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Being ubiquitous, language is essential to our everyday existence. Human language is seen to be a traditional field that depends on using words in accordance with intricate standards. In this study, the idea of aggressiveness is investigated from a pragmatic viewpoint. The goals of this research are to identify the aggressive techniques that Clinton uses in her speeches, to show the impoliteness tactics that she mostly uses to accomplish her goals, and to expose the pragma-rhetorical tropes that are mostly mentioned in her speeches. The research proposes that in her presentations, Clinton utilizes indirect verbal passive aggression, mostly negative impoliteness techniques, and often metaphor as the main rhetorical device. The study's results validate that Clinton utilizes indirect verbal passive aggression, mostly employs negative impoliteness techniques, and emphasizes overstatement as the main rhetorical device in her hostile speeches. Clinton's speeches are analyzed pragmatically to find rhetorical devices, aggressive messages, and rudeness tactics. The research admits several limitations, namely the subjectivity that might lead to interpretive biases in pragma-stylistic analysis. Notwithstanding these drawbacks, this research provides important new information on the aggressive language used by public authorities to shape public opinion.

This study aims to examine the opinions of Religious Culture and Ethics Teachers (RCET) on mobbing in the workplace. The research focuses on RCET's definition of mobbing, the reasons for mobbing, the results of mobbing, and the suggestions of RCET to prevent mobbing. This study used the phenomenological method, one of the qualitative research methods. The data obtained from the interview forms were analyzed by the content analysis method. The findings were organized and presented under themes and sub-themes. The study group of the research was determined by a systematic sampling technique, one of the probability-based sampling methods. The study group of the research consisted of 35 RCET working in the middle schools of Mersin central districts in the 2023-2024 academic years. Findings revealed that participants defined the concept of mobbing using terms such as pressure, violence, distress, attack, discomfort, implication, and exposure. It was found that participants expressed reasons for mobbing, such as establishing dominance, jealousy, inadequacy, and conflict of interest. It was determined that participants indicated the results of mobbing, such as asynchrony, inefficiency, failure, resignation, reluctance, and fear-anxiety. The participants suggested solutions such as support, awareness activities, relationships and communication, knowledge of legislation and laws, equality, responsibility, trust, problem identification, solution orientation, and providing education. [Note: The page range (73-90) shown on the PDF is incorrect. The correct page range is 73-91.]

Over the last two decades, cyberbullying has gained increasing attention from the research community as the phenomenon has become a public health issue affecting children, adolescents, and young adults. Although several instruments assess cyberbullying worldwide, many still need to be adequately validated in different languages, countries, and cultures. The European Cyberbullying Intervention Project Questionnaire (ECIPQ) is one instrument that aims to measure two dimensions of cyberbullying: cyber-victimization and cyber-aggression. Although the instrument has been translated into various languages and validated in several European and non-European countries, validation studies have yet to be conducted in Turkish culture. This study aimed to adapt the ECIPQ into Turkish and to investigate the psychometric quality of the instrument in Turkish population. A total sample of 632 college students participated in the study. Along with the ECIPQ, the Buss-Perry Aggression Questionnaire, the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, and the Satisfaction with Life Scale were administered for validation purposes. The results showed that the Turkish version of the ECIPQ had sufficient internal consistency. The confirmatory factor analysis supported the two-factor structure of the ECIPQ. The ECIPQ showed adequate convergent validity, as evidenced by the positive correlation between the cyberbullying and aggression scores and the negative correlation between cyberbullying and self-esteem scores. In conclusion, the ECIPQ can be considered a psychometrically sound measure to assess Turkish college students' perceived cyber-aggression and cyber-victimization levels.

The proposed research aimed to examine abusive leadership and workplace ostracism as predictors of employee silence among school teachers in Sargodha, Pakistan. Studies further tend to examine the moderating role of power distance. Purposive sampling was employed to acquire the data. The research variables were quantified using the Abusive Supervision Scale (Mitchell & Ambrose, 2007), Workplace Exclusion Scale (Hitlan & Noel, 2009), Silence Scale (Van Dyne et al., 2003) and Power Distance Scale (Dorfman & Howell, 1988). Pearson correlation analysis revealed a significant relationship between abusive leadership, workplace ostracism, employee silence, and power distance. Results showed that abusive leadership, ostracism, silence, and power distance have a positive relationship with each other. The findings of linear regression revealed that abusive leadership, ostracism and power distance positively predicted employee silence. Moderation analysis revealed that power distance significantly moderated the relationship of abusive leadership and workplace ostracism with employee silence. The proposed research provides some recommendations and conclusions for future researchers who may be interested in examining the abuse that teachers experience in a high-power-distance culture that compels them to act silently.

Across all cultures, parents have intuitive ideas ("ethnotheories") of what undesirable child characteristics are as well as how to explain them. Yet there have been relatively few cross-cultural comparisons of parents' ethnotheories about the nature and causes of child misbehavior. 108 mothers of 5-year-old children from the United States (N = 52; M[subscript age] = 5.26, SD = 0.07) and mainland China (N = 56; M[subscript age] = 5.31, SD = 0.20) were recruited to participate in a semi-structured interview that allowed parents to generate open-ended responses in relation to the nature and causes of children's misbehavior. Parents were asked to describe the behaviors they would least like to see in their children, before providing causal attributions to a series of hypothetical vignettes depicting a range of externalizing-type child behaviors. Parents' responses were coded based on common themes. Across both cultures, mothers endorsed social insensitivity as the most undesirable child characteristic. With regard to cross-cultural differences, mothers from the US highlighted aggressive and disruptive behaviors as the most salient child misbehaviors, whereas parents from mainland China emphasized cognitive and motivational difficulties. Regarding causes of child misbehaviors, American mothers were more likely than Chinese mothers to report momentary internal states as the primary causes of child misbehavior, followed by immature development. Conversely, Chinese parents attributed child misbehavior primarily to social influences, followed by temperament. Our results provide a significant contribution to our understanding on how parents across cultures define and explain misbehaviors in young children.

Background: More research is needed to improve measurement selection and to better understand informant differences in reports of reactive and proactive aggression. Objective: Toward this goal, the current study evaluated the psychometrics (i.e., reliability, factor structure, and validity) and correlates of two measures of reactive and proactive aggression (i.e., Dodge & Coie, in J Pers Soc Psychol 53:1146, 1987; Raine et al. in Aggress Behav 32:15-171, 2006) across three informants (i.e., parent, teacher, and youth). Method: Parent, teacher and youth reports of measures were collected in a community recruited sample of 9-12 year-old youth (M = 10.44; 56% male). Results: Both measures demonstrated adequate to good internal consistency by parent- and teacher-report, and borderline to adequate internal consistency by youth-report. Additionally, aggression subscales were correlated within and across measures and informants, and an appropriate 2-factor structure was identified for both measures across informants. Consistent with prior research, reactive aggression was more robustly associated with depression symptoms and effortful control than proactive aggression across measures, but there were some links with proactive aggression. Conclusions: Overall findings suggest that both measures are psychometrically appropriate to use with parents, teachers, and youth. However, there were distinctions between the two measures, and relying solely on youth reports in this age group is not recommended. Further, there are unique associations evident with various informants, supporting the need for multiple informants when assessing functions of aggression in youth.

Violence is a major public health problem globally, with the highest rates in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) in the Americas and southern Africa. Parenting programmes in high-income countries can diminish risk for violence, by reducing risk factors such as child aggression and harsh parenting, and increasing protective factors such as child cognitive development and school readiness. However, there is critical need to identify low-cost programmes with replicable benefits that work in real-world LMICs contexts. A three-arm, randomised, single-blind trial evaluated effects of two low-cost, group-based parenting programmes recommended for LMICs (ACT: Raising Safe Kids; DBS: dialogic book-sharing) on child aggression (primary outcome), child development, parenting, maltreatment, and stress. Participants were 369 children with medium-high levels of aggression (mean age 3.1 years at baseline) in poor households. Interventions were implemented in city health and education services in southern Brazil. Maternal reports, filmed observations, child tasks, and hair cortisol were assessed at baseline, 1-month post-intervention, and 8-month follow-up. Intention-to-treat analyses compared each of ACT and DBS with a control group. Three hundred sixty-eight (99.7%) participants completed follow-up assessments 8 months after the interventions. There was no effect of ACT (standardised mean difference, SMD 0.11, 95% CI - 0.05, 0.27) or DBS (SMD 0.05, 95% CI - 0.11, 0.21) on the primary outcome of child aggression. ACT reduced harsh parenting behaviour post-intervention (SMD - 0.23; 95% CI - 0.46, 0.01), but not at follow-up. DBS improved book-sharing practices at both time points (e.g., maternal sensitivity at follow-up SMD 0.33; 95% CI 0.08, 0.57). There were no benefits of either programme for other parenting, child development, or stress outcomes. Two parenting programmes in Brazil had small effects on parenting practices but did not reduce child aggression or several other important risk/protective factors for violence. Effective early interventions that reduce violence in real-world LMIC settings are highly desirable but may be challenging to achieve.

Having an affirming and inclusive school environment is pertinent to the well-being of LGBTQ+ students of color. However, research indicates that existing school policies and protections are insufficient to support this population. The present study investigates how LGBTQ+ individuals of color perceived their K-12 experiences related to their intersectional identity and their interactions with school counselors. In a focus group of three LGBTQ+ college students of color, participants recounted how they navigated their identities during their K-12 schooling. The analysis yielded five themes related to the participants' identities: (a) isolation, (b) delayed identity development, (c) peer pressure and aggression, (d) teachers' bias and (micro)aggressions, and (e) heteronormative curriculum and extracurricular activities. Regarding the students' experiences with school counselors, three themes emerged: (a) school counselors were too busy to talk, (b) uncertainty about who was an ally, and (c) unsureness of confidentiality. Findings underscored the unique challenges LGBTQ+ students of color encounter related to receiving support and engaging in identity development. We discuss implications and recommendations for school counselors and school systems.

Implicit prejudice can be simply understood as any negative feelings or beliefs people hold towards a particular outgroup without being aware of it. One such form is microaggression, which can be defined as everyday verbal or nonverbal subtle, unconscious putdowns, slights, or negative remarks towards members of an outgroup. One of the most common and harmful forms is gender-based microaggression. Gender microaggression is defined as subtle, unconscious, everyday putdowns, slights, remarks, or insults, whether intentional or unintentional, directed at a particular gender, notably women. Despite a plethora of literature and research on gender microaggression, the focus has predominantly been on understanding microaggressions faced by women in various domains, largely neglecting the experiences of men as victims of microaggression. One such overlooked experience is that of Afghan male students studying in universities in Delhi. Each year, thousands of students from Afghanistan travel to Delhi to pursue higher education, often unaware of the prejudices they may encounter due to associations with terms like 'terrorism' or 'terrorist.' Therefore, this paper aims to understand and study the microaggression faced by Afghan male students by employing the Gender Implicit Association Test on a sample of 103 Indian students studying in universities in Delhi, selected using a snowball sampling technique. This study adapts and modifies the Weapon-based Implicit Association Test. The goal is to uncover the implicit biases of Indian students towards Afghan male students by examining the association (reaction time) between images of weapons and harmless objects, in conjunction with adjectives related to Afghan males and Afghan females. In other words, words or images that are congruent in our minds should result in shorter reaction times and fewer errors compared to words and images that are incongruent. The results indicate that Indian students were quicker in associating weapon images with Afghan male adjectives (D = -0.64) compared to Afghan female adjectives (D = 0.89).

Adolescent behavior now occurs offline and online. Frequently studied and treated independently, the relationship between offline problem behaviors and online risk taking is not well understood. This study asked whether there are any problematic behaviors predictive of online risk taking by high school students. Using a 2009 dataset of 2,077 high school students grades 9-12, five areas of offline problematic behaviors were examined: Academic problems, anxiety, behavioral wrongdoing, bullying, and social-emotional. Nine binary results were classified as online risk: Sexting, online harassment (perpetrating and experiencing), visiting sex sites, talking about sex, receiving sexual pictures, meeting offline, anything sexual happened, feeling nervous or uncomfortable. Behavioral wrongdoing (fighting, school suspension, trouble with police, theft), emerged as a significant predictor appearing in all nine models, followed by bullying experience (bully or victim) in six models. Identifying common problem behaviors that predict online risk taking are key components in developing strategies to promote adolescent health and well-being.

The need for workplace training about diversity, equity and inclusion is widely acknowledged. To date, however, there is conflicting evidence as to its effectiveness. Various aspects of design and content may be influential. This study explored the relationship between the terminology used in diversity training and trainee reactions. It employed two versions of a short e-learning module about subtle slights (a range of ambiguous and negative interactions) to explore whether using the term 'microaggression' or 'micromessage' affected trainee emotional reactions to the module. The sample comprised 630 working adults in the United Kingdom representing different ethnic, gender and age groups. Results suggested that there were differences in trainee emotional reactions to the term used. The term 'micromessage' resulted in more positive reactions; significantly more trainees expressed interest, and significantly fewer reported sadness and anger than when the term 'microaggression' was used. There were also some small differences in reactions between the various demographic groups. This study adds to the literature exploring the terminology used to refer to subtle slights and how terminology might influence trainee reactions in diversity training. It also provides researchers and training providers with a methodology to assess aspects of diversity training before deployment.

This study investigated characteristics associated with two kinds of peer victimization--bullying victimization and adversarial victimization--distinguished by different balances of power between the perpetrator and victim. Specifically, we examined whether bullying victimization (victim has less power than perpetrator) would be experienced to a greater extent by vulnerable adolescents with psychosocial difficulties (fewer close friendships, emotional symptoms) and less peer esteem (physical attractiveness, perceived popularity, dating popularity, and prestige). In contrast, we investigated whether adversarial victimization, in which the victim has equal or greater power than perpetrator, would be experienced by adolescents perceived as rivals because they are held in high esteem by peers. A total of 599 adolescents aged 9 to 14 years (M = 11.93; SD = 1.40) completed a self-report measure of emotional symptoms and peer nomination measures of victimization, close friendship, physical attractiveness, dating popularity, perceived popularity, and prestige. Bullying victimization was negatively associated with close friendships, physical attractiveness, perceived popularity, and prestige, whereas adversarial victimization was positively associated with all four indicators of peer esteem. The results demonstrate the importance of measuring the power balance between the perpetrator and victim when studying peer victimization. Findings are discussed from an evolutionary perspective suggesting that victims of bullying are selected by perpetrators to achieve adaptive benefits while minimizing retaliatory, reputational, and social costs, whereas victims of adversarial aggression are targeted as rivals in competition for status and mates.

According to coercion theory (Patterson, 1982, 2016), children's aggression is developed and maintained through transactional processes between parents and their children that unfold over time. The theory provides a model of the behavioral contingencies that explain how parents and children mutually "train" each other to behave in ways that over time increase the likelihood of children's aggression and decrease parents' control over this aggression. Although the theory characterizes the interactions that often lead to dysfunctional family processes and children's aggression, its focus on observable, interpersonal negativity has resulted in research that largely overlooks intraindividual phenomena, such as the internal experiences that drive parents' expressed negativity. In this article, I present empirical and theoretical work that supports an expanded focus of coercion theory to include emotion as an internal mechanism of reinforcement that facilitates and maintains coercive family processes and children's antisocial development.

School absenteeism among children and adolescents has been associated with a myriad of adverse outcomes. Despite a substantial amount of research on school attendance, our understanding of absenteeism in elementary-aged children with mental health difficulties is limited. The current study used a mixed-method sequential explanatory design to gain a better understanding of the links between children's mental health symptoms, age, gender and school absenteeism. The study included two phases: Phase I presented a quantitative investigation of the links between absenteeism and mental health symptoms in a large sample (N = 750) of primarily White (74%) clinic-referred children aged 5-12 years. Phase II used a participant selection model and chart review design to garner a deeper understanding of how school absenteeism presents in children with mental health problems in the elementary years. Results suggested that internalizing symptoms were significantly related to school attendance problems, and this association worsens as children age and as internalizing symptoms increase in severity. Externalizing symptoms were associated with absenteeism as well, but these findings showed that school attendance problems were worse for younger children with low to moderate levels of externalizing symptoms. The qualitative chart review illustrates the complex interplay of school absenteeism and child mental health, particularly for children experiencing co-occurring internalizing and externalizing problems. Children often struggled academically and socially, with some exhibiting increasing levels of school refusal and truancy and others displaying aggressive behaviors resulting in suspensions. Future studies that examine additional contextual factors, such as school and family variables, with longitudinal cross-lagged models and diverse families are needed to develop a comprehensive understanding of causal associations and their impact on children's school attendance across children's development.

There is a well-documented interdependency between destructive interparental conflict (IPC) and parenting difficulties (i.e., spillover effect), yet little is known about the mechanisms that "carry" spillover between IPC and parenting. Guided by a cascade model framework, the current study used a longitudinal, multimethod, multi-informant design to examine a process model of spillover that tested whether parental executive functioning (working memory, cognitive flexibility, inhibitory control) served as a mediator of the prospective associations between IPC and subsequent changes in parenting over a 2-year period. Mothers and fathers were separated into differentiated models and multiple domains of parenting were examined (i.e., authoritarian discipline and scaffolding behavior). Participants included 231 families (both mothers and fathers of preschoolers). Race was reported as White (62%), Black (21%), Mixed (8%), Asian (3%), or Other (6%) and 14% considered their ethnicity to be Hispanic/Latino. Median household income was $65,000. Results indicated that for fathers, IPC indirectly predicted domain-general parenting difficulties (increased authoritarian parenting and decreased scaffolding) via deficits in paternal cognitive flexibility (but not inhibitory control or working memory). In mothers, IPC directly predicted domain-specific parenting difficulties (decreased scaffolding only) that did not operate via maternal executive functions. Notably, these effects occurred over and above the influence of parental socioeconomic status. This study constitutes a first step toward documenting parental executive functioning as a mechanism underlying the spillover of IPC to the parent-child relationship. Family interventions intended to interrupt IPC spillover should emphasize father involvement and consider targeting parental executive functions as change mechanisms.

Attention deficit/hyperactivity behaviors in children are often unnoticed until they reach school age; however, evidence suggests that attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) tends to develop at an earlier age. Recent studies also indicate that perinatal maternal mental health is associated with ADHD symptoms in offspring. This study examines the association between maternal postpartum depression, early hyperactive/aggressive behavior, and later ADHD symptoms. This longitudinal cohort study used data from health checkups and surveys. Mothers with a postpartum Edinburgh postnatal depression scale score [greater than or slanted equal to] 9 were considered as having postpartum depression symptoms. The presence of early hyperactive/aggressive behavior was determined based on 3-year-old children's health checkup data. The ADHD rating scale (ADHD-RS) answered by the caregivers of 182 sixth-grade children was used for the analysis. ADHD-RS scores were significantly higher in children with early hyperactive and/or aggressive behavior (p = 0.002) and for children of mothers who had postpartum depression symptoms (p < 0.001). Early hyperactive/aggressive behavior did not mediate the predictive association of maternal postpartum depression symptoms with ADHD symptoms in sixth grade. ADHD symptoms in the sixth grade were independently associated with childhood hyperactive/aggressive behavior at age 3 and maternal postpartum depression symptoms.

The increased prevalence and significant negative consequences associated with cyberbullying justify the need for empirical research that helps provide a deeper understanding of the problem. The objective of this study was to identify the existence of different cyberbullying profiles (according to degree of cybervictimization and cyberaggression of students) and whether these profiles vary with regard to anxiety, depression, and stress. The sample consisted of 1,185 students aged 12 to 18 (M = 14.01; DT = 2.36). A latent class analysis and ANOVA were carried out. The data showed four profiles: not-involved (low scores for cybervictimization and cyberaggression), cybervictims (moderately high scores for cybervictimization and low scores for cyberaggression), cyberbullies (low scores for cybervictimization and moderately high scores for cyberaggression), and cybervictims-cyberbullies (high scores for cybervictimization and cyberaggression). Statistically significant differences in anxiety, depression, and stress were found between the profiles. The group of cybervictims and cybervictims-cyberbullies presented higher anxiety than the not-involved group and cyberbullies. The cybervictims-cyberbullies group showed higher depression and stress levels than the other groups, and the cyberbully group showed a higher level of depression than the not-involved group.

Introduction: COVID-19 changed the traditional way of educating, confining students to their homes and favoring the excessive use of technology and entertainment such as video games. Precisely, the excessive consumption of the latter altered the behavior of adolescents and increased their levels of aggressiveness. The present study analyzed dependence on video games as a predictor of aggression in adolescents from Eastern Lima during confinement by COVID-19. Method: The study was non-experimental, with a predictive scope, quantitative approach, and cross-section. The sample consisted of 430 high school students from 11 to 17 years old who belonged to educational institutions in Eastern Lima, to whom the Test of Dependence of Videogames (TDV) and the Aggression Questionnaire were applied. Results: The results showed a significant correlation between the variables (r= 0.360**; p= 0.000), which showed that addiction to video games predicts aggressiveness by up to 13 % (R= 0.360; R[superscript 2] = 0.130). Discussion or Conclusion: There is a highly positive potentiation between the variables; therefore, the greater the dependence on video games, the greater the aggressiveness in adolescents. This is due to the high levels of violence in the most popular video games that trigger impulse control, especially in men, who have higher levels of dependence on video games than women.

Cyberbullying is a problem that is more prevalent and serious among LGBTQ+ people. Previous research has mostly analysed sexual orientation and homophobic cyberaggression. Hence, becomes necessary to consider sex-gender diversity as a whole and aggressions of a general nature. Moreover, existing prejudices underline the need to consider homonegativity as a key variable in this type of cyberviolence. This sequential mixed study explores, in a first qualitative step with focus groups, perceptions on the characterisation of LGBTQ+ cyberbullying and, in a second quantitative step, cybervictimisation in terms of affective-sexual, bodily and gender diversity, and the possible moderating role of internalised homonegativity. The qualitative study involved 175 students and the quantitative study involved 1,971 students aged 12-18 from secondary schools in Andalusia (Spain). Qualitative results identified valuable dimensions of cyberbullying, such as collective LGBTQ+ cybervictimisation. Quantitative results revealed differences in collective LGBTQ+ cybervictimisation according to sexual orientation, gender identity, and gender expression. It also highlights the moderation of internalised homonegativity, with those at a low level being more sensitive to collective LGBTQ+ cyberaggression. LGBTQ+ cyberbullying is made visible as a construct that includes various types of aggressions aimed at the whole spectrum of affective-sexual diversity and emphasises the need to address internalised homonegativity in psychoeducational interventions involving all students.

In this study, it has been tried to develop a different perspective in the literature by determining the reflection of couple burnout of mothers, which is examined as a problem between couples or a personal problem, on the social development of children. The study was designed in the relational survey model, one of the general survey models. In the study, the Social Skills Assessment Scale was used to measure the social skills of children, and the Couple Burnout Scale Short Form was used to measure the mother's burnout level. According to the findings, a significant negative relationship was found between the Social Skills Scale's sub-dimensions of Initiating and Maintaining Relationships, Aggressive Behaviors and Coping Skills with Impulses, Planning, Group Communication and Conducting a Job Skills, and Social Skills Scale Total Score and Couple Burnout. It has been observed that couple burnout of mothers negatively and significantly predicts children's social skills and sub-dimensions of social skills, such as initiating and maintaining relationships, coping with aggressive behaviors and impulses, planning, communication with the group and running a business. It was concluded that the couple burnout of the mothers negatively predicted the social skills of the children.

This study aims to examine Child-Centered Play Therapy's effect on reducing behavioral problems in five- and six-year-old children living in Istanbul. The study was conducted with 20 children from socioeconomically disadvantaged families. Families applied for support to a play therapy room established in a primary school. A pre-test and post-test control group design is used. Child-Centered Play Therapy sessions were implemented in the experimental group for eight weeks as individual sessions. Data due to the children's behavior problems were collected from parents via the "Social Competence and Behavior Evaluation-30 Scale" and the family pre-interview form. Mann Whitney-U Test and Wilcoxon Test analyzed data. Results of the experimental group (ingroup analyses) show a significant difference between pre-test and post-test scores of social competence, anger aggression, and anxiety withdrawal subscales, as hypothesized. However, analyses of between groups' post-test comparisons show significant differences only in the social competence subscale. Between groups, post-test scores, comparisons of anger-aggression, and anxiety withdrawal subscales showed no significant differences. The results are discussed; additionally, observations of the researcher as a play therapist are presented.

Bullying refers to degrading actions, recurring and prolonged, exerted by minors on an equal. Physical or virtual assaults and insults, rejections or intimidations that hinder the victims' school activity and cause them to feel continually threatened are examples of bullying and cyberbullying, which have serious repercussions, not only on the emotional well-being and academic performance, but also on physical and mental health. It is necessary to build a citizenship engaged to education (Global Citizenship Education) to prevent bullying, and to work in other Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The solutions must involve families and teachers, particularly in the context of regulated education, where participation can be promoted in a more planned and controlled way. Expert approaches insist on the relevance of the school to prevent aggression and discrimination through critical and reflective attitudes towards the violence that surrounds these situations. It is about teaching students to reject them "ab initio" as inappropriate. The aim of this paper is to identify the characteristics of the interventions aimed at the prevention and detection of physical and psychological violence among school children in various settings and populations, specifically in Spain, as well as their results and controversial aspects. [Note: The page range (9-26) shown on the PDF is incorrect. The correct page range is 9-25.]

Implementing an equity agenda in the classroom is both necessary and challenging for classes containing pre-service teachers. For this intervention, we chose to begin our History of Mathematics course for preservice middle school teachers with a cultural simulation training exercise: Bafa Bafa. After participating in the exercise, pre-service teachers were asked to write a reflection paper and were later interviewed about their experiences in the course. Although participants found Bafa Bafa an uncomfortable experience, it was not an unsafe one, and the preservice teachers agreed that this exercise helped them better understand, articulate, and notice experiences with microaggressions.

Microaggressions can and do occur in the counseling process, yet there is a dearth of literature about how counselors-in-training (CITs) experience this phenomenon from clients or how they may respond to clients who perpetuate microaggressions against them in a therapeutic setting. Therefore, in this constructivist phenomenological study, we explored CITs' experiences of microaggressions from clients in the counseling process. Two interviews with six participants of various marginalized identities revealed the following themes: (a) internal reactions, (b) attempts to contextualize, (c) prevalence of microaggressions, (d) navigating microaggressions, and (e) seeking support. Findings and implications for CITs and counselor educators and supervisors are discussed.

The aim of this study is to examine the effects of rhythm and dance on the aggression levels of students with mild mental disabilities. The sample group of the study consists of 40 students with mild mental disability, 20 of whom are in the experimental group and 20 in the control group, who continue their education in schools affiliated with the Kilis Provincial Directorate of National Education. Buss-Perry's (1992) aggression scale was applied as pre-test and post-test to both groups, and rhythm and dance training was given to the experimental group for 2 hours, 2 days a week for 8 weeks. In the analysis of the data obtained, frequency and percentage analysis were performed by using the SPSS 22.0 program, and dependent and independent t-test was used in the analysis of the pre-test and post-test data. No significant results were obtained in the pre-test scores of the experimental and control groups (p > 0.05). In the evaluation made between the experimental group and the control group, a significant result was reached in the post-test scores in favor of the experimental group (p < 0.05). In conclusion, based on the data obtained, we can say that rhythm and dance games positively reduce the aggression levels of children with mild mental disabilities.

Microaggressions are brief and everyday slights, insults, indignities, and denigrating messages sent to people of color and/or marginalized groups (women, LGBTQ+, etc.) by well-intentioned [people] who are unaware of the hidden messages being communicated (Sue et al., 2007). Microaggressions are connected to broader conceptualizations of the impact of implicit bias and systems of inequity. Specifically, in K-12 and higher education, microaggressions impact the physical, social, and emotional well-being of those who experience them. Growing research posits the need for more discussions in education about racism, sexism, and other bias prevalent in the field of education (Bergerson, 2003). As such, some researchers ((Escayg, 2018; Lin, Lake, & Rice, 2008) have advocated for the importance of bringing anti-bias pedagogy into educational spaces, which involves attempting to move beyond educators' comfort zones and providing them with tangible strategies to disrupt microaggressive behaviors. To discuss the intent and impact of microaggressions in educational settings and how we might respond to them, we developed a two-hour online workshop for educators and students at Western State University. This workshop allowed participants to think critically about microaggressions, how they impact higher education, and how administrators, faculty, staff, and students can promote inclusive environments. The workshop included a presentation on microaggression theory, microaggression scenarios in education, and the utilization of the A.C.T.I.O.N framework (Chueng, Ganote, & Souza, 2016) as a tool to disrupt microaggressions. Participants provided feedback about their experiences from the workshop based on an electronic survey they were provided at the end of the workshop.

This research aims to examine the relationship between classroom management, classroom climate, and relational aggression and victimization in high school students. A total of 42 teachers and 2168 students from 5 high schools in Shenzhen, China participated in the study. Teachers completed a classroom management style scale, while students answered a questionnaire based on relational aggression peer-nomination and a relational victimization experience scale. Data was analyzed using correlation and multiple regression analysis. The study found no significant correlation between teachers' management style and levels of relational aggression and victimization. However, there was a positive correlation between teachers' sympathy for the victim of relational aggression and the levels of relational aggression in the classroom. Teachers' attitudes towards relational aggression predicted the level of relational victimization, but not the level of relational aggression. Teachers' handling strategies did not predict the levels of relational aggression and victimization. Support from classmates and solidarity were negatively correlated with relational aggression and victimization. The results suggest that teachers' attitudes towards relational aggression play an important role in predicting levels of relational victimization. Teacher sympathy for the victim of relational aggression may inadvertently reinforce the behavior. The study highlights the importance of creating a supportive classroom climate and promoting solidarity among students to reduce relational aggression and victimization. Teachers can be trained to recognize and address relational aggression, and to create a positive and supportive classroom climate. Strategies promoting peer support and solidarity may help to reduce levels of relational aggression and victimization.

International students are underrepresented in Australian health literature, and this population is especially vulnerable to the well-documented negative impacts associated with racial microaggressions in their adjustment to settling in the new society, as well as to the many challenges they already face as international students. This study investigated the prevalence of racial microaggressions among international students and its impact on stress and psychological well-being. This research was conducted during the COVID-19 pandemic which has been documented to contribute to anti-Asian racism. Participants included 54 international students, of which 72% were Asian. The Racial and Ethnic Microaggressions Scale (REMS), Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) and the Perceived General Wellbeing Indicator (PGWBI) were used to measure the participants' responses. All participants reported experiencing racial microaggression in the last six months, and significant correlations and regression models were found between REMS, certain elements of the PSS scale and time in Australia. Despite the small sample size, this research corroborated outcomes from recent studies and provided insight into the prevalence and impact of racial microaggressions among such populations, highlighting the need for further exploration.

This study aimed to explore the mediation effects of bullying on the connection between aggression and resilience among Azerbaijani adolescents. The research involved 623 participant from various regions in Azerbaijan, and data were collected using the Buss-Perry Aggression Questionnaire, the Illinois Bully Scale, and the Brief Resilience Scale. To analyze the data, correlations and a bootstrapping procedure were employed. The results from bootstrapping indicated that the mediating role of bullying (bullying, victim, and fighter) was statistically significant. This implies that bullying, victim, and fighter partially mediated the relationship aggression and resilience among Azerbaijani adolescents. As a conclusion, to enhance adolescents' resilience, it is crucial to address aggression and bullying. By focusing on these aspects, adolescents' overall resilience can be negatively impacted, leading to improved well-being and performance in the school setting.

Cyberbullying has emerged as a pressing global issue, impacting internet users worldwide. This study examines the association between social media, bullying, and gender, with the aim of assessing the influence of social media on the aggressive tendencies of adolescents. The study involved 157 young adults aged 18 to 28 in Israel, who completed a self-report questionnaire regarding their social media usage and inclination toward cyberbullying. The findings revealed an association between the extent of adolescents' social media engagement and their inclination to cyberbullying, specifically in the context of gender. Notably, this effect was primarily observed among men. While young women demonstrated higher online platform usage compared to their male counterparts, they exhibited a lower inclination towards cyberbullying. The study underscores that prolonged exposure to an environment lacking normative behavioural reinforcement contributes to an increase in bullying tendencies. Given the widespread use of social networks by young people, it is imperative for the educational system to address this issue during adolescence and provide guidance on the various facets and consequences of social media usage. School programs should be developed to establish online behaviour standards, akin to those practiced in face-to-face interactions among young adolescents.

Bullying is a relevant concept in education, composed by different dimensions and it is significantly associated to other variables. Therefore, there is a need for an instrument which can analyze the level of bullying as a single dimension, as the Cisneros Self-test on Bullying (Oñate & Piñuel, 2005). This instrument analyzes the intensity of bullying and to value its relevance on the different variables mentioned above. Our main goal was to validate this instrument in 531 Dominican secondary students. To validate it, we utilized two instruments: the Emotional Instability Scale (Caprara & Pastorelli, 1993) and the Prosocial Conduct Questionnaire (Caprara & Pastorelli, 1993). Several competitive structural models were estimated, and results supported the reliability and validity of this instrument. Therefore, we can conclude that the Cisneros's scale is a good instrument to measure global bullying. We highlight its influence on future interventions considering the relevance that bullying has on many other variables as aggressiveness, prosocial behavior or suicide ideation.

Students from marginalized religious backgrounds face myriad challenges on college and university campuses, and negative effects are especially pronounced for Muslim students. Wearing hijab can put college students at a greater risk of marginalization amidst a climate of Islamophobia. Although there is a growing body of research on Muslim college student experiences, there is a more limited exploration of hijabi students' experiences. In this exploratory online survey study (n=41), we sought to understand experiences of belonging and Islamophobia among hijabi Muslim students across the United States. We adopted a critical quantitative approach, specifically interested in the connection of hijabi students' sense of belonging, social adjustment, and experiences of microaggressions to their adherence to the Islamic dress code, membership in a Muslim student organization (MSA), and identifying with a minoritized racial group. We found that more modest dress was associated with lower perceived support from peers and faculty, while reported microaggressions were negatively related to faculty empathy. The strongest effects were involvement in MSA on social adjustment, and having a white identity on perceived faculty support. This study contributes to our understanding of the role of student affairs professionals, faculty, and higher education administrators in supporting hijabi students to succeed as their whole authentic selves.

The aim of this study is to develop a scale that can be used to detect bullying behaviors that can be seen in interpersonal relationships. The sample of the study consists of 381 randomly selected teachers working in primary and secondary schools in the central district of Edirne, Turkey, in the 2021-2022 academic year. In the research, the "Peer Bullying Scale", which was prepared by the researcher and consisted of 50 Likert type items with 4 options, was used as a data collection tool. Varimax rotated exploratory factor analysis was used to determine the sub-dimensions. To determine reliability, item-total correlation, item residual correlation, Cronbach and Rulon coefficients were calculated. The construct validity of the scale was tested with Confirmatory Factor Analysis. As a result of the statistical processes, it was seen that the scale was valid, reliable and usable.

The present study aimed to establish the relationship between middle school students' attitudes toward science and the environment with their love, respect, responsibility, empathy, aggression, bullying tendencies and attitudes toward reading. One of the most general survey models, the relational survey model was employed in the study, and it was conducted with the participation of 216 secondary school students. Data were collected using the Attitude Scale for Science, Environmental Attitude Scale, Tendency to Love Scale, Tendency to Respect Scale, Personal and Social Responsibility Scale, Cognitive, Affective and Somatic Empathy Scale, Aggression Scale, Cognitions Related Bullying Scale and Attitudes Towards Reading Scale. The data obtained were analyzed with SPSS package software. The results of the study revealed that there was a positive and low-level relationship between students' science attitudes and their tendency to love, empathy, aggression, and bullying, and a positive and medium-level relationship between science attitudes and their tendency to be respectful, responsible behaviors and reading tendencies and that these relationships were statistically significant. It was concluded that there was a positive and low-level relationship between students' attitudes towards the environment and their tendency to be respectful, responsible behaviors, aggression and bullying tendencies, and a positive and moderate relationship between their attitudes towards the environment and their love tendency, empathy and reading tendency scores, and this relationship was statistically significant.

International students make up an increasingly large portion of the US student population, especially among graduate students studying the science, technology, engineering and math (STEM) fields. In this article we analyzed the microaggression experiences of 22 international students in graduate STEM programs at predominantly white institutions. International students, often people of color (PoC), may be subject to facing discrimination within their universities. Our results break down the different types of microaggressions that our participants reported experiencing from faculty, peers and students, both on and off campus. These experiences include individuals insulting a participant's country of origin, doubting their academic ability, threatening them, and otherwise discriminating against them. Each event reported by our participants is classified into a type of microaggression and is further discussed using Critical Race Theory to connect how international students' racialized and intersectional experiences are connected to the larger societal issues of racism in the US.

Cyber-victimization, understood as the suffering of aggressions through electronic media, is undoubtedly the greatest concern of socio-educational communities. The aim of this study was to assess the incidence of cyber-victimization in adolescents and to analyze the relationship between cyber-victimization and several demographic variables. We administered the Cyber-Victimization Questionnaire and an "ad hoc" demographic questionnaire to a sample of 866 Compulsive Secondary Education (CSE) students aged 12 to 16 years (M = 13.81, SD = 1.25). The data revealed a percentage of cyber-victimization of 22.18% with a greater presence of verbal-written cyber-victimization. Among the most common actions of cyber-victim/ization are receiving calls with the intention of annoying or making fun of the victim and sending unpleasant photos or videos through mobile phone or the Internet. Likewise, the variance and post hoc analysis show that personal (gender), family (type of family) and school variables (type of center, course, and academic record) are statistically significant risk factors in cyber-victimization. In conclusion, this study identifies relevant personal, family and school variables to help structure prevention and intervention strategies in cyber-victimization from educational communities.

This study aims to examine the effects of Mind Sports (chess and mancala) and Bodily-Kinesthetic Intelligence Training on the aggression levels of students with mild intellectual disabilities. The sample of the study consisted of a total of 60 students with mild intellectual disabilities (30 in the experimental group and 30 in the control group) who study at schools affiliated with the Gaziantep Provincial Directorate of National Education. While Buss-Perry Aggression Questionnaire (1992) was applied as a pre-test and post-test to both groups, three hours of Mind Sports and Bodily-Kinesthetic Intelligence training was given to the experimental group three days a week for twelve weeks. (Monday, Tuesday and Wednesday 1,5 saat Mind Sports and 1,5 saat Bodily-Kinesthetic Intelligence training). The data obtained were analyzed by conducting frequency and percentage analyses, while dependent and independent t-tests were conducted to analyze the pre-test and post-test data using the statistical software of SPSS 24.0. According to the pre-test scores, a significant result could not be found between the experimental and control groups (p>0.05). According to the evaluation between the experimental group and the control group, a significant result was found in the post-test scores in favor of the experimental group (p>0.05). Based on the data obtained, we can conclude that Mind Sports and Kinesthetic Intelligence Training positively reduce the aggression levels of children with mild intellectual disabilities.

This qualitative intersectional narrative inquiry examined how Multiracial college students find sense of belongingin student organizations by negotiating multiple racial identities and locations in traditionally monoracial spaces.Multiracial students sought membership in organizations because they felt invisible at their institutions. To findbelonging within student communities, they engaged in a difficult process of placemaking in which they experiencedmonoracism and other racialized microaggressions within student organizations. In time, they developed a sense ofbelonging by curating a small cohort of friends connected through their organizational involvement. These findingsreveal implications that further inform approaches for student involvement professionals and others who work withMultiracial students to increase their support and engagement across involvement contexts.

The aim of this phenomenological study was to determine the experiences and views of elementary school teachers about mobbing. To address this issue, the researcher conducted semi-structured interviews with 20 female and 19 male elementary school teachers working in public elementary schools. Four themes emerged during the analysis: reasons for mobbing, experiences of mobbing, struggling with mobbing, and consequences of mobbing. These themes, along with their corresponding categories and codes, were identified through a collaborative effort between two researchers. The codes associated with these themes include limitation in expressing one's experiences of mobbing, failure to respond to the mobber's inappropriate behavior and inability to substantiate these actions, and non-membership in an educational union, which motivates mobbers to persist in their harmful behaviors. The study concluded with a number of recommendations for future studies.

This article describes minoritized college students' encounters with faculty-generated or -condoned racial and gender microaggressions in college classrooms. The Racial Microaggressions Model (Pérez Huber & Solorzano, 2015) and the Taxonomy of Gender Microaggressions (Capodilupo et al., 2010) were used to inform the experiences of microaggressions of 88 college students with minoritized identities at seven institutions around the U.S. Based on the findings, the authors delivered recommendations for teaching and learning in four areas: faculty awareness and training; classroom management; policy, assessment, and evaluation of teaching; and improved mechanisms for student feedback.

The current study examined the role of moral disengagement in cyberbullying participant role behavior among college-aged individuals. Participants included 434 students who completed surveys measuring their participation in cyberbullying, including online bystander role behaviors, as well as their moral disengagement. Regression analysis results indicated that moral disengagement was positively associated with cyberbullying perpetration, cyberbullying victimization, passive bystanding online behavior, and reinforcing online behavior. The current study furthers knowledge on the associations between online bullying-related behavior and moral disengagement and could lead to necessary cyberbullying prevention and intervention support for young adults.