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1. Knowledge, attitudes and practices in biosafety and biosecurity in medical biology laboratories in Togo, 2021

Author

Wemboo Afiwa Halatoko, Essozimna Sondou, Ghislain Emmanuel Sopoh, Amèwouga Kassegne, Gnatoulma Katawa, Mounerou Salou, Simplice Damintoti Karou, and Edgard-Marius Ouendo

Subjects
biosecurity, knowledge, attitudes, practices, associated factors, medical laboratory, Environmental sciences, GE1-350
Abstract

IntroductionFaced with the emergence of pandemics and the omnipresence of gaps in the process of controlling elements likely to impact the implementation of biosafety and biosecurity measures, the evaluation of the related determinants becomes an urgent necessity.MethodsThe subject addressed in this study was primarily aimed at exploring the current situation of knowledge, attitudes and practices of biosafety and biosecurity as well as the associated factors in medical biology laboratories in Togo in 2021. A cross-sectional study with an analytical focus among laboratory professionals was conducted using a structured questionnaire. Statistical tests were performed using Epi Info 7.2.3.0 (2019) and Stata 13 (2013) software.ResultsOf the 322 participants, 49.1% had good knowledge while 62.4% and 77.6% had good attitudes and practices respectively. In 23.4% (25/107) of the laboratories, the staff surveyed ate their meals in the manipulation room, of which 80.0% (20/25) were in the public sector. Although the results showed that respondents who had received prior training in this area had higher score on the knowledge component (p = 0.03), this intervention had no direct effect on the attitude (p = 0.91) or practice (p = 0.84) scores. Trained participants were significantly more likely to have good knowledge. Regional disparity was noted on the knowledge and practice components and several gaps were identified.DiscussionBiosafety and biosecurity remain a challenge in medical biology laboratories in Togo. Based on the gaps identified, training, substantial improvement of the working environment, and provision of resources to achieve optimal and sustainable biosafety and biosecurity practices in Togo are required.

Published
2024
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2. Neisseria meningitidis Serogroup C Clonal Complex 10217 Outbreak in West Kpendjal Prefecture, Togo 2019

Author

Alicia R. Feagins, Adodo Yao Sadji, Nadav Topaz, Mark Itsko, Jacqueline Wemboo Afiwa Halatoko, Alessou Dzoka, Joseph Labite, Yao Kata, Sylvain Gomez, Komlan Kossi, Hamadi Assane, Christelle Nikiema-Pessinaba, Ryan Novak, Henju Marjuki, and Xin Wang

Subjects
Togo, outbreak, meningitis, Neisseria meningitidis, NmC, Microbiology, QR1-502
Abstract

ABSTRACT Togo has reported seasonal meningitis outbreaks caused by non-Neisseria meningitidis serogroup A (NmA) pathogens since the introduction of meningococcal serogroup A conjugate vaccine (MACV, MenAfriVac) in 2014. From 2016 to 2017, NmW caused several outbreaks. In early 2019, a NmC outbreak was detected in the Savanes region of Togo and its investigation is described here. Under case-based surveillance, epidemiological and clinical data, and cerebrospinal fluid specimens were collected for every suspected case of meningitis. Specimens were tested for meningitis pathogens using confirmatory microbiological and molecular methods. During epidemic weeks 9 to 15, 199 cases were reported, with 179 specimens being available for testing and 174 specimens (97.2%) were tested by at least one confirmatory method. The NmC was the predominant pathogen confirmed (93.9%), belonging to sequence type (ST)-9367 of clonal complex (CC) 10217. All NmC cases were localized to the West Kpendjal district of the Savanes region with attack rates ranging from 4.1 to 18.8 per 100,000 population and case fatality rates ranging up to 2.2% during weeks 9 to 15. Of the 93 NmC confirmed cases, 63.4% were males and 88.2% were in the 5 to 29 age group. This is the first report of a NmC meningitis outbreak in Togo. The changing epidemiology of bacterial meningitis in the meningitis belt post-MACV highlights the importance of monitoring of emerging strain and country preparedness for outbreaks in the region. IMPORTANCE The recent emergence of an invasive NmC strain in Togo is an example of the changing bacterial meningitis epidemiology in the meningitis belt post-MACV. The current epidemiology includes the regional circulation of various non-NmA serogroups, which emphasizes the need for effective molecular surveillance, laboratory diagnosis, and a multivalent vaccine that is effective against all serogroups in circulation.

Published
2022
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3. Risk factors of hepatitis B virus surface antigen carriage and serological profile of HBsAg carriers in Lomé Togo, 2016

Author

Wemboo Afiwa Halatoko, Akouda Patassi, Pauline Yanogo, Leou Ismael Banla, Adjaho Koba, Zoulkaneiri Issa, Koffi Akolly, Agballa Mébiny-Esso Tchalla, Hamadi Assane, Aboukerim Naba-Mouchedou, Bernard Sawadogo, Simon Nouvura Antara, Kossi Badziklou, Abiba Kere Banla, Didier Koumavi Ekouevi, and Idrissa Sanou

Subjects
HBs antigen, Risk factors, Serological profile, Lomé, Togo, Public aspects of medicine, RA1-1270
Abstract

Abstract Background In Togo, the prevalence of Hepatitis B Virus Surface Antigen (HBsAg) among young people aged 15–24 years was estimated at 16.4% in 2010; however, risk factors for HBsAg carriage are poorly documented. We sought to identify risk factors for HBsAg carriage and the serological profile of HBsAg carriers in Lomé (capital city of Togo). Method We conducted a case control study from October 2016 to March 2017 in Lomé. Cases and controls were randomly selected from a database of Institut National d’Hygiène (INH) of Lomé during a free screening campaign for hepatitis B. We calculated means, frequencies, proportions, odds ratios (OR), and 95% confidence interval (CI) and performed logistic regression. Results We included 83 confirmed cases and 249 controls. The median age was 31 years among cases and 30 years among the controls. The sex ratios (M/F) were 11/6 among cases and 4/3 for the controls. The independent risk factors for HBsAg carriage were the awareness of hepatitis B serological status (OR = 3.56, 95% CI [1.80–7.04]) and Kabyè-tem ethnic group (OR = 3.56, 95% CI [1.98–6.39]). Among HBsAg carriers, 13.3% were at the viral replication stage (all of whom were between 30 and 45 years of age) and 1.2% were at the acute stage of the disease. The prevalence of co-infection with hepatitis B and C was 4.80%. All co-infections were in women aged 24–28 years. Conclusion The Kabyè-tem ethnic group is at risk of HBsAg carriage in Lomé. Of note, most HBsAg carriers in this ethnic group are aware of their HBsAg serological status. Furthermore, the prevalence of Hepatitis among adults of reproductive age is high and is cause for concern. We therefore recommend screening and vaccination campaigns at subsidized prices among people aged 30 years and older.

Published
2019
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4. Prevalence of syphilis among female sex workers and their clients in Togo in 2011

Author

Wemboo Afiwa Halatoko, Dadja Essoya Landoh, Bayaki Saka, Koffi Akolly, Yao Layibo, Issifou Yaya, Dodji Gbetoglo, Abiba Kere Banla, and Palokinam Pitché

Subjects
Female sex workers, Clients, Syphilis, HIV, Togo, Public aspects of medicine, RA1-1270
Abstract

Abstract Background During the last ten years, a resurgence of syphilis has occurred in many countries worldwide, including Togo. Previous studies have shown a wide range of syphilis infection among the female sex workers (FSWs), from 1.5 to 42.1%. In Togo, Key populations, including FSWs, are rarely involved in the sentinel surveillance programs to determine the prevalence of HIV and syphilis. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of syphilis among female sex workers (FSWs) and their clients in Togo. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional study in December 2011 targeting FSWs and their clients in Togo. Among participant who consented, we collected blood samples for syphilis and HIV testing. Results In total, 1,836 participants (1,106 FSWs and 730 clients) were included in the survey. Their mean age was 28.6 ± 9 years. The prevalence of syphilis was 2.2% (2.2% among FSWs compare to 2.3% among their clients, p = 0.82). This prevalence was higher among FSWs over 30 years old compare to those less than 30 years old (Odd Ratio (OR) =5.03; 95% CI [1.95-13.49]). Single FSWs were three times less likely to have syphilis than those living in couple or married (OR = 3.11; CI 95% [1.16-8.83]). Brothel based or declared FSWs were 4 times more likely to be infected by syphilis than secret ones (OR = 3.89; CI 95% [1.60-9.54]). Out of the 1,836 participants of the survey, 165 (8.9%) were HIV positive. Having syphilis was associated with HIV infection (OR = 3.41; IC 95% [1.53-7.41]). Conclusion This study showed that: i) the prevalence of syphilis among FSWs and their clients was high; ii) syphilis was significantly associated with HIV infection. It is necessary to increase awareness campaigns and emphasize on condom use among this key population group.

Published
2017
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6. Prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 among high-risk populations in Lomé (Togo) in 2020.

Author

Wemboo Afiwa Halatoko, Yao Rodion Konu, Fifonsi Adjidossi Gbeasor-Komlanvi, Arnold Junior Sadio, Martin Kouame Tchankoni, Koffi Segbeaya Komlanvi, Mounerou Salou, Ameyo Monique Dorkenoo, Issaka Maman, Amétépé Agbobli, Majesté Ihou Wateba, Komi Séraphin Adjoh, Edem Goeh-Akue, Yem-Bla Kao, Innocent Kpeto, Paul Pana, Rebecca Kinde-Sossou, Agbeko Tamekloe, Josée Nayo-Apétsianyi, Simon-Pierre Hamadi Assane, Mireille Prine-David, Sossinou Marcel Awoussi, Mohaman Djibril, Moustafa Mijiyawa, Anoumou Claver Dagnra, and Didier Koumavi Ekouevi

Subjects
Medicine, Science
Abstract

BackgroundIn December 2019, the COVID-19 outbreak began in China and quickly spread throughout the world and was reclassified as a pandemic in March 2020. The first case of COVID-19 was declared in Togo on March 5. Two months later, few data were available to describe the circulation of the new coronavirus in the country.ObjectiveThis survey aimed to estimate the prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 in high-risk populations in Lomé.Materials and methodsFrom April 23, 2020, to May 8, 2020, we recruited a sample of participants from five sectors: health care, air transport, police, road transport and informal. We collected oropharyngeal swabs for direct detection through real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) and blood for antibody detection by serological tests. The overall prevalence (current and past) of infection was defined by positivity for both tests.ResultsA total of 955 participants with a median age of 36 (IQR 32-43) were included, and 71.6% (n = 684) were men. Approximately 22.1% (n = 212) were from the air transport sector, 20.5% (n = 196) were from the police sector, and 38.7% (n = 370) were from the health sector. Seven participants (0.7%, 95% CI: 0.3-1.6%) had a positive rRT-PCR test result at the time of recruitment, and nine (0.9%, 95% CI: 0.4-1.8%) were seropositive for IgM or IgG against SARS-CoV-2. We found an overall prevalence of 1.6% (n = 15), 95% CI: 0.9-2.6%.ConclusionThe prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 infection among high-risk populations in Lomé was relatively low and could be explained by the various measures taken by the Togolese government. Therefore, we recommend targeted screening.

Published
2020
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7. Gradual emergence followed by exponential spread of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant in Africa

Author

Carlo Fischer, Tongai Gibson Maponga, Anges Yadouleton, Nuro Abílio, Emmanuel Aboce, Praise Adewumi, Pedro Afonso, Jewelna Akorli, Soa Fy Andriamandimby, Latifa Anga, Yvonne Ashong, Mohamed Amine Beloufa, Aicha Bensalem, Richard Birtles, Anicet Luc Magloire Boumba, Freddie Bwanga, Mike Chaponda, Paradzai Chibukira, R. Matthew Chico, Justin Chileshe, Gershom Chongwe, Assana Cissé, Umberto D’Alessandro, Xavier Nicolas de Lamballerie, Joana F. M. de Morais, Fawzi Derrar, Ndongo Dia, Youssouf Diarra, Lassina Doumbia, Christian Drosten, Philippe Dussart, Richard Echodu, Yannik Eggers, Abdelmajid Eloualid, Ousmane Faye, Torsten Feldt, Anna Frühauf, Afiwa Halatoko, Pauliana-Vanessa Ilouga, Nalia Ismael, Ronan Jambou, Sheikh Jarju, Antje Kamprad, Ben Katowa, John Kayiwa, Leonard King’wara, Ousmane Koita, Vincent Lacoste, Adamou Lagare, Olfert Landt, Sonia Etenna Lekana-Douki, Jean-Bernard Lekana-Douki, Etuhole Iipumbu, Hugues Loemba, Julius Lutwama, Santou Mamadou, Issaka Maman, Brendon Manyisa, Pedro A. Martinez, Japhet Matoba, Lusia Mhuulu, Andres Moreira-Soto, Judy Mwangi, Nadine N´dilimabaka, Charity Angella Nassuna, Mamadou Ousmane Ndiath, Emmanuel Nepolo, Richard Njouom, Jalal Nourlil, Steven Ger Nyanjom, Eddy Okoth Odari, Alfred Okeng, Jean Bienvenue Ouoba, Michael Owusu, Irene Owusu Donkor, Karabo Kristen Phadu, Richard Odame Phillips, Wolfgang Preiser, Vurayai Ruhanya, Fortune Salah, Sourakatou Salifou, Amadou Alpha Sall, Augustina Angelina Sylverken, Paul Alain Tagnouokam-Ngoupo, Zekiba Tarnagda, Francis Olivier Tchikaya, Tafese Beyene Tufa, and Jan Felix Drexler

Subjects
Multidisciplinary, SARS-CoV-2, Humans, COVID-19, Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction, Africa, Southern
Abstract

The geographic and evolutionary origins of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant (BA.1), which was first detected mid-November 2021 in Southern Africa, remain unknown. We tested 13,097 COVID-19 patients sampled between mid-2021 to early 2022 from 22 African countries for BA.1 by real-time RT-PCR. By November-December 2021, BA.1 had replaced the Delta variant in all African sub-regions following a South-North gradient, with a peak Rt of 4.1. Polymerase chain reaction and near-full genome sequencing data revealed genetically diverse Omicron ancestors already existed across Africa by August 2021. Mutations, altering viral tropism, replication and immune escape, gradually accumulated in the spike gene. Omicron ancestors were therefore present in several African countries months before Omicron dominated transmission. These data also indicate that travel bans are ineffective in the face of undetected and widespread infection.

Published
2022
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8. African National Public Health Institutes Responses to COVID-19: Innovations, Systems Changes, and Challenges

Author

Edris Nikjooy, Sue Binder, Anne-Catherine Viso, Claude Millogo, Amandine Zoonekyndt, Ilesh V Jani, Ellen A. Whitney, Katherine Seib, Natalie Mayet, Wemboo Afiwa Halatoko, Ebba Abate, Elsie Ilori, Chikwe Ihekweazu, Shiva Murugasampillay, Hervé Hien, Callie McLean, Alex Riolexus Ario, William Yavo, and Sabin Nsanzimana

Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty, Health (social science), Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis, Information Dissemination, Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law, International Health Regulations, Political science, Pandemic, medicine, Humans, Misinformation, Pandemics, SARS-CoV-2, business.industry, Public health, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, COVID-19, Public relations, Private sector, Data sharing, Preparedness, Africa, Emergency Medicine, Public Health, business, Safety Research
Abstract

National public health institutes (NPHIs)-science-based governmental agencies typically part of, or closely aligned with, ministries of health-have played a critical part in many countries' responses to the COVID-19 pandemic. Through listening sessions with NPHI leadership, we captured the experiences of NPHIs in Africa. Our research was further supplemented by a review of the literature. To address issues related to COVID-19, NPHIs in Africa developed a variety of innovative approaches, such as working with the private sector to procure and manage vital supplies and address key information needs. Creative uses of technology, including virtual training and messaging from drones, contributed to sharing information and battling misinformation. Positive impacts of the pandemic response include increased laboratory capacity in many countries, modernized surveillance systems, and strengthened public-private partnerships; much of this enhanced capacity is expected to persist beyond the pandemic. However, several challenges remain, including the lack of staff trained in areas like bioinformatics (essential for genomic analysis) and the need for sustained relationships and data sharing between NPHIs and agencies not traditionally considered public health (eg, those related to border crossings), as well as the impact of the pandemic on prevention and control of non-COVID-19 conditions-both infectious and noncommunicable. Participants in the listening sessions also highlighted concerns about inequities in access to, and quality of, the public health services and clinical care with resultant disproportionate impact of the pandemic on certain populations. COVID-19 responses and challenges highlight the need for continued investment to strengthen NPHIs and public health infrastructure to address longstanding deficiencies and ensure preparedness for the next public health crisis.

Published
2021
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10. Retraction

Author

Carlo Fischer, Tongai Gibson Maponga, Anges Yadouleton, Nuro Abílio, Emmanuel Aboce, Praise Adewumi, Pedro Afonso, Jewelna Akorli, Soa Fy Andriamandimby, Latifa Anga, Yvonne Ashong, Mohamed Amine Beloufa, Aicha Bensalem, Richard Birtles, Anicet Luc Magloire Boumba, Freddie Bwanga, Mike Chaponda, Paradzai Chibukira, R. Matthew Chico, Justin Chileshe, Gershom Chongwe, Assana Cissé, Umberto D’Alessandro, Xavier Nicolas de Lamballerie, Joana F. M. de Morais, Fawzi Derrar, Ndongo Dia, Youssouf Diarra, Lassina Doumbia, Christian Drosten, Philippe Dussart, Richard Echodu, Yannik Eggers, Abdelmajid Eloualid, Ousmane Faye, Torsten Feldt, Anna Frühauf, Afiwa Halatoko, Pauliana-Vanessa Ilouga, Nalia Ismael, Ronan Jambou, Sheikh Jarju, Antje Kamprad, Ben Katowa, John Kayiwa, Leonard King’wara, Ousmane Koita, Vincent Lacoste, Adamou Lagare, Olfert Landt, Sonia Etenna Lekana-Douki, Jean-Bernard Lekana-Douki, Etuhole Iipumbu, Hugues Loemba, Julius Lutwama, Santou Mamadou, Issaka Maman, Brendon Manyisa, Pedro A. Martinez, Japhet Matoba, Lusia Mhuulu, Andres Moreira-Soto, Judy Mwangi, Nadine N’dilimabaka, Charity Angella Nassuna, Mamadou Ousmane Ndiath, Emmanuel Nepolo, Richard Njouom, Jalal Nourlil, Steven Ger Nyanjom, Eddy Okoth Odari, Alfred Okeng, Jean Bienvenue Ouoba, Michael Owusu, Irene Owusu Donkor, Karabo Kristen Phadu, Richard Odame Phillips, Wolfgang Preiser, Vurayai Ruhanya, Fortune Salah, Sourakatou Salifou, Amadou Alpha Sall, Augustina Angelina Sylverken, Paul Alain Tagnouokam-Ngoupo, Zekiba Tarnagda, Francis Olivier Tchikaya, Tafese Beyene Tufa, and Jan Felix Drexler

Subjects
Multidisciplinary
Published
2022
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11. Estimation of yellow fever incidence in Togo between 2010 and 2020

Author

Wendpouiré Ida Carine Zida-Compaore, Fifonsi Adjidossi Gbeasor-Komlanvi, Martin Kouame Tchankoni, Wemboo Afiwa Halatoko, Arnold Junior Sadio, Yao Rodion Konu, Gatibe Yendu-Suglpak Gnatou, Adjaho Komla Koba, Amegnona Agbonon, and Didier Koumavi Ekouevi

Subjects
Adult, Adolescent, Incidence, Yellow Fever Vaccine, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Mosquito Vectors, Disease Outbreaks, Young Adult, Infectious Diseases, Aedes, Child, Preschool, Togo, Yellow Fever, Animals, Humans, Yellow fever virus, Child
Abstract

Yellow fever virus is an arbovirus transmitted to humans by Aedes and Haemogogus mosquito species. To date, there is no specific treatment for yellow fever. However, an effective vaccine is available for the prevention. After a decline in yellow fever cases in Africa between 2004 and 2015, large-scale transmission of the virus was observed in Africa during 2019, with outbreaks recorded in West Africa. The objective of this study was to estimate the incidence of yellow fever cases recorded in the national reference laboratory of Togo from 2010 to 2020.Data were extracted from the National Institute of Hygiene database from 2010 to 2020 with an Excel sheet and descriptive analyses were performed.A total of 4350 samples were collected between 2010 and 2020 in Togo from yellow fever suspected cases. These cases had a median age of 12 years (IQR: 5-24), and 21% of them were from the Maritime region. Among them, 30 cases were reported by national laboratory, with a global incidence of 0.7% (confidence interval 95%: [0.4-1.0]). At the yellow fever regional laboratory, 14 cases were confirmed with an incidence of 0.33% (confidence interval 95%: [0.18-0.55]). In this population, 37.7% had been immunized against yellow fever.This study shows that Togo presents cases of yellow fever. Identification of the vectors and implementation of efficient vector control measures could help prevent this disease, as well as other diseases transmitted by the same vectors. Yellow fever vaccination should be a priority in vaccination programs.

Published
2022

12. Emergence of Lassa Fever Disease in Northern Togo: Report of Two Cases in Oti District in 2016

Author

Akouda Akessiwe Patassi, Dadja Essoya Landoh, Agballa Mebiny-Essoh Tchalla, Wemboo Afiwa Halatoko, Hamadi Assane, Bayaki Saka, Mouchedou Abdoukarim Naba, Issifou Yaya, Kossi Atsissinta Edou, Tsidi Agbeko Tamekloe, Abiba Kere Banla, Kokou Mawule Davi, Magloire Manga, Yao Kassankogno, and Dominique Salmon-Ceron

Subjects
Infectious and parasitic diseases, RC109-216
Abstract

Background. Lassa fever belongs to the group of potentially fatal hemorrhagic fevers, never reported in Togo. The aim of this paper is to report the first two cases of Lassa fever infection in Togo. Case Presentation. The two first Lassa fever cases occurred in two expatriate’s health professionals working in Togo for more than two years. The symptoms appeared among two health professionals of a clinic located in Oti district in the north of the country. The absence of clinical improvement after antimalarial treatment and the worsening of clinical symptoms led to the medical evacuation. The delayed diagnosis of the first case led to a fatal outcome. The second case recovered under ribavirin treatment. Conclusion. The emergence of this hemorrhagic fever confirms the existence of Lassa fever virus in Togo. After a period of intensive Ebola virus transmission from 2013 to 2015, this is an additional call for the establishment and enhancement of infection prevention and control measures in the health care setting in West Africa.

Published
2017
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13. The evolving SARS-CoV-2 epidemic in Africa: Insights from rapidly expanding genomic surveillance

Author

Tegally, Houriiyah, primary, San, James E., additional, Cotten, Matthew, additional, Tegomoh, Bryan, additional, Mboowa, Gerald, additional, Martin, Darren P., additional, Baxter, Cheryl, additional, Moir, Monika, additional, Lambisia, Arnold, additional, Diallo, Amadou, additional, Amoako, Daniel G., additional, Diagne, Moussa M., additional, Sisay, Abay, additional, Zekri, Abdel-Rahman N., additional, Barakat, Abdelhamid, additional, Gueye, Abdou Salam, additional, Sangare, Abdoul K., additional, Ouedraogo, Abdoul-Salam, additional, Sow, Abdourahmane, additional, Musa, Abdualmoniem O., additional, Sesay, Abdul K., additional, Lagare, Adamou, additional, Kemi, Adedotun-Sulaiman, additional, Abar, Aden Elmi, additional, Johnson, Adeniji A., additional, Fowotade, Adeola, additional, Olubusuyi, Adewumi M., additional, Oluwapelumi, Adeyemi O., additional, Amuri, Adrienne A., additional, Juru, Agnes, additional, Ramadan, Ahmad Mabrouk, additional, Kandeil, Ahmed, additional, Mostafa, Ahmed, additional, Rebai, Ahmed, additional, Sayed, Ahmed, additional, Kazeem, Akano, additional, Balde, Aladje, additional, Christoffels, Alan, additional, Trotter, Alexander J., additional, Campbell, Allan, additional, Keita, Alpha Kabinet, additional, Kone, Amadou, additional, Bouzid, Amal, additional, Souissi, Amal, additional, Agweyu, Ambrose, additional, Gutierrez, Ana V., additional, Page, Andrew J., additional, Yadouleton, Anges, additional, Vinze, Anika, additional, Happi, Anise N., additional, Chouikha, Anissa, additional, Iranzadeh, Arash, additional, Maharaj, Arisha, additional, Batchi-Bouyou, Armel Landry, additional, Ismail, Arshad, additional, Sylverken, Augustina, additional, Goba, Augustine, additional, Femi, Ayoade, additional, Sijuwola, Ayotunde Elijah, additional, Ibrahimi, Azeddine, additional, Marycelin, Baba, additional, Salako, Babatunde Lawal, additional, Oderinde, Bamidele S., additional, Bolajoko, Bankole, additional, Dhaala, Beatrice, additional, Herring, Belinda L., additional, Tsofa, Benjamin, additional, Mvula, Bernard, additional, Njanpop-Lafourcade, Berthe-Marie, additional, Marondera, Blessing T., additional, Khaireh, Bouh Abdi, additional, Kouriba, Bourema, additional, Adu, Bright, additional, Pool, Brigitte, additional, McInnis, Bronwyn, additional, Brook, Cara, additional, Williamson, Carolyn, additional, Anscombe, Catherine, additional, Pratt, Catherine B., additional, Scheepers, Cathrine, additional, Akoua-Koffi, Chantal G., additional, Agoti, Charles N., additional, Loucoubar, Cheikh, additional, Onwuamah, Chika Kingsley, additional, Ihekweazu, Chikwe, additional, Malaka, Christian Noël, additional, Peyrefitte, Christophe, additional, Omoruyi, Chukwuma Ewean, additional, Rafaï, Clotaire Donatien, additional, Morang’a, Collins M., additional, Nokes, D. James, additional, Lule, Daniel Bugembe, additional, Bridges, Daniel J., additional, Mukadi-Bamuleka, Daniel, additional, Park, Danny, additional, Baker, David, additional, Doolabh, Deelan, additional, Ssemwanga, Deogratius, additional, Tshiabuila, Derek, additional, Bassirou, Diarra, additional, Amuzu, Dominic S.Y., additional, Goedhals, Dominique, additional, Grant, Donald S., additional, Omuoyo, Donwilliams O., additional, Maruapula, Dorcas, additional, Wanjohi, Dorcas Waruguru, additional, Foster-Nyarko, Ebenezer, additional, Lusamaki, Eddy K., additional, Simulundu, Edgar, additional, Ong’era, Edidah M., additional, Ngabana, Edith N., additional, Abworo, Edward O., additional, Otieno, Edward, additional, Shumba, Edwin, additional, Barasa, Edwine, additional, Ahmed, El Bara, additional, Kampira, Elizabeth, additional, Fahime, Elmostafa El, additional, Lokilo, Emmanuel, additional, Mukantwari, Enatha, additional, Cyril, Erameh, additional, Philomena, Eromon, additional, Belarbi, Essia, additional, Simon-Loriere, Etienne, additional, Anoh, Etilé A., additional, Leendertz, Fabian, additional, Taweh, Fahn M., additional, Wasfi, Fares, additional, Abdelmoula, Fatma, additional, Takawira, Faustinos T., additional, Derrar, Fawzi, additional, Ajogbasile, Fehintola V, additional, Treurnicht, Florette, additional, Onikepe, Folarin, additional, Ntoumi, Francine, additional, Muyembe, Francisca M., additional, Ngiambudulu, Francisco, additional, Zongo Ragomzingba, Frank Edgard, additional, Dratibi, Fred Athanasius, additional, Iyanu, Fred-Akintunwa, additional, Mbunsu, Gabriel K., additional, Thilliez, Gaetan, additional, Kay, Gemma L., additional, Akpede, George O., additional, George, Uwem E., additional, van Zyl, Gert, additional, Awandare, Gordon A., additional, Schubert, Grit, additional, Maphalala, Gugu P., additional, Ranaivoson, Hafaliana C., additional, Lemriss, Hajar, additional, Omunakwe, Hannah E, additional, Onywera, Harris, additional, Abe, Haruka, additional, Karray, Hela, additional, Nansumba, Hellen, additional, Triki, Henda, additional, Adje Kadjo, Herve Albéric, additional, Elgahzaly, Hesham, additional, Gumbo, Hlanai, additional, mathieu, Hota, additional, Kavunga-Membo, Hugo, additional, Smeti, Ibtihel, additional, Olawoye, Idowu B., additional, Adetifa, Ifedayo, additional, Odia, Ikponmwosa, additional, Boubaker, Ilhem Boutiba-Ben, additional, Ssewanyana, Isaac, additional, Wurie, Isatta, additional, Konstantinus, Iyaloo S, additional, Afiwa Halatoko, Jacqueline Wemboo, additional, Ayei, James, additional, Sonoo, Janaki, additional, Lekana-Douki, Jean Bernard, additional, Makangara, Jean-Claude C., additional, Tamfum, Jean-Jacques M., additional, Heraud, Jean-Michel, additional, Shaffer, Jeffrey G., additional, Giandhari, Jennifer, additional, Musyoki, Jennifer, additional, Uwanibe, Jessica N., additional, Bhiman, Jinal N., additional, Yasuda, Jiro, additional, Morais, Joana, additional, Mends, Joana Q., additional, Kiconco, Jocelyn, additional, Sandi, John Demby, additional, Huddleston, John, additional, Odoom, John Kofi, additional, Morobe, John M., additional, Gyapong, John O., additional, Kayiwa, John T., additional, Okolie, Johnson C., additional, Xavier, Joicymara Santos, additional, Gyamfi, Jones, additional, Kofi Bonney, Joseph Humphrey, additional, Nyandwi, Joseph, additional, Everatt, Josie, additional, Farah, Jouali, additional, Nakaseegu, Joweria, additional, Ngoi, Joyce M., additional, Namulondo, Joyce, additional, Oguzie, Judith U., additional, Andeko, Julia C., additional, Lutwama, Julius J., additional, O’Grady, Justin, additional, Siddle, Katherine J, additional, Victoir, Kathleen, additional, Adeyemi, Kayode T., additional, Tumedi, Kefentse A., additional, Carvalho, Kevin Sanders, additional, Mohammed, Khadija Said, additional, Musonda, Kunda G., additional, Duedu, Kwabena O., additional, Belyamani, Lahcen, additional, Fki-Berrajah, Lamia, additional, Singh, Lavanya, additional, Biscornet, Leon, additional, de Oliveira Martins, Leonardo, additional, Chabuka, Lucious, additional, Olubayo, Luicer, additional, Deng, Lul Lojok, additional, Ochola-Oyier, Lynette Isabella, additional, Mine, Madisa, additional, Ramuth, Magalutcheemee, additional, Mastouri, Maha, additional, ElHefnawi, Mahmoud, additional, Mbanne, Maimouna, additional, Matsheka, Maitshwarelo I., additional, Kebabonye, Malebogo, additional, Diop, Mamadou, additional, Momoh, Mambu, additional, Lima Mendonça, Maria da Luz, additional, Venter, Marietjie, additional, Paye, Marietou F, additional, Faye, Martin, additional, Nyaga, Martin M., additional, Mareka, Mathabo, additional, Damaris, Matoke-Muhia, additional, Mburu, Maureen W., additional, Mpina, Maximillian, additional, Claujens Chastel, Mfoutou Mapanguy, additional, Owusu, Michael, additional, Wiley, Michael R., additional, Tatfeng, Mirabeau Youtchou, additional, Ayekaba, Mitoha Ondo’o, additional, Abouelhoda, Mohamed, additional, Beloufa, Mohamed Amine, additional, Seadawy, Mohamed G, additional, Khalifa, Mohamed K., additional, Dellagi, Mohammed Koussai, additional, Matobo, Mooko Marethabile, additional, Kane, Mouhamed, additional, Ouadghiri, Mouna, additional, Salou, Mounerou, additional, Mbulawa, Mphaphi B., additional, Saibu, Mudashiru Femi, additional, Mwenda, Mulenga, additional, Kaba, Muluken, additional, Phan, My V.T., additional, Abid, Nabil, additional, Touil, Nadia, additional, Rujeni, Nadine, additional, Ismael, Nalia, additional, Top, Ndeye Marieme, additional, Dia, Ndongo, additional, Mabunda, Nédio, additional, Hsiao, Nei-yuan, additional, Silochi, Nelson Boricó, additional, Saasa, Ngonda, additional, Bbosa, Nicholas, additional, Murunga, Nickson, additional, Gumede, Nicksy, additional, Wolter, Nicole, additional, Sitharam, Nikita, additional, Ndodo, Nnaemeka, additional, Ajayi, Nnennaya A., additional, Tordo, Noël, additional, Mbhele, Nokuzola, additional, Razanajatovo, Norosoa H, additional, Iguosadolo, Nosamiefan, additional, Mba, Nwando, additional, Kingsley, Ojide C., additional, Sylvanus, Okogbenin, additional, Peter, Okokhere, additional, Femi, Oladiji, additional, Testimony, Olumade, additional, Ogunsanya, Olusola Akinola, additional, Fakayode, Oluwatosin, additional, Ogah, Onwe E., additional, Faye, Ousmane, additional, Smith-Lawrence, Pamela, additional, Ondoa, Pascale, additional, Combe, Patrice, additional, Nabisubi, Patricia, additional, Semanda, Patrick, additional, Oluniyi, Paul E., additional, Arnaldo, Paulo, additional, Quashie, Peter Kojo, additional, Bejon, Philip, additional, Dussart, Philippe, additional, Bester, Phillip A., additional, Mbala, Placide K., additional, Kaleebu, Pontiano, additional, Abechi, Priscilla, additional, El-Shesheny, Rabeh, additional, Joseph, Rageema, additional, Aziz, Ramy Karam, additional, Essomba, René Ghislain, additional, Ayivor-Djanie, Reuben, additional, Njouom, Richard, additional, Phillips, Richard O., additional, Gorman, Richmond, additional, Kingsley, Robert A., additional, Audu, Rosemary, additional, Carr, Rosina A.A., additional, Kabbaj, Saâd El, additional, Gargouri, Saba, additional, Masmoudi, Saber, additional, Sankhe, Safietou, additional, Mohamed, Sahra Isse, additional, Mhalla, Salma, additional, Hosch, Salome, additional, Kassim, Samar Kamal, additional, Metha, Samar, additional, Trabelsi, Sameh, additional, Lemriss, Sanaâ, additional, Agwa, Sara Hassan, additional, Mwangi, Sarah Wambui, additional, Doumbia, Seydou, additional, Makiala-Mandanda, Sheila, additional, Aryeetey, Sherihane, additional, Ahmed, Shymaa S., additional, Ahmed, Sidi Mohamed, additional, Elhamoumi, Siham, additional, Moyo, Sikhulile, additional, Lutucuta, Silvia, additional, Gaseitsiwe, Simani, additional, Jalloh, Simbirie, additional, Andriamandimby, Soafy, additional, Oguntope, Sobajo, additional, Grayo, Solène, additional, Lekana-Douki, Sonia, additional, Prosolek, Sophie, additional, Ouangraoua, Soumeya, additional, van Wyk, Stephanie, additional, Schaffner, Stephen F., additional, Kanyerezi, Stephen, additional, Ahuka-Mundeke, Steve, additional, Rudder, Steven, additional, Pillay, Sureshnee, additional, Nabadda, Susan, additional, Behillil, Sylvie, additional, Budiaki, Sylvie L., additional, van der Werf, Sylvie, additional, Mashe, Tapfumanei, additional, Aanniz, Tarik, additional, Mohale, Thabo, additional, Le-Viet, Thanh, additional, Velavan, Thirumalaisamy P., additional, Schindler, Tobias, additional, Maponga, Tongai, additional, Bedford, Trevor, additional, Anyaneji, Ugochukwu J., additional, Chinedu, Ugwu, additional, Ramphal, Upasana, additional, Enouf, Vincent, additional, Nene, Vishvanath, additional, Gorova, Vivianne, additional, Roshdy, Wael H., additional, Karim, Wasim Abdul, additional, Ampofo, William K., additional, Preiser, Wolfgang, additional, Choga, Wonderful T., additional, Ahmed, Yahaya Ali, additional, Ramphal, Yajna, additional, Bediako, Yaw, additional, Naidoo, Yeshnee, additional, Butera, Yvan, additional, de Laurent, Zaydah R., additional, Ouma, Ahmed E.O., additional, von Gottberg, Anne, additional, Githinji, George, additional, Moeti, Matshidiso, additional, Tomori, Oyewale, additional, Sabeti, Pardis C., additional, Sall, Amadou A., additional, Oyola, Samuel O., additional, Tebeje, Yenew K., additional, Tessema, Sofonias K., additional, de Oliveira, Tulio, additional, Happi, Christian, additional, Lessells, Richard, additional, Nkengasong, John, additional, and Wilkinson, Eduan, additional

Published
2022
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15. Augmentation de la résistance aux antibiotiques des Entérobactéries isolées à l’Institut National d’Hygiène de Lomé de 2010 à 2017

Author

Fortune Djimabi Salah, Adodo Yao Sadji, Koffi Akolly, Bawimodom Bidjada, Koffi Somenou Awoussi, Afi Mawunya Abaya, Amélé Amouzou-Glikpa, Abla Kutoati, Lionel Amegan, Kpatcha Karoue Palanga, Pauline K. Yanogo, Marianne Laurent Kouawo, Joseph Otshudiandjeka, Bernard Sawadogo, Fadima Diallo-Ouedraogo, Yao Layibo, Akouda Patassi, Wemboo Afiwa Halatoko, Jacques Simpore, and Bayaki Saka

Published
2021
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16. Effectiveness of routine BCG vaccination on buruli ulcer disease: a case-control study in the Democratic Republic of Congo, Ghana and Togo.

Author

Richard Odame Phillips, Delphin Mavinga Phanzu, Marcus Beissner, Kossi Badziklou, Elysée Kalundieko Luzolo, Fred Stephen Sarfo, Wemboo Afiwa Halatoko, Yaw Amoako, Michael Frimpong, Abass Mohammed Kabiru, Ebekalisai Piten, Issaka Maman, Bawimodom Bidjada, Adjaho Koba, Koffi Somenou Awoussi, Basile Kobara, Jörg Nitschke, Franz Xaver Wiedemann, Abiba Banla Kere, Ohene Adjei, Thomas Löscher, Bernhard Fleischer, Gisela Bretzel, and Karl-Heinz Herbinger

Subjects
Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine, RC955-962, Public aspects of medicine, RA1-1270
Abstract

The only available vaccine that could be potentially beneficial against mycobacterial diseases contains live attenuated bovine tuberculosis bacillus (Mycobacterium bovis) also called Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG). Even though the BCG vaccine is still widely used, results on its effectiveness in preventing mycobacterial diseases are partially contradictory, especially regarding Buruli Ulcer Disease (BUD). The aim of this case-control study is to evaluate the possible protective effect of BCG vaccination on BUD.The present study was performed in three different countries and sites where BUD is endemic: in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ghana, and Togo from 2010 through 2013. The large study population was comprised of 401 cases with laboratory confirmed BUD and 826 controls, mostly family members or neighbors.After stratification by the three countries, two sexes and four age groups, no significant correlation was found between the presence of BCG scar and BUD status of individuals. Multivariate analysis has shown that the independent variables country (p = 0.31), sex (p = 0.24), age (p = 0.96), and presence of a BCG scar (p = 0.07) did not significantly influence the development of BUD category I or category II/III. Furthermore, the status of BCG vaccination was also not significantly related to duration of BUD or time to healing of lesions.In our study, we did not observe significant evidence of a protective effect of routine BCG vaccination on the risk of developing either BUD or severe forms of BUD. Since accurate data on BCG strains used in these three countries were not available, no final conclusion can be drawn on the effectiveness of BCG strain in protecting against BUD. As has been suggested for tuberculosis and leprosy, well-designed prospective studies on different existing BCG vaccine strains are needed also for BUD.

Published
2015
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17. Assessment of the usefulness of anti-Wb123 antibody for post-elimination surveillance of lymphatic filariasis

Author

Minongblon Teko, Kossi Yakpa, Komlan Kossi, Rachel N. Bronzan, Wemboo Afiwa Halatoko, Adjaho Koba, and Ameyo M. Dorkenoo

Subjects
Male, medicine.medical_specialty, 030231 tropical medicine, Antibodies, Helminth, Post-validation surveillance, Context (language use), Biology, lcsh:Infectious and parasitic diseases, 03 medical and health sciences, Elephantiasis, Filarial, 0302 clinical medicine, Seroepidemiologic Studies, Environmental health, parasitic diseases, Prevalence, medicine, Animals, Humans, Seroprevalence, lcsh:RC109-216, Wuchereria bancrofti, 030212 general & internal medicine, Wb123, Child, Mass drug administration, Lymphatic filariasis, Surveillance, Transmission (medicine), Research, Public health, medicine.disease, Cross-Sectional Studies, Infectious Diseases, Parasitology, Togo, Antigens, Helminth, Epidemiological Monitoring, Tropical medicine, Female, Public Health
Abstract

Background The World Health Organization has targeted lymphatic filariasis (LF) for elimination as a public health problem and recommends, among other measures, post-elimination surveillance of LF. The identification of sensitive and specific surveillance tools is therefore a research priority. The Wuchereria bancrofti-specific antigen Wb123-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (Wb123 ELISA) detects antibodies to the recombinant Wb123 antigen of W. bancrofti and may be useful as a surveillance tool for LF. Six years after stopping mass drug administration to eliminate LF and recording successful results on two post-treatment transmission assessment surveys, a study was conducted in Togo aimed at helping to identify the role of the Wb123 ELISA in post-validation surveillance of LF. Methods This was a cross-sectional study in eight previously LF-endemic districts and one non-endemic district in Togo. In each sub-district of these nine districts, two schools were selected and 15 children aged 6 to 9 years old at each school provided finger-stick blood for testing for antibodies to Wb123 using the Filaria Detect™ IgG4 ELISA kit® (InBios, International, Inc., Seattle, WA, USA). Results A total of 2654 children aged 6 to 9 years old were tested in 134 schools in the nine districts. Overall, 4.7% (126/2654) children tested positive for antibodies to the Wb123 antigen of W. bancrofti. The prevalence of Wb123 antibodies varied across the eight previously endemic LF districts, from 1.56 to 6.62%. The highest prevalence, 6.99%, was found in the non-endemic district, but this was not significantly different from the average of all the LF districts (4.49%, P = 0.062). Conclusions The Wb123 ELISA was positive in 4.7% of Togolese school-age children who were almost certainly unexposed to LF. This apparent lack of specificity in the Togo context makes it difficult to establish a seroprevalence threshold that could serve to signal LF resurgence in the country, precluding the use of this test for post-validation surveillance in Togo. There remains a need to develop a useful and reliable test for post-elimination surveillance for LF in humans. Graphical Abstract

Published
2021
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18. Implementation of a national reference laboratory for Buruli ulcer disease in Togo.

Author

Marcus Beissner, Kristina Lydia Huber, Kossi Badziklou, Wemboo Afiwa Halatoko, Issaka Maman, Felix Vogel, Bawimodom Bidjada, Koffi Somenou Awoussi, Ebekalisai Piten, Kerstin Helfrich, Carolin Mengele, Jörg Nitschke, Komi Amekuse, Franz Xaver Wiedemann, Adolf Diefenhardt, Basile Kobara, Karl-Heinz Herbinger, Abiba Banla Kere, Mireille Prince-David, Thomas Löscher, and Gisela Bretzel

Subjects
Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine, RC955-962, Public aspects of medicine, RA1-1270
Abstract

BACKGROUND: In a previous study PCR analysis of clinical samples from suspected cases of Buruli ulcer disease (BUD) from Togo and external quality assurance (EQA) for local microscopy were conducted at an external reference laboratory in Germany. The relatively poor performance of local microscopy as well as effort and time associated with shipment of PCR samples necessitated the implementation of stringent EQA measures and availability of local laboratory capacity. This study describes the approach to implementation of a national BUD reference laboratory in Togo. METHODOLOGY: Large scale outreach activities accompanied by regular training programs for health care professionals were conducted in the regions "Maritime" and "Central," standard operating procedures defined all processes in participating laboratories (regional, national and external reference laboratories) as well as the interaction between laboratories and partners in the field. Microscopy was conducted at regional level and slides were subjected to EQA at national and external reference laboratories. For PCR analysis, sample pairs were collected and subjected to a dry-reagent-based IS2404-PCR (DRB-PCR) at national level and standard IS2404 PCR followed by IS2404 qPCR analysis of negative samples at the external reference laboratory. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: The inter-laboratory concordance rates for microscopy ranged from 89% to 94%; overall, microscopy confirmed 50% of all suspected BUD cases. The inter-laboratory concordance rate for PCR was 96% with an overall PCR case confirmation rate of 78%. Compared to a previous study, the rate of BUD patients with non-ulcerative lesions increased from 37% to 50%, the mean duration of disease before clinical diagnosis decreased significantly from 182.6 to 82.1 days among patients with ulcerative lesions, and the percentage of category III lesions decreased from 30.3% to 19.2%. CONCLUSIONS: High inter-laboratory concordance rates as well as case confirmation rates of 50% (microscopy), 71% (PCR at national level), and 78% (including qPCR confirmation at external reference laboratory) suggest high standards of BUD diagnostics. The increase of non-ulcerative lesions, as well as the decrease in diagnostic delay and category III lesions, prove the effect of comprehensive EQA and training measures involving also procedures outside the laboratory.

Published
2013
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19. Prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 among high-risk populations in Lomé (Togo) in 2020

Author

Anoumou Dagnra, K.S. Adjoh, Mohaman Awalou Djibril, Koffi Segbeaya Komlanvi, Yem-bla Kao, Mireille Prine-David, Mounerou Salou, Didier K. Ekouevi, Simon-Pierre Hamadi Assane, Amétépé Agbobli, Sossinou Marcel Awoussi, Moustafa Mijiyawa, Edem Goeh-Akue, Majesté Ihou Wateba, Josée Nayo-Apetsianyi, Fifonsi Adjidossi Gbeasor-Komlanvi, Yao Rodion Konu, Rebecca Kinde-Sossou, Martin Kouame Tchankoni, Innocent Kpeto, Ameyo M. Dorkenoo, Agbeko Tamekloe, Wemboo Afiwa Halatoko, Paul Pana, Arnold Junior Sadio, and Issaka Maman

Subjects
Male, RNA viruses, 0301 basic medicine, Viral Diseases, Oropharyngeal swab, Coronaviruses, Epidemiology, Physiology, Cross-sectional study, Social Sciences, Antibodies, Viral, Biochemistry, Serology, Geographical Locations, Medical Conditions, Law Enforcement, 0302 clinical medicine, Risk Factors, Immune Physiology, Pandemic, Prevalence, Medicine, Targeted screening, 030212 general & internal medicine, Pathology and laboratory medicine, Virus Testing, Immunoassay, Immune System Proteins, Multidisciplinary, Middle Aged, Medical microbiology, Police, Professions, Infectious Diseases, Togo, Viruses, RNA, Viral, Female, SARS CoV 2, Pathogens, Coronavirus Infections, Research Article, Adult, SARS coronavirus, Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), Science, Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), Pneumonia, Viral, Immunology, Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction, Microbiology, Antibodies, Road transport, Betacoronavirus, 03 medical and health sciences, Diagnostic Medicine, Humans, Pandemics, Medicine and health sciences, Air transport, High risk populations, Biology and life sciences, SARS-CoV-2, business.industry, Organisms, Viral pathogens, COVID-19, Proteins, Outbreak, Covid 19, Microbial pathogens, Cross-Sectional Studies, 030104 developmental biology, Medical Risk Factors, People and Places, Africa, Law and Legal Sciences, Population Groupings, business, Criminal Justice System, Demography
Abstract

Background In December 2019, the COVID-19 outbreak began in China and quickly spread throughout the world and was reclassified as a pandemic in March 2020. The first case of COVID-19 was declared in Togo on March 5. Two months later, few data were available to describe the circulation of the new coronavirus in the country. Objective This survey aimed to estimate the prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 in high-risk populations in Lomé. Materials and methods From April 23, 2020, to May 8, 2020, we recruited a sample of participants from five sectors: health care, air transport, police, road transport and informal. We collected oropharyngeal swabs for direct detection through real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) and blood for antibody detection by serological tests. The overall prevalence (current and past) of infection was defined by positivity for both tests. Results A total of 955 participants with a median age of 36 (IQR 32–43) were included, and 71.6% (n = 684) were men. Approximately 22.1% (n = 212) were from the air transport sector, 20.5% (n = 196) were from the police sector, and 38.7% (n = 370) were from the health sector. Seven participants (0.7%, 95% CI: 0.3–1.6%) had a positive rRT-PCR test result at the time of recruitment, and nine (0.9%, 95% CI: 0.4–1.8%) were seropositive for IgM or IgG against SARS-CoV-2. We found an overall prevalence of 1.6% (n = 15), 95% CI: 0.9–2.6%. Conclusion The prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 infection among high-risk populations in Lomé was relatively low and could be explained by the various measures taken by the Togolese government. Therefore, we recommend targeted screening.

Published
2020
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20. Risk factors of hepatitis B virus surface antigen carriage and serological profile of HBsAg carriers in Lomé Togo, 2016

Author

Zoulkaneiri Issa, Wemboo Afiwa Halatoko, Simon Nouvura Antara, Didier K. Ekouevi, Agballa Mébiny-Esso Tchalla, Aboukerim Naba-Mouchedou, Pauline Yanogo, Idrissa Sanou, Kossi Badziklou, Adjaho Koba, Leou Ismael Banla, Koffi Akolly, Abiba Kere Banla, Hamadi Assane, Bernard Sawadogo, and Akouda Patassi

Subjects
Adult, Male, HBsAg, medicine.medical_specialty, 030209 endocrinology & metabolism, Serology, 03 medical and health sciences, Young Adult, 0302 clinical medicine, Internal medicine, Epidemiology, Ethnicity, Prevalence, Medicine, Humans, 030212 general & internal medicine, Hepatitis, Hepatitis B Surface Antigens, business.industry, Coinfection, lcsh:Public aspects of medicine, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Case-control study, lcsh:RA1-1270, Odds ratio, Hepatitis B, Middle Aged, medicine.disease, Serological profile, Hepatitis C, Carriage, Risk factors, Togo, Case-Control Studies, Carrier State, Female, business, HBs antigen, Lomé, Research Article
Abstract

Background In Togo, the prevalence of Hepatitis B Virus Surface Antigen (HBsAg) among young people aged 15–24 years was estimated at 16.4% in 2010; however, risk factors for HBsAg carriage are poorly documented. We sought to identify risk factors for HBsAg carriage and the serological profile of HBsAg carriers in Lomé (capital city of Togo). Method We conducted a case control study from October 2016 to March 2017 in Lomé. Cases and controls were randomly selected from a database of Institut National d’Hygiène (INH) of Lomé during a free screening campaign for hepatitis B. We calculated means, frequencies, proportions, odds ratios (OR), and 95% confidence interval (CI) and performed logistic regression. Results We included 83 confirmed cases and 249 controls. The median age was 31 years among cases and 30 years among the controls. The sex ratios (M/F) were 11/6 among cases and 4/3 for the controls. The independent risk factors for HBsAg carriage were the awareness of hepatitis B serological status (OR = 3.56, 95% CI [1.80–7.04]) and Kabyè-tem ethnic group (OR = 3.56, 95% CI [1.98–6.39]). Among HBsAg carriers, 13.3% were at the viral replication stage (all of whom were between 30 and 45 years of age) and 1.2% were at the acute stage of the disease. The prevalence of co-infection with hepatitis B and C was 4.80%. All co-infections were in women aged 24–28 years. Conclusion The Kabyè-tem ethnic group is at risk of HBsAg carriage in Lomé. Of note, most HBsAg carriers in this ethnic group are aware of their HBsAg serological status. Furthermore, the prevalence of Hepatitis among adults of reproductive age is high and is cause for concern. We therefore recommend screening and vaccination campaigns at subsidized prices among people aged 30 years and older.

Published
2019

21. The associations between water and sanitation and hookworm infection using cross-sectional data from Togo's national deworming program

Author

Rachel N. Bronzan, Menssah Teko, Ameyo M. Dorkenoo, Anders Seim, Kossi Yakpa, Gbati Datagni, Wemboo Afiwa Halatoko, Poukpessi Adjeloh, Efoe Sossou, Mawèke Tchalim, Koffi S. Sognikin, Yao Layibo, and Y. M. Agbo

Subjects
Male, Schistosoma Mansoni, Physiology, Helminthiasis, Prevalence, Social Sciences, Urine, Feces, Soil, 0302 clinical medicine, Sociology, Medicine and Health Sciences, Schistosomiasis, 030212 general & internal medicine, Child, Anthelmintics, Schistosoma haematobium, Schools, biology, lcsh:Public aspects of medicine, Eukaryota, Body Fluids, Infectious Diseases, Helminth Infections, Togo, Mass Drug Administration, Schistosoma, Female, Schistosoma mansoni, Anatomy, Research Article, Neglected Tropical Diseases, medicine.drug, lcsh:Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine, lcsh:RC955-962, 030231 tropical medicine, Education, Albendazole, 03 medical and health sciences, Helminths, Environmental health, parasitic diseases, Parasitic Diseases, medicine, Humans, Animals, Mass drug administration, Parasite Egg Count, business.industry, Organisms, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Biology and Life Sciences, lcsh:RA1-1270, Tropical Diseases, biology.organism_classification, medicine.disease, Invertebrates, Schistosoma Haematobium, Soil-Transmitted Helminthiases, Hookworms, business, Public Health Administration
Abstract

Background Togo has conducted annual, integrated, community-based mass drug administration (MDA) for soil-transmitted helminths (STH) and schistosomiasis since 2010. Treatment frequency and target populations are determined by disease prevalence, as measured by baseline surveys in 2007 and 2009, and WHO guidelines. Reported programmatic treatment coverage has averaged over 94%. Togo conducted a cross-sectional survey in 2015 to assess the impact of four to five years of MDA on these diseases. Methodology/Principal findings In every sub-district in the country outside the capital, the same schools were visited as at baseline and a sample of fifteen children age 6 to 9 years old was drawn. Each child submitted urine and a stool sample. Urine samples were tested by dipstick for the presence of blood as a proxy measure of Schistosoma haematobium infection. Stool samples were analyzed by the Kato-Katz method for STH and Schistosoma mansoni. At baseline, 17,100 children were enrolled at 1,129 schools in 562 sub-districts; in 2015, 16,890 children were enrolled at the same schools. The overall prevalence of both STH and schistosomiasis declined significantly, from 31.5% to 11.6% for STH and from 23.5% to 5.0% for schistosomiasis (p, Author summary Mass drug administration (MDA) is a key component of programs aimed at controlling soil-transmitted helminths (STH) and schistosomiasis, diseases that disproportionately impact individuals in developing countries and adversely affect physical and cognitive development. The World Health Organization recommends evaluating the impact of mass drug administration on the prevalence of these infections after five years of MDA. We present here a study of the impact of four to five years of MDA on the prevalence and intensity of STH and schistosomiasis infections in school children in Togo. The prevalence and intensity of these infections in 2015 were significantly reduced compared to a baseline survey conducted in 2009. Local baseline prevalence in 2009 was the strongest predictor of infection in 2015. These infections are more prevalent in boys than in girls, and in older versus younger children. We found that in areas with high baseline prevalence of hookworm the risk of rebound of infection is high among children who do not receive bi-annual treatment. This information is important for programs weighing the decision to stop MDA in areas where prevalence has been reduced through treatment. This and other findings from this study may help refine treatment recommendations for these diseases.

Published
2018
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22. Effectiveness of routine BCG vaccination on buruli ulcer disease: a case-control study in the Democratic Republic of Congo, Ghana and Togo

Author

Michael Frimpong, Wemboo Afiwa Halatoko, Ohene Adjei, Bernhard Fleischer, Bawimodom Bidjada, Franz Xaver Wiedemann, Jörg Nitschke, Abass Mohammed Kabiru, Thomas Löscher, Richard Phillips, Delphin Mavinga Phanzu, Marcus Beissner, Issaka Maman, Elysée Kalundieko Luzolo, Abiba Banla Kere, Gisela Bretzel, Kossi Badziklou, Fred Stephen Sarfo, Karl-Heinz Herbinger, Basile Kobara, Koffi Somenou Awoussi, Ebekalisai Piten, Yaw Ampem Amoako, and Adjaho Koba

Subjects
Male, Buruli ulcer, Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Ghana, 0302 clinical medicine, Risk Factors, Medicine and Health Sciences, Medicine, Child, Buruli Ulcer, Aged, 80 and over, 0303 health sciences, Mycobacterium bovis, education.field_of_study, biology, lcsh:Public aspects of medicine, Middle Aged, Bacterial Pathogens, 3. Good health, Vaccination, Infectious Diseases, Medical Microbiology, Child, Preschool, Togo, BCG Vaccine, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Female, Leprosy, Pathogens, Research Article, Adult, Tuberculosis, lcsh:Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine, Adolescent, lcsh:RC955-962, 030231 tropical medicine, Population, Microbiology, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Young Adult, 03 medical and health sciences, Humans, education, Microbial Pathogens, Aged, 030304 developmental biology, business.industry, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Infant, Biology and Life Sciences, Mycobacteria, lcsh:RA1-1270, biology.organism_classification, medicine.disease, Case-Control Studies, Immunology, business, BCG vaccine
Abstract

Background The only available vaccine that could be potentially beneficial against mycobacterial diseases contains live attenuated bovine tuberculosis bacillus (Mycobacterium bovis) also called Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG). Even though the BCG vaccine is still widely used, results on its effectiveness in preventing mycobacterial diseases are partially contradictory, especially regarding Buruli Ulcer Disease (BUD). The aim of this case-control study is to evaluate the possible protective effect of BCG vaccination on BUD. Methodology The present study was performed in three different countries and sites where BUD is endemic: in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ghana, and Togo from 2010 through 2013. The large study population was comprised of 401 cases with laboratory confirmed BUD and 826 controls, mostly family members or neighbors. Principal Findings After stratification by the three countries, two sexes and four age groups, no significant correlation was found between the presence of BCG scar and BUD status of individuals. Multivariate analysis has shown that the independent variables country (p = 0.31), sex (p = 0.24), age (p = 0.96), and presence of a BCG scar (p = 0.07) did not significantly influence the development of BUD category I or category II/III. Furthermore, the status of BCG vaccination was also not significantly related to duration of BUD or time to healing of lesions. Conclusions In our study, we did not observe significant evidence of a protective effect of routine BCG vaccination on the risk of developing either BUD or severe forms of BUD. Since accurate data on BCG strains used in these three countries were not available, no final conclusion can be drawn on the effectiveness of BCG strain in protecting against BUD. As has been suggested for tuberculosis and leprosy, well-designed prospective studies on different existing BCG vaccine strains are needed also for BUD., Author Summary After tuberculosis and leprosy, Buruli Ulcer Disease (BUD) is the third most common human mycobacterial disease. The only available vaccine that could be potentially beneficial against these diseases is BCG. Even though BCG vaccine is widely used, the results on its effectiveness are partially contradictory, probably since different BCG strains are used. The aim of this study was to evaluate the possible protective effect of BCG vaccines on BUD. The present study was performed in three different countries and sites where BUD is endemic: in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ghana, and Togo from 2010 through 2013. The large study population was comprised of 401 cases with laboratory confirmed BUD and 826 controls, mostly family members or neighbors. Considering the three countries, sex, and age, the analysis confirmed that the BCG vaccination did not significantly decrease the risk for developing BUD or for developing severe forms of BUD. Furthermore, the status of BCG vaccination was also not significantly related to duration of BUD or to time to healing of lesions. In our study, we could not find any evidence of a protective effect of routine BCG vaccination on BUD.

Published
2015

23. First observation in a non-endemic country (Togo) of Penicillium marneffei infection in a human immunodeficiency virus-infected patient: a case report

Author

O. Tidjani, K.S. Adjoh, Palokinam Pitché, Awerou Kotosso, Akouda Patassi, Koudjo Mawu, Dominique Salmon, Wemboo Afiwa Halatoko, Bayaki Saka, Majesté Ihou Wateba, and Dadja Essoya Landoh

Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty, Tuberculosis, Opportunistic infection, AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections, Case Report, Biology, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, Penicillium marneffei, medicine, Humans, Medicine(all), Molluscum contagiosum, Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), medicine.diagnostic_test, Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology(all), Penicillium, General Medicine, Middle Aged, medicine.disease, biology.organism_classification, Dermatology, Pneumonia, Mycoses, Togo, Immunology, Sputum, Female, medicine.symptom, Chest radiograph
Abstract

Background Infection with Penicillium marneffei is a common opportunistic infection in Southeast Asia where it is endemic. We report a case of Penicillium marneffei infection with fatal outcome in a Togolese woman infected with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). Case presentation A 45-years-old patient, infected with Human Immunodeficiency Virus had consulted for ongoing febrile pneumonia since two weeks. Clinical examination revealed fever of 38.5°C, dyspnea, pulmonary syndrome condensation and papulo-nodular of “molluscum contagiosum” like lesions located on the face, arms, neck and trunk. Sputum smear was negative for tuberculosis. The chest radiograph showed reticulonodular opacities in the right upper and middle lobes and two caves in the right hilar region. The CD4 count was 6 cells/mm3 after a year of antiretroviral treatment (Zidovudine-Lamivudine-Efavirenz). She was treated as smear negative pulmonary tuberculosis after a lack of gentamicin and amoxicillin plus clavulanic acid response. Culture of skin samples and sputum had revealed the presence of P. marneffei. A treatment with ketoconazole 600 mg per day was initiated. After two weeks of treatment, there was a decrease in the size and number of papules and nodules, without any new lesions. We noted disappearance of cough and fever. The chest X-ray showed a decrease of pulmonary lesions. There was no reactivation of P. marneffei infection but the patient died from AIDS after two years of follow up. Conclusion We report a case of P. marneffei infection in a HIV-infected patient in a non-endemic country. Clinicians should think of P. marneffei infection in all HIV-infected patients with “molluscum contagiosum” like lesions.

Published
2013

24. Implementation of a National Reference Laboratory for Buruli Ulcer Disease in Togo.

Author

Beissner, Marcus, Huber, Kristina Lydia, Badziklou, Kossi, Wemboo Afiwa Halatoko, Maman, Issaka, Vogel, Felix, Bidjada, Bawimodom, Koffi Somenou Awoussi, Piten, Ebekalisai, Helfrich, Kerstin, Mengele, Carolin, Nitschke, Jörg, Amekuse, Komi, Wiedemann, Franz Xaver, Diefenhardt, Adolf, Kobara, Basile, Herbinger, Karl¿Heinz, Banla Kere, Abiba, Prince-David, Mireille, and L&#246scher, Thomas

Abstract

Background: In a previous study PCR analysis of clinical samples from suspected cases of Buruli ulcer disease (BUD) from Togo and external quality assurance (EQA) for local microscopy were conducted at an external reference laboratory in Germany. The relatively poor performance of local microscopy as well as effort and time associated with shipment of PCR samples necessitated the implementation of stringent EQA measures and availability of local laboratory capacity. This study describes the approach to implementation of a national BUD reference laboratory in Togo. Methodology: Large scale outreach activities accompanied by regular training programs for health care professionals were conducted in the regions ''Maritime'' and ''Central,'' standard operating procedures defined all processes in participating laboratories (regional, national and external reference laboratories) as well as the interaction between laboratories and partners in the field. Microscopy was conducted at regional level and slides were subjected to EQA at national and external reference laboratories. For PCR analysis, sample pairs were collected and subjected to a dry-reagent-based IS2404-PCR (DRBPCR) at national level and standard IS2404 PCR followed by IS2404 qPCR analysis of negative samples at the external reference laboratory. Principal Findings: The inter-laboratory concordance rates for microscopy ranged from 89% to 94%; overall, microscopy confirmed 50% of all suspected BUD cases. The inter-laboratory concordance rate for PCR was 96% with an overall PCR case confirmation rate of 78%. Compared to a previous study, the rate of BUD patients with non-ulcerative lesions increased from 37% to 50%, the mean duration of disease before clinical diagnosis decreased significantly from 182.6 to 82.1 days among patients with ulcerative lesions, and the percentage of category III lesions decreased from 30.3% to 19.2%. Conclusions: High inter-laboratory concordance rates as well as case confirmation rates of 50% (microscopy), 71% (PCR at national level), and 78% (including qPCR confirmation at external reference laboratory) suggest high standards of BUD diagnostics. The increase of non-ulcerative lesions, as well as the decrease in diagnostic delay and category III lesions, prove the effect of comprehensive EQA and training measures involving also procedures outside the laboratory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2013
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25. Emergence of Lassa Fever Disease in Northern Togo: Report of Two Cases in Oti District in 2016

Author

Akessiwe Patassi, Akouda, Essoya Landoh, Dadja, Mebiny-Essoh Tchalla, Agballa, Afiwa Halatoko, Wemboo, Assane, Hamadi, Saka, Bayaki, Abdoukarim Naba, Mouchedou, Yaya, Issifou, Atsissinta Edou, Kossi, Agbeko Tamekloe, Tsidi, Kere Banla, Abiba, Mawule Davi, Kokou, Manga, Magloire, Kassankogno, Yao, and Salmon-Ceron, Dominique

Abstract

Background. Lassa fever belongs to the group of potentially fatal hemorrhagic fevers, never reported in Togo. The aim of this paper is to report the first two cases of Lassa fever infection in Togo. Case Presentation. The two first Lassa fever cases occurred in two expatriate’s health professionals working in Togo for more than two years. The symptoms appeared among two health professionals of a clinic located in Oti district in the north of the country. The absence of clinical improvement after antimalarial treatment and the worsening of clinical symptoms led to the medical evacuation. The delayed diagnosis of the first case led to a fatal outcome. The second case recovered under ribavirin treatment. Conclusion. The emergence of this hemorrhagic fever confirms the existence of Lassa fever virus in Togo. After a period of intensive Ebola virus transmission from 2013 to 2015, this is an additional call for the establishment and enhancement of infection prevention and control measures in the health care setting in West Africa.

Published
2017
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