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Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the stationary cyclic fatigue resistance (CFR) of three endodontic instrument systems at varying temperatures (20 ± 1°C and 37 ± 1°C).. Methods: Ninety endodontic instruments from three instrument systems (HyFlex CM, 2Shape and Hero Gold) of constant tip size and taper (25.04) were selected for this study. These systems were broadly, divided into three groups (n=30): Group 1 (Hyflex CM), Group 2 (2Shape) and Group 3 (Hero Gold). Each group was further subdivided into two subgroups based on the temperature variable used. The endodontic instruments were subjected to stationary cyclic fatigue testing at 20 ± 1°C and 37 ± 1°C using a stainless-steel block with an artificial canal. The number of cycles to failure (NCF) were recorded Results: Data was analysed using two-way ANOVA and Tukey post-hoc tests at a 95% confidence level. The instrument type and temperature variable significantly affect the NCF values. The observed NCF of the tested instruments was higher at 20±10 °C compared to its values at 37±10 °C and was statistically significant. The HyFlex CM group exhibited the highest CFR at 20±10 °C, while at 37±10 °C the Hero Gold instruments exhibited a higher CFR. Conclusion: It can be inferred that Hero Gold instruments exhibited superior clinical performance when compared with Hyflex CM and 2Shape rotary instruments at body temperature (37±10 °C). The observed reduction in the NCF when increasing the temperature ranges between 30.29% - 71.27%.. Keywords: Cyclic Fatigue Resistance, Hero Gold, Hyflex CM, Nickel-Titanium, Stationary Fatigue, and 2Shape ÖZ Amaç: Bu çalışma, üç endodontik alet sisteminin değişen sıcaklıklarda (20 ± 1°C ve 37 ± 1°C) sabit yorulma direncini (CFR) değerlendirmeyi amaçladı Yöntemler: Bu çalışma için sabit uç boyutu ve konikliğe (25,04) sahip üç alet sisteminden (HyFlex CM, 2Shape ve Hero Gold) doksan endodontik alet seçildi. Bu sistemler genel olarak üç gruba ayrıldı: Grup 1 (Hyflex CM), Grup 2 (2Shape) ve Grup 3 (Hero Gold). Her grup ayrıca kullanılan sıcaklık değişkenine bağlı olarak iki alt gruba bölündü. Endodontik aletler, yapay kanallı paslanmaz çelik bir blok kullanılarak 20 ± 1°C ve 37 ± 1°C'de sabit döngüsel yorulma testine tabi tutuldu. Arızaya kadar olan döngü sayısı (NCF) kaydedildi Bulgular: Veriler, iki yönlü ANOVA ve Tukey post-hoc testleri kullanılarak %95 güven seviyesinde analiz edildi. Alet tipi ve sıcaklık değişkeni NCF değerlerini önemli ölçüde etkiler. Test edilen cihazların gözlenen NCF'si 20±10 C'de 37±10 C'deki değerlerine göre daha yüksekti ve istatistiksel olarak anlamlıydı. HyFlex CM grubu en yüksek CFR'yi 20±10 C'de sergilerken, 37±10 C'de Hero Gold aletleri daha yüksek bir CFR sergiledi Sonuç: Hero Gold aletlerinin vücut sıcaklığında (37±10 C) Hyflex CM ve 2Shape döner aletlerle karşılaştırıldığında üstün klinik performans sergilediği söylenebilir. Sıcaklık artırıldığında NCF'de gözlenen azalma %30,29 - %71,27 arasında değişmektedir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Cyclic Fatigue Resistance, Hero Gold, Hyflex CM, Nickel-Titanium, Stationary Fatigue, and 2Shape

The present case report describes the non-surgical treatment of alveolar inferior nerve paresthesia caused by the extrusion of calcium hydroxide as intracanal medicament. A 45-year-old female patient had a chief complaint of numbness and pain in the left lower lip region for 2 months. Radiographic examination revealed calcium hydroxide overflow into the mandibular canal. Irrigation of the root canal system with saline using a 27-gauge needle was done to remove as much calcium hydroxide as possible but proved ineffective in removing material from the outside tissues. Root canal treatment was completed in 1 week, and non-surgical paresthesia treatment with steroids and pregabalin was done for one month. In the 1-year follow-up control, the paresthesia had reduced significantly. In a 4-year follow-up visit, there was a complete resolution of paresthesia, and the radiographic analysis showed that calcium hydroxide was completely resorbed.

The study focused on utilizing lemon grass straw to generate cellulose through the process of delignification, which involves the removal of hemicelluloses, followed by bleaching. The study involves the microwave-assisted alkali extraction, followed by characterizing the extracted material. At microwave power of 540 W using 8 % NaOH for 3 min for lignin removal and 540 W for 2 min for bleaching showed the maximum yield of 37.46 %. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy is employed to analyze the physical properties of extracted cellulose, namely the hydroxyl (OH), carbonyl (C=O), C–H bonds, C–O and C–C bonds, and glycosidic linkage (C–O–C) within the cellulose polymer chain. The extracted cellulose exhibited excellent thermal stability, as indicated by its high breakdown temperature. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis revealed prominent peaks at 14.8°, 16.5°, and 22.5°, demonstrating the presence of crystalline cellulose. The crystallinity index value of 70.02 % further confirmed the crystalline nature of the extracted cellulose.

Salt is a mineral used in various industries/foods to fulfil different needs. Its utilization for food preparation is most common and its unmonitored consumption leads to many diseases. In this article, two sensors S1 and S2 have been designed and simulated using COMSOL MULTIPHYSICS 5.6 software to measure the salt concentration of various salt samples. The performances of the sensor structure have been evaluated by varying geometrical parameters and electrode materials. The sensor works on the extension of Thompson and Lampard Theorem, a well-known principle used to fabricate a primary standard of capacitor. Sensor S2 is fabricated, and experiments are conducted with various concentrations of salt samples. The experimental results closely match the results of the simulation and the commercial conductivity meter. A highly linear response with a sensitivity of 1.87 mV/(mg/100 ml) and with an average repeatability index of ±0.17% is observed. Furthermore, the Gaussian Naïve Bayes-based machine learning algorithm has been used to categorize salt samples into eight different salt taste types. The data for salt concentration samples are generated using 100 volunteers. The machine learning algorithm achieved an accuracy of 93.33% for predicting salt taste type.

Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) allows three-dimensional evaluation of external root morphology and internal canal configuration of teeth thus allowing accurate diagnosis of rare complexities in the root canal system. This case study presented root canal re-treatment of a maxillary first molar #16 of a 29 years old female patient, wherein, thorough radiographic examination revealed single root morphology in all the teeth. CBCT analysis confirmed the root form and root canal configuration. Endodontic retreatment of the #16 was performed. The maxillary first molars had double fused roots with C-shaped canal configuration while maxillary second and third molars had O-shaped canals with single roots bilaterally. The mandibular first molars had two completely fused roots with C-shaped canal configuration. While the mandibular second and third molars also had C-shaped canal configuration with single roots. The canal configuration of maxillary and mandibular molars was classified according to Martin’s and Fan’s classification respectively. This unique finding of single and double fused roots with C-shaped canal configuration in the posterior teeth in a single patient has rarely been reported in literature.

This case report aimed to report the localized contact Urticaria with epoxy resin-based root canal sealer (AH Plus). Dental materials usually contain chemical that may cause potential allergic reactions to the clinicians as well as patients. Occupational disease in form of contact dermatitis may occur to the dentists. An adolescent postgraduate student in the department of conservative dentistry and endodontics, with an ASA physical status I encountered itching, erythema, and swelling of her left-hand skin with the first-time use of AH Plus sealer in her career. A diagnosis of Contact Urticaria was established by the dermatologist upon examination. Topical steroids and antihistamine drugs were advised to the endodontic postgraduate and within a week the symptoms were resolved. The case report focuses attention on handling of epoxy resin-based root canal sealer. The dentists should exercise care and follow manufacturer's instructions while handling the dental materials.

The present case series aims to describe the management of teeth with pulp canal obliteration (PCO) using the novel static-guided endodontic technique. Traumatic dental injury may result in partial or complete PCO, with and without periapical rarefaction and pose challenges during endodontic management. Three young adolescent patients presented to the department with a chief complaint of pain/discoloration/broken upper front teeth. The teeth were tender on percussion. Thermal and electrical pulp tests were negative for the concerned incisors. The periapical radiographic examinations revealed PCO and signs of periapical changes. A diagnosis of pulp necrosis; symptomatic apical periodontitis was established and nonsurgical endodontic treatment using the guided endodontic approach was planned with the patient consent. A cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) scan and intraoral scanning were obtained using the special software to facilitate guided endodontics procedure. The surgical guides and a customized drill were fabricated. The drilling depth for the access to the calcified part was established using CBCT data, ensuring straight-line access. Conventional root canal treatment was completed. One-year follow-up examination revealed the absence of pain and periapical healing. In complicated cases with PCO and apical periodontitis, a CBCT and “Guided Endodontics” could be useful to save the tooth with minimal destruction of tooth structure and increase the chances of endodontic success.

Poniol (Flacourtia jangomas) has beneficial health effects due to its high polyphenolic and good antioxidant activity content. This study aimed to encapsulate the Poniol fruit ethanolic extract to the sucrose matrix using the co-crystallization process and analyze the physicochemical properties of the co-crystalized product. The physicochemical property characterization of the sucrose co-crystallized with the Poniol extract (CC-PE) and the recrystallized sucrose (RC) samples was carried out through analyzing the total phenolic content (TPC), antioxidant activity, loading capacity, entrapment yield, bulk and traped densities, hygroscopicity, solubilization time, flowability, DSC, XRD, FTIR, and SEM. The result revealed that the CC-PE product had a good entrapment yield (76.38%) and could retain the TPC (29.25 mg GAE/100 g) and antioxidant properties (65.10%) even after the co-crystallization process. Compared to the RC sample, the results also showed that the CC-PE had relatively higher flowability and bulk density, lower hygroscopicity, and solubilization time, which are desirable properties for a powder product. The SEM analysis showed that the CC-PE sample has cavities or pores in the sucrose cubic crystals, which proposed that the entrapment was better. The XRD, DSC, and FTIR analyses also showed no changes in the sucrose crystal structure, thermal properties, and functional group bonding structure, respectively. From the results, we can conclude that co-crystallization increased sucrose’s functional properties, and the co-crystallized product can be used as a carrier for phytochemical compounds. The CC-PE product with improved properties can also be utilized to develop nutraceuticals, functional foods, and pharmaceuticals.

Male infertility is a significant global issue affecting 60–80 million people, with 40%–50% of cases linked to male issues. Exposure to radiation, drugs, sickness, the environment, and oxidative stress may result in testicular degeneration. Carbohydrate‐based polymers (CBPs) restore testis differentiation and downregulate apoptosis genes. CBP has biodegradability, low cost, and wide availability, but is at risk of contamination and variations. CBP shows promise in wound healing, but more research is required before implementation in healthcare. Herein, we discuss the recent advances in engineering applications of CBP employed as scaffolds, drug delivery systems, immunomodulation, and stem cell therapy for testicular regeneration. Moreover, we emphasize the promising challenges warranted for future perspectives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the centering ability, canal transportation and efficacy of re-treatment rotary and hand files in removing Gutta Percha from root canals using Cone Beam Computed Tomography(CBCT). Materials and Methods: Sixty extracted human maxillary anteriors were obturated and randomly divided into three groups. Root fillings were removed with ProTaper Universal retreatment system, R-Endo system, and Hedstrom files. CBCT scans were taken. Statistical Analysis and Results: The data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS 15.0, IBM). The mean and standard deviation among the groups was calculated by one-way analysis of variance, Kruskal–Wallis, and Mann– Whitney U-tests, and the comparison among the various groups was done by post hoc Tukey's test. A statistically significant amount of remaining root canal filling material and canal transportation was noted (P < 0.05). Conclusion: No system completely removed the root filling material from root canals. Manual instrumentation resulted in more dentin loss and canal transportation than rotary file system.

Conductive nanomaterials have recently gained a lot of interest due to their excellent physical, chemical, and electrical properties, as well as their numerous nanoscale morphologies, which enable them to be fabricated into a wide range of modern chemical and biological sensors. This study focuses mainly on current applications based on conductive nanostructured materials. They are the key elements in preparing wearable electrochemical Biosensors, including electrochemical immunosensors and DNA biosensors. Conductive nanomaterials such as carbon (Carbon Nanotubes, Graphene), metals and conductive polymers, which provide a large effective surface area, fast electron transfer rate and high electrical conductivity, are summarized in detail. Conductive polymer nanocomposites in combination with carbon and metal nanoparticles have also been addressed to increase sensor performance. In conclusion, a section on current challenges and opportunities in this growing field is forecasted at the end.

Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved cellular recycling process that maintains cellular homeostasis. Despite extensive research in endocrine contexts, the role of autophagy in ovarian and testicular steroidogenesis remains elusive. The significant role of autophagy in testosterone production suggests potential treatments for conditions like oligospermia and azoospermia. Further, influence of autophagy in folliculogenesis, ovulation, and luteal development emphasizes its importance for improved fertility and reproductive health. Thus, investigating autophagy in gonadal cells is clinically significant. Understanding these processes could transform treatments for endocrine disorders, enhancing reproductive health and longevity. Herein, we provide the functional role of autophagy in testicular and ovarian steroidogenesis to date, highlighting its modulation in testicular steroidogenesis and its impact on hormone synthesis, follicle development, and fertility therapies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BackgroundDespite rising incidence and mortality rates in Africa, cancer has been given low priority in the research field and in healthcare services. Indeed, 57% of all new cancer cases around the world occur in low income countries exacerbated by lack of awareness, lack of preventive strategies, and increased life expectancies. Despite recent efforts devoted to cancer epidemiology, statistics on cancer rates in Africa are often dispersed across different registries. In this study our goal included identifying the most promising prevention and treatment approaches available in Africa. To do this, we collated and analyzed the incidence and fatality rates for the 10 most common and fatal cancers in 56 African countries grouped into 5 different regions (North, West, East, Central and South) over 16-years (2002–2018). We examined temporal and regional trends by investigating the most important risk factors associated to each cancer type. Data were analyzed by cancer type, African region, gender, measures of socioeconomic status and the availability of medical devices.ResultsWe observed that Northern and Southern Africa were most similar in their cancer incidences and fatality rates compared to other African regions. The most prevalent cancers are breast, bladder and liver cancers in Northern Africa; prostate, lung and colorectal cancers in Southern Africa; and esophageal and cervical cancer in East Africa. In Southern Africa, fatality rates from prostate cancer and cervical cancer have increased. In addition, these three cancers are less fatal in Northern and Southern Africa compared to other regions, which correlates with the Human Development Index and the availability of medical devices. With the exception of thyroid cancer, all other cancers have higher incidences in males than females.ConclusionOur results show that the African continent suffers from a shortage of medical equipment, research resources and epidemiological expertise. While recognizing that risk factors are interconnected, we focused on risk factors more or less specific to each cancer type. This helps identify specific preventive and therapeutic options in Africa. We see a need for implementing more accurate preventive strategies to tackle this disease as many cases are likely preventable. Opportunities exist for vaccination programs for cervical and liver cancer, genetic testing and use of new targeted therapies for breast and prostate cancer, and positive changes in lifestyle for lung, colorectal and bladder cancers. Such recommendations should be tailored for the different African regions depending on their disease profiles and specific needs.