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This article explores the dynamics of nanofluids consisting of copper (TiO2) nanoparticles suspended in water, as they interact with sensor surfaces between two parallel squeezing plates with porous characteristics. This research specifically targets applications involving enhanced heat transfer and magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) control in nanofluid systems. The primary aim is to analyze the effects of nanoparticle aggregation and non-aggregation on sensor surfaces, considering MHD formations and heat transfer in the energy and momentum equations. The research adopts a steady-state fluid condition and utilizes similarity transformations to convert partial differential equations into more manageable ordinary differential equations. The methodology involves shooting methods for solving these nonlinear ordinary differential equations and employs graphical analyses to study the impacts of various parameters such as permeability, magnetic influence, squeeze flow, and radiation on the temperature and velocity profiles of the nanofluid. The results reveal significant dependencies of temperature and velocity profiles on the studied parameters, illustrating varied behaviors in scenarios of both aggregation and non-aggregation of nanoparticles. The findings emphasize how each parameter distinctively influences the heat and flow characteristics of the nanofluid, offering insights into optimizing conditions for better performance and control in practical applications. Future research could focus on extending the model to include transient fluid states and exploring the effects of other nanoparticle materials and shapes. There is also potential to investigate the interactions under different environmental conditions and to incorporate more complex boundary conditions to simulate real-world applications more accurately. Further experimental validation of the theoretical predictions would be beneficial to enhance the reliability and applicability of the findings.

Application: The impact of flow, heat transfer, and magneto hydrodynamics on sensor surfaces between two parallel compressing plates with porous walls has been examined in this study. This study focuses on understanding unsteady compressed flow in two dimensions, utilizing Aluminum oxide, copper oxide, and titanium dioxide with base fluid polymers as the base fluid. Nanofluids, known as nanometer suspensions in traditional nanoscale fluid transfer, are explored for their potential application in improving lubricative and cooling properties. Purpose and methodology: This study aims to investigate the behavior of a tri-hybrid nanofluid (Aluminum oxide, copper oxide, and titanium dioxide with base fluid polymers) in terms of flow dynamics, heat transfer, and magneto hydrodynamics. Energy and momentum equations, considering magneto hydrodynamic forms and heat transfer, are analyzed. The study employs numerical methods, including similarity transforms and a shooting approach, to solve the governing equations. Core findings: Several parameters, including permeable parameter, magnetic parameter, squeeze flow index parameter, volume fraction by nanoparticles, and radiation parameter, are investigated for their effects on temperature profile and velocity profile. The study illustrates these effects graphically and discusses the influence of these parameters on different components of velocity and temperature fields. Additionally, the impact of the radiation parameter (R) on temperature fields is examined for both positive. Future work: Future research may focus on further optimizing the tri-hybrid nanofluid composition for specific applications, exploring additional parameters that may affect flow behavior, heat transfer, and entropy generation. Additionally, experimental validation of the numerical findings and the development of more advanced numerical techniques for solving complex fluid dynamics problems could be the areas of interest for future work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To compare thyroidectomy by Ligasure™ with conventional technique in terms of mean intra operative blood loss. Study Design: Randomized Control Trial. Setting: Surgical Unit-I, Allied Hospital Faisalabad. Period: August 2018 to April 2019. Material & Methods: All the patients were admitted through out-patient department. Informed consent was taken. The patients were counseled on expected outcome particularly on cosmesis and possible complications, especially the expectant management of seroma. Clinical examination was done to confirm the diagnosis. Preoperative investigation was carried out in the ward. Patients were divided in 2 groups by lottery method. Group A included patients in which total thyroidectomy was done using Ligasure vessel sealing system. Group B included patients in which total thyroidectomy was done using conventional thread ligation technique. All patients were given general anesthesia. Patients in each group had surgery by respective method. Intraoperative blood loss was measured by weighing the dry gauze preoperatively and soaked gauze post operatively. Difference in weight was given estimated blood loss that was recorded in milliliters. Results: In our study, out of 70 cases, 42.86%(n=15) in Group-A and 34.29%(n=12) in Group-B were between 18-50 years of age whereas 57.14%(n=20) in Group-A and 65.71%(n=23) in Group-B were between 51-70 years of age, mean+sd was calculated as 50.86+7.94 years in Group-A and 53.26+6.57 years in Group-B, 34.29%(n=12) in Group-A and 28.57%(n=10) in Group-B were male whereas 65.71%(n=23) in Group-A and 71.43%(n=25) in Group-B were females, comparison of thyroidectomy by Ligasure™ with conventional technique in terms of mean intra operative blood loss shows that 61.31+4.37 ml in Group-A and 72.11+3.83 ml in Group-B, p value was 0.0001. Conclusion: We concluded that Ligasure™ is significantly better when compared with conventional technique during thyroidectomy in terms of mean intra operative blood loss. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To compare mean early post-operative pain and frequency of wound healing of pilonidal sinus using application of crystallized phenol versus wide excision with open healing. Study Design: Randomized Controlled Trial. Setting: Department of Surgical, Allied Hospital Faisalabad. Period: 13-10-2018 to 12-04-2019. Material & Methods: A total of 60 patients were operated in our unit during the study period and were allocated into two groups randomly: Group A and Group B. The patients in Group A underwent treatment using crystallized phenol. Patients in Group B underwent wide local excision of the pilonidal sinus tract. All patients were given single dose of broad-spectrum antibiotic at time of procedure. Analgesia in post-operative period was maintained by using Diclofenac Sodium (Inj Artifen 75mg/3ml IM) as requested by the patient as long as the safe dose is not exceeded. First assessment of all patients was done at 24 hours after surgery. The analgesic requirement and visual analog scale score were documented for patients of both groups at this time. Follow up visit for patients in both groups was scheduled at 3 weeks after treatment. All the data was collected with the help of a specially designed Performa. Results: Mean pain score in Group-A was calculated as 1.36+0.55 and in Group-B it was 3.23+0.82, p value was 0.0001, comparison of wound healing in both groups shows that wound healing in Group-A was in 80%(n=24) and in Group-B, it was 30%(n=9), p value was 0.0001. Conclusion: We concluded that mean early post-operative pain and frequency of wound healing of pilonidal sinus using application of crystallized phenol is significantly lower when compared with wide excision with open healing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Early intervention among patients with prediabetes can prevent or delay diabetes. Moreover, regression from prediabetes to normal glucose regulation has been associated with reduction in cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. Estimate of prevalence of this condition is vital as diabetes is now a global epidemic requiring steps towards its prevention. Study Design: Descriptive study. Setting: Fatima Memorial Hospital & Medical & Dental College Lahore. Period: 1st February 2016 till 1st February 2017. Objective: To determine the prevalence of pre-diabetes and associated risk factors and demographic features in our local population using HbA1c as a screening test. Material and Methods: The study population includes adults 18 years and above who reported in hospital outdoor as well as employees, faculty members and students. Subjects were included in the study after taking written consent. The statistical analysis was performed on SPSS version 23. Results: The number of subjects included was 400. 138(34%) had HbA1c value in prediabetic range (5.7-6.4%) and 56 (14%) in diabetic range (>6.4%). Mean age of prediabetics was 41± 13, 34% were males and 66% were females, 27% were in age group less than 30 years. Their mean HbA1c was 5.9%. Above normal body mass index (BMI) was reported in 128 (93%) and positive family history of diabetes mellitus (DM) in 135 (98 %) subjects (P value: 0.00). All females with history of Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome and Gestational Diabetes showed prediabetes. Conclusion: The prevalence of prediabetes is significant in our studied population. It has strong association with family history of diabetes and above normal BMI values. There are also a significant number of undiagnosed asymptomatic diabetics in our population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), is a multifactorial, complex etiological disorder, characterized by inflammation and involvement of multiple organ systems including lungs. Objective: 1-To evaluate whether high resolution computed tomography (HRCT) helps in the diagnosis of pulmonary manifestations of SLE. 2-To study the pattern and extent of lung involvement using HRCT. Design: A Prospective cross - sectional clinical study. Period: Four years, July 2012 to June 2016. Setting: King Khalid University Hospital (KKUH) King Saud University (KSU), Rheumatology division Department of Medicine. Methods: This study included 113 patients attending outpatients or admitted as inpatients having respiratory symptoms and diagnosed as SLE according to American College of Rheumatology (ACR) classification criteria. Chest X-ray, pulmonary function tests, and HRCT chest were done. Investigations to detect other organ involvement were done. Pregnant females and patients having other connective tissue or occupational diseases were excluded. Results: Of the total 113 patients 102 were female and 11 males. Age of patients was 37.1 ±13.0 years. The HRCT abnormalities were pleural effusion, pleural thickening, atelectasis, ground glass opacities including nonspecific interstitial pneumonitis (NSIP) and usual interstitial pneumonitis (UIP), pulmonary arterial hypertension, pulmonary embolism and hilar lymphadenopathy. Conclusion: Various pulmonary manifestations are present in a significant number of symptomatic SLE patients and a variety of HRCT patterns can be seen to diagnose and treat them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Study Objectives: To assess pre and post intervention preventive knowledge & practices about Dengue infection. 1). To compare knowledge about Dengue infection between 2nd and 5th year medical students. 2). To compare preventive practices about dengue infection, between 2nd year and 5th year medical students. Data Source: 2nd year and 5th year medical students. Study Design: Cross-sectional with descriptive analysis. Setting: Study was conducted in one medical school in the city of Lahore. Period: Data collection was completed in one month. Material and Method: Out of total number of undergraduate medical schools in the city of Lahore where each one is considered as a cluster one was selected by simple random sampling. Within the selected cluster (medical school) the students were (study units) were selected by simple random sampling. Data collection technique & tool: Data was collected through self-administered questionnaires. Sample size: 200 medical students from the selected medical school. Hundred students each from 2nd and 5th year ongoing classes were selected through simple random sampling. Results: 35.5% (71/200) of medical students interviewed in both the classes had an idea about the causative agent of Dengue infection of which 59.2% (42/71) were 5th year and 40.8% (29/71) were 2nd year medical students. Sufficient knowledge about symptoms of Dengue infection was found in 50.0% (100/200) of all participants out of which 59.0% (59/100) were in final and 41% (41/100) were in 2ndyear of medical school. 51% (102/200) students were aware about different serotypes of Dengue infection out of which 63.7% (65/102) were 5th year and 36.3% (37/102) were 2nd year medical students (p< 0.0001: 95% CL: 1.7-5.6). About 42.5% (85/200) students interviewed were knowledgeable of different preventive measures to combat Dengue infection in community of which 49.4% (42/85) were 5th year and 50.6% (43/85) were 2nd year medical students (p= 0.88, 95% CL: .54-1.6). Similarly out of 5th year students who were aware of preventive measures against Dengue infection 50 %( 21/42) were undertaking preventive practices as compared to 51% (22/43) of 2nd year medical students (p= 0.91, CL: .40-2.2). Conclusions: There was no statistically significant difference in preventive knowledge and practices against Dengue infection between 5th and 2nd year medical students. Thus Community Medicine curriculum related to vector-borne diseases delivered in year 4 of medical school was not successful in producing post intervention knowledge and behavior change in 5th year medical students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]