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Alternating hemiplegia of childhood (AHC) is characterized by recurrent hemiplegic episodes and paroxysmal disorders, dystonia, nystagmus, epileptic seizure, mental retardation, and intellectual impairment. Alternating hemiplegia of childhood is caused by pathogenic variants in the genes encoding α-1, -2, and -3 subunits of Na,K-ATPase. Among them, pathogenic variants in ATP1A3 are responsible for almost 80% of cases. The aim of our study was to present a patient with de novo ATP1A2 mutation as the primary cause of AHC and to study the spectrum of phenotypes associated with mutation in this gene. Our study presents a case of a 9-year-old boy who was correctly diagnosed with AHC at the age of 8 years. The example of our patient proves that pathogenic variants in ATP1A2 correlate with milder phenotype.

Introduction Over past decades the number of patients suffering from psychiatric disorders all around the world is constantly increasing. Thank to general awareness and less stigmatization people seek for specialist’s help more willingly. Recently, one of the most common diagnoses has been anxiety disorder and many of them also tend to abuse alcohol. So far, scientists have focused mostly on alcoholism as a consequence of anxiety disorder, due to patients’ predilection to addictions. However, ethanol can also trigger anxiety itself. Aim of the study The aim of this study is to summarize the current state of knowledge on the role of alcohol in anxiety disorder development and its pathomechanisms. Material and methods This article is based on available publications in Pubmed and Google Scholar databases. Conclusions Excessive alcohol consumption may lead to the development of anxiety disorder in some patients, as well as, many other psychiatric disturbances. However, further research must be done to find out precise pathomechanism responsible for those states.

Complaints of diarrhea and other gastrointestinal symptoms are common among endurance runners. These problems may interfere with athletic activities and be the main cause of underperformance during sports events. It is estimated that this difficulty affects 30 to 90 percent of long-distance runners. The most important pathophysiological factors affecting the occurrence of gastrointestinal symptoms are ischemia and mechanical damage to the intestines, as well as the secretion of neuroendocrine substances. The diet before physical exercise is also one of the most significant factors related to the appearance of gastrointestinal symptoms. Avoiding the intake of fat, caffeine, protein, fiber, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and dehydration before performance is one of the suggestions for preventing runner’s diarrhea. There are new recommendations for athletes, such as avoidance of fermentable oligosaccharides, disaccharides, monosaccharides, and polyols (FODMAPs) and the intake of multiple transportable carbohydrates. It seems that a short-term gluten free diet has no effect on the performance of athletes but further research is needed. Mechanisms of runner’s diarrhea are still poorly understood, so more research needs to be conducted to improve the recommendations to runners.

Depressive disorders of antenatal and postnatal period are diagnostic challenge, as well as increasingly frequent social problem. Incidence of antenatal depression varies from 10% to 16%. Around one third of all postpartum depression cases has its beginning during the antenatal period. From the beginning of 2019, Ministry of Health’s regulations specified for the first time the recommendation to perform screening of depressive symptoms - twice during the pregnancy and once during the perinatal period, defined as the first six weeks after the delivery. Therefore the review of current studies in the subject of mental health issues during pregnancy was conducted in order to establish possible risk factors.

INTRODUCTION Social media platforms are commonly used worldwide, affecting every-day living of billions of people. It may impacts both self-esteem and self-evaluation of its users. Formed by social influence, the ideal beauty standards lead to an unhealthy comparison, need of external validation and pursuit of ideal appearance. Induced body image dissatisfaction could be the cause of many different eating disorders or rigorous exercises. Promoted by media, ideal body-image creates unhealthy focus on BMI, weight and shape of one’s own body. PURPOSE The aim of this study is to present the current state of knowledge on the impact of social media on evolving dissatisfaction with body image, followed by eating disorders. METHODS For the purposes of writing this article, the available literature was reviewed. The database of medical publications – PubMed database and publicly available books was searched, using keywords such as social media and body image disorders, eating disorders. RESULTS According to reviewed studies, spending more time on following social media intensifies body image disorders among both young women and men, as a result of negative upward comparison of their external appearance. A problematic social media use, passive and focused on image-related platforms, heightens a risk of developing a self-dissatisfaction and body concerns. Disordered eating behaviors are significantly connected to a frequent use of an image-related social media platforms. CONCLUSIONS Maintaining a healthy relationships with peers and parents protects self-esteem of adolescents and lowers the risk of body-image and eating disorders. A greater focus should be put on educating young people about their value, self-assessment and healthy relations.

Introduction Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a serious, multi-system disease. In the Caucasian population CF is the most common autosomal recessive disease, which happens for 1 person in 3,500 births [1]. In the course of CF, there is a dysfunction of many organs, mainly the respiratory and digestive systems. Symptomatic treatment of cystic fibrosis is very important. The change in daily eating habits, the use of proper breathing techniques and psychotherapy also have an impact on improving the quality of life of patients. In the past patients died at a young age. The progress in the diagnosis and treatment of cystic fibrosis has meant that nowadays more and more people are reaching adulthood. In recent years, the median survival of patients has increased to 46.2 years. [2] Purpose The aim of this review is to present the current state of knowledge about ways to improve the quality and length of life of patients with CF. Methods The literature available in the Pubmed and Google Scholarship databases was reviewed using key phrases. Results Additional methods of treatment, such as: learning the correct breathing technique, oxygen therapy, physical exercise or proper nutrition, significantly improve the living conditions of patients.

The medical use of botulinum toxin nowadays is widespread. Recent years show that use of botulinum toxin is not only used to control the muscular overactivity in bruxism, tension in temporomandibular disorders but also it can be applied for cosmetic reasons. The objective of this study was to view recent discoveries in this subject by conducting a systemic review of clinical trials published in the research works. Recent studies present efficacy in releasing pain in both: bruxism and temporomandibular disorders by minimizing symptoms and reducing the intensity of muscle contractions. The scientific works cited confirm a noticeable improvement in most symptoms occurring in the states mentioned above.

Depression is a common mental health disorder that affects the majority of the population. The exact cause of depression is not fully understood, but various factors such as genetics, environmental stressors, and psychological factors are believed to play a role. Due to the complexity of the etiopathogenesis of depression, the selection of appropriate therapeutic management is sometimes complicated. Treatment for depression typically involves a combination of medication and psychotherapy. Antidepressant medication can help alleviate symptoms by regulating neurotransmitters in the brain, while psychotherapy can help individuals understand and change negative thoughts and behaviors. Physical activity, such as sport, has been shown to have a positive impact on mental health and can help alleviate symptoms of depression. Exercise releases endorphins, reducing stress and improving mood. Health education can also play a role in preventing and managing depression by raising awareness, reducing stigma, and teaching individuals coping skills to maintain good mental health.

Introduction and purpose: Eating disorders are an ever-growing problem, both in the general population and also in the population of pediatric patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus. However, for this specific group of patients, there is a twofold higher risk of developing eating disorders, the occurrence of additional distinct forms of these disorders, the so-called diabulimia - consisting of deliberate restriction of insulin delivery or skipping insulin doses, which can consequently lead to poor metabolic control of diabetes , and even threaten the lives of patients. The purpose of this work is to present the current state of knowledge on the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of eating disorders in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes. The state of knowladge: The background of the onset of eating disorders in pediatric patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus includes the lowered self-esteem accompanying early adolescence, stress, excessive focus on external appearance, as well as difficulties in accepting the diagnosis and a rather strict dietary regime. Since the treatment of eating disorders is long and difficult, the most important goal becomes effective prevention and rapid selection of patients with a predisposition to develop such disorders. The first screening tools - SEEDS, m-SCOFF and DEPS-R questionnaires - have already been developed, and the effectiveness of therapy sessions aimed at this group of patients is also being studied. Summary: Therapy of eating disorders in patients with type 1 diabetes should be targeted at this specific patient population. It requires cooperation and communication of teams dealing separately with these diseases, education of the staff and their thorough knowledge of the background of the problem, prompt action and, above all, the development of specific guidelines for management, methods of prevention and the earliest possible start of treatment, which will also include the patient's caregivers.

Objective The aim of the study was to indicate the difficulties associated with gluten-free diet and the point of its use by people without medical indications. Another important aspect of the article was to analyze the impact of this diet on the course of chronic diseases. Methods For the purposes of writing this article, the available literature was reviewed. Using keywords such as gluten, gluten-free, or diet, the database of medical publications - PubMed was searched. Results: The popularity of the gluten-free diet is growing. The reason for this is increased interest in health lifestyle and nutrition as well as the influence of the mass media. Because of that, the number of people on a gluten-free diet without medical indications is increasing. Following a gluten-free diet is associated with many difficulties. Gluten-free products are much more expensive and less available than their gluten-containing counterparts. It is associated with many obstacles in everyday life. An important aspect is also the imbalance of supplied nutrients and the risk of macro and micronutrient deficiencies, such as magnesium, zinc or selenium, as a result of the gluten-free diet. With the increasing popularity of the gluten-free diet, there are more and more studies on the potential benefits of its use in chronic diseases. Conclusion: A gluten-free diet remains the only therapeutic option in the course of diseases such as celiac disease, non-celiac gluten sensitivity or wheat allergy. Due to the insufficient amount of data, its use is not recommended in the course of other chronic diseases and in the population of people without medical indications.

Introduction: Treatment of breast cancer may be associated with the subsequent occurrence of many side effects, which may have a significant negative impact on the quality of life of patients after treatment. Such patients may experience bothersome menopausal symptoms, persistent pain, insomnia and depressed mood. The most common treatment to combat the above symptoms is pharmacotherapy, which in turn could also be associated with additional side effects. Cognitive-behavioral therapy can be an effective alternative to pharmacological treatment as well as an effective complementary treatment. Aim of the study: The aim of the study is to summarize the current state of knowledge on the impact of cognitive-behavioral therapy on improving quality of life of patients after breast cancer treatment. Material and methods: The literature available in the Pubmed database was reviewed using key phrases. Results: Cognitive-behavioral therapy used in patients after breast cancer treatment brings good results in combating symptoms such as anxiety, depression, menopausal symptoms, persistent, chronic pain or insomnia resulting from the above symptoms. With the above therapy, you can correct not only the severity, but above all the perception of all of the above-mentioned symptoms, which is of key importance in the context of maintaining the quality of life as before the start of treatment. Conclusion: The development of patient education on the benefits of using cognitive behavioral therapy as an adjuvant treatment after breast cancer treatment may have a beneficial effect on improving the quality of life in these patients.

Introduction Acne vulgaris is the most common skin disease that affects the majority of the population. Concepts on the pathogenesis of this disease have been changing over the years, as evidenced by the current indication of the precedence of inflammatory or immunological processes over disorders of keratinization of the outlets of hair and sebaceous units during the formation of acne lesions. Due to the complexity of the etiopathogenesis of acne vulgaris, the selection of appropriate therapeutic management is sometimes complicated. In addition, the process of treating the disease is multifaceted and time-consuming. Purpose The purpose of this review is to present the current state of knowledge on the effects of physical activity, diet and stress on acne vulgaris, as well as on the pathogenesis of acne vulgaris and the therapeutic management of patients suffering from this disease. Methods Literature was searched in PubMed and Google Scholarship databases. Publicly available books were searched. Results There is a proven precedence of inflammatory or immune processes over disorders of the keratinization of the estuaries of hair and sebaceous units during the formation of acne lesions. Conclusions Specialists should delve into the mechanism of the problem visible on the patient's skin to effectively and permanently cure the disease.

Introduction Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a fatal pulmonary disease that leads to progressive fibrosis and extremely poor resaults.. Since the etiology is unknown, there are highly limited options of the IPF treatment. The researchers are trying to discover the most valuable targets, leading them to the agents registered in different conditions or not registered as any other treatment. This innovative approach can result in IPF being determined as not fatal. Purpose The purpose of our review is to present possible future treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and point out the promising targets that could lead the researchers to the development of better IPF management. Materials and methods We have reviewed the literature from the PubMed database searching for clinical trials, meta analysis and randomized controlled trials from the past 5 years. The keywords we agreed on offered us the most informative articles and made us hope for the further development of our article. Results Our review shows that there are new targets that could significantly benefit IPF treatment. However, the means we presented in our review need more research to prove its safeness, effectiveness in slowing down the decline of the FVC, improving patients’ physical efficiency, their saturation level and most importantly their ability to stop the continuous fibrosis of the lungs. Conclusions The only treatment registered for IPF are nintedanib and pirfenidone, but the researchers continue the exploration of new possible measures to improve the survival rate and quality of life of the patients suffering from this fatal disease.

Introduction and purpose: According to WHO 15 million people suffer from stroke, one-third of which dies and the other one-third is permanently disabled. For this reason, this condition is a very important medical and social problem. It is one of the leading causes of death, after cardiovascular diseases and cancer. It is also one of the most common causes of disability in the adult population. The economic aspects are related not only to the costs of hospital treatment, but above all to rehabilitation and chronic treatment. The aim of this article is to present the most important stroke risk factors and, based on them, to describe recommendations for effective stroke prevention. A brief description of the state of knowledge: In recent years, numerous studies have been conducted on the relationship between various factors and the risk of stroke. It turned out that many stroke risk factors are modifiable and by using various methods we are able to significantly reduce the risk of its occurrence. The most important risk factor is the patient's hypertension. Others are cardiovascular diseases such as atrial fibrillation; diabetes, obesity, low level of physical activity, improper diet, consumption of alcohol and tobacco products. Summary: Through education and promotion of a healthy lifestyle in society (high physical activity, healthy diet, lack of addictions, taking care of mental health and avoiding excessive stress), as well as regular blood pressure and glucose control and effective treatment of conditions leading to stroke, the incidence of stroke among people can actually be reduced. This issue still requires further research and constant expansion of our knowledge.

Due to the increasing number of patients suffering from celiac disease (CD) and difficulties in diagnosing, scientists raise awareness of different symptoms that patients might present. CD is an autoimmune, genetical disease of small intestine however, symptoms might be related to many different systems apart from gastrointestinal one, for instance nervous system. A common and non-specific symptom of untreated CD might be depression. A gluten intake by patients with genetical predisposition results in antibodies production which can affect central nervous system causing depression. Moreover, we observe imbalance between amino acids and its metabolites, for example serotonin, which lead to mood disorder. In those patients who suffer from drug-resistant depression, testing for CD should be done and if they are positive, the patient should immediately start a gluten-free diet. This action could reduce symptoms of depression. The following article is a review of current knowledge related to correlation between CD and depression, its pathomechanism and gluten-free diet as a possible way of treatment. This article is based on available publications in Pubmed and Google Scholar databases.

Vitamin D is traditionally associated with the regulation of mineral metabolism and bone homeostasis, and its deficiency is the cause of diseases such as osteoporosis or osteomalacia. However, numerous studies in recent years suggest that thanks to the common expression of the vitamin D receptor (VDR) on the cells of the body and the related additional anti-inflammatory, immunomodulating, antioxidant, anti-fibrotic vitamin D effects, it may play a role in the development and progress of autoimmune diseases and tumors. The collected data suggest that low vitamin D levels correlate with the occurrence of autoimmune diseases of the thyroid gland and that there is a significant correlation between 25(OH)D and anti-TPO or anti-Tg levels. However, these data are inconclusive and further research is needed to confirm this relationship and determine whether lowered vitamin D titer is the cause or rather the consequence of autoimmune thyroid disorders, and whether vitamin D supplementation could prove to be an effective prophylaxis and treatment.