The possible influence of Clean Development Mechanism as a part of satisfying the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change objectives were assessed. A certain potential for financing the technology transfer was quantified and its influence on different electricity system planning scenarios estimated.

The software package for optimization of the cost of the thermal power plant operation was developed. The plant supplies hot water for district heating, process steam for industry and electric power. The mathematical model of the plant includes four steam generators, two back-pressure turbines and other equipment like heat exchangers, deaerators and pressure reduction valves. Two optimization approaches were tried. The first one used a general-purpose optimization solver that may be found in commercial packages, without satisfactory results. The second one was the self-developed solver reflecting the design philosophy of the plant. The optimization package was tested against the plant custom operation modes. For this purpose the consumption data for two month, typical for winter and summer mode of plant operation, were chosen. In both cases cost savings ranging from 0.8 % to 5.5 % have been obtained.