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The eye’s retinotopic exposure to an adapter typically produces an after-image. For example, an observer who fixates a red adapter on a gray background will see an illusory cyan after-image after removing the adapter. The after-image’s content, like its color or intensity, gives insight into mechanisms responsible for adaptation and processing of a specific feature. To facilitate adaptation, vision scientists traditionally present stable, unchanging adapters for prolonged durations. How adaptation affects perception when features (e.g., color) dynamically change over time is not understood. To investigate adaptation to a dynamically changing feature, participants viewed a colored patch that changed from a color to gray, following either a direct or curved path through the (roughly) equiluminant color plane of CIE LAB space. We varied the speed and curvature of color changes across trials and experiments. Results showed that dynamic adapters produce after-images, vivid enough to be reported by the majority of participants. An after-image consisted of a color complementary to the average of the adapter’s colors with a small bias towards more recent rather than initial adapter colors. The modelling of the reported after-image colors further confirmed that adaptation rapidly instigates and gradually dissipates. A second experiment replicated these results and further showed that the probability of observing an after-image diminishes only slightly when the adapter displays transient (stepwise, abrupt) color transitions. We conclude from the results that the visual system can adapt to dynamic colors, to a degree that is robust to the potential interference of transient changes in adapter content.

This study seeks to explore the washback effect of the Malaysian University English Test (MUET), a high-stakes compulsory university entry test in the context of Malaysia. As simple and linear as it commonly appears, washback has been found to be far more complex than simply looking at the impact that a test might or might not have on the stakeholders. Therefore, this study aims to fill in this knowledge gap by systematically re-examining the beliefs on washback by investigating the relationship between the students’ perceptions of the MUET in terms of its importance and difficulty, with their language learning strategies whilst preparing for the test and after sitting the test. Using a mixed methods approach, a student questionnaire and student interview were utilised to elicit data from 30 male and 46 female students. The students were further divided into two groups, specifically those who were preparing for the MUET and those who had already sat the MUET. The findings suggest that preparing for the MUET encouraged the students to utilise a certain language learning strategy more compared to the others, specifically focusing on language skills that had not been formally tested before. Although the students’ perception did not significantly shape the students’ course of action when preparing for the test, it still had an impact on their overall view of the whole test-taking matter. This study is intended to add more insights to the less explored areas of washback, specifically the students’ perceptions and washback over time. https://doi.org/10.26803/ijlter.20.8.1

Providing reliable estimates of subpopulation/area parameters has attracted increased attention due to their importance in applications such as policymaking. Due to low or even no samples from some areas, we must adopt indirect model approaches. Existing indirect small area estimation methods often assume that a single nested error regression model is suitable for all the small areas. In particular, the effects of the auxiliary variables are either fixed or have a single attraction center. In some applications, it can be more appropriate to cluster the small areas so that the effects of the auxiliary variables are fixed but have multiple centers in the nested error regression model. In this paper, we examine an extended nested error regression model in which the auxiliary variables have mixed effects with multiple centers. We use a penalty approach to identify these centers and estimate the model parameters simultaneously. We then propose two new small area mean estimators and construct estimators of their mean square errors. Simulations based on artificial and realistic finite populations show that the new estimators can be efficient. Furthermore, the confidence intervals based on the new methods have accurate coverage probabilities. We illustrate the proposed methods with the Survey of Labour and Income Dynamics conducted in Canada.

The study analyzes the after effect of job stress and financial compensation both OCB and OCB to performance. This research uses explanatory type with a quantitative approach. Data collection techniques in this study were carried out by means of a literature study. Data analysis technique used is the Structural Equation Model (SEM) with the Smart Partial Least Square (PLS) tool. Results of this study shows that: (1) Job stress does not has a significant effect on OCB; (2) Financial compensation has a significant effect on OCB; (3) OCB has a significant effect on employee performance.

Foundation improvement over the world makes interest for development material. The issue emerging from consistent mechanical modern improvement is the transfer of waste material, the crude material of solid comprises of concrete, sand and pulverized total. Incomplete substitution or full substitution of this crude material by squander items may diminish the cost decreased the vitality utilization and furthermore lessen the natural contamination. The primary goal of the examinations is to empower the utilization of waste item as development material in practical way. A referral M-25 solid blend was utilized in the present examination. Absolutely 42 solid shapes have been threw, and tried their compressive quality. The physical and mechanical properties of the material utilized in concrete were explored. In this investigation the halfway swap has been completed for the coarse total by artistic and stone waste. An endeavor was made to halfway supplant the coarse total by clay and stone waste (6%, 12%, 18%, 24%, 30%, 36%). for every substitution. 6 referral solid blocks were threw for estimating 7 and 28 days compressive quality. The after effect of supplanted concrete is contrasted and the referral concrete.

With assessing those anti-arthritis actions in-vitro in chloroform extricate about garcinia Cambogia apples and oranges against egg whites denaturation. In regulated test condition egg whites might have been incubated for with different fixation for chloroform extricate Furthermore subjected will determination from claiming absorbance will assess the rate of protein restraint to Anti-arthritis movement utilizing diclofenac sodium as those standard medications regardless. Dosage reliant expand in the rate restraint might have been found. Likewise, an after effect. Restraint for egg whites denaturation might have been watched for every last one of centralization of the chloroform extricate from claiming garcinia Cambogia tree grown foods. Starting with that current study, it could be a chance to be closed that garcinia Cambogia tree grown foods possessed checked in vitro Anti-arthritis movement impact against denaturation for egg whites. Those impact might have been because of xanthone available Similarly as a standout amongst the phyto concoction segments On from claiming garcinia Cambogia tree grown foods.

Natural calamities cause massive affliction among affected communities. As a result, most survivors have to rely on their coping mechanisms and deal with their losses and consequent emotional grief. Taking November 8, 2013, super typhoon Haiyan, which was known as “Yolanda” locally, as an example, this study aims to report findings from within a phenomenological study designed to investigate the lived experiences of Yolanda survivors in Tacloban City. This study is based on the philosophy of Martin Heidegger, which recognises the role of self in interpretation and utilises hermeneutic phenomenology, which is concerned with understanding texts. In-depth interviews with survivors were conducted, and their responses were audio-recorded and transcribed. Five emergent themes were identified: (1) unperturbed and used, (2) emotion-focused outcomes, (3) divine faith, (4) ways of coping, and (5) resilience. In the process, the participants did not only survive but established a new sense of purpose and their renewed awareness in life was awakened. Future studies may investigate different types of coping assistance at various points in the recovery process, and additional research is needed to elucidate how different types of religious involvement may intercede the effects of a natural disaster.

The role of promotion in introducing various educational institutions especially at universities is very important, so that the public can get to know the message conveyed. This is evidenced by the growing type of promotion applied at several universities today, such as promotional videos, company profile videos, banners, brochures and others. With the various types of promotions, a university has a wider opportunity to be known by the public. Likewise with Raharja University, one of which has a type of Student Get Student (SGS) scholarship promotion. Raharja University is a private university with a concentration in management and computer science teaching located in Cikokol, Tangerang City. However, the SGS program still does not have its own promotional video. Therefore the SGS promotional video is needed so that the SGS program is increasingly known, especially by Raharja Students themselves and interested in joining the SGS scholarship program. By applying data collection methods and stages of the concept of media production consisting of stages of pre-production, production and post-production. And also using supporting applications, Adobe Photoshop CC 2017 and Adobe After Effect CC 2017. Video This scholarship program SGS is expected to help the marketing department in increasing the target of new student admissions each year.

The trial was carried out during 2013-2015, with two cotton cultivars – Helius and Darmi (Gossypium hirsutum L.). Herbicides Goal 2 Е (oxifluorfen), Linuron45 SC (linuron), Wing P (pendimethalin + dimethenamid), Merlin 750 WG (izoxaflutole), Bazagran 480 SL (bentazone) were studied. These herbicides were used alone or in combinations with the growth regulator Amalgerol premium or with the foliar fertilizer Lactofol O during the budding stage of cotton. From the viewpoint of cotton growing technology, technologically the most valuable are combinations of all herbicides with Lactofol O, which are followed by Wing-P + Amalgerol, Bazagran 480 SL + Amalgerol and sole use of herbicide Wing-P on cultivar Helius. Technologically the most valuable are herbicides Goal 2 E and Wing-P and tank mixtures Goal 2 E + Amalgerol, Wing-P + Amalgerol, Merlin 750 WG + Amalgerol, Bazagran 480 SL + Amalgerol, Wing-P + Lactofol O, Merlin 750 WG + Lactofol O and Bazagran 480 SL + Lactofol O on cultivar Darmi. These variants combine biggest primary germ weight and high stability of this index during the different years. The alone use of the herbicides Linuron 45 SC and Merlin 750 WG has low assessment and should be avoided.

The trial was carried out during 2013-2015, with twelve cotton cultivars (Gossypium hirsutum L.). Influence of herbicides Bazagran 480 SL (bentazone), Pulsar 40 (imazamox) and Express 50 VG (tribenuron-methyl) was studied. These herbicides were used during the budding stage of cotton. The herbicide Bazagran 480 SL has the highest phytotoxicity on the primary germ length of seeds of cotton cultivars Chirpan-539 and Trakia and the lowest on cultivar Natalia. The herbicide Pulsar 40 has the highest phytotoxicity on the primary germ length of seeds of cotton cultivar Dorina and the lowest on the cultivars IPK-Veno and Viki. The herbicide Express 50 VG has the highest phytotoxicity on the primary germ length of seeds of the cotton cultivar Chirpan-539 and the lowest on the cultivars Helius and Trakia. From the viewpoint of cotton growing technology, technologically the most valuable are all cultivars, by foliar treatment with herbicide Bazagran 480 SL. Technologically the most valuable are cultivars Viki, IPK-Veno, Boyana and Natalia by foliar treatment with herbicide Pulsar 40. Technologically the most valuable are cultivars Helius, Trakia, Viki, Avangard and Nelina by foliar treatment with herbicide Express 50 VG. These variants combine high primary germ lengths and high stability of this index during the different years.

This is an android application used for managing after effect of flood and providing goods and services for victims Our project is about Flood Relief Camp Management System.Our intention through this project is to help the needy one, who are suffering from flood disaster.Where we mainly focused on the camp management where the volunteer can help the victim by manpower,essentials etc. Which include food,medical supplies and related stuff.Here we have a major role in controlling overflow or lack of supplies where we transfer those to the locations where its more needy.Our concept helps to balance automatically by using data mining and association mining concepts .We balance the camp essentials by comparing neighboring camps and sort it them out based on the nearest point and manage the goods by transferring.We also sort out the nearest volunteer and assign them to the nearest requested area and we track them by updating status which allow others to know whether the requested service is done.

Previous studies have shown that current movement is influenced by the previous movement, which is known as the previous trial effect. In this study, we investigated the influence of the inter-trial interval, movement observation, and hand dominance on the previous trial effect of the non-target discrete movement. Right-handed healthy humans abducted the index finger in response to a start cue, and this task was repeated with constant inter-trial intervals. The absolute difference in the reaction time (RT) between the previous and current trials increased as the inter-trial interval increased. The absolute difference in RT reflects the reproducibility of the time taken for the motor execution between two consecutive trials. Thus, the finding supported the view that there is a carryover of movement information from one trial to the next, and that the underlying reproducibility of the RT between the two consecutive trials decays over time. This carryover of movement information is presumably conveyed by implicit short-term memory, which also decays within a short period of time. The correlation coefficient of the RT between the previous and current trials decreased with an increase in the inter-trial interval, indicating that the common responsiveness of two consecutive trials weakens over time. The absolute difference was smaller when the response was performed while observing finger movement, indicating that a carryover of the visual information to the next trial enhances the reproducibility of the motor execution process between consecutive trials. Hand dominance did not influence the absolute difference or correlation coefficient, indicating that the central process mediating previous trial effect of hand movement is not greatly lateralized.

People with incomplete spinal cord injury (iSCI) usually show impairments in lateral balance control during walking. Effective interventions for improving balance control are still lacking, probably due to limited understanding of motor learning mechanisms. The objective of this study was to determine how error size and error variability impact the motor learning of lateral balance control during walking in people with iSCI. Fifteen people with iSCI were recruited. A controlled assistance force was applied to the pelvis in the medial-lateral direction using a customized cable-driven robotic system. Participants were tested using 3 conditions, including abrupt, gradual, and varied forces. In each condition, participants walked on a treadmill with no force for 1 minute (baseline), with force for 9 minutes (adaptation), and then with no force for additional 2 minutes (post-adaptation). The margin of stability at heel contact (MoS_HC) and minimum value moment (MoS_Min) were calculated to compare the learning effect across different conditions. Electromyogram signals from the weaker leg were also collected. Participants showed an increase in MoS_Min (after effect) following force release during the post-adaptation period for all three conditions. Participants showed a faster adaptation and a shorter lasting of after effect in MoS_Min for the varied condition in comparison with the gradual and abrupt force conditions. Increased error variability may facilitate motor learning in lateral balance control during walking in people with iSCI, although a faster learning may induce a shorter lasting of after effect. Error size did not show an impact on the lasting of after effect.

The aim of the study is to evaluate protective properties of the quark product manufactured with transglutaminase and enriched with probiotics, oligomerous proanthocyanidines and vitamins; the biological experiment on the growing laboratory Wistar stock rats has been carried out. The rats of two from three groups subjected within 21 days to the effect of low-frequency weak variable magnetic field received in semi-synthetic diet composition extra experimental and control samples of the quark product. The index of feed intake and the rats’ body mass growth was registered within 32 days. At the end of the experiment blood serum biochemical index was evaluated. It was revealed that the animals consuming the experimental product substantially gained the mass before the effect (gain from the 1st up to 10th days made up 12%) as well as after effect (gain from 11th up to 32nd days – 10.3%); upon completion of the experiment the gains of these animals exceeded the gains of the rats consuming the control product by more than 28%. The experiment revealed the lipolipedemic and hypoglycemic effect of the experimental quark product that has been evidenced by the significant reduction of cholesterol (by more than 20%), glucose (up to 40%) in the rats’ blood serum. On administration of the experimental dairy product in the animals’ diet subjected to the impact of low-frequency weak magnetic field the effect of the broken balance recovery in antioxidant/pro-oxidant system was observed due to reduction of pro-oxidant load at the enzymatic as well as low molecular links of the antioxidant system. The identified antioxidant and adaptogenic effect of the developed dairy product promoting to reduce the intensity of free-radical oxidation at the impact of low-frequency electromagnetic field on the body make it possible recommend it in dietotherapy for correction of antioxidant/pro-oxidant status.

Abstract. In two experiments, we investigated the impact of perceived available cognitive resources using a sequential-task paradigm. First, participants worked on an easy or difficult cognitive task. Then, they received a cue suggesting that their cognitive resources were still optimal or they did not receive any information on their resources. Subsequently, they worked on a second difficult cognitive task (Experiment 1) or received painful electrical stimulations (Experiment 2). We predicted that the cue on optimal resources would neutralize the effect of the first difficult task on subsequent cognitive performance and pain. Overall, results supported our predictions. We interpret these findings as showing an important role of perceived available resources in the after-effect induced by the sequential-task paradigm.

This article focuses on the redefinition of Chilean middle classes’ identities as an after effect of their social experiences through the 1970s, as Chile passed through three historical milestones ...

Glass patterns (GPs) have been widely employed to investigate the mechanisms underlying processing of global form from locally oriented cues. The current study aimed to psychophysically investigate the level at which global orientation is extracted from translational GPs using the tilt after-effect (TAE) and manipulating the spatiotemporal properties of the adapting pattern. We adapted participants to translational GPs and tested with sinewave gratings. In Experiment 1, we investigated whether orientation-selective units are sensitive to the temporal frequency of the adapting GP. We used static and dynamic translational GPs, with dynamic GPs refreshed at different temporal frequencies. In Experiment 2, we investigated the spatial frequency selectivity of orientation-selective units by manipulating the spatial frequency content of the adapting GPs. The results showed that the TAE peaked at a temporal frequency of ∼30 Hz, suggesting that orientation-selective units responding to translational GPs are sensitive to high temporal frequencies. In addition, TAE from translational GPs peaked at lower spatial frequencies than the dipoles’ spatial constant. These effects are consistent with form-motion integration at low and intermediate levels of visual processing.

The study examined the after effect of a merger and rightsizing strategy employed by Ecobank Ghana Limited and the Trust Bank Limited when they merged in the year 2012. The aim of the study was to gather data to be able to create a practice guide for future corporate restructurings. As a qualitative study, data was collected from twenty (20) survivors using a semi-structured interview and secondary information for the period 2012–2019. The study found that while the merger had a significant effect on role and workload, it had little effect on productivity and job security. Although the merger had to an extent brought on certain efficiencies for EGH in terms of its share of operating assets and its asset quality, it had not achieved efficiency regarding its cost-to-income ratio and liquidity.

Postural adaptability is related to central sensory integration and reweighting efficiency. Incline-interventions lead to lean after-effect (LAE), but it is not fully known how sensory reweighting may affect the magnitude and duration of LAE. We tasked fifteen young and healthy subjects with performing incline-interventions under conditions designed to perturb proprioception during or after the incline-intervention. We found that support surface configuration affected responses to tendon vibration. Additionally, vibration during an incline-intervention did not inhibit LAE, but vibration during an after-effect significantly affected LAE. Results reinforce claims that postural adaptation is based on modifications of central mechanisms of perception, not peripheral shank proprioceptors and improve our understanding of the role of sensory reweighting and sensory integration into postural adaptability.

West Papua was granted Special Autonomy status in 2008 as mandated by Government Regulation No.1/2008. Special Autonomy Law has granted more or less than 30 percent of education Special Autonomy Funds for West Papua. Thus, this study evaluates the impact of Special Autonomy Law on education attainment in Indonesia. We use panel data sets of 33 regions in Indonesia that covers the period of 2001 to 2018. We employ quasi-experiment analysis, specifically the Difference-in-difference (DID) analysis in evaluating before and after effect of Special Autonomy Law in West Papua. We further develop fixed-effect model (FEM) panel data analysis in understanding the impact of Special Autonomy Law on education by controlling socioeconomic and demographic variables. DID analysis in this study suggests that Special Autonomy Law appears to worsen education attainment in West Papua. This study further found that despite positive and significant effect of education spending share on education attainment, it appears that the realization of education spending in West Papua is relatively low. Keywords: Special Autonomy Law, Education Attainment, Education Spending Share, DID, FEM

ObjectiveThe study aims to investigate the after-effect of three sessions of intermittent theta-burst stimulation (iTBS) on motor cortical excitability. The iTBS was induced over the primary motor cortex (M1) at different time intervals.MethodsThe study has a crossover design. Sixteen participants were assigned to three groups and received different accelerated iTBS (aiTBS) protocols during each visit: (1) three continuous sessions with no interval (iTBS18000); (2) three iTBS sessions with 10-min intervals (iTBS600 × 3∗10); and (3) three iTBS sessions with 30-min intervals (iTBS600 × 3∗30). As washout period, each visit is separated by at least 7 days. We measured the motor cortical excitability changes and intracortical inhibition.ResultsA dose of 1,800 pulses of aiTBS per day is tolerable. The iTBS1800 led to a reduced cortical excitability; whereas iTBS600 × 3∗10 and iTBS600 × 3∗30 enhanced cortical excitability to a differential extent. After a total dose of 1,800 pulses, iTBS600 × 3∗30 exhibited the longer effect and highest percentage of individuals with enhanced cortical excitability.ConclusionThe results suggest that aiTBS protocols at different time intervals result in different motor cortical excitability after-effects.

Nanotechnology has been proclaimed as an industrial revolution. Early spurt in agrarian development rate as an after effect of the ‘First Green Revolution’ has resulted sprung the rate in agricultural growth. However, it is now experiencing a slowdown. Demands have been rising for enhancing agricultural productivity through several measures and nanotechnology is one of them. Application of nanotechnology in agriculture has been a key interest of public and researchers especially over the last decades. Potential of nanotechnology in bringing changes in agricultural industry is promising. Invention of nanotech-based tools and equipment has the aim of increasing agricultural efficiency as well as to overcome challenges faced. Nanomaterial application may be the key element to nutrient optimizing management that will reduce nutrient loss in fertilization, as well as reduction in plant protection products application. The present chapter discusses the overview of possible nanotechnology field applications in food and agricultural industries, as well as assessing its pros and cons.

International demand of crude oil is likely to drop in the current year due to immediate shock that has been created because of COVID-19 outbreak around the globe covering 183 countries. According to the International Energy Agency’s (IEA) recent forecast on oil market, the present COVID-19 pandemic has restricted travel and other financial activities throughout the world. The economic state of condition is very much volatile, thereby generating an unusual degree of insecurity amongst the investors, as because the total after effect of this pandemic is still unknown. Demand for crude oil in IEA’s central base case has been dropped for the current year for the first time since 2009, mainly due to huge fall in consumption of oil in China, the second largest importer of crude oil (https://www.iea.org/news/global-oil-demand-to-decline-in-2020-as-coronavirus-weighs-heavily-on-markets).

The purpose of the research is to develop a technology of socio-political rehabilitation of the individuals who experienced a traumatic event or suffer from PTSP. The technology is supposed to use a modern diagnostic device system to measure psychological and psychophysiological characteristics of an individual. The research allowed verification of the assumption that control of the dynamics of the changes occurring in the state of the patient under the influence of the rehabilitation measures increases effectiveness of the psychological support. The control is mainly performed immediately after the completion of the whole set of rehabilitation measures and/or in a certain period after their completion (in order to determine the action after effect). To develop the ability to regulate emotional states of the individuals who experienced a posttraumatic event it is suggested to apply the technology of socio-psychological rehabilitation, which can be implemented with the help of special equipment. Therefore, one of the tasks of the study was to develop a diagnostic system to perform step-by-step control of effectiveness of the rehabilitation procedures.

We obtain the solution of the problem about longitudinal impact of heterogeneous rod in presence of linear law of relaxation and after-effect in case when one end of rod is connected to some mass, and the other undergoes the impact by some load, we conduct the research of this solution.

Along with the development of the times and technology requires everyone to have creativity and skills in him. Creativity and skills in the field of technology are a unity that go hand in hand and are indispensable in the world of work. For this reason, it needs to be instilled from an early age in directing and developing the skills and creativity of a student. By providing direction and guidance to students from an early age, it will help students in terms of learning and competition in the world of work. Adobe After Effects is a skillful skill that is rarely owned by everyone and needs to be introduced to students to help them do a creativity that will later be appreciated by companies or universities. Where every company needs a creative person to help work in the fields of design, animation, and multimedia, as well as universities. Universities really need teachers who are experts in the multimedia field.

To develop effective interventions targeting locomotor stability, it is crucial to understand how people control and modify gait in response to changes in stabilization requirements. Our purpose was to examine how individuals with and without incomplete spinal cord injury (iSCI) control lateral stability in haptic walking environments that increase or decrease stabilization demands. We hypothesized that people would adapt to walking in a predictable, stabilizing viscous force field and unpredictable destabilizing force field by increasing and decreasing feedforward control of lateral stability, respectively. Adaptations in feedforward control were measured using after-effects when fields were removed. Both groups significantly (p0.05) decreased step width in the stabilizing field. When the stabilizing field was removed, narrower steps persisted in both groups and subjects with iSCI significantly increased movement variability (p0.05). The after-effect of walking in the stabilizing field was a suppression of ongoing general stabilization mechanisms. In the destabilizing field, subjects with iSCI took faster steps and increased lateral margins of stability (p0.05). Step frequency increases persisted when the destabilizing field was removed (p0.05), suggesting that subjects with iSCI made feedforward adaptions to increase control of lateral stability. In contrast, in the destabilizing field, non-impaired subjects increased movement variability (p0.05) and did not change step width, step frequency, or lateral margin of stability (p0.05). When the destabilizing field was removed, increases in movement variability persisted (p0.05), suggesting that non-impaired subjects made feedforward decreases in resistance to perturbations.

Systems with after-effect are considered, whose states are described by Volterra integro-differential equations. The critical case of one zero root of the characteristic equation is investigated (where all the other roots have negative real parts) along with the question of the existence in this case of limit periodic motions of the system, i.e., motions which tend exponentially to periodic regimes with unbounded increase of time. A time-dependent, small, piecewise-continuous limit periodic perturbation, generated by external factors, is present in the system. It is shown that in the system under the perturbation, limit periodic motions arise that are represented by power series in fractional powers of a small parameter characterizing the perturbation magnitude. As an example, rotational limit periodic oscillations of a solid plate in an air flow are considered with time dependence of the flow about the plate taken into account by introducing integral terms into the aerodynamic torque.