Search

Using the Geant4 code, we have performed a full-scale simulation of the LSD response to the neutrino burst from SN1987A. The neutrino flux parameters were chosen according to one of the models: the standard collapse model or the rotational supernova explosion model. We showed that, depending on the chosen parameters, one can either obtain the required number of pulses in the detector or reproduce their energy spectrum, but not both together. The interaction of neutrino radiation both with LSD itself and with the material of the surrounding soil was taken into account in our simulation. We also explored the hypothesis that the entire unique LSD signal at 2:52 UT was produced by neutron fluxes from the surrounding granite. However, this hypothesis was not confirmed by our simulation. The results obtained provide a rich material for possible interpretations., Comment: 18 pages, 11 figures

Sources of seasonal temperature variations in the average energy of the muon flux detected in the LVD experiment have been discussed. It has been shown that variations are due to the processes of generation of muons in upper layers of the atmosphere and the passage of muons through a thick rock layer., Comment: 13 pages, 2 figures

The Large Volume Detector (LVD), hosted in the INFN Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso, is triggered by atmospheric muons at a rate of $\sim 0.1$~Hz. The data collected over almost a quarter of century are used to study the muon intensity underground. The 50-million muon series, the longest ever exploited by an underground instrument, allows for the accurate long-term monitoring of the muon intensity underground. This is relevant as a study of the background in the Gran Sasso Laboratory, which hosts a variety of long-duration, low-background detectors. We describe the procedure to select muon-like events as well as the method used to compute the exposure. We report the value of the average muon flux measured from 1994 to 2017: $\mathrm{I_{\mu}^0 = 3.35 \pm 0.0005^{stat}\pm 0.03^{sys} \cdot 10^{-4} ~m^{-2} s^{-1}}$. We show that the intensity is modulated around this average value due to temperature variations in the stratosphere. We quantify such a correlation by using temperature data from the European Center for Medium-range Weather Forecasts: we find an effective temperature coefficient $\mathrm{\alpha_{T}} = 0.94\pm0.01^{stat} \pm0.01^{sys}$, in agreement with other measurements at the same depth. We scrutinise the spectral content of the time series of the muon intensity by means of the Lomb-Scargle analysis. This yields the evidence of a 1-year periodicity, as well as the indication of others, both shorter and longer, suggesting that the series is not a pure sinusoidal wave. Consequently, and for the first time, we characterise the observed modulation in terms of amplitude and position of maximum and minimum on a year-by-year basis., Comment: 26 pages, 10 figures, 4 tables

Cosmic ray muons with the average energy of 280 GeV and neutrons produced by muons are detected with the Large Volume Detector at LNGS. We present an analysis of the seasonal variation of the neutron flux on the basis of the data obtained during 15 years. The measurement of the seasonal variation of the specific number of neutrons generated by muons allows to obtaine the variation magnitude of of the average energy of the muon flux at the depth of the LVD location. The source of the seasonal variation of the total neutron flux is a change of the intensity and the average energy of the muon flux., Comment: XXV ECRS 2016 Proceedings - eConf C16-09-04.3

The charge ratio ${k \equiv \mu^+/\mu^-}$ for atmospheric muons has been measured using Large Volume Detector (LVD) in the INFN Gran Sasso National Laboratory, Italy (minimal depth is 3000 m w.e.). To reach this depth muons should have the energy at the sea level greater than 1.3 TeV. The muon charge ratio was defined using the number of the decays of stopping positive muons in the LVD iron structure and the decays of positive and negative muons in scintillator. We have obtained the value of the muon charge ratio ${k}$ ${= 1.26 \pm 0.04(stat) \pm 0.11(sys)}$., Comment: 16 pages, 7 figures, 1 table. Version submitted for publication

The experimental data on the yield of muon-induced neutrons for liquid scintillator, iron and lead accumulated during 60 years of muon interaction underground study have been analyzed. A universal formula connecting the yield with muon energy loss in the matter and neutron production in hadronic and electromagnetic showers is presented., Comment: 5 pages, 1 table, 2 figures

We report the measurement of the time-of-flight of ~17 GeV muon neutrinos on the CNGS baseline (732 km) with the Large Volume Detector (LVD) at the Gran Sasso Laboratory. The CERN-SPS accelerator has been operated from May 10th to May 24th 2012, with a tightly bunched-beam structure to allow the velocity of neutrinos to be accurately measured on an event-by-event basis. LVD has detected 48 neutrino events, associated to the beam, with a high absolute time accuracy. These events allow to establish the following limit on the difference between the neutrino speed and the light velocity: -3.8 x 10-6 < (v-c)/c < 3.1 x 10-6 (at 99% C.L.). This value is an order of magnitude lower than previous direct measurements.

The purpose of this work is to report the measurement of a time-shift in the OPERA set-up in a totally independent way from Time Of Flight (TOF) measurements of CNGS neutrino events. The LVD and OPERA experiments are both installed in the same laboratory: LNGS. The relative position of the two detectors, separated by an average distance of ~ 160 m, allows the use of very high energy horizontal muons to cross-calibrate the timing systems of the two detectors, using a TOF technique which is totally independent from TOF of CNGS neutrino events. Indeed, the OPERA-LVD direction lies along the so-called "Teramo anomaly", a region in the Gran Sasso massif where LVD has established, many years ago, the existence of an anomaly in the mountain structure, which exhibits a low m. w. e. thickness for horizontal directions. The "abundant" high-energy horizontal muons (nearly 100 per year) going through LVD and OPERA exist because of this anomaly in the mountain orography. The total live time of the data in coincidence correspond to 1200 days from mid 2007 until March 2012. The time coincidence study of LVD and OPERA detectors is based on 306 cosmic horizontal muon events and shows the existence of a negative time shift in the OPERA set-up of the order of deltaT(AB) = - (73 \pm 9) ns when two calendar periods, A and B, are compared. This result shows a systematic effect in the OPERA timing system from August 2008 until December 2011. The size of the effect is comparable with the neutrino velocity excess recently measured by OPERA. It is probably interesting not to forget that with the MRPC technology developed by the ALICE Bologna group the TOF world record accuracy of 20 ps was reached. That technology can be implemented at LNGS for a high precision determination of TOF with the CNGS neutrino beams of an order of magnitude smaller than the value of the OPERA systematic effect.

The CERN Neutrino to Gran Sasso (CNGS) project aims to produce a high energy, wide band $\nu_{\mu}$ beam at CERN and send it toward the INFN Gran Sasso National Laboratory (LNGS), 732 km away. Its main goal is the observation of the $\nu_{\tau}$ appearance, through neutrino flavour oscillation. The beam started its operation in August 2006 for about 12 days: a total amount of $7.6~10^{17}$ protons were delivered to the target. The LVD detector, installed in hall A of the LNGS and mainly dedicated to the study of supernova neutrinos, was fully operating during the whole CNGS running time. A total number of 569 events were detected in coincidence with the beam spill time. This is in good agreement with the expected number of events from Montecarlo simulations., Comment: Accepted for publication by the European Physical Journal C ; 7 pages, 11 figures

In this paper we show the capabilities of the Large Volume Detector (INFN Gran Sasso National Laboratory) to identify a neutrino burst associated to a supernova explosion, in the absence of an "external trigger", e.g., an optical observation. We describe how the detector trigger and event selection have been optimized for this purpose, and we detail the algorithm used for the on-line burst recognition. The on-line sensitivity of the detector is defined and discussed in terms of supernova distance and electron anti-neutrino intensity at the source., Comment: Accepted for pubblication on Astroparticle Physics. 13 pages, 10 figures

The LVD detector, located in the INFN Gran Sasso National Laboratory (Italy), studies supernova neutrinos through the interactions with protons and carbon nuclei in the liquid scintillator and interactions with the iron nuclei of the support structure. We investigate the effect of neutrino oscillations in the signal expected in the LVD detector. The MSW effect has been studied in detail for neutrinos travelling through the collapsing star and the Earth. We show that the expected number of events and their energy spectrum are sensitive to the oscillation parameters, in particular to the mass hierarchy and the value of $\theta_{13}$, presently unknown. Finally we discuss the astrophysical uncertainties, showing their importance and comparing it with the effect of neutrino oscillations on the expected signal., Comment: Accepted for pubblication on Astroparticle Physics. 36 pages, 18 figures