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1,307 results on '"Aghanim, N."'

1. Euclid preparation. Exploring the properties of proto-clusters in the Simulated Euclid Wide Survey

Author: Euclid Collaboration, Böhringer, H., Chon, G., Cucciati, O., Dannerbauer, H., Bolzonella, M., De Lucia, G., Cappi, A., Moscardini, L., Giocoli, C., Castignani, G., Hatch, N. A., Andreon, S., Bañados, E., Ettori, S., Fontanot, F., Gully, H., Hirschmann, M., Maturi, M., Mei, S., Pozzetti, L., Schlenker, T., Spinelli, M., Aghanim, N., Altieri, B., Auricchio, N., Baccigalupi, C., Baldi, M., Bardelli, S., Bodendorf, C., Bonino, D., Branchini, E., Brescia, M., Brinchmann, J., Camera, S., Capobianco, V., Carbone, C., Carretero, J., Casas, S., Castander, F. J., Castellano, M., Cavuoti, S., Cimatti, A., Colodro-Conde, C., Congedo, G., Conselice, C. J., Conversi, L., Copin, Y., Courbin, F., Courtois, H. M., Da Silva, A., Degaudenzi, H., Di Giorgio, A. M., Dinis, J., Douspis, M., Dubath, F., Duncan, C. A. J., Dupac, X., Dusini, S., Farina, M., Farrens, S., Faustini, F., Fosalba, P., Frailis, M., Franceschi, E., Fumana, M., Galeotta, S., Gillis, B., Gómez-Alvarez, P., Grazian, A., Grupp, F., Haugan, S. V. H., Holmes, W., Hormuth, F., Hornstrup, A., Hudelot, P., Jahnke, K., Jhabvala, M., Joachimi, B., Keihänen, E., Kermiche, S., Kiessling, A., Kilbinger, M., Kubik, B., Kümmel, M., Kunz, M., Kurki-Suonio, H., Ligori, S., Lilje, P. B., Lindholm, V., Lloro, I., Mainetti, G., Maino, D., Maiorano, E., Mansutti, O., Marggraf, O., Markovic, K., Martinelli, M., Martinet, N., Marulli, F., Massey, R., Maurogordato, S., Medinaceli, E., Mellier, Y., Meneghetti, M., Meylan, G., Moresco, M., Niemi, S. -M., Padilla, C., Paltani, S., Pasian, F., Pedersen, K., Pettorino, V., Pires, S., Polenta, G., Poncet, M., Popa, L. A., Raison, F., Rebolo, R., Renzi, A., Rhodes, J., Riccio, G., Romelli, E., Roncarelli, M., Rossetti, E., Saglia, R., Sakr, Z., Sánchez, A. G., Sapone, D., Sartoris, B., Schirmer, M., Schneider, P., Scodeggio, M., Secroun, A., Seidel, G., Serrano, S., Sirignano, C., Sirri, G., Stanco, L., Steinwagner, J., Tallada-Crespí, P., Taylor, A. N., Tereno, I., Toledo-Moreo, R., Torradeflot, F., Tutusaus, I., Vassallo, T., Kleijn, G. Verdoes, Veropalumbo, A., Wang, Y., Weller, J., Zamorani, G., Zucca, E., Bozzo, E., Burigana, C., Calabrese, M., Di Ferdinando, D., Vigo, J. A. Escartin, Finelli, F., Gracia-Carpio, J., Matthew, S., Mauri, N., Pöntinen, M., Porciani, C., Scottez, V., Tenti, M., Viel, M., Wiesmann, M., Akrami, Y., Allevato, V., Alvi, S., Anselmi, S., Archidiacono, M., Atrio-Barandela, F., Balaguera-Antolinez, A., Ballardini, M., Blanchard, A., Blot, L., Borgani, S., Bruton, S., Cabanac, R., Calabro, A., Caro, F., Carvalho, C. S., Castro, T., Chambers, K. C., Contarini, S., Cooray, A. R., Costanzi, M., De Caro, B., Desprez, G., Díaz-Sánchez, A., Di Domizio, S., Dole, H., Escoffier, S., Ferrari, A. G., Ferreira, P. G., Ferrero, I., Fontana, A., Fornari, F., Gabarra, L., Ganga, K., García-Bellido, J., Gasparetto, T., Gautard, V., Gaztanaga, E., Giacomini, F., Gianotti, F., Gonzalez, A. H., Gozaliasl, G., Gutierrez, C. M., Hall, A., Hartley, W. G., Hildebrandt, H., Hjorth, J., Muñoz, A. Jimenez, Kajava, J. J. E., Kansal, V., Karagiannis, D., Kirkpatrick, C. C., Legrand, L., Lesgourgues, J., Liaudat, T. I., Loureiro, A., Macias-Perez, J., Maggio, G., Magliocchetti, M., Mancini, C., Mannucci, F., Maoli, R., Martins, C. J. A. P., Maurin, L., Metcalf, R. B., Miluzio, M., Monaco, P., Montoro, A., Mora, A., Moretti, C., Morgante, G., Walton, Nicholas A., Patrizii, L., Popa, V., Potter, D., Risso, I., Rocci, P. -F., Sahlén, M., Schneider, A., Schultheis, M., Sereno, M., Shankar, F., Simon, P., Mancini, A. Spurio, Stadel, J., Stanford, S. A., Tanidis, K., Tao, C., Testera, G., Teyssier, R., Toft, S., Tosi, S., Troja, A., Tucci, M., Valieri, C., Valiviita, J., Vergani, D., and Verza, G.
Subjects: Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics
Abstract: Galaxy proto-clusters are receiving an increased interest since most of the processes shaping the structure of clusters of galaxies and their galaxy population are happening at early stages of their formation. The Euclid Survey will provide a unique opportunity to discover a large number of proto-clusters over a large fraction of the sky (14 500 square degrees). In this paper, we explore the expected observational properties of proto-clusters in the Euclid Wide Survey by means of theoretical models and simulations. We provide an overview of the predicted proto-cluster extent, galaxy density profiles, mass-richness relations, abundance, and sky-filling as a function of redshift. Useful analytical approximations for the functions of these properties are provided. The focus is on the redshift range z= 1.5 to 4. We discuss in particular the density contrast with which proto-clusters can be observed against the background in the galaxy distribution if photometric galaxy redshifts are used as supplied by the ESA Euclid mission together with the ground-based photometric surveys. We show that the obtainable detection significance is sufficient to find large numbers of interesting proto-cluster candidates. For quantitative studies, additional spectroscopic follow-up is required to confirm the proto-clusters and establish their richness., Comment: Submitted to Astronomy and Astrophysics, 24 pages, 28 figures
Published: 2024

2. Euclid and KiDS-1000: Quantifying the impact of source-lens clustering on cosmic shear analyses

Author: Linke, L., Unruh, S., Wittje, A., Schrabback, T., Grandis, S., Asgari, M., Dvornik, A., Hildebrandt, H., Hoekstra, H., Joachimi, B., Reischke, R., Busch, J. L. van den, Wright, A. H., Schneider, P., Aghanim, N., Altieri, B., Amara, A., Andreon, S., Auricchio, N., Baccigalupi, C., Baldi, M., Bardelli, S., Bonino, D., Branchini, E., Brescia, M., Brinchmann, J., Camera, S., Capobianco, V., Carbone, C., Cardone, V. F., Carretero, J., Casas, S., Castander, F. J., Castellano, M., Cavuoti, S., Cimatti, A., Congedo, G., Conselice, C. J., Conversi, L., Copin, Y., Courbin, F., Courtois, H. M., Da Silva, A., Degaudenzi, H., Dinis, J., Douspis, M., Dubath, F., Dupac, X., Dusini, S., Farina, M., Farrens, S., Ferriol, S., Fosalba, P., Frailis, M., Franceschi, E., Fumana, M., Galeotta, S., Gillis, B., Giocoli, C., Grazian, A., Grupp, F., Guzzo, L., Haugan, S. V. H., Holmes, W., Hook, I., Hormuth, F., Hornstrup, A., Hudelot, P., Jahnke, K., Keihänen, E., Kermiche, S., Kiessling, A., Kilbinger, M., Kitching, T., Kubik, B., Kuijken, K., Kümmel, M., Kunz, M., Kurki-Suonio, H., Ligori, S., Lilje, P. B., Lindholm, V., Lloro, I., Maino, D., Maiorano, E., Mansutti, O., Marggraf, O., Markovic, K., Martinet, N., Marulli, F., Massey, R., McCracken, H. J., Medinaceli, E., Mei, S., Mellier, Y., Meneghetti, M., Merlin, E., Meylan, G., Moresco, M., Moscardini, L., Munari, E., Nakajima, R., Nichol, R. C., Niemi, S. -M., Nightingale, J. W., Padilla, C., Paltani, S., Pasian, F., Pedersen, K., Pettorino, V., Pires, S., Polenta, G., Poncet, M., Popa, L. A., Raison, F., Rebolo, R., Renzi, A., Rhodes, J., Riccio, G., Romelli, E., Roncarelli, M., Saglia, R., Sakr, Z., Sapone, D., Sartoris, B., Schirmer, M., Secroun, A., Seidel, G., Serrano, S., Sirignano, C., Sirri, G., Stanco, L., Starck, J. -L., Tallada-Crespí, P., Taylor, A. N., Tereno, I., Toledo-Moreo, R., Torradeflot, F., Tutusaus, I., Valenziano, L., Vassallo, T., Kleijn, G. Verdoes, Veropalumbo, A., Wang, Y., Weller, J., Zamorani, G., Zucca, E., Burigana, C., Pezzotta, A., Porciani, C., Scottez, V., Viel, M., and Brun, A. M. C. Le
Subjects: Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics
Abstract: Cosmic shear is a powerful probe of cosmological models and the transition from current Stage-III surveys like the Kilo-Degree Survey (KiDS) to the increased area and redshift range of Stage IV-surveys such as \Euclid will significantly increase the precision of weak lensing analyses. However, with increasing precision, the accuracy of model assumptions needs to be evaluated. In this study, we quantify the impact of the correlated clustering of weak lensing source galaxies with the surrounding large-scale structure, the so-called source-lens clustering (SLC), which is commonly neglected. We include the impact of realistic scatter in photometric redshift estimates, which impacts the assignment of galaxies to tomographic bins and increases the SLC. For this, we use simulated cosmological datasets with realistically distributed galaxies and measure shear correlation functions for both clustered and uniformly distributed source galaxies. Cosmological analyses are performed for both scenarios to quantify the impact of SLC on parameter inference for a KiDS-like and a \Euclid-like setting. We find for Stage III surveys like KiDS, SLC has a minor impact when accounting for nuisance parameters for intrinsic alignments and shifts of tomographic bins, as these nuisance parameters absorb the effect of SLC, thus changing their original meaning. For KiDS (\Euclid), the inferred intrinsic alignment amplitude $A_\mathrm{IA}$ changes from $0.11_{-0.46}^{+0.44}$ ($-0.009_{-0.080}^{+0.079}$) for data without SLC to $0.28_{-0.44}^{+0.42}$ ($0.022_{-0.082}^{+0.081}$) with SLC. However, fixed nuisance parameters lead to shifts in $S_8$ and $\Omega_\mathrm{m}$. For \Euclid we find that $S_8$ and $\Omega_\mathrm{m}$ are shifted by 0.14 and 0.12 $\sigma$, respectively, when including free nuisance parameters. Consequently, SLC on its own has only a small impact on the inferred parameters., Comment: 17 pages plus appendix, 10 figures, abstract abridged for arXiv
Published: 2024

3. Euclid preparation. Forecasting the recovery of galaxy physical properties and their relations with template-fitting and machine-learning methods

Author: Euclid Collaboration, Enia, A., Bolzonella, M., Pozzetti, L., Humphrey, A., Cunha, P. A. C., Hartley, W. G., Dubath, F., Paltani, S., Lopez, X. Lopez, Quai, S., Bardelli, S., Bisigello, L., Cavuoti, S., De Lucia, G., Ginolfi, M., Grazian, A., Siudek, M., Tortora, C., Zamorani, G., Aghanim, N., Altieri, B., Amara, A., Andreon, S., Auricchio, N., Baccigalupi, C., Baldi, M., Bender, R., Bodendorf, C., Bonino, D., Branchini, E., Brescia, M., Brinchmann, J., Camera, S., Capobianco, V., Carbone, C., Carretero, J., Casas, S., Castander, F. J., Castellano, M., Castignani, G., Cimatti, A., Colodro-Conde, C., Congedo, G., Conselice, C. J., Conversi, L., Copin, Y., Corcione, L., Courbin, F., Courtois, H. M., Da Silva, A., Degaudenzi, H., Di Giorgio, A. M., Dinis, J., Dupac, X., Dusini, S., Fabricius, M., Farina, M., Farrens, S., Ferriol, S., Fosalba, P., Fotopoulou, S., Frailis, M., Franceschi, E., Fumana, M., Galeotta, S., Gillis, B., Giocoli, C., Grupp, F., Haugan, S. V. H., Holmes, W., Hook, I., Hormuth, F., Hornstrup, A., Jahnke, K., Joachimi, B., Keihänen, E., Kermiche, S., Kiessling, A., Kubik, B., Kümmel, M., Kunz, M., Kurki-Suonio, H., Ligori, S., Lilje, P. B., Lindholm, V., Lloro, I., Maiorano, E., Mansutti, O., Marggraf, O., Markovic, K., Martinelli, M., Martinet, N., Marulli, F., Massey, R., McCracken, H. J., Medinaceli, E., Mei, S., Melchior, M., Mellier, Y., Meneghetti, M., Merlin, E., Meylan, G., Moresco, M., Moscardini, L., Munari, E., Neissner, C., Niemi, S. -M., Nightingale, J. W., Padilla, C., Pasian, F., Pedersen, K., Pettorino, V., Polenta, G., Poncet, M., Popa, L. A., Raison, F., Rebolo, R., Renzi, A., Rhodes, J., Riccio, G., Romelli, E., Roncarelli, M., Rossetti, E., Saglia, R., Sakr, Z., Sapone, D., Schneider, P., Schrabback, T., Scodeggio, M., Secroun, A., Sefusatti, E., Seidel, G., Serrano, S., Sirignano, C., Sirri, G., Stanco, L., Steinwagner, J., Surace, C., Tallada-Crespí, P., Tavagnacco, D., Taylor, A. N., Teplitz, H. I., Tereno, I., Toledo-Moreo, R., Torradeflot, F., Tutusaus, I., Valenziano, L., Vassallo, T., Kleijn, G. Verdoes, Veropalumbo, A., Wang, Y., Weller, J., Zucca, E., Biviano, A., Boucaud, A., Burigana, C., Calabrese, M., Vigo, J. A. Escartin, Gracia-Carpio, J., Mauri, N., Pezzotta, A., Pöntinen, M., Porciani, C., Scottez, V., Tenti, M., Viel, M., Wiesmann, M., Akrami, Y., Allevato, V., Anselmi, S., Ballardini, M., Bergamini, P., Bethermin, M., Blanchard, A., Blot, L., Borgani, S., Bruton, S., Cabanac, R., Calabro, A., Canas-Herrera, G., Cappi, A., Carvalho, C. S., Castro, T., Chambers, K. C., Contarini, S., Contini, T., Cooray, A. R., Cucciati, O., Davini, S., De Caro, B., Desprez, G., Díaz-Sánchez, A., Di Domizio, S., Dole, H., Escoffier, S., Ferrari, A. G., Ferreira, P. G., Ferrero, I., Finoguenov, A., Fornari, F., Gabarra, L., Ganga, K., García-Bellido, J., Gautard, V., Gaztanaga, E., Giacomini, F., Gianotti, F., Gozaliasl, G., Hall, A., Hemmati, S., Hildebrandt, H., Hjorth, J., Muñoz, A. Jimenez, Joudaki, S., Kajava, J. J. E., Kansal, V., Karagiannis, D., Kirkpatrick, C. C., Graet, J. Le, Legrand, L., Loureiro, A., Macias-Perez, J., Maggio, G., Magliocchetti, M., Mancini, C., Mannucci, F., Maoli, R., Martins, C. J. A. P., Matthew, S., Maurin, L., Metcalf, R. B., Monaco, P., Moretti, C., Morgante, G., Walton, Nicholas A., Patrizii, L., Popa, V., Potter, D., Risso, I., Rocci, P. -F., Sahlén, M., Schneider, A., Schultheis, M., Sereno, M., Simon, P., Mancini, A. Spurio, Stanford, S. A., Tanidis, K., Tao, C., Testera, G., Teyssier, R., Toft, S., Tosi, S., Troja, A., Tucci, M., Valieri, C., Valiviita, J., Vergani, D., Verza, G., Zinchenko, I. A., Rodighiero, G., and Talia, M.
Subjects: Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies
Abstract: Euclid will collect an enormous amount of data during the mission's lifetime, observing billions of galaxies in the extragalactic sky. Along with traditional template-fitting methods, numerous Machine Learning algorithms have been presented for computing their photometric redshifts and physical parameters (PP), requiring significantly less computing effort while producing equivalent performance measures. However, their performance is limited by the quality and amount of input information, to the point where the recovery of some well-established physical relationships between parameters might not be guaranteed. To forecast the reliability of Euclid photo-$z$s and PPs calculations, we produced two mock catalogs simulating Euclid photometry. We simulated the Euclid Wide Survey (EWS) and Euclid Deep Fields (EDF). We tested the performance of a template-fitting algorithm (Phosphoros) and four ML methods in recovering photo-$z$s, stellar masses, star-formation rates, and the SFMS. To mimic the Euclid processing as closely as possible, the models were trained with Phosphoros-recovered labels. For the EWS, we found that the best results are achieved with a Mixed Labels approach, training the models with Wide survey features and labels from the Phosphoros results on deeper photometry, i.e., with the best possible set of labels for a given photometry. This imposes a prior, helping the models to better discern cases in degenerate regions of feature space, i.e., when galaxies have similar magnitudes and colors but different redshifts and PPs, with performance metrics even better than those found with Phosphoros. We found no more than $3\%$ performance degradation using a COSMOS-like reference sample or removing $u$ band data, which will not be available until after data release DR1. The best results are obtained for the EDF, with appropriate recovery of photo-$z$, PPs, and the SFMS., Comment: 26 pages, 13 figures. Submitted to A&A
Published: 2024

4. Euclid: ERO -- NISP-only sources and the search for luminous $z=6-8$ galaxies

Author: Weaver, J. R., Taamoli, S., McPartland, C. J. R., Zalesky, L., Allen, N., Toft, S., Sanders, D. B., Atek, H., Bowler, R. A. A., Stern, D., Conselice, C. J., Mobasher, B., Szapudi, I., Eisenhardt, P. R. M., Murphree, G., Valdes, I., Ito, K., Belladitta, S., Oesch, P. A., Serjeant, S., Mortlock, D. J., Hatch, N. A., Kluge, M., Milvang-Jensen, B., Rodighiero, G., Bañados, E., Diego, J. M., Gavazzi, R., Congedo, G., Shuntov, M., Dole, H., Rocci, P. -F., Saifollahi, T., Miluzio, M., Ezziati, M., Hughes, A. C. N., Cuillandre, J. -C., Laureijs, R., Paltani, S., Schirmer, M., Stone, C., Aghanim, N., Altieri, B., Amara, A., Andreon, S., Auricchio, N., Baldi, M., Balestra, A., Bardelli, S., Bender, R., Bodendorf, C., Bonino, D., Branchini, E., Brescia, M., Brinchmann, J., Camera, S., Capobianco, V., Carbone, C., Cardone, V. F., Carretero, J., Casas, S., Castander, F. J., Castellano, M., Cavuoti, S., Cimatti, A., Conversi, L., Copin, Y., Corcione, L., Courbin, F., Courtois, H. M., Da Silva, A., Degaudenzi, H., Di Giorgio, A. M., Dinis, J., Douspis, M., Dubath, F., Dupac, X., Ealet, A., Farina, M., Farrens, S., Ferriol, S., Fotopoulou, S., Frailis, M., Franceschi, E., Franzetti, P., Galeotta, S., Gillard, W., Gillis, B., Giocoli, C., Gómez-Alvarez, P., Grazian, A., Grupp, F., Guzzo, L., Haugan, S. V. H., Hoar, J., Hoekstra, H., Holmes, W., Hook, I., Hormuth, F., Hornstrup, A., Hudelot, P., Jahnke, K., Jhabvala, M., Keihänen, E., Kermiche, S., Kiessling, A., Kitching, T., Kubik, B., Kümmel, M., Kunz, M., Kurki-Suonio, H., Lahav, O., Mignant, D. Le, Ligori, S., Lilje, P. B., Lindholm, V., Lloro, I., Maino, D., Maiorano, E., Mansutti, O., Marggraf, O., Markovic, K., Martinet, N., Marulli, F., Massey, R., Masters, D. C., Maurogordato, S., McCracken, H. J., Medinaceli, E., Mei, S., Melchior, M., Mellier, Y., Meneghetti, M., Merlin, E., Meylan, G., Mohr, J. J., Moresco, M., Moscardini, L., Nakajima, R., Nichol, R. C., Niemi, S. -M., Padilla, C., Pasian, F., Pedersen, K., Percival, W. J., Pettorino, V., Pires, S., Polenta, G., Poncet, M., Popa, L. A., Pozzetti, L., Raison, F., Renzi, A., Rhodes, J., Riccio, G., Romelli, E., Roncarelli, M., Rossetti, E., Saglia, R., Sapone, D., Schneider, P., Schrabback, T., Secroun, A., Seidel, G., Serrano, S., Sirignano, C., Sirri, G., Stanco, L., Tallada-Crespí, P., Taylor, A. N., Teplitz, H. I., Tereno, I., Toledo-Moreo, R., Tutusaus, I., Valenziano, L., Vassallo, T., Veropalumbo, A., Wang, Y., Weller, J., Zucca, E., Burigana, C., Castignani, G., Sakr, Z., Scottez, V., Viel, M., Simon, P., Martín-Fleitas, J., and Scott, D.
Subjects: Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies, Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics
Abstract: This paper presents a search for high redshift galaxies from the Euclid Early Release Observations program "Magnifying Lens." The 1.5 deg$^2$ area covered by the twin Abell lensing cluster fields is comparable in size to the few other deep near-infrared surveys such as COSMOS, and so provides an opportunity to significantly increase known samples of rare UV-bright galaxies at $z\approx6-8$ ($M_{\rm UV}\lesssim-22$). Beyond their still uncertain role in reionisation, these UV-bright galaxies are ideal laboratories from which to study galaxy formation and constrain the bright-end of the UV luminosity function. Of the 501994 sources detected from a combined $Y_{\rm E}$, $J_{\rm E}$, and $H_{\rm E}$ NISP detection image, 168 do not have any appreciable VIS/$I_{\rm E}$ flux. These objects span a range in spectral colours, separated into two classes: 139 extremely red sources; and 29 Lyman-break galaxy candidates. Best-fit redshifts and spectral templates suggest the former is composed of both $z\gtrsim5$ dusty star-forming galaxies and $z\approx1-3$ quiescent systems. The latter is composed of more homogeneous Lyman break galaxies at $z\approx6-8$. In both cases, contamination by L- and T-type dwarfs cannot be ruled out with Euclid images alone. Additional contamination from instrumental persistence is investigated using a novel time series analysis. This work lays the foundation for future searches within the Euclid Deep Fields, where thousands more $z\gtrsim6$ Lyman break systems and extremely red sources will be identified., Comment: 22 pages, 13 figures, paper submitted as part of the A&A special issue `Euclid on Sky', which contains Euclid key reference papers and first results from the Euclid Early Release Observations
Published: 2024

5. Euclid: Early Release Observations -- A preview of the Euclid era through a galaxy cluster magnifying lens

Author: Atek, H., Gavazzi, R., Weaver, J. R., Diego, J. M., Schrabback, T., Hatch, N. A., Aghanim, N., Dole, H., Hartley, W. G., Taamoli, S., Congedo, G., Jimenez-Teja, Y., Cuillandre, J. -C., Bañados, E., Belladitta, S., Bowler, R. A. A., Franco, M., Jauzac, M., Mahler, G., Richard, J., Rocci, P. -F., Serjeant, S., Toft, S., Abriola, D., Bergamini, P., Biviano, A., Dimauro, P., Ezziati, M., Golden-Marx, J. B., Grillo, C., Hughes, A. C. N., Kang, Y., Kneib, J. -P., Lombardi, M., Mamon, G. A., McPartland, C. J. R., Meneghetti, M., Miyatake, H., Montes, M., Mortlock, D. J., Oesch, P. A., Okabe, N., Rosati, P., Taylor, A. N., Tarsitano, F., Weller, J., Kluge, M., Laureijs, R., Paltani, S., Saifollahi, T., Schirmer, M., Stone, C., Mora, A., Altieri, B., Amara, A., Andreon, S., Auricchio, N., Baldi, M., Balestra, A., Bardelli, S., Basset, A., Bender, R., Bodendorf, C., Bonino, D., Branchini, E., Brescia, M., Brinchmann, J., Camera, S., Candini, G. P., Capobianco, V., Carbone, C., Cardone, V. F., Carretero, J., Casas, S., Castander, F. J., Castellano, M., Cavuoti, S., Cimatti, A., Conselice, C. J., Conversi, L., Copin, Y., Corcione, L., Courbin, F., Courtois, H. M., Da Silva, A., Degaudenzi, H., Di Giorgio, A. M., Dinis, J., Douspis, M., Dubath, F., Dupac, X., Dusini, S., Ealet, A., Farina, M., Farrens, S., Ferriol, S., Fotopoulou, S., Frailis, M., Franceschi, E., Galeotta, S., Gillard, W., Gillis, B., Giocoli, C., Gómez-Alvarez, P., Grazian, A., Grupp, F., Guzzo, L., Hailey, M., Haugan, S. V. H., Hoar, J., Hoekstra, H., Holliman, M. S., Holmes, W., Hook, I., Hormuth, F., Hornstrup, A., Hudelot, P., Jahnke, K., Jhabvala, M., Keihänen, E., Kermiche, S., Kiessling, A., Kitching, T., Kohley, R., Kubik, B., Kuijken, K., Kümmel, M., Kunz, M., Kurki-Suonio, H., Lahav, O., Mignant, D. Le, Ligori, S., Lilje, P. B., Lindholm, V., Lloro, I., Maino, D., Maiorano, E., Mansutti, O., Marggraf, O., Markovic, K., Martinet, N., Marulli, F., Massey, R., Maurogordato, S., McCracken, H. J., Mei, S., Mellier, Y., Merlin, E., Meylan, G., Moresco, M., Moscardini, L., Nakajima, R., Nichol, R. C., Niemi, S. -M., Padilla, C., Paech, K., Pasian, F., Peacock, J. A., Pedersen, K., Percival, W. J., Pettorino, V., Pires, S., Polenta, G., Poncet, M., Popa, L. A., Pozzetti, L., Raison, F., Renzi, A., Rhodes, J., Riccio, G., Romelli, E., Roncarelli, M., Saglia, R., Sapone, D., Schneider, P., Secroun, A., Seidel, G., Serrano, S., Sirignano, C., Sirri, G., Skottfelt, J., Stanco, L., Tallada-Crespí, P., Teplitz, H. I., Tereno, I., Toledo-Moreo, R., Tutusaus, I., Valenziano, L., Vassallo, T., Kleijn, G. Verdoes, Veropalumbo, A., Wang, Y., Zucca, E., Baccigalupi, C., Burigana, C., Castignani, G., Sakr, Z., Scottez, V., Viel, M., Simon, P., Stern, D., Martín-Fleitas, J., and Scott, D.
Subjects: Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies
Abstract: We present the first analysis of the Euclid Early Release Observations (ERO) program that targets fields around two lensing clusters, Abell 2390 and Abell 2764. We use VIS and NISP imaging to produce photometric catalogs for a total of $\sim 500\,000$ objects. The imaging data reach a $5\,\sigma$ typical depth in the range 25.1-25.4 AB in the NISP bands, and 27.1-27.3 AB in the VIS band. Using the Lyman-break method in combination with photometric redshifts, we identify $30$ Lyman-break galaxy (LBG) candidates at $z>6$ and 139 extremely red sources (ERSs), most likely at lower redshift. The deeper VIS imaging compared to NISP means we can routinely identify high-redshift Lyman breaks of the order of $3$ magnitudes, which reduces contamination by brown dwarf stars and low-redshift galaxies. Spectroscopic follow-up campaigns of such bright sources will help constrain both the bright end of the ultraviolet galaxy luminosity function and the quasar luminosity function at $z>6$, and constrain the physical nature of these objects. Additionally, we have performed a combined strong lensing and weak lensing analysis of A2390, and demonstrate how Euclid will contribute to better constraining the virial mass of galaxy clusters. From these data, we also identify optical and near-infrared counterparts of known $z>0.6$ clusters, which exhibit strong lensing features, establishing the ability of Euclid to characterize high-redshift clusters. Finally, we provide a glimpse of Euclid's ability to map the intracluster light out to larger radii than current facilities, enabling a better understanding of the cluster assembly history and mapping of the dark matter distribution. This initial dataset illustrates the diverse spectrum of legacy science that will be enabled by the Euclid survey., Comment: Paper submitted as part of the A&A special issue `Euclid on Sky', which contains Euclid key reference papers and first results from the Euclid Early Release Observations. 17 pages, 12 figures
Published: 2024

6. Euclid: Early Release Observations -- The intracluster light and intracluster globular clusters of the Perseus cluster

Author: Kluge, M., Hatch, N. A., Montes, M., Golden-Marx, J. B., Gonzalez, A. H., Cuillandre, J. -C., Bolzonella, M., Lançon, A., Laureijs, R., Saifollahi, T., Schirmer, M., Stone, C., Boselli, A., Cantiello, M., Sorce, J. G., Marleau, F. R., Duc, P. -A., Sola, E., Urbano, M., Ahad, S. L., Bahé, Y. M., Bamford, S. P., Bellhouse, C., Buitrago, F., Dimauro, P., Durret, F., Ellien, A., Jimenez-Teja, Y., Slezak, E., Aghanim, N., Altieri, B., Andreon, S., Auricchio, N., Baldi, M., Balestra, A., Bardelli, S., Bender, R., Bonino, D., Branchini, E., Brescia, M., Brinchmann, J., Camera, S., Candini, G. P., Capobianco, V., Carbone, C., Carretero, J., Casas, S., Castellano, M., Cavuoti, S., Cimatti, A., Congedo, G., Conselice, C. J., Conversi, L., Copin, Y., Courbin, F., Courtois, H. M., Cropper, M., Da Silva, A., Degaudenzi, H., Dinis, J., Duncan, C. A. J., Dupac, X., Dusini, S., Farina, M., Farrens, S., Ferriol, S., Fosalba, P., Frailis, M., Franceschi, E., Fumana, M., Galeotta, S., Garilli, B., Gillard, W., Gillis, B., Giocoli, C., Gómez-Alvarez, P., Granett, B. R., Grazian, A., Grupp, F., Guzzo, L., Haugan, S. V. H., Hoar, J., Hoekstra, H., Holmes, W., Hook, I., Hormuth, F., Hornstrup, A., Hudelot, P., Jahnke, K., Keihänen, E., Kermiche, S., Kiessling, A., Kitching, T., Kohley, R., Kubik, B., Kümmel, M., Kunz, M., Kurki-Suonio, H., Lahav, O., Ligori, S., Lilje, P. B., Lindholm, V., Lloro, I., Maiorano, E., Mansutti, O., Marggraf, O., Markovic, K., Martinet, N., Marulli, F., Massey, R., Maurogordato, S., McCracken, H. J., Medinaceli, E., Mei, S., Melchior, M., Mellier, Y., Meneghetti, M., Merlin, E., Meylan, G., Moresco, M., Moscardini, L., Munari, E., Nichol, R. C., Niemi, S. -M., Nightingale, J. W., Padilla, C., Paltani, S., Pasian, F., Pedersen, K., Percival, W. J., Pettorino, V., Pires, S., Polenta, G., Poncet, M., Popa, L. A., Pozzetti, L., Racca, G. D., Raison, F., Rebolo, R., Renzi, A., Rhodes, J., Riccio, G., Rix, H. -W., Romelli, E., Roncarelli, M., Rossetti, E., Saglia, R., Sapone, D., Sartoris, B., Sauvage, M., Scaramella, R., Schneider, P., Schrabback, T., Secroun, A., Seidel, G., Seiffert, M., Serrano, S., Sirignano, C., Sirri, G., Skottfelt, J., Stanco, L., Tallada-Crespí, P., Taylor, A. N., Teplitz, H. I., Tereno, I., Toledo-Moreo, R., Torradeflot, F., Tutusaus, I., Valentijn, E. A., Valenziano, L., Vassallo, T., Kleijn, G. Verdoes, Veropalumbo, A., Wang, Y., Weller, J., Williams, O. R., Zamorani, G., Zucca, E., Biviano, A., Burigana, C., De Lucia, G., George, K., Scottez, V., Simon, P., Mora, A., Martín-Fleitas, J., Ruppin, F., and Scott, D.
Subjects: Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies
Abstract: We study the intracluster light (ICL) and intracluster globular clusters (ICGCs) in the nearby Perseus galaxy cluster using Euclid's EROs. By modelling the isophotal and iso-density contours, we map the distributions and properties of the ICL and ICGCs out to a radius of 600 kpc (~1/3 of the virial radius) from the brightest cluster galaxy (BCG). We find that the central 500 kpc of the Perseus cluster hosts 70000$\pm$2800 GCs and $1.6\times10^{12}$ L$_\odot$ of diffuse light from the BCG+ICL in the near-infrared H$_E$. This accounts for 37$\pm$6% of the cluster's total stellar luminosity within this radius. The ICL and ICGCs share a coherent spatial distribution, suggesting a common origin or that a common potential governs their distribution. Their contours on the largest scales (>200 kpc) are offset from the BCG's core westwards by 60 kpc towards several luminous cluster galaxies. This offset is opposite to the displacement observed in the gaseous intracluster medium. The radial surface brightness profile of the BCG+ICL is best described by a double S\'ersic model, with 68$\pm$4% of the H$_E$ light in the extended, outer component. The transition between these components occurs at ~50 kpc, beyond which the isophotes become increasingly elliptical and off-centred. The radial ICGC number density profile closely follows the BCG+ICL profile only beyond this 50 kpc radius, where we find an average of 60 GCs per $10^9$ M$_\odot$ of diffuse stellar mass. The BCG+ICL colour becomes increasingly blue with radius, consistent with the stellar populations in the ICL having subsolar metallicities [Fe/H]~-0.6. The colour of the ICL, and the specific frequency and luminosity function of the ICGCs suggest that the ICL+ICGCs were tidally stripped from the outskirts of massive satellites with masses of a few $\times10^{10}$ M$_\odot$, with an increasing contribution from dwarf galaxies at large radii., Comment: Paper submitted as part of the A&A special issue `Euclid on Sky', which contains Euclid key reference papers and first results from the Euclid Early Release Observations. 24 pages, 17 figures, 5 tables. Submitted to A&A
Published: 2024

7. Euclid: Early Release Observations -- Dwarf galaxies in the Perseus galaxy cluster

Author: Marleau, F. R., Cuillandre, J. -C., Cantiello, M., Carollo, D., Duc, P. -A., Habas, R., Hunt, L. K., Jablonka, P., Mirabile, M., Mondelin, M., Poulain, M., Saifollahi, T., Sánchez-Janssen, R., Sola, E., Urbano, M., Zöller, R., Bolzonella, M., Lançon, A., Laureijs, R., Marchal, O., Schirmer, M., Stone, C., Boselli, A., Ferré-Mateu, A., Hatch, N. A., Kluge, M., Montes, M., Sorce, J. G., Tortora, C., Venhola, A., Golden-Marx, J. B., Aghanim, N., Amara, A., Andreon, S., Auricchio, N., Baldi, M., Balestra, A., Bardelli, S., Battaglia, P., Bender, R., Bodendorf, C., Branchini, E., Brescia, M., Brinchmann, J., Camera, S., Candini, G. P., Capobianco, V., Carbone, C., Carretero, J., Casas, S., Castellano, M., Cavuoti, S., Cimatti, A., Congedo, G., Conselice, C. J., Conversi, L., Copin, Y., Courbin, F., Courtois, H. M., Cropper, M., Da Silva, A., Degaudenzi, H., Di Giorgio, A. M., Dinis, J., Douspis, M., Duncan, C. A. J., Dupac, X., Dusini, S., Ealet, A., Farina, M., Farrens, S., Ferriol, S., Fosalba, P., Fotopoulou, S., Frailis, M., Franceschi, E., Fumana, M., Galeotta, S., Garilli, B., Gillard, W., Gillis, B., Giocoli, C., Gómez-Alvarez, P., Grazian, A., Grupp, F., Guzzo, L., Hailey, M., Haugan, S. V. H., Hoar, J., Hoekstra, H., Holmes, W., Hook, I., Hormuth, F., Hornstrup, A., Hu, D., Hudelot, P., Jahnke, K., Jhabvala, M., Keihänen, E., Kermiche, S., Kiessling, A., Kitching, T., Kohley, R., Kubik, B., Kuijken, K., Kümmel, M., Kunz, M., Kurki-Suonio, H., Lahav, O., Mignant, D. Le, Ligori, S., Lilje, P. B., Lindholm, V., Lloro, I., Maino, D., Maiorano, E., Mansutti, O., Marggraf, O., Markovic, K., Martinet, N., Marulli, F., Massey, R., Maurogordato, S., McCracken, H. J., Medinaceli, E., Mei, S., Mellier, Y., Meneghetti, M., Merlin, E., Meylan, G., Moresco, M., Moscardini, L., Munari, E., Nakajima, R., Nichol, R. C., Niemi, S. -M., Padilla, C., Paltani, S., Pasian, F., Pedersen, K., Percival, W. J., Pettorino, V., Pires, S., Polenta, G., Poncet, M., Popa, L. A., Pozzetti, L., Raison, F., Rebolo, R., Refregier, A., Renzi, A., Rhodes, J., Riccio, G., Rix, H. -W., Romelli, E., Roncarelli, M., Rossetti, E., Saglia, R., Sapone, D., Scaramella, R., Schneider, P., Secroun, A., Seidel, G., Seiffert, M., Serrano, S., Sirignano, C., Sirri, G., Stanco, L., Tallada-Crespí, P., Taylor, A. N., Teplitz, H. I., Tereno, I., Toledo-Moreo, R., Tsyganov, A., Tutusaus, I., Valentijn, E. A., Valenziano, L., Vassallo, T., Kleijn, G. Verdoes, Veropalumbo, A., Wang, Y., Weller, J., Williams, O. R., Zamorani, G., Zucca, E., Baccigalupi, C., Biviano, A., Burigana, C., De Lucia, G., George, K., Scottez, V., Viel, M., Simon, P., Mora, A., Martín-Fleitas, J., and Scott, D.
Subjects: Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies
Abstract: We make use of the unprecedented depth, spatial resolution, and field of view of the Euclid Early Release Observations of the Perseus galaxy cluster to detect and characterise the dwarf galaxy population in this massive system. The Euclid high resolution VIS and combined VIS+NIR colour images were visually inspected and dwarf galaxy candidates were identified. Their morphologies, the presence of nuclei, and their globular cluster (GC) richness were visually assessed, complementing an automatic detection of the GC candidates. Structural and photometric parameters, including Euclid filter colours, were extracted from 2-dimensional fitting. Based on this analysis, a total of 1100 dwarf candidates were found across the image, with 638 appearing to be new identifications. The majority (96%) are classified as dwarf ellipticals, 53% are nucleated, 26% are GC-rich, and 6% show disturbed morphologies. A relatively high fraction of galaxies, 8%, are categorised as ultra-diffuse galaxies. The majority of the dwarfs follow the expected scaling relations. Globally, the GC specific frequency, S_N, of the Perseus dwarfs is intermediate between those measured in the Virgo and Coma clusters. While the dwarfs with the largest GC counts are found throughout the Euclid field of view, those located around the east-west strip, where most of the brightest cluster members are found, exhibit larger S_N values, on average. The spatial distribution of the dwarfs, GCs, and intracluster light show a main iso-density/isophotal centre displaced to the west of the bright galaxy light distribution. The ERO imaging of the Perseus cluster demonstrates the unique capability of Euclid to concurrently detect and characterise large samples of dwarfs, their nuclei, and their GC systems, allowing us to construct a detailed picture of the formation and evolution of galaxies over a wide range of mass scales and environments., Comment: 44 pages, 24 figures, 5 tables, paper submitted to A&A as part of the A&A special issue `Euclid on Sky', which contains Euclid key reference papers and first results from the Euclid Early Release Observations
Published: 2024

8. Euclid: Early Release Observations -- Overview of the Perseus cluster and analysis of its luminosity and stellar mass functions

Author: Cuillandre, J. -C., Bolzonella, M., Boselli, A., Marleau, F. R., Mondelin, M., Sorce, J. G., Stone, C., Buitrago, F., Cantiello, Michele, George, K., Hatch, N. A., Quilley, L., Mannucci, F., Saifollahi, T., Sánchez-Janssen, R., Tarsitano, F., Tortora, C., Xu, X., Bouy, H., Gwyn, S., Kluge, M., Lançon, A., Laureijs, R., Schirmer, M., Abdurro'uf, Awad, P., Baes, M., Bournaud, F., Carollo, D., Codis, S., Conselice, C. J., De Lapparent, V., Duc, P. -A., Ferré-Mateu, A., Gillard, W., Golden-Marx, J. B., Jablonka, P., Habas, R., Hunt, L. K., Mei, S., Miville-Deschênes, M. -A., Montes, M., Nersesian, A., Peletier, R. F., Poulain, M., Scaramella, R., Scialpi, M., Sola, E., Stephan, J., Ulivi, L., Urbano, M., Zöller, R., Aghanim, N., Altieri, B., Amara, A., Andreon, S., Auricchio, N., Baldi, M., Balestra, A., Bardelli, S., Bender, R., Bodendorf, C., Bonino, D., Branchini, E., Brescia, M., Brinchmann, J., Camera, S., Capobianco, V., Carbone, C., Carretero, J., Casas, S., Castander, F. J., Castellano, M., Cavuoti, S., Cimatti, A., Congedo, G., Conversi, L., Copin, Y., Courbin, F., Courtois, H. M., Cropper, M., Da Silva, A., Degaudenzi, H., Di Giorgio, A. M., Dinis, J., Douspis, M., Dubath, F., Duncan, C. A. J., Dupac, X., Dusini, S., Farina, M., Farrens, S., Ferriol, S., Fotopoulou, S., Frailis, M., Franceschi, E., Galeotta, S., Gillis, B., Giocoli, C., Gómez-Alvarez, P., Grazian, A., Grupp, F., Guzzo, L., Haugan, S. V. H., Hoar, J., Hoekstra, H., Holmes, W., Hook, I., Hormuth, F., Hornstrup, A., Hudelot, P., Jahnke, K., Jhabvala, M., Keihänen, E., Kermiche, S., Kiessling, A., Kilbinger, M., Kitching, T., Kohley, R., Kubik, B., Kuijken, K., Kümmel, M., Kunz, M., Kurki-Suonio, H., Lahav, O., Mignant, D. Le, Ligori, S., Lilje, P. B., Lindholm, V., Lloro, I., Maino, D., Maiorano, E., Mansutti, O., Marggraf, O., Markovic, K., Martinet, N., Marulli, F., Massey, R., Maurogordato, S., McCracken, H. J., Medinaceli, E., Melchior, M., Mellier, Y., Meneghetti, M., Merlin, E., Meylan, G., Mohr, J. J., Moresco, M., Moscardini, L., Nakajima, R., Nichol, R. C., Niemi, S. -M., Padilla, C., Paltani, S., Pasian, F., Pedersen, K., Percival, W. J., Pettorino, V., Pires, S., Polenta, G., Poncet, M., Popa, L. A., Pozzetti, L., Raison, F., Renzi, A., Rhodes, J., Riccio, G., Romelli, E., Roncarelli, M., Saglia, R., Sapone, D., Schneider, P., Schrabback, T., Secroun, A., Seidel, G., Serrano, S., Sirignano, C., Sirri, G., Skottfelt, J., Stanco, L., Tallada-Crespí, P., Taylor, A. N., Teplitz, H. I., Tereno, I., Toledo-Moreo, R., Tutusaus, I., Valentijn, E. A., Valenziano, L., Vassallo, T., Kleijn, G. Verdoes, Wang, Y., Weller, J., Zucca, E., Biviano, A., Burigana, C., Castignani, G., De Lucia, G., Scottez, V., Mora, A., Simon, P., Martín-Fleitas, J., and Scott, D.
Subjects: Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies
Abstract: The Euclid ERO programme targeted the Perseus cluster of galaxies, gathering deep data in the central region of the cluster over 0.7 square degree, corresponding to approximately 0.25 r_200. The data set reaches a point-source depth of IE=28.0 (YE, JE, HE = 25.3) AB magnitudes at 5 sigma with a 0.16" and 0.48" FWHM, and a surface brightness limit of 30.1 (29.2) mag per square arcsec. The exceptional depth and spatial resolution of this wide-field multi-band data enable the simultaneous detection and characterisation of both bright and low surface brightness galaxies, along with their globular cluster systems, from the optical to the NIR. This study advances beyond previous analyses of the cluster and enables a range of scientific investigations summarised here. We derive the luminosity and stellar mass functions (LF and SMF) of the Perseus cluster in the Euclid IE band, thanks to supplementary u,g,r,i,z and Halpha data from the CFHT. We adopt a catalogue of 1100 dwarf galaxies, detailed in the corresponding ERO paper. We identify all other sources in the Euclid images and obtain accurate photometric measurements using AutoProf or AstroPhot for 138 bright cluster galaxies, and SourceExtractor for half a million compact sources. Cluster membership for the bright sample is determined by calculating photometric redshifts with Phosphoros. Our LF and SMF are the deepest recorded for the Perseus cluster, highlighting the groundbreaking capabilities of the Euclid telescope. Both the LF and SMF fit a Schechter plus Gaussian model. The LF features a dip at M(IE)=-19 and a faint-end slope of alpha_S = -1.2 to -1.3. The SMF displays a low-mass-end slope of alpha_S = -1.2 to -1.35. These observed slopes are flatter than those predicted for dark matter halos in cosmological simulations, offering significant insights for models of galaxy formation and evolution., Comment: Submitted to A&A, 44 pages, 35 figures, Part of the A&A special issue `Euclid on Sky', which contains Euclid key reference papers and first results from the Euclid Early Release Observations
Published: 2024

9. Euclid: Early Release Observations -- Globular clusters in the Fornax galaxy cluster, from dwarf galaxies to the intracluster field

Author: Saifollahi, T., Voggel, K., Lançon, A., Cantiello, Michele, Raj, M. A., Cuillandre, J. -C., Larsen, S. S., Marleau, F. R., Venhola, A., Schirmer, M., Carollo, D., Duc, P. -A., Ferguson, A. M. N., Hunt, L. K., Kümmel, M., Laureijs, R., Marchal, O., Nucita, A. A., Peletier, R. F., Poulain, M., Rejkuba, M., Sánchez-Janssen, R., Urbano, M., Abdurro'uf, Altieri, B., Baes, M., Bolzonella, M., Conselice, C. J., Cote, P., Dimauro, P., Gonzalez, A. H., Habas, R., Hudelot, P., Kluge, M., Lonare, P., Massari, D., Romelli, E., Scaramella, R., Sola, E., Stone, C., Tortora, C., van Mierlo, S. E., Knapen, J. H., Martín-Fleitas, J., Mora, A., Román, J., Aghanim, N., Amara, A., Andreon, S., Auricchio, N., Baldi, M., Balestra, A., Bardelli, S., Basset, A., Bender, R., Bonino, D., Branchini, E., Brescia, M., Brinchmann, J., Camera, S., Capobianco, V., Carbone, C., Carretero, J., Casas, S., Castellano, M., Cavuoti, S., Cimatti, A., Congedo, G., Conversi, L., Copin, Y., Courbin, F., Courtois, H. M., Cropper, M., Da Silva, A., Degaudenzi, H., Di Giorgio, A. M., Dinis, J., Dubath, F., Dupac, X., Dusini, S., Fabricius, M., Farina, M., Farrens, S., Ferriol, S., Fosalba, P., Frailis, M., Franceschi, E., Fumana, M., Galeotta, S., Garilli, B., Gillard, W., Gillis, B., Giocoli, C., Gómez-Alvarez, P., Granett, B. R., Grazian, A., Grupp, F., Guzzo, L., Haugan, S. V. H., Hoar, J., Hoekstra, H., Holmes, W., Hook, I., Hormuth, F., Hornstrup, A., Jahnke, K., Jhabvala, M., Keihänen, E., Kermiche, S., Kiessling, A., Kitching, T., Kohley, R., Kubik, B., Kuijken, K., Kunz, M., Kurki-Suonio, H., Lahav, O., Mignant, D. Le, Ligori, S., Lilje, P. B., Lindholm, V., Lloro, I., Maino, D., Maiorano, E., Mansutti, O., Marggraf, O., Markovic, K., Martinet, N., Marulli, F., Massey, R., Maurogordato, S., McCracken, H. J., Medinaceli, E., Mei, S., Melchior, M., Mellier, Y., Meneghetti, M., Meylan, G., Moresco, M., Moscardini, L., Munari, E., Nakajima, R., Nichol, R. C., Niemi, S. -M., Padilla, C., Paltani, S., Pasian, F., Pedersen, K., Percival, W. J., Pettorino, V., Pires, S., Polenta, G., Poncet, M., Popa, L. A., Pozzetti, L., Racca, G. D., Raison, F., Rebolo, R., Refregier, A., Renzi, A., Rhodes, J., Riccio, G., Roncarelli, M., Rossetti, E., Saglia, R., Sapone, D., Sartoris, B., Schneider, P., Schrabback, T., Secroun, A., Seidel, G., Serrano, S., Sirignano, C., Sirri, G., Stanco, L., Tallada-Crespí, P., Taylor, A. N., Teplitz, H. I., Tereno, I., Toledo-Moreo, R., Torradeflot, F., Tsyganov, A., Tutusaus, I., Valentijn, E. A., Valenziano, L., Vassallo, T., Kleijn, G. Verdoes, Veropalumbo, A., Wang, Y., Weller, J., Williams, O. R., Zamorani, G., Zucca, E., Biviano, A., Burigana, C., Scottez, V., Simon, P., Balogh, M., and Scott, D.
Subjects: Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies
Abstract: We present an analysis of Euclid observations of a 0.5 deg$^2$ field in the central region of the Fornax galaxy cluster that were acquired during the performance verification phase. With these data, we investigate the potential of Euclid for identifying GCs at 20 Mpc, and validate the search methods using artificial GCs and known GCs within the field from the literature. Our analysis of artificial GCs injected into the data shows that Euclid's data in $I_{\rm E}$ band is 80% complete at about $I_{\rm E} \sim 26.0$ mag ($M_{V\rm } \sim -5.0$ mag), and resolves GCs as small as $r_{\rm h} = 2.5$ pc. In the $I_{\rm E}$ band, we detect more than 95% of the known GCs from previous spectroscopic surveys and GC candidates of the ACS Fornax Cluster Survey, of which more than 80% are resolved. We identify more than 5000 new GC candidates within the field of view down to $I_{\rm E}$ mag, about 1.5 mag fainter than the typical GC luminosity function turn-over magnitude, and investigate their spatial distribution within the intracluster field. We then focus on the GC candidates around dwarf galaxies and investigate their numbers, stacked luminosity distribution and stacked radial distribution. While the overall GC properties are consistent with those in the literature, an interesting over-representation of relatively bright candidates is found within a small number of relatively GC-rich dwarf galaxies. Our work confirms the capabilities of Euclid data in detecting GCs and separating them from foreground and background contaminants at a distance of 20 Mpc, particularly for low-GC count systems such as dwarf galaxies., Comment: Paper submitted as part of the A&A special issue `Euclid on Sky', which contains Euclid key reference papers and first results from the Euclid Early Release Observations
Published: 2024

10. Euclid: Early Release Observations -- Deep anatomy of nearby galaxies

Author: Hunt, L. K., Annibali, F., Cuillandre, J. -C., Ferguson, A. M. N., Jablonka, P., Larsen, S. S., Marleau, F. R., Schinnerer, E., Schirmer, M., Stone, C., Tortora, C., Saifollahi, T., Lançon, A., Bolzonella, M., Gwyn, S., Kluge, M., Laureijs, R., Carollo, D., Collins, M. L. M., Dimauro, P., Duc, P. -A., Erkal, D., Howell, J. M., Nally, C., Saremi, E., Scaramella, R., Belokurov, V., Conselice, C. J., Knapen, J. H., McConnachie, A. W., McDonald, I., Carretero, J. Miro, Roman, J., Sauvage, M., Sola, E., Aghanim, N., Altieri, B., Andreon, S., Auricchio, N., Awan, S., Azzollini, R., Baldi, M., Balestra, A., Bardelli, S., Basset, A., Bender, R., Bonino, D., Branchini, E., Brescia, M., Brinchmann, J., Camera, S., Candini, G. P., Capobianco, V., Carbone, C., Carretero, J., Casas, S., Castellano, M., Cavuoti, S., Cimatti, A., Congedo, G., Conversi, L., Copin, Y., Corcione, L., Courbin, F., Courtois, H. M., Cropper, M., Da Silva, A., Degaudenzi, H., Di Giorgio, A. M., Dinis, J., Dubath, F., Dupac, X., Dusini, S., Farina, M., Farrens, S., Ferriol, S., Fosalba, P., Frailis, M., Franceschi, E., Fumana, M., Galeotta, S., Garilli, B., Gillard, W., Gillis, B., Giocoli, C., Gómez-Alvarez, P., Granett, B. R., Grazian, A., Grupp, F., Guzzo, L., Haugan, S. V. H., Hoar, J., Hoekstra, H., Holliman, M. S., Holmes, W., Hook, I., Hormuth, F., Hornstrup, A., Hudelot, P., Jahnke, K., Keihänen, E., Kermiche, S., Kiessling, A., Kilbinger, M., Kitching, T., Kohley, R., Kubik, B., Kuijken, K., Kümmel, M., Kunz, M., Kurki-Suonio, H., Lahav, O., Mignant, D. Le, Lilje, P. B., Lindholm, V., Lloro, I., Maiorano, E., Mansutti, O., Marggraf, O., Markovic, K., Martinet, N., Marulli, F., Massey, R., Maurogordato, S., McCracken, H. J., Medinaceli, E., Mei, S., Mellier, Y., Meneghetti, M., Merlin, E., Meylan, G., Moresco, M., Moscardini, L., Munari, E., Nakajima, R., Nichol, R. C., Niemi, S. -M., Nightingale, J. W., Padilla, C., Paltani, S., Pasian, F., Pedersen, K., Percival, W. J., Pettorino, V., Pires, S., Polenta, G., Poncet, M., Popa, L. A., Pozzetti, L., Racca, G. D., Raison, F., Rebolo, R., Refregier, A., Renzi, A., Rhodes, J., Riccio, G., Romelli, E., Roncarelli, M., Rossetti, E., Saglia, R., Sapone, D., Sartoris, B., Schneider, P., Schrabback, T., Scodeggio, M., Secroun, A., Seidel, G., Serrano, S., Sirignano, C., Sirri, G., Skottfelt, J., Stanco, L., Tallada-Crespí, P., Tavagnacco, D., Taylor, A. N., Teplitz, H. I., Tereno, I., Toledo-Moreo, R., Torradeflot, F., Tutusaus, I., Valentijn, E. A., Valenziano, L., Vassallo, T., Kleijn, G. Verdoes, Veropalumbo, A., Wang, Y., Weller, J., Williams, O. R., Zamorani, G., Zucca, E., Burigana, C., De Lucia, G., George, K., Scottez, V., Miluzio, M., Simon, P., Mora, A., Martín-Fleitas, J., and Scott, D.
Subjects: Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies
Abstract: Euclid is poised to make significant advances in the study of nearby galaxies in the local Universe. Here we present a first look at 6 galaxies observed for the Nearby Galaxy Showcase as part of the Euclid Early Release Observations acquired between August and November, 2023. These targets, 3 dwarf galaxies (HolmbergII, IC10, NGC6822) and 3 spirals (IC342, NGC2403, NGC6744), range in distance from about 0.5 Mpc to 8.8 Mpc. Our assessment of the surface brightness depths in the stacked Euclid images confirms previous estimates in 100 arcsec^2 regions of 1sigma=30.5 mag/arcsec^2 for VIS, but slightly deeper than previous estimates for NISP with 1sigma=29.2-29.4 mag/arcsec^2. By combining Euclid HE, YE, and IE into RGB images, we illustrate the large field-of-view covered by a single Reference Observing Sequence, together with exquisite detail on parsec scales in these nearby galaxies. Radial surface brightness and color profiles demonstrate galaxy colors in agreement with stellar population synthesis models. Standard stellar photometry selection techniques find approximately 1.3 million stars across the 6 galaxy fields. Euclid's resolved stellar photometry allows us to constrain the star-formation histories of these galaxies, by disentangling the distributions of young stars, as well as asymptotic giant branch and red giant branch stellar populations. We finally examine 2 galaxies individually for surrounding satellite systems. Our analysis of the ensemble of dwarf satellites around NGC6744 reveals a new galaxy, EDwC1, a nucleated dwarf spheroidal at the end of a spiral arm. Our new census of the globular clusters around NGC2403 yields 9 new star-cluster candidates, 8 of which with colors indicative of evolved stellar populations. In summary, our investigation of the 6 Showcase galaxies demonstrates that Euclid is a powerful probe of the anatomy of nearby galaxies [abridged]., Comment: 36 pages; 20 figures in main text; 4 Appendices. Submitted to A&A, as part of the A&A special issue `Euclid on Sky', which contains Euclid key reference papers and first results from the Euclid Early Release Observations
Published: 2024

11. Euclid: Early Release Observations -- A glance at free-floating new-born planets in the sigma Orionis cluster

Author: Martín, E. L., {Ž}erjal, M., Bouy, H., Martin-Gonzalez, D., Torres, S. Mu{ň}oz, Barrado, D., Olivares, J., Pérez-Garrido, A., Mas-Buitrago, P., Cruz, P., Solano, E., Osorio, M. R. Zapatero, Lodieu, N., Béjar, V. J. S., Zhang, J. -Y., del Burgo, C., Huélamo, N., Laureijs, R., Mora, A., Saifollahi, T., Cuillandre, J. -C., Schirmer, M., Tata, R., Points, S., Phan-Bao, N., Goldman, B., Casewell, S. L., Reylé, C., Smart, R. L., Aghanim, N., Altieri, B., Andreon, S., Auricchio, N., Baldi, M., Balestra, A., Bardelli, S., Basset, A., Bender, R., Bonino, D., Branchini, E., Brescia, M., Brinchmann, J., Camera, S., Capobianco, V., Carbone, C., Carretero, J., Casas, S., Castellano, M., Cavuoti, S., Cimatti, A., Congedo, G., Conselice, C. J., Conversi, L., Copin, Y., Corcione, L., Courbin, F., Courtois, H. M., Cropper, M., Da Silva, A., Degaudenzi, H., Di Giorgio, A. M., Dinis, J., Dubath, F., Dupac, X., Dusini, S., Ealet, A., Farina, M., Farrens, S., Ferriol, S., Fosalba, P., Frailis, M., Franceschi, E., Fumana, M., Galeotta, S., Garilli, B., Gillard, W., Gillis, B., Giocoli, C., Gómez-Alvarez, P., Grazian, A., Grupp, F., Guzzo, L., Haugan, S. V. H., Hoar, J., Hoekstra, H., Holmes, W., Hook, I., Hormuth, F., Hornstrup, A., Hu, D., Hudelot, P., Jahnke, K., Jhabvala, M., Keihänen, E., Kermiche, S., Kiessling, A., Kilbinger, M., Kitching, T., Kohley, R., Kubik, B., Kümmel, M., Kunz, M., Kurki-Suonio, H., Mignant, D. Le, Ligori, S., Lilje, P. B., Lindholm, V., Lloro, I., Maino, D., Maiorano, E., Mansutti, O., Marggraf, O., Martinet, N., Marulli, F., Massey, R., Medinaceli, E., Mei, S., Melchior, M., Mellier, Y., Meneghetti, M., Meylan, G., Mohr, J. J., Moresco, M., Moscardini, L., Niemi, S. -M., Padilla, C., Paltani, S., Pasian, F., Pedersen, K., Percival, W. J., Pettorino, V., Pires, S., Polenta, G., Poncet, M., Popa, L. A., Pozzetti, L., Racca, G. D., Raison, F., Rebolo, R., Renzi, A., Rhodes, J., Riccio, G., Rix, Hans-Walter, Romelli, E., Roncarelli, M., Rossetti, E., Saglia, R., Sapone, D., Sartoris, B., Sauvage, M., Scaramella, R., Schneider, P., Secroun, A., Seidel, G., Seiffert, M., Serrano, S., Sirignano, C., Sirri, G., Stanco, L., Tallada-Crespí, P., Taylor, A. N., Teplitz, H. I., Tereno, I., Toledo-Moreo, R., Tsyganov, A., Tutusaus, I., Valenziano, L., Vassallo, T., Kleijn, G. Verdoes, Wang, Y., Weller, J., Williams, O. R., Zucca, E., Baccigalupi, C., Willis, G., Simon, P., Martín-Fleitas, J., and Scott, D.
Subjects: Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics
Abstract: We provide an early assessment of the imaging capabilities of the Euclid space mission to probe deeply into nearby star-forming regions and associated very young open clusters, and in particular to check to what extent it can shed light on the new-born free-floating planet population. This paper focuses on a low-reddening region observed in just one Euclid pointing where the dust and gas has been cleared out by the hot sigma Orionis star. One late-M and six known spectroscopically confirmed L-type substellar members in the sigma Orionis cluster are used as benchmarks to provide a high-purity procedure to select new candidate members with Euclid. The exquisite angular resolution and depth delivered by the Euclid instruments allow us to focus on bona-fide point sources. A cleaned sample of sigma Orionis cluster substellar members has been produced and the initial mass function (IMF) has been estimated by combining Euclid and Gaia data. Our sigma Orionis substellar IMF is consistent with a power-law distribution with no significant steepening at the planetary-mass end. No evidence of a low-mass cutoff is found down to about 4 Jupiter masses at the young age (3 Myr) of the sigma Orionis open cluster., Comment: 13 pages, 10 figures, submitted to the A&A special issue on "Euclid on the sky"
Published: 2024

12. Euclid: Early Release Observations -- Programme overview and pipeline for compact- and diffuse-emission photometry

Author: Cuillandre, J. -C., Bertin, E., Bolzonella, M., Bouy, H., Gwyn, S., Isani, S., Kluge, M., Lai, O., Lançon, A., Lang, D. A., Laureijs, R., Saifollahi, T., Schirmer, M., Stone, C., Abdurro'uf, Aghanim, N., Altieri, B., Annibali, F., Atek, H., Awad, P., Baes, M., Bañados, E., Barrado, D., Belladitta, S., Belokurov, V., Boselli, A., Bournaud, F., Bovy, J., Bowler, R. A. A., Buenadicha, G., Buitrago, F., Cantiello, M., Carollo, D., Codis, S., Collins, M. L. M., Congedo, G., Dalessandro, E., de Lapparent, V., De Paolis, F., Diego, J. M., Dimauro, P., Dinis, J., Dole, H., Duc, P. -A., Erkal, D., Ezziati, M., Ferguson, A. M. N., Ferré-Mateu, A., Franco, A., Gavazzi, R., George, K., Gillard, W., Golden-Marx, J. B., Goldman, B., Gonzalez, A. H., Habas, R., Hartley, W. G., Hatch, N. A., Kohley, R., Hoar, J., Howell, J. M., Hunt, L. K., Jablonka, P., Jauzac, M., Kang, Y., Knapen, J. H., Kneib, J. -P., Kuzma, P. B., Larsen, S. S., Marchal, O., Martín-Fleitas, J., Marcos-Arenal, P., Marleau, F. R., Martín, E. L., Massari, D., McConnachie, A. W., Meneghetti, M., Miluzio, M., Carretero, J. Miro, Miyatake, H., Mondelin, M., Montes, M., Mora, A., Müller, O., Nally, C., Noeske, K., Nucita, A. A., Oesch, P. A., Oguri, M., Peletier, R. F., Poulain, M., Quilley, L., Racca, G. D., Rejkuba, M., Rhodes, J., Rocci, P. -F., Román, J., Sacquegna, S., Saremi, E., Scaramella, R., Schinnerer, E., Serjeant, S., Sola, E., Sorce, J. G., Tarsitano, F., Tereno, I., Toft, S., Tortora, C., Urbano, M., Venhola, A., Voggel, K., Weaver, J. R., Xu, X., Žerjal, M., Zöller, R., Andreon, S., Auricchio, N., Baldi, M., Balestra, A., Bardelli, S., Basset, A., Bender, R., Bodendorf, C., Branchini, E., Brau-Nogue, S., Brescia, M., Brinchmann, J., Camera, S., Capobianco, V., Carbone, C., Carretero, J., Casas, S., Castander, F. J., Castellano, M., Cavuoti, S., Cimatti, A., Conselice, C. J., Conversi, L., Copin, Y., Courbin, F., Courtois, H. M., Cropper, M., Cuby, J. -G., Da Silva, A., Degaudenzi, H., Di Giorgio, A. M., Douspis, M., Duncan, C. A. J., Dupac, X., Dusini, S., Fabricius, M., Farina, M., Farrens, S., Ferriol, S., Fotopoulou, S., Frailis, M., Franceschi, E., Galeotta, S., Garilli, B., Gillis, B., Giocoli, C., Gómez-Alvarez, P., Grazian, A., Grupp, F., Guzzo, L., Haugan, S. V. H., Hoekstra, H., Holmes, W., Hook, I., Hormuth, F., Hornstrup, A., Hudelot, P., Jahnke, K., Jhabvala, M., Keihänen, E., Kermiche, S., Kiessling, A., Kilbinger, M., Kitching, T., Kubik, B., Kuijken, K., Kümmel, M., Kunz, M., Kurki-Suonio, H., Lahav, O., Ligori, S., Lilje, P. B., Lindholm, V., Lloro, I., Maino, D., Maiorano, E., Mansutti, O., Marggraf, O., Markovic, K., Martinet, N., Marulli, F., Massey, R., Maurogordato, S., McCracken, H. J., Medinaceli, E., Mellier, Y., Meylan, G., Mohr, J. J., Moresco, M., Moscardini, L., Munari, E., Nakajima, R., Nichol, R. C., Niemi, S. -M., Padilla, C., Paltani, S., Pasian, F., Peacock, J. A., Pedersen, K., Percival, W. J., Pettorino, V., Pires, S., Polenta, G., Poncet, M., Popa, L. A., Pozzetti, L., Raison, F., Rebolo, R., Refregier, A., Renzi, A., Riccio, G., Rix, Hans-Walter, Romelli, E., Roncarelli, M., Rossetti, E., Saglia, R., Sapone, D., Schneider, P., Schrabback, T., Secroun, A., Seidel, G., Serrano, S., Sirignano, C., Sirri, G., Skottfelt, J., Stanco, L., Tallada-Crespí, P., Taylor, A. N., Teplitz, H. I., Toledo-Moreo, R., Tsyganov, A., Tutusaus, I., Valentijn, E. A., Valenziano, L., Vassallo, T., Kleijn, G. Verdoes, Wang, Y., Weller, J., Williams, O. R., Zamorani, G., Zucca, E., Baccigalupi, C., Burigana, C., Casenove, P., Liebing, P., Scottez, V., Simon, P., and Scott, D.
Subjects: Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies
Abstract: The Euclid ERO showcase Euclid's capabilities in advance of its main mission, targeting 17 astronomical objects, from galaxy clusters, nearby galaxies, globular clusters, to star-forming regions. A total of 24 hours observing time was allocated in the early months of operation, engaging the scientific community through an early public data release. We describe the development of the ERO pipeline to create visually compelling images while simultaneously meeting the scientific demands within months of launch, leveraging a pragmatic, data-driven development strategy. The pipeline's key requirements are to preserve the image quality and to provide flux calibration and photometry for compact and extended sources. The pipeline's five pillars are: removal of instrumental signatures; astrometric calibration; photometric calibration; image stacking; and the production of science-ready catalogues for both the VIS and NISP instruments. We report a PSF with a full width at half maximum of 0.16" in the optical and 0.49" in the three NIR bands. Our VIS mean absolute flux calibration is accurate to about 1%, and 10% for NISP due to a limited calibration set; both instruments have considerable colour terms. The median depth is 25.3 and 23.2 AB mag with a SNR of 10 for galaxies, and 27.1 and 24.5 AB mag at an SNR of 5 for point sources for VIS and NISP, respectively. Euclid's ability to observe diffuse emission is exceptional due to its extended PSF nearly matching a pure diffraction halo, the best ever achieved by a wide-field, high-resolution imaging telescope. Euclid offers unparalleled capabilities for exploring the LSB Universe across all scales, also opening a new observational window in the NIR. Median surface-brightness levels of 29.9 and 28.3 AB mag per square arcsec are achieved for VIS and NISP, respectively, for detecting a 10 arcsec x 10 arcsec extended feature at the 1 sigma level., Comment: Submitted to A&A, 44 pages, 36 figures - Part of the A&A special issue `Euclid on Sky', which contains Euclid key reference papers and first results from the Euclid Early Release Observations
Published: 2024

13. Euclid. V. The Flagship galaxy mock catalogue: a comprehensive simulation for the Euclid mission

Author: Euclid Collaboration, Castander, F. J., Fosalba, P., Stadel, J., Potter, D., Carretero, J., Tallada-Crespí, P., Pozzetti, L., Bolzonella, M., Mamon, G. A., Blot, L., Hoffmann, K., Huertas-Company, M., Monaco, P., Gonzalez, E. J., De Lucia, G., Scarlata, C., Breton, M. -A., Linke, L., Viglione, C., Li, S. -S., Zhai, Z., Baghkhani, Z., Pardede, K., Neissner, C., Teyssier, R., Crocce, M., Tutusaus, I., Miller, L., Congedo, G., Biviano, A., Hirschmann, M., Pezzotta, A., Aussel, H., Hoekstra, H., Kitching, T., Percival, W. J., Guzzo, L., Mellier, Y., Oesch, P. A., Bowler, R. A. A., Bruton, S., Allevato, V., Gonzalez-Perez, V., Manera, M., Avila, S., Kovács, A., Aghanim, N., Altieri, B., Amara, A., Amendola, L., Andreon, S., Auricchio, N., Baldi, M., Balestra, A., Bardelli, S., Bender, R., Bodendorf, C., Bonino, D., Branchini, E., Brescia, M., Brinchmann, J., Camera, S., Capobianco, V., Carbone, C., Casas, S., Castellano, M., Cavuoti, S., Cimatti, A., Conselice, C. J., Conversi, L., Copin, Y., Corcione, L., Courbin, F., Courtois, H. M., Da Silva, A., Degaudenzi, H., Di Giorgio, A. M., Dinis, J., Douspis, M., Dubath, F., Duncan, C. A. J., Dupac, X., Dusini, S., Ealet, A., Farina, M., Farrens, S., Ferriol, S., Fotopoulou, S., Fourmanoit, N., Frailis, M., Franceschi, E., Franzetti, P., Galeotta, S., Gillard, W., Gillis, B., Giocoli, C., Gómez-Alvarez, P., Granett, B. R., Grazian, A., Grupp, F., Haugan, S. V. H., Holliman, M. S., Holmes, W., Hook, I., Hormuth, F., Hornstrup, A., Hudelot, P., Jahnke, K., Jhabvala, M., Joachimi, B., Keihänen, E., Kermiche, S., Kiessling, A., Kilbinger, M., Kohley, R., Kubik, B., Kümmel, M., Kunz, M., Kurki-Suonio, H., Lahav, O., Laureijs, R., Mignant, D. Le, Ligori, S., Lilje, P. B., Lindholm, V., Lloro, I., Maino, D., Maiorano, E., Mansutti, O., Marggraf, O., Markovic, K., Martinet, N., Marulli, F., Massey, R., Masters, D. C., Maurogordato, S., McCracken, H. J., Medinaceli, E., Mei, S., Melchior, M., Meneghetti, M., Merlin, E., Meylan, G., Mohr, J. J., Moresco, M., Moscardini, L., Munari, E., Nakajima, R., Nichol, R. C., Niemi, S. -M., Padilla, C., Paech, K., Paltani, S., Pasian, F., Peacock, J. A., Pedersen, K., Pettorino, V., Pires, S., Polenta, G., Poncet, M., Popa, L. A., Raison, F., Rebolo, R., Renzi, A., Rhodes, J., Riccio, G., Romelli, E., Roncarelli, M., Rosset, C., Rossetti, E., Saglia, R., Sapone, D., Schirmer, M., Schneider, P., Schrabback, T., Scodeggio, M., Secroun, A., Seidel, G., Serrano, S., Sirignano, C., Sirri, G., Stanco, L., Starck, J. -L., Taylor, A. N., Teplitz, H. I., Tereno, I., Toledo-Moreo, R., Torradeflot, F., Tsyganov, A., Valenziano, L., Vassallo, T., Veropalumbo, A., Wang, Y., Weller, J., Zacchei, A., Zamorani, G., Zerbi, F. M., Zoubian, J., Zucca, E., Baccigalupi, C., Bernardeau, F., Boucaud, A., Bozzo, E., Burigana, C., Calabrese, M., Casenove, P., Castignani, G., Colodro-Conde, C., Di Ferdinando, D., Vigo, J. A. Escartin, Fabbian, G., Finelli, F., Gracia-Carpio, J., Ilić, S., Liebing, P., Marcin, S., Martinelli, M., Matthew, S., Mauri, N., Pöntinen, M., Porciani, C., Sakr, Z., Scottez, V., Sefusatti, E., Steinwagner, J., Tenti, M., Viel, M., Wiesmann, M., Akrami, Y., Anselmi, S., Archidiacono, M., Atrio-Barandela, F., Aubourg, E., Balaguera-Antolinez, A., Ballardini, M., Bertacca, D., Bethermin, M., Blanchard, A., Böhringer, H., Borgani, S., Bouvard, T., Cabanac, R., Calabro, A., Quevedo, B. Camacho, Canas-Herrera, G., Cappi, A., Caro, F., Carvalho, C. S., Castro, T., Chambers, K. C., Contarini, S., Contini, T., Cooray, A. R., Costanzi, M., Cucciati, O., Davini, S., De Caro, B., de la Torre, S., Desprez, G., Díaz-Sánchez, A., Diaz, J. J., Di Domizio, S., Dole, H., Escoffier, S., Ezziati, M., Ferrari, A. G., Ferreira, P. G., Ferrero, I., Finoguenov, A., Fontana, A., Fornari, F., Gabarra, L., Ganga, K., García-Bellido, J., Gasparetto, T., Gaztanaga, E., Giacomini, F., Gianotti, F., Gonzalez, A. H., Gozaliasl, G., Hall, A., Hartley, W. G., Hildebrandt, H., Hjorth, J., Holland, A. D., Ilbert, O., Joudaki, S., Jullo, E., Kajava, J. J. E., Kansal, V., Karagiannis, D., Kirkpatrick, C. C., Graet, J. Le, Legrand, L., Lesgourgues, J., Liaudat, T. I., Loureiro, A., Macias-Perez, J., Magliocchetti, M., Mancini, C., Mannucci, F., Maoli, R., Martins, C. J. A. P., Maurin, L., Metcalf, R. B., Migliaccio, M., Miluzio, M., Mora, A., Moretti, C., Morgante, G., Nadathur, S., Nicastro, L., Walton, Nicholas A., Oguri, M., Patrizii, L., Popa, V., Pourtsidou, A., Reimberg, P., Risso, I., Rocci, P. -F., Rollins, R. P., Rusholme, B., Sahlén, M., Sánchez, A. G., Schaye, J., Schewtschenko, J. A., Schneider, A., Schultheis, M., Sereno, M., Shankar, F., Shulevski, A., Silvestri, A., Simon, P., Mancini, A. Spurio, Stanford, S. A., Tanidis, K., Tao, C., Tessore, N., Testera, G., Tewes, M., Toft, S., Tosi, S., Troja, A., Tucci, M., Valieri, C., Valiviita, J., Vergani, D., Vernizzi, F., Verza, G., Vielzeuf, P., Weaver, J. R., Zalesky, L., Dimauro, P., Duc, P. -A., Fang, Y., Ferguson, A. M. N., Gutierrez, C. M., Kova{č}ić, I., Kruk, S., Brun, A. M. C. Le, Montoro, A., Murray, C., Pagano, L., Paoletti, D., Sarpa, E., Viitanen, A., Martín-Fleitas, J., and Yung, L. Y. A.
Subjects: Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics
Abstract: We present the Flagship galaxy mock, a simulated catalogue of billions of galaxies designed to support the scientific exploitation of the Euclid mission. Euclid is a medium-class mission of the European Space Agency optimised to determine the properties of dark matter and dark energy on the largest scales of the Universe. It probes structure formation over more than 10 billion years primarily from the combination of weak gravitational lensing and galaxy clustering data. The breath of Euclid's data will also foster a wide variety of scientific analyses. The Flagship simulation was developed to provide a realistic approximation to the galaxies that will be observed by Euclid and used in its scientific analyses. We ran a state-of-the-art N-body simulation with four trillion particles, producing a lightcone on the fly. From the dark matter particles, we produced a catalogue of 16 billion haloes in one octant of the sky in the lightcone up to redshift z=3. We then populated these haloes with mock galaxies using a halo occupation distribution and abundance matching approach, calibrating the free parameters of the galaxy mock against observed correlations and other basic galaxy properties. Modelled galaxy properties include luminosity and flux in several bands, redshifts, positions and velocities, spectral energy distributions, shapes and sizes, stellar masses, star formation rates, metallicities, emission line fluxes, and lensing properties. We selected a final sample of 3.4 billion galaxies with a magnitude cut of H_E<26, where we are complete. We have performed a comprehensive set of validation tests to check the similarity to observational data and theoretical models. In particular, our catalogue is able to closely reproduce the main characteristics of the weak lensing and galaxy clustering samples to be used in the mission's main cosmological analysis. (abridged), Comment: Paper submitted as part of the A&A special issue `Euclid on Sky', which contains Euclid key reference papers and first results from the Euclid Early Release Observations
Published: 2024

14. Euclid. III. The NISP Instrument

Author: Euclid Collaboration, Jahnke, K., Gillard, W., Schirmer, M., Ealet, A., Maciaszek, T., Prieto, E., Barbier, R., Bonoli, C., Corcione, L., Dusini, S., Grupp, F., Hormuth, F., Ligori, S., Martin, L., Morgante, G., Padilla, C., Toledo-Moreo, R., Trifoglio, M., Valenziano, L., Bender, R., Castander, F. J., Garilli, B., Lilje, P. B., Rix, H. -W., Auricchio, N., Balestra, A., Barriere, J. -C., Battaglia, P., Berthe, M., Bodendorf, C., Boenke, T., Bon, W., Bonnefoi, A., Caillat, A., Capobianco, V., Carle, M., Casas, R., Cho, H., Costille, A., Ducret, F., Ferriol, S., Franceschi, E., Gimenez, J. -L., Holmes, W., Hornstrup, A., Jhabvala, M., Kohley, R., Kubik, B., Laureijs, R., Mignant, D. Le, Lloro, I., Medinaceli, E., Mellier, Y., Polenta, G., Racca, G. D., Renzi, A., Salvignol, J. -C., Secroun, A., Seidel, G., Seiffert, M., Sirignano, C., Sirri, G., Strada, P., Smadja, G., Stanco, L., Wachter, S., Anselmi, S., Borsato, E., Caillat, L., Cogato, F., Colodro-Conde, C., Crouzet, P. -E., Conforti, V., D'Alessandro, M., Copin, Y., Cuillandre, J. -C., Davies, J. E., Davini, S., Derosa, A., Diaz, J. J., Di Domizio, S., Di Ferdinando, D., Farinelli, R., Ferrari, A. G., Fornari, F., Gabarra, L., Gutierrez, C. M., Giacomini, F., Lagier, P., Gianotti, F., Krause, O., Madrid, F., Laudisio, F., Macias-Perez, J., Naletto, G., Niclas, M., Marpaud, J., Mauri, N., da Silva, R., Passalacqua, F., Paterson, K., Patrizii, L., Risso, I., Solheim, B. G. B., Scodeggio, M., Stassi, P., Steinwagner, J., Tenti, M., Testera, G., Travaglini, R., Tosi, S., Troja, A., Tubio, O., Valieri, C., Vescovi, C., Ventura, S., Aghanim, N., Altieri, B., Amara, A., Amiaux, J., Andreon, S., Aussel, H., Baldi, M., Bardelli, S., Basset, A., Bonchi, A., Bonino, D., Branchini, E., Brescia, M., Brinchmann, J., Camera, S., Carbone, C., Cardone, V. F., Carretero, J., Casas, S., Castellano, M., Cavuoti, S., Chabaud, P. -Y., Cimatti, A., Congedo, G., Conselice, C. J., Conversi, L., Courbin, F., Courtois, H. M., Cropper, M., Cuby, J. -G., Da Silva, A., Degaudenzi, H., Di Giorgio, A. M., Dinis, J., Douspis, M., Dubath, F., Duncan, C. A. J., Dupac, X., Fabricius, M., Farina, M., Farrens, S., Faustini, F., Fosalba, P., Fotopoulou, S., Fourmanoit, N., Frailis, M., Franzetti, P., Galeotta, S., Gillis, B., Giocoli, C., Gómez-Alvarez, P., Granett, B. R., Grazian, A., Guzzo, L., Hailey, M., Haugan, S. V. H., Hoar, J., Hoekstra, H., Hook, I., Hudelot, P., Joachimi, B., Keihänen, E., Kermiche, S., Kiessling, A., Kilbinger, M., Kitching, T., Kümmel, M., Kunz, M., Kurki-Suonio, H., Lahav, O., Lindholm, V., Alvarez, J. Lorenzo, Maino, D., Maiorano, E., Mansutti, O., Marggraf, O., Markovic, K., Martignac, J., Martinet, N., Marulli, F., Massey, R., Masters, D. C., Maurogordato, S., McCracken, H. J., Mei, S., Melchior, M., Meneghetti, M., Merlin, E., Meylan, G., Mohr, J. J., Moresco, M., Moscardini, L., Nakajima, R., Nichol, R. C., Niemi, S. -M., Nutma, T., Paech, K., Paltani, S., Pasian, F., Peacock, J. A., Pedersen, K., Percival, W. J., Pettorino, V., Pires, S., Poncet, M., Popa, L. A., Pozzetti, L., Raison, F., Rebolo, R., Refregier, A., Rhodes, J., Riccio, G., Romelli, E., Roncarelli, M., Rosset, C., Rossetti, E., Rottgering, H. J. A., Saglia, R., Sapone, D., Sauvage, M., Scaramella, R., Schneider, P., Schrabback, T., Serrano, S., Tallada-Crespí, P., Tavagnacco, D., Taylor, A. N., Teplitz, H. I., Tereno, I., Torradeflot, F., Tutusaus, I., Vassallo, T., Kleijn, G. Verdoes, Veropalumbo, A., Vibert, D., Wang, Y., Weller, J., Zacchei, A., Zamorani, G., Zerbi, F. M., Zoubian, J., Zucca, E., Appleton, P. N., Baccigalupi, C., Biviano, A., Bolzonella, M., Boucaud, A., Bozzo, E., Burigana, C., Calabrese, M., Casenove, P., Crocce, M., De Lucia, G., Vigo, J. A. Escartin, Fabbian, G., Finelli, F., George, K., Gracia-Carpio, J., Ilić, S., Liebing, P., Liu, C., Mainetti, G., Marcin, S., Martinelli, M., Morris, P. W., Neissner, C., Pezzotta, A., Pöntinen, M., Porciani, C., Sakr, Z., Scottez, V., Sefusatti, E., Viel, M., Wiesmann, M., Akrami, Y., Allevato, V., Aubourg, E., Ballardini, M., Bertacca, D., Bethermin, M., Blanchard, A., Blot, L., Borgani, S., Borlaff, A. S., Bruton, S., Cabanac, R., Calabro, A., Calderone, G., Canas-Herrera, G., Cappi, A., Carvalho, C. S., Castignani, G., Castro, T., Chambers, K. C., Charles, Y., Chary, R., Colbert, J., Contarini, S., Contini, T., Cooray, A. R., Costanzi, M., Cucciati, O., De Caro, B., de la Torre, S., Desprez, G., Díaz-Sánchez, A., Dole, H., Escoffier, S., Ferreira, P. G., Ferrero, I., Finoguenov, A., Fontana, A., Ganga, K., García-Bellido, J., Gautard, V., Gaztanaga, E., Gozaliasl, G., Gregorio, A., Hall, A., Hartley, W. G., Hemmati, S., Hildebrandt, H., Hjorth, J., Hosseini, S., Huertas-Company, M., Ilbert, O., Jacobson, J., Joudaki, S., Kajava, J. J. E., Kansal, V., Karagiannis, D., Kirkpatrick, C. C., Lacasa, F., Brun, V. Le, Graet, J. Le, Legrand, L., Libet, G., Liu, S. J., Loureiro, A., Magliocchetti, M., Mancini, C., Mannucci, F., Maoli, R., Martins, C. J. A. P., Matthew, S., Maurin, L., McPartland, C. J. R., Metcalf, R. B., Migliaccio, M., Miluzio, M., Monaco, P., Moretti, C., Nadathur, S., Nicastro, L., Walton, Nicholas A., Odier, J., Oguri, M., Popa, V., Potter, D., Pourtsidou, A., Rocci, P. -F., Rollins, R. P., Rusholme, B., Sahlén, M., Sánchez, A. G., Scarlata, C., Schaye, J., Schewtschenko, J. A., Schneider, A., Schultheis, M., Sereno, M., Shankar, F., Shulevski, A., Sikkema, G., Silvestri, A., Simon, P., Mancini, A. Spurio, Stadel, J., Stanford, S. A., Tanidis, K., Tao, C., Tessore, N., Teyssier, R., Toft, S., Tucci, M., Valiviita, J., Vergani, D., Vernizzi, F., Verza, G., Vielzeuf, P., Weaver, J. R., Zalesky, L., Zinchenko, I. A., Archidiacono, M., Atrio-Barandela, F., Bennett, C. L., Bouvard, T., Caro, F., Conseil, S., Dimauro, P., Duc, P. -A., Fang, Y., Ferguson, A. M. N., Gasparetto, T., Kova{č}ić, I., Kruk, S., Brun, A. M. C. Le, Liaudat, T. I., Montoro, A., Mora, A., Murray, C., Pagano, L., Paoletti, D., Radovich, M., Sarpa, E., Tommasi, E., Viitanen, A., Lesgourgues, J., Levi, M. E., and Martín-Fleitas, J.
Subjects: Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies
Abstract: The Near-Infrared Spectrometer and Photometer (NISP) on board the Euclid satellite provides multiband photometry and R>=450 slitless grism spectroscopy in the 950-2020nm wavelength range. In this reference article we illuminate the background of NISP's functional and calibration requirements, describe the instrument's integral components, and provide all its key properties. We also sketch the processes needed to understand how NISP operates and is calibrated, and its technical potentials and limitations. Links to articles providing more details and technical background are included. NISP's 16 HAWAII-2RG (H2RG) detectors with a plate scale of 0.3" pix^-1 deliver a field-of-view of 0.57deg^2. In photo mode, NISP reaches a limiting magnitude of ~24.5AB mag in three photometric exposures of about 100s exposure time, for point sources and with a signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of 5. For spectroscopy, NISP's point-source sensitivity is a SNR = 3.5 detection of an emission line with flux ~2x10^-16erg/s/cm^2 integrated over two resolution elements of 13.4A, in 3x560s grism exposures at 1.6 mu (redshifted Ha). Our calibration includes on-ground and in-flight characterisation and monitoring of detector baseline, dark current, non-linearity, and sensitivity, to guarantee a relative photometric accuracy of better than 1.5%, and relative spectrophotometry to better than 0.7%. The wavelength calibration must be better than 5A. NISP is the state-of-the-art instrument in the NIR for all science beyond small areas available from HST and JWST - and an enormous advance due to its combination of field size and high throughput of telescope and instrument. During Euclid's 6-year survey covering 14000 deg^2 of extragalactic sky, NISP will be the backbone for determining distances of more than a billion galaxies. Its NIR data will become a rich reference imaging and spectroscopy data set for the coming decades., Comment: Paper submitted as part of the A&A special issue 'Euclid on Sky', which contains Euclid key reference papers and first results from the Euclid Early Release Observations
Published: 2024

15. Euclid. I. Overview of the Euclid mission

Author: Euclid Collaboration, Mellier, Y., Abdurro'uf, Barroso, J. A. Acevedo, Achúcarro, A., Adamek, J., Adam, R., Addison, G. E., Aghanim, N., Aguena, M., Ajani, V., Akrami, Y., Al-Bahlawan, A., Alavi, A., Albuquerque, I. S., Alestas, G., Alguero, G., Allaoui, A., Allen, S. W., Allevato, V., Alonso-Tetilla, A. V., Altieri, B., Alvarez-Candal, A., Amara, A., Amendola, L., Amiaux, J., Andika, I. T., Andreon, S., Andrews, A., Angora, G., Angulo, R. E., Annibali, F., Anselmi, A., Anselmi, S., Arcari, S., Archidiacono, M., Aricò, G., Arnaud, M., Arnouts, S., Asgari, M., Asorey, J., Atayde, L., Atek, H., Atrio-Barandela, F., Aubert, M., Aubourg, E., Auphan, T., Auricchio, N., Aussel, B., Aussel, H., Avelino, P. P., Avgoustidis, A., Avila, S., Awan, S., Azzollini, R., Baccigalupi, C., Bachelet, E., Bacon, D., Baes, M., Bagley, M. B., Bahr-Kalus, B., Balaguera-Antolinez, A., Balbinot, E., Balcells, M., Baldi, M., Baldry, I., Balestra, A., Ballardini, M., Ballester, O., Balogh, M., Bañados, E., Barbier, R., Bardelli, S., Barreiro, T., Barriere, J. -C., Barros, B. J., Barthelemy, A., Bartolo, N., Basset, A., Battaglia, P., Battisti, A. J., Baugh, C. M., Baumont, L., Bazzanini, L., Beaulieu, J. -P., Beckmann, V., Belikov, A. N., Bel, J., Bellagamba, F., Bella, M., Bellini, E., Benabed, K., Bender, R., Benevento, G., Bennett, C. L., Benson, K., Bergamini, P., Bermejo-Climent, J. R., Bernardeau, F., Bertacca, D., Berthe, M., Berthier, J., Bethermin, M., Beutler, F., Bevillon, C., Bhargava, S., Bhatawdekar, R., Bisigello, L., Biviano, A., Blake, R. P., Blanchard, A., Blazek, J., Blot, L., Bosco, A., Bodendorf, C., Boenke, T., Böhringer, H., Bolzonella, M., Bonchi, A., Bonici, M., Bonino, D., Bonino, L., Bonvin, C., Bon, W., Booth, J. T., Borgani, S., Borlaff, A. S., Borsato, E., Bose, B., Botticella, M. T., Boucaud, A., Bouche, F., Boucher, J. S., Boutigny, D., Bouvard, T., Bouy, H., Bowler, R. A. A., Bozza, V., Bozzo, E., Branchini, E., Brau-Nogue, S., Brekke, P., Bremer, M. N., Brescia, M., Breton, M. -A., Brinchmann, J., Brinckmann, T., Brockley-Blatt, C., Brodwin, M., Brouard, L., Brown, M. L., Bruton, S., Bucko, J., Buddelmeijer, H., Buenadicha, G., Buitrago, F., Burger, P., Burigana, C., Busillo, V., Busonero, D., Cabanac, R., Cabayol-Garcia, L., Cagliari, M. S., Caillat, A., Caillat, L., Calabrese, M., Calabro, A., Calderone, G., Calura, F., Quevedo, B. Camacho, Camera, S., Campos, L., Canas-Herrera, G., Candini, G. P., Cantiello, M., Capobianco, V., Cappellaro, E., Cappelluti, N., Cappi, A., Caputi, K. I., Cara, C., Carbone, C., Cardone, V. F., Carella, E., Carlberg, R. G., Carle, M., Carminati, L., Caro, F., Carrasco, J. M., Carretero, J., Carrilho, P., Duque, J. Carron, Carry, B., Carvalho, A., Carvalho, C. S., Casas, R., Casas, S., Casenove, P., Casey, C. M., Cassata, P., Castander, F. J., Castelao, D., Castellano, M., Castiblanco, L., Castignani, G., Castro, T., Cavet, C., Cavuoti, S., Chabaud, P. -Y., Chambers, K. C., Charles, Y., Charlot, S., Chartab, N., Chary, R., Chaumeil, F., Cho, H., Chon, G., Ciancetta, E., Ciliegi, P., Cimatti, A., Cimino, M., Cioni, M. -R. L., Claydon, R., Cleland, C., Clément, B., Clements, D. L., Clerc, N., Clesse, S., Codis, S., Cogato, F., Colbert, J., Cole, R. E., Coles, P., Collett, T. E., Collins, R. S., Colodro-Conde, C., Colombo, C., Combes, F., Conforti, V., Congedo, G., Conseil, S., Conselice, C. J., Contarini, S., Contini, T., Conversi, L., Cooray, A. R., Copin, Y., Corasaniti, P. -S., Corcho-Caballero, P., Corcione, L., Cordes, O., Corpace, O., Correnti, M., Costanzi, M., Costille, A., Courbin, F., Mifsud, L. Courcoult, Courtois, H. M., Cousinou, M. -C., Covone, G., Cowell, T., Cragg, C., Cresci, G., Cristiani, S., Crocce, M., Cropper, M., Crouzet, P. E, Csizi, B., Cuby, J. -G., Cucchetti, E., Cucciati, O., Cuillandre, J. -C., Cunha, P. A. C., Cuozzo, V., Daddi, E., D'Addona, M., Dafonte, C., Dagoneau, N., Dalessandro, E., Dalton, G. B., D'Amico, G., Dannerbauer, H., Danto, P., Das, I., Da Silva, A., da Silva, R., Daste, G., Davies, J. E., Davini, S., de Boer, T., Decarli, R., De Caro, B., Degaudenzi, H., Degni, G., de Jong, J. T. A., de la Bella, L. F., de la Torre, S., Delhaise, F., Delley, D., Delucchi, G., De Lucia, G., Denniston, J., De Paolis, F., De Petris, M., Derosa, A., Desai, S., Desjacques, V., Despali, G., Desprez, G., De Vicente-Albendea, J., Deville, Y., Dias, J. D. F., Díaz-Sánchez, A., Diaz, J. J., Di Domizio, S., Diego, J. M., Di Ferdinando, D., Di Giorgio, A. M., Dimauro, P., Dinis, J., Dolag, K., Dolding, C., Dole, H., Sánchez, H. Domínguez, Doré, O., Dournac, F., Douspis, M., Dreihahn, H., Droge, B., Dryer, B., Dubath, F., Duc, P. -A., Ducret, F., Duffy, C., Dufresne, F., Duncan, C. A. J., Dupac, X., Duret, V., Durrer, R., Durret, F., Dusini, S., Ealet, A., Eggemeier, A., Eisenhardt, P. R. M., Elbaz, D., Elkhashab, M. Y., Ellien, A., Endicott, J., Enia, A., Erben, T., Vigo, J. A. Escartin, Escoffier, S., Sanz, I. Escudero, Essert, J., Ettori, S., Ezziati, M., Fabbian, G., Fabricius, M., Fang, Y., Farina, A., Farina, M., Farinelli, R., Farrens, S., Faustini, F., Feltre, A., Ferguson, A. M. N., Ferrando, P., Ferrari, A. G., Ferré-Mateu, A., Ferreira, P. G., Ferreras, I., Ferrero, I., Ferriol, S., Ferruit, P., Filleul, D., Finelli, F., Finkelstein, S. L., Finoguenov, A., Fiorini, B., Flentge, F., Focardi, P., Fonseca, J., Fontana, A., Fontanot, F., Fornari, F., Fosalba, P., Fossati, M., Fotopoulou, S., Fouchez, D., Fourmanoit, N., Frailis, M., Fraix-Burnet, D., Franceschi, E., Franco, A., Franzetti, P., Freihoefer, J., Frittoli, G., Frugier, P. -A., Frusciante, N., Fumagalli, A., Fumagalli, M., Fumana, M., Fu, Y., Gabarra, L., Galeotta, S., Galluccio, L., Ganga, K., Gao, H., García-Bellido, J., Garcia, K., Gardner, J. P., Garilli, B., Gaspar-Venancio, L. -M., Gasparetto, T., Gautard, V., Gavazzi, R., Gaztanaga, E., Genolet, L., Santos, R. Genova, Gentile, F., George, K., Ghaffari, Z., Giacomini, F., Gianotti, F., Gibb, G. P. S., Gillard, W., Gillis, B., Ginolfi, M., Giocoli, C., Girardi, M., Giri, S. K., Goh, L. W. K., Gómez-Alvarez, P., Gonzalez, A. H., Gonzalez, E. J., Gonzalez, J. C., Beauchamps, S. Gouyou, Gozaliasl, G., Gracia-Carpio, J., Grandis, S., Granett, B. R., Granvik, M., Grazian, A., Gregorio, A., Grenet, C., Grillo, C., Grupp, F., Gruppioni, C., Gruppuso, A., Guerbuez, C., Guerrini, S., Guidi, M., Guillard, P., Gutierrez, C. M., Guttridge, P., Guzzo, L., Gwyn, S., Haapala, J., Haase, J., Haddow, C. R., Hailey, M., Hall, A., Hall, D., Hamaus, N., Haridasu, B. S., Harnois-Déraps, J., Harper, C., Hartley, W. G., Hasinger, G., Hassani, F., Hatch, N. A., Haugan, S. V. H., Häußler, B., Heavens, A., Heisenberg, L., Helmi, A., Helou, G., Hemmati, S., Henares, K., Herent, O., Hernández-Monteagudo, C., Heuberger, T., Hewett, P. C., Heydenreich, S., Hildebrandt, H., Hirschmann, M., Hjorth, J., Hoar, J., Hoekstra, H., Holland, A. D., Holliman, M. S., Holmes, W., Hook, I., Horeau, B., Hormuth, F., Hornstrup, A., Hosseini, S., Hu, D., Hudelot, P., Hudson, M. J., Huertas-Company, M., Huff, E. M., Hughes, A. C. N., Humphrey, A., Hunt, L. K., Huynh, D. D., Ibata, R., Ichikawa, K., Iglesias-Groth, S., Ilbert, O., Ilić, S., Ingoglia, L., Iodice, E., Israel, H., Israelsson, U. E., Izzo, L., Jablonka, P., Jackson, N., Jacobson, J., Jafariyazani, M., Jahnke, K., Jansen, H., Jarvis, M. J., Jasche, J., Jauzac, M., Jeffrey, N., Jhabvala, M., Jimenez-Teja, Y., Muñoz, A. Jimenez, Joachimi, B., Johansson, P. H., Joudaki, S., Jullo, E., Kajava, J. J. E., Kang, Y., Kannawadi, A., Kansal, V., Karagiannis, D., Kärcher, M., Kashlinsky, A., Kazandjian, M. V., Keck, F., Keihänen, E., Kerins, E., Kermiche, S., Khalil, A., Kiessling, A., Kiiveri, K., Kilbinger, M., Kim, J., King, R., Kirkpatrick, C. C., Kitching, T., Kluge, M., Knabenhans, M., Knapen, J. H., Knebe, A., Kneib, J. -P., Kohley, R., Koopmans, L. V. E., Koskinen, H., Koulouridis, E., Kou, R., Kovács, A., Kova{č}ić, I., Kowalczyk, A., Koyama, K., Kraljic, K., Krause, O., Kruk, S., Kubik, B., Kuchner, U., Kuijken, K., Kümmel, M., Kunz, M., Kurki-Suonio, H., Lacasa, F., Lacey, C. G., La Franca, F., Lagarde, N., Lahav, O., Laigle, C., La Marca, A., La Marle, O., Lamine, B., Lam, M. C., Lançon, A., Landt, H., Langer, M., Lapi, A., Larcheveque, C., Larsen, S. S., Lattanzi, M., Laudisio, F., Laugier, D., Laureijs, R., Lavaux, G., Lawrenson, A., Lazanu, A., Lazeyras, T., Boulc'h, Q. Le, Brun, A. M. C. Le, Brun, V. Le, Leclercq, F., Lee, S., Graet, J. Le, Legrand, L., Leirvik, K. N., Jeune, M. Le, Lembo, M., Mignant, D. Le, Lepinzan, M. D., Lepori, F., Lesci, G. F., Lesgourgues, J., Leuzzi, L., Levi, M. E., Liaudat, T. I., Libet, G., Liebing, P., Ligori, S., Lilje, P. B., Lin, C. -C., Linde, D., Linder, E., Lindholm, V., Linke, L., Li, S. -S., Liu, S. J., Lloro, I., Lobo, F. S. N., Lodieu, N., Lombardi, M., Lombriser, L., Lonare, P., Longo, G., López-Caniego, M., Lopez, X. Lopez, Alvarez, J. Lorenzo, Loureiro, A., Loveday, J., Lusso, E., Macias-Perez, J., Maciaszek, T., Magliocchetti, M., Magnard, F., Magnier, E. A., Magro, A., Mahler, G., Mainetti, G., Maino, D., Maiorano, E., Malavasi, N., Mamon, G. A., Mancini, C., Mandelbaum, R., Manera, M., Manjón-García, A., Mannucci, F., Mansutti, O., Outeiro, M. Manteiga, Maoli, R., Maraston, C., Marcin, S., Marcos-Arenal, P., Margalef-Bentabol, B., Marggraf, O., Marinucci, D., Marinucci, M., Markovic, K., Marleau, F. R., Marpaud, J., Martignac, J., Martín-Fleitas, J., Martin-Moruno, P., Martin, E. L., Martinelli, M., Martinet, N., Martin, H., Martins, C. J. A. P., Marulli, F., Massari, D., Massey, R., Masters, D. C., Matarrese, S., Matsuoka, Y., Matthew, S., Maughan, B. J., Mauri, N., Maurin, L., Maurogordato, S., McCarthy, K., McConnachie, A. W., McCracken, H. J., McDonald, I., McEwen, J. D., McPartland, C. J. R., Medinaceli, E., Mehta, V., Mei, S., Melchior, M., Melin, J. -B., Ménard, B., Mendes, J., Mendez-Abreu, J., Meneghetti, M., Mercurio, A., Merlin, E., Metcalf, R. B., Meylan, G., Migliaccio, M., Mignoli, M., Miller, L., Miluzio, M., Milvang-Jensen, B., Mimoso, J. P., Miquel, R., Miyatake, H., Mobasher, B., Mohr, J. J., Monaco, P., Monguió, M., Montoro, A., Mora, A., Dizgah, A. Moradinezhad, Moresco, M., Moretti, C., Morgante, G., Morisset, N., Moriya, T. J., Morris, P. W., Mortlock, D. J., Moscardini, L., Mota, D. F., Moustakas, L. A., Moutard, T., Müller, T., Munari, E., Murphree, G., Murray, C., Murray, N., Musi, P., Nadathur, S., Nagam, B. C., Nagao, T., Naidoo, K., Nakajima, R., Nally, C., Natoli, P., Navarro-Alsina, A., Girones, D. Navarro, Neissner, C., Nersesian, A., Nesseris, S., Nguyen-Kim, H. N., Nicastro, L., Nichol, R. C., Nielbock, M., Niemi, S. -M., Nieto, S., Nilsson, K., Noller, J., Norberg, P., Nourizonoz, A., Ntelis, P., Nucita, A. A., Nugent, P., Nunes, N. J., Nutma, T., Ocampo, I., Odier, J., Oesch, P. A., Oguri, M., Oliveira, D. Magalhaes, Onoue, M., Oosterbroek, T., Oppizzi, F., Ordenovic, C., Osato, K., Pacaud, F., Pace, F., Padilla, C., Paech, K., Pagano, L., Page, M. J., Palazzi, E., Paltani, S., Pamuk, S., Pandolfi, S., Paoletti, D., Paolillo, M., Papaderos, P., Pardede, K., Parimbelli, G., Parmar, A., Partmann, C., Pasian, F., Passalacqua, F., Paterson, K., Patrizii, L., Pattison, C., Paulino-Afonso, A., Paviot, R., Peacock, J. A., Pearce, F. R., Pedersen, K., Peel, A., Peletier, R. F., Ibanez, M. Pellejero, Pello, R., Penny, M. T., Percival, W. J., Perez-Garrido, A., Perotto, L., Pettorino, V., Pezzotta, A., Pezzuto, S., Philippon, A., Piersanti, O., Pietroni, M., Piga, L., Pilo, L., Pires, S., Pisani, A., Pizzella, A., Pizzuti, L., Plana, C., Polenta, G., Pollack, J. E., Poncet, M., Pöntinen, M., Pool, P., Popa, L. A., Popa, V., Popp, J., Porciani, C., Porth, L., Potter, D., Poulain, M., Pourtsidou, A., Pozzetti, L., Prandoni, I., Pratt, G. W., Prezelus, S., Prieto, E., Pugno, A., Quai, S., Quilley, L., Racca, G. D., Raccanelli, A., Rácz, G., Radinović, S., Radovich, M., Ragagnin, A., Ragnit, U., Raison, F., Ramos-Chernenko, N., Ranc, C., Raylet, N., Rebolo, R., Refregier, A., Reimberg, P., Reiprich, T. H., Renk, F., Renzi, A., Retre, J., Revaz, Y., Reylé, C., Reynolds, L., Rhodes, J., Ricci, F., Ricci, M., Riccio, G., Ricken, S. O., Rissanen, S., Risso, I., Rix, H. -W., Robin, A. C., Rocca-Volmerange, B., Rocci, P. -F., Rodenhuis, M., Rodighiero, G., Monroy, M. Rodriguez, Rollins, R. P., Romanello, M., Roman, J., Romelli, E., Romero-Gomez, M., Roncarelli, M., Rosati, P., Rosset, C., Rossetti, E., Roster, W., Rottgering, H. J. A., Rozas-Fernández, A., Ruane, K., Rubino-Martin, J. A., Rudolph, A., Ruppin, F., Rusholme, B., Sacquegna, S., Sáez-Casares, I., Saga, S., Saglia, R., Sahlén, M., Saifollahi, T., Sakr, Z., Salvalaggio, J., Salvaterra, R., Salvati, L., Salvato, M., Salvignol, J. -C., Sánchez, A. G., Sanchez, E., Sanders, D. B., Sapone, D., Saponara, M., Sarpa, E., Sarron, F., Sartori, S., Sassolas, B., Sauniere, L., Sauvage, M., Sawicki, M., Scaramella, R., Scarlata, C., Scharré, L., Schaye, J., Schewtschenko, J. A., Schindler, J. -T., Schinnerer, E., Schirmer, M., Schmidt, F., Schmidt, M., Schneider, A., Schneider, M., Schneider, P., Schöneberg, N., Schrabback, T., Schultheis, M., Schulz, S., Schwartz, J., Sciotti, D., Scodeggio, M., Scognamiglio, D., Scott, D., Scottez, V., Secroun, A., Sefusatti, E., Seidel, G., Seiffert, M., Sellentin, E., Selwood, M., Semboloni, E., Sereno, M., Serjeant, S., Serrano, S., Shankar, F., Sharples, R. M., Short, A., Shulevski, A., Shuntov, M., Sias, M., Sikkema, G., Silvestri, A., Simon, P., Sirignano, C., Sirri, G., Skottfelt, J., Slezak, E., Sluse, D., Smith, G. P., Smith, L. C., Smith, R. E., Smit, S. J. A., Soldano, F., Solheim, B. G. B., Sorce, J. G., Sorrenti, F., Soubrie, E., Spinoglio, L., Mancini, A. Spurio, Stadel, J., Stagnaro, L., Stanco, L., Stanford, S. A., Starck, J. -L., Stassi, P., Steinwagner, J., Stern, D., Stone, C., Strada, P., Strafella, F., Stramaccioni, D., Surace, C., Sureau, F., Suyu, S. H., Swindells, I., Szafraniec, M., Szapudi, I., Taamoli, S., Talia, M., Tallada-Crespí, P., Tanidis, K., Tao, C., Tarrío, P., Tavagnacco, D., Taylor, A. N., Taylor, J. E., Taylor, P. L., Teixeira, E. M., Tenti, M., Idiago, P. Teodoro, Teplitz, H. I., Tereno, I., Tessore, N., Testa, V., Testera, G., Tewes, M., Teyssier, R., Theret, N., Thizy, C., Thomas, P. D., Toba, Y., Toft, S., Toledo-Moreo, R., Tolstoy, E., Tommasi, E., Torbaniuk, O., Torradeflot, F., Tortora, C., Tosi, S., Tosti, S., Trifoglio, M., Troja, A., Trombetti, T., Tronconi, A., Tsedrik, M., Tsyganov, A., Tucci, M., Tutusaus, I., Uhlemann, C., Ulivi, L., Urbano, M., Vacher, L., Vaillon, L., Valdes, I., Valentijn, E. A., Valenziano, L., Valieri, C., Valiviita, J., Broeck, M. Van den, Vassallo, T., Vavrek, R., Venemans, B., Venhola, A., Ventura, S., Kleijn, G. Verdoes, Vergani, D., Verma, A., Vernizzi, F., Veropalumbo, A., Verza, G., Vescovi, C., Vibert, D., Viel, M., Vielzeuf, P., Viglione, C., Viitanen, A., Villaescusa-Navarro, F., Vinciguerra, S., Visticot, F., Voggel, K., von Wietersheim-Kramsta, M., Vriend, W. J., Wachter, S., Walmsley, M., Walth, G., Walton, D. M., Walton, N. A., Wander, M., Wang, L., Wang, Y., Weaver, J. R., Weller, J., Whalen, D. J., Wiesmann, M., Wilde, J., Williams, O. R., Winther, H. -A., Wittje, A., Wong, J. H. W., Wright, A. H., Yankelevich, V., Yeung, H. W., Youles, S., Yung, L. Y. A., Zacchei, A., Zalesky, L., Zamorani, G., Vitorelli, A. Zamorano, Marc, M. Zanoni, Zennaro, M., Zerbi, F. M., Zinchenko, I. A., Zoubian, J., Zucca, E., and Zumalacarregui, M.
Subjects: Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics
Abstract: The current standard model of cosmology successfully describes a variety of measurements, but the nature of its main ingredients, dark matter and dark energy, remains unknown. Euclid is a medium-class mission in the Cosmic Vision 2015-2025 programme of the European Space Agency (ESA) that will provide high-resolution optical imaging, as well as near-infrared imaging and spectroscopy, over about 14,000 deg^2 of extragalactic sky. In addition to accurate weak lensing and clustering measurements that probe structure formation over half of the age of the Universe, its primary probes for cosmology, these exquisite data will enable a wide range of science. This paper provides a high-level overview of the mission, summarising the survey characteristics, the various data-processing steps, and data products. We also highlight the main science objectives and expected performance., Comment: Paper submitted as part of the A&A special issue`Euclid on Sky'
Published: 2024

16. Euclid. II. The VIS Instrument

Author: Euclid Collaboration, Cropper, M., Al-Bahlawan, A., Amiaux, J., Awan, S., Azzollini, R., Benson, K., Berthe, M., Boucher, J., Bozzo, E., Brockley-Blatt, C., Candini, G. P., Cara, C., Chaudery, R. A., Cole, R. E., Danto, P., Denniston, J., Di Giorgio, A. M., Dryer, B., Endicott, J., Dubois, J. -P., Farina, M., Galli, E., Genolet, L., Gow, J. P. D., Guttridge, P., Hailey, M., Hall, D., Harper, C., Holland, A. D., Horeau, B., Hu, D., King, R., James, R. E., Larcheveque, C., Khalil, A., Lawrenson, A., Liebing, P., Martignac, J., McCracken, H. J., Murray, N., Nakajima, R., Niemi, S. -M., Pendem, A., Paltani, S., Philippon, A., Pool, P., Plana, C., Pottinger, S., Racca, G. D., Rousseau, A., Ruane, K., Salatti, M., Salvignol, J. -C., Sciortino, A., Short, Alexander, Liu, S. J., Skottfelt, J., Swindells, I., Smit, S. J. A., Szafraniec, M., Thomas, P. D., Thomas, W., Tommasi, E., Winter, B., Tosti, S., Visticot, F., Walton, D. M., Willis, G., Mora, A., Kohley, R., Massey, R., Nightingale, J. W., Kitching, T., Hoekstra, H., Aghanim, N., Altieri, B., Amara, A., Andreon, S., Auricchio, N., Aussel, H., Baldi, M., Balestra, A., Bardelli, S., Basset, A., Bender, R., Bodendorf, C., Boenke, T., Bonino, D., Branchini, E., Brescia, M., Brinchmann, J., Camera, S., Capobianco, V., Carbone, C., Cardone, V. F., Carretero, J., Casas, R., Casas, S., Castander, F. J., Castellano, M., Cavuoti, S., Cimatti, A., Congedo, G., Conselice, C. J., Conversi, L., Copin, Y., Courbin, F., Courtois, H. M., Cuby, J. -G., Cuillandre, J. -C., Da Silva, A., Degaudenzi, H., Dinis, J., Dolding, C., Douspis, M., Duncan, C. A. J., Dupac, X., Dusini, S., Ealet, A., Fabricius, M., Farrens, S., Ferriol, S., Fosalba, P., Fotopoulou, S., Frailis, M., Franceschi, E., Franzetti, P., Frugier, P. -A., Fumana, M., Galeotta, S., Garilli, B., Gillard, W., Gillis, B., Giocoli, C., Gómez-Alvarez, P., Granett, B. R., Grazian, A., Grupp, F., Guzzo, L., Haugan, S. V. H., Herent, O., Hoar, J., Holliman, M. S., Hook, I., Hormuth, F., Hornstrup, A., Hudelot, P., Jahnke, K., Jhabvala, M., Joachimi, B., Keihänen, E., Kermiche, S., Kilbinger, M., Kubik, B., Kuijken, K., Kümmel, M., Kunz, M., Kurki-Suonio, H., Lahav, O., Laureijs, R., Ligori, S., Lilje, P. B., Lindholm, V., Lloro, I., Alvarez, J. Lorenzo, Maino, D., Maiorano, E., Mansutti, O., Marggraf, O., Martinet, N., Marulli, F., Masters, D. C., Maurogordato, S., Medinaceli, E., Mei, S., Melchior, M., Mellier, Y., Meneghetti, M., Merlin, E., Meylan, G., Miller, L., Mohr, J. J., Moresco, M., Moscardini, L., Nichol, R. C., Nutma, T., Padilla, C., Paech, K., Pasian, F., Peacock, J. A., Pedersen, K., Percival, W. J., Pettorino, V., Pires, S., Polenta, G., Poncet, M., Popa, L. A., Pozzetti, L., Raison, F., Rebolo, R., Refregier, A., Renzi, A., Riccio, G., Rix, Hans-Walter, Romelli, E., Roncarelli, M., Rosset, C., Rossetti, E., Rottgering, H. J. A., Saglia, R., Sapone, D., Sauvage, M., Scaramella, R., Schirmer, M., Schneider, P., Schrabback, T., Secroun, A., Seidel, G., Serrano, S., Sirignano, C., Sirri, G., Stanco, L., Starck, J. -L., Tallada-Crespí, P., Tavagnacco, D., Taylor, A. N., Teplitz, H. I., Tereno, I., Toledo-Moreo, R., Torradeflot, F., Tutusaus, I., Valentijn, E. A., Valenziano, L., Vassallo, T., Kleijn, G. Verdoes, Veropalumbo, A., Wachter, S., Wang, Y., Weller, J., Zamorani, G., Zoubian, J., Zucca, E., Baccigalupi, C., Bernardeau, F., Biviano, A., Bolzonella, M., Boucaud, A., Burigana, C., Calabrese, M., Casenove, P., Colodro-Conde, C., Crocce, M., De Lucia, G., Di Ferdinando, D., Vigo, J. A. Escartin, Fabbian, G., Farinelli, R., Finelli, F., George, K., Gracia-Carpio, J., Ilić, S., Israel, H., Mainetti, G., Marcin, S., Martinelli, M., Mauri, N., Neissner, C., Nguyen-Kim, H. N., Pezzotta, A., Pöntinen, M., Porciani, C., Sakr, Z., Scottez, V., Sefusatti, E., Tenti, M., Viel, M., Wiesmann, M., Akrami, Y., Allevato, V., Anselmi, S., Aubourg, E., Ballardini, M., Bertacca, D., Bethermin, M., Blanchard, A., Blot, L., Borgani, S., Borlaff, A. S., Bruton, S., Cabanac, R., Calabro, A., Calderone, G., Canas-Herrera, G., Cappi, A., Carvalho, C. S., Castignani, G., Castro, T., Chambers, K. C., Chary, R., Contarini, S., Cooray, A. R., Cordes, O., Costanzi, M., Cucciati, O., Davini, S., De Caro, B., Desprez, G., Díaz-Sánchez, A., Di Domizio, S., Dole, H., Escoffier, S., Ferrari, A. G., Ferreira, P. G., Ferrero, I., Finoguenov, A., Fontana, A., Fornari, F., Gabarra, L., Ganga, K., García-Bellido, J., Gautard, V., Gaztanaga, E., Giacomini, F., Gianotti, F., Gozaliasl, G., Gregorio, A., Hall, A., Hartley, W. G., Hildebrandt, H., Hjorth, J., Huertas-Company, M., Ilbert, O., Joudaki, S., Kajava, J. J. E., Kansal, V., Karagiannis, D., Kirkpatrick, C. C., Lacasa, F., Graet, J. Le, Legrand, L., Libet, G., Loureiro, A., Macias-Perez, J., Magliocchetti, M., Mancini, C., Mannucci, F., Maoli, R., Martins, C. J. A. P., Matthew, S., Maurin, L., McPartland, C. J. R., Metcalf, R. B., Migliaccio, M., Miluzio, M., Monaco, P., Moretti, C., Morgante, G., Nadathur, S., Walton, Nicholas A., Odier, J., Oguri, M., Patrizii, L., Popa, V., Potter, D., Pourtsidou, A., Reimberg, P., Risso, I., Rocci, P. -F., Rollins, R. P., Rusholme, B., Sahlén, M., Sánchez, A. G., Scarlata, C., Schaye, J., Schewtschenko, J. A., Schneider, A., Schultheis, M., Sereno, M., Shankar, F., Sikkema, G., Silvestri, A., Simon, P., Mancini, A. Spurio, Stadel, J., Stanford, S. A., Steinwagner, J., Tanidis, K., Tao, C., Tessore, N., Testera, G., Tewes, M., Teyssier, R., Toft, S., Tosi, S., Troja, A., Tucci, M., Valieri, C., Valiviita, J., Vergani, D., Vernizzi, F., Verza, G., Vielzeuf, P., Weaver, J. R., Zalesky, L., Zinchenko, I. A., Archidiacono, M., Atrio-Barandela, F., Bouvard, T., Caro, F., Dimauro, P., Duc, P. -A., Fang, Y., Ferguson, A. M. N., Gasparetto, T., Gutierrez, C. M., Kova{č}ić, I., Kruk, S., Brun, A. M. C. Le, Liaudat, T. I., Montoro, A., Murray, C., Pagano, L., Paoletti, D., Sarpa, E., Viitanen, A., Lesgourgues, J., and Martín-Fleitas, J.
Subjects: Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics
Abstract: This paper presents the specification, design, and development of the Visible Camera (VIS) on the ESA Euclid mission. VIS is a large optical-band imager with a field of view of 0.54 deg^2 sampled at 0.1" with an array of 609 Megapixels and spatial resolution of 0.18". It will be used to survey approximately 14,000 deg^2 of extragalactic sky to measure the distortion of galaxies in the redshift range z=0.1-1.5 resulting from weak gravitational lensing, one of the two principal cosmology probes of Euclid. With photometric redshifts, the distribution of dark matter can be mapped in three dimensions, and, from how this has changed with look-back time, the nature of dark energy and theories of gravity can be constrained. The entire VIS focal plane will be transmitted to provide the largest images of the Universe from space to date, reaching m_AB>24.5 with S/N >10 in a single broad I_E~(r+i+z) band over a six year survey. The particularly challenging aspects of the instrument are the control and calibration of observational biases, which lead to stringent performance requirements and calibration regimes. With its combination of spatial resolution, calibration knowledge, depth, and area covering most of the extra-Galactic sky, VIS will also provide a legacy data set for many other fields. This paper discusses the rationale behind the VIS concept and describes the instrument design and development before reporting the pre-launch performance derived from ground calibrations and brief results from the in-orbit commissioning. VIS should reach fainter than m_AB=25 with S/N>10 for galaxies of full-width half-maximum of 0.3" in a 1.3" diameter aperture over the Wide Survey, and m_AB>26.4 for a Deep Survey that will cover more than 50 deg^2. The paper also describes how VIS works with the other Euclid components of survey, telescope, and science data processing to extract the cosmological information., Comment: Paper submitted as part of the A&A special issue `Euclid on Sky', which contains Euclid key reference papers and first results from the Euclid Early Release Observations
Published: 2024

17. Euclid preparation. LensMC, weak lensing cosmic shear measurement with forward modelling and Markov Chain Monte Carlo sampling

Author: Euclid Collaboration, Congedo, G., Miller, L., Taylor, A. N., Cross, N., Duncan, C. A. J., Kitching, T., Martinet, N., Matthew, S., Schrabback, T., Tewes, M., Welikala, N., Aghanim, N., Amara, A., Andreon, S., Auricchio, N., Baldi, M., Bardelli, S., Bender, R., Bodendorf, C., Bonino, D., Branchini, E., Brescia, M., Brinchmann, J., Camera, S., Capobianco, V., Carbone, C., Cardone, V. F., Carretero, J., Casas, S., Castander, F. J., Castellano, M., Cavuoti, S., Cimatti, A., Conselice, C. J., Conversi, L., Copin, Y., Courbin, F., Courtois, H. M., Cropper, M., Da Silva, A., Degaudenzi, H., Di Giorgio, A. M., Dinis, J., Dubath, F., Dupac, X., Farina, M., Farrens, S., Ferriol, S., Fosalba, P., Frailis, M., Franceschi, E., Galeotta, S., Garilli, B., Gillis, B., Giocoli, C., Grazian, A., Grupp, F., Haugan, S. V. H., Holliman, M. S., Holmes, W., Hormuth, F., Hornstrup, A., Hudelot, P., Jahnke, K., Keihänen, E., Kermiche, S., Kiessling, A., Kilbinger, M., Kubik, B., Kuijken, K., Kümmel, M., Kunz, M., Kurki-Suonio, H., Ligori, S., Lilje, P. B., Lindholm, V., Lloro, I., Maino, D., Maiorano, E., Mansutti, O., Marggraf, O., Markovic, K., Marulli, F., Massey, R., Maurogordato, S., McCracken, H. J., Medinaceli, E., Mei, S., Melchior, M., Meneghetti, M., Merlin, E., Meylan, G., Moresco, M., Morin, B., Moscardini, L., Munari, E., Niemi, S. -M., Nightingale, J. W., Padilla, C., Paltani, S., Pasian, F., Pedersen, K., Percival, W. J., Pettorino, V., Pires, S., Polenta, G., Poncet, M., Popa, L. A., Pozzetti, L., Raison, F., Rebolo, R., Renzi, A., Rhodes, J., Riccio, G., Romelli, E., Roncarelli, M., Rossetti, E., Saglia, R., Sapone, D., Sartoris, B., Schneider, P., Secroun, A., Seidel, G., Serrano, S., Sirignano, C., Sirri, G., Stanco, L., Tallada-Crespí, P., Tavagnacco, D., Tereno, I., Toledo-Moreo, R., Torradeflot, F., Tutusaus, I., Valentijn, E. A., Valenziano, L., Vassallo, T., Veropalumbo, A., Wang, Y., Weller, J., Zamorani, G., Zoubian, J., Zucca, E., Biviano, A., Bolzonella, M., Boucaud, A., Bozzo, E., Burigana, C., Colodro-Conde, C., Di Ferdinando, D., Graciá-Carpio, J., Mauri, N., Neissner, C., Nucita, A. A., Sakr, Z., Scottez, V., Tenti, M., Viel, M., Wiesmann, M., Akrami, Y., Allevato, V., Anselmi, S., Baccigalupi, C., Ballardini, M., Borgani, S., Borlaff, A. S., Bruton, S., Cabanac, R., Cappi, A., Carvalho, C. S., Castignani, G., Castro, T., Cañas-Herrera, G., Chambers, K. C., Cooray, A. R., Coupon, J., Davini, S., De Lucia, G., Desprez, G., Di Domizio, S., Dole, H., Díaz-Sánchez, A., Vigo, J. A. Escartin, Escoffier, S., Ferrero, I., Finelli, F., Gabarra, L., García-Bellido, J., Gaztanaga, E., Giacomini, F., Gozaliasl, G., Guinet, D., Hall, A., Hildebrandt, H., Ilić, S., Muñoz, A. Jimenez, Joudaki, S., Kajava, J. J. E., Kansal, V., Karagiannis, D., Kirkpatrick, C. C., Legrand, L., Macias-Perez, J., Maggio, G., Magliocchetti, M., Maoli, R., Martinelli, M., Martins, C. J. A. P., Maturi, M., Maurin, L., Metcalf, R. B., Migliaccio, M., Monaco, P., Morgante, G., Nadathur, S., Patrizii, L., Peel, A., Pezzotta, A., Popa, V., Porciani, C., Potter, D., Pöntinen, M., Reimberg, P., Rocci, P. -F., Sánchez, A. G., Schewtschenko, J. A., Schneider, A., Sefusatti, E., Sereno, M., Simon, P., Mancini, A. Spurio, Stadel, J., Steinwagner, J., Testera, G., Teyssier, R., Toft, S., Tosi, S., Troja, A., Tucci, M., Valieri, C., Valiviita, J., and Vergani, D.
Subjects: Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics, Physics - Data Analysis, Statistics and Probability, Statistics - Computation
Abstract: LensMC is a weak lensing shear measurement method developed for Euclid and Stage-IV surveys. It is based on forward modelling to deal with convolution by a point spread function with comparable size to many galaxies; sampling the posterior distribution of galaxy parameters via Markov Chain Monte Carlo; and marginalisation over nuisance parameters for each of the 1.5 billion galaxies observed by Euclid. The scientific performance is quantified through high-fidelity images based on the Euclid Flagship simulations and emulation of the Euclid VIS images; realistic clustering with a mean surface number density of 250 arcmin$^{-2}$ ($I_{\rm E}<29.5$) for galaxies, and 6 arcmin$^{-2}$ ($I_{\rm E}<26$) for stars; and a diffraction-limited chromatic point spread function with a full width at half maximum of $0.^{\!\prime\prime}2$ and spatial variation across the field of view. Objects are measured with a density of 90 arcmin$^{-2}$ ($I_{\rm E}<26.5$) in 4500 deg$^2$. The total shear bias is broken down into measurement (our main focus here) and selection effects (which will be addressed elsewhere). We find: measurement multiplicative and additive biases of $m_1=(-3.6\pm0.2)\times10^{-3}$, $m_2=(-4.3\pm0.2)\times10^{-3}$, $c_1=(-1.78\pm0.03)\times10^{-4}$, $c_2=(0.09\pm0.03)\times10^{-4}$; a large detection bias with a multiplicative component of $1.2\times10^{-2}$ and an additive component of $-3\times10^{-4}$; and a measurement PSF leakage of $\alpha_1=(-9\pm3)\times10^{-4}$ and $\alpha_2=(2\pm3)\times10^{-4}$. When model bias is suppressed, the obtained measurement biases are close to Euclid requirement and largely dominated by undetected faint galaxies ($-5\times10^{-3}$). Although significant, model bias will be straightforward to calibrate given the weak sensitivity. LensMC is publicly available at https://gitlab.com/gcongedo/LensMC, Comment: 29 pages, 18 figures, 2 tables
Published: 2024

18. Euclid preparation. XLII. A unified catalogue-level reanalysis of weak lensing by galaxy clusters in five imaging surveys

Author: Euclid Collaboration, Sereno, M., Farrens, S., Ingoglia, L., Lesci, G. F., Baumont, L., Covone, G., Giocoli, C., Marulli, F., La Hera, S. Miranda, Vannier, M., Biviano, A., Maurogordato, S., Moscardini, L., Aghanim, N., Andreon, S., Auricchio, N., Baldi, M., Bardelli, S., Bellagamba, F., Bodendorf, C., Bonino, D., Branchini, E., Brescia, M., Brinchmann, J., Camera, S., Capobianco, V., Carbone, C., Cardone, V. F., Carretero, J., Casas, S., Castellano, M., Cavuoti, S., Cimatti, A., Cledassou, R., Congedo, G., Conselice, C. J., Conversi, L., Copin, Y., Corcione, L., Courbin, F., Courtois, H. M., Cropper, M., Da Silva, A., Degaudenzi, H., Di Giorgio, A. M., Dinis, J., Dubath, F., Duncan, C. A. J., Dupac, X., Dusini, S., Farina, M., Ferriol, S., Frailis, M., Franceschi, E., Fumana, M., Galeotta, S., Garilli, B., Gillis, B., Grazian, A., Grupp, F., Haugan, S. V. H., Holmes, W., Hook, I., Hormuth, F., Hornstrup, A., Hudelot, P., Jahnke, K., Joachimi, B., Keihänen, E., Kermiche, S., Kiessling, A., Kubik, B., Kunz, M., Kurki-Suonio, H., Ligori, S., Lilje, P. B., Lindholm, V., Lloro, I., Maino, D., Maiorano, E., Mansutti, O., Marggraf, O., Markovic, K., Martinet, N., Massey, R., Medinaceli, E., Mei, S., Mellier, Y., Meneghetti, M., Merlin, E., Meylan, G., Moresco, M., Munari, E., Niemi, S. -M., Nutma, T., Padilla, C., Paltani, S., Pasian, F., Pedersen, K., Pettorino, V., Pires, S., Polenta, G., Poncet, M., Popa, L. A., Raison, F., Rebolo, R., Renzi, A., Rhodes, J., Riccio, G., Romelli, E., Roncarelli, M., Rossetti, E., Saglia, R., Sapone, D., Sartoris, B., Schirmer, M., Schneider, P., Schrabback, T., Secroun, A., Seidel, G., Serrano, S., Sirignano, C., Sirri, G., Stanco, L., Starck, J. -L., Tallada-Crespí, P., Taylor, A. N., Tereno, I., Toledo-Moreo, R., Torradeflot, F., Tutusaus, I., Valentijn, E. A., Valenziano, L., Vassallo, T., Veropalumbo, A., Wang, Y., Weller, J., Zacchei, A., Zamorani, G., Zoubian, J., Zucca, E., Boucaud, A., Bozzo, E., Cerna, C., Colodro-Conde, C., Di Ferdinando, D., Farinelli, R., Israel, H., Mauri, N., Neissner, C., Scottez, V., Tenti, M., Wiesmann, M., Akrami, Y., Allevato, V., Baccigalupi, C., Ballardini, M., Benielli, D., Borgani, S., Borlaff, A. S., Burigana, C., Cabanac, R., Cappi, A., Carvalho, C. S., Castignani, G., Castro, T., Cañas-Herrera, G., Chambers, K. C., Cooray, A. R., Coupon, J., Davini, S., De Lucia, G., Desprez, G., Di Domizio, S., Dole, H., Vigo, J. A. Escartin, Escoffier, S., Ferrero, I., Gabarra, L., Gaztanaga, E., George, K., Giacomini, F., Gozaliasl, G., Hildebrandt, H., Kajava, J. J. E., Kansal, V., Kirkpatrick, C. C., Legrand, L., Liebing, P., Loureiro, A., Macias-Perez, J., Magliocchetti, M., Mainetti, G., Maoli, R., Martinelli, M., Martins, C. J. A. P., Matthew, S. Z., Maturi, M., Maurin, L., Metcalf, R. B., Monaco, P., Morgante, G., Nadathur, S., Nucita, A. A., Patrizii, L., Peel, A., Pöntinen, M., Popa, V., Porciani, C., Potter, D., Reimberg, P., Sakr, Z., Sánchez, A. G., Schneider, A., Sefusatti, E., Simon, P., Mancini, A. Spurio, Stadel, J., Stanford, S. A., Steinwagner, J., Teyssier, R., Valiviita, J., and Viel, M.
Subjects: Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics
Abstract: Precise and accurate mass calibration is required to exploit galaxy clusters as astrophysical and cosmological probes in the Euclid era. Systematic errors in lensing signals by galaxy clusters can be empirically estimated by comparing different surveys with independent and uncorrelated systematics. To assess the robustness of the lensing results to systematic errors, we carried out end-to-end tests across different data sets. We performed a unified analysis at the catalogue level by leveraging the Euclid combined cluster and weak-lensing pipeline (COMB-CL). COMB-CL will measure weak lensing cluster masses for the Euclid Survey. Heterogeneous data sets from five independent, recent, lensing surveys (CHFTLenS, DES~SV1, HSC-SSP~S16a, KiDS~DR4, and RCSLenS), which exploited different shear and photometric redshift estimation algorithms, were analysed with a consistent pipeline under the same model assumptions. We performed a comparison of the amplitude of the reduced excess surface density and of the mass estimates using lenses from the Planck PSZ2 and SDSS redMaPPer cluster samples. Mass estimates agree with literature results collected in the LC2 catalogues. Mass accuracy was further investigated considering the AMICO detected clusters in the HSC-SSP XXL North field. The consistency of the data sets was tested using our unified analysis framework. We found agreement between independent surveys, at the level of systematic noise in Stage-III surveys or precursors. This indicates successful control over systematics. If such control continues in Stage-IV, Euclid will be able to measure the weak lensing masses of around 13000 (considering shot noise only) or 3000 (noise from shape and large-scale-structure) massive clusters with a signal-to-noise ratio greater than 3., Comment: 25 pages; in press on A&A
Published: 2024

19. Dissecting a miniature universe: A multi-wavelength view of galaxy quenching in the Shapley supercluster

Author: Aghanim, N., Tuominen, T., Bonjean, V., Gouin, C., Bonnaire, T., and Einasto, M.
Subjects: Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies
Abstract: Multiple-cluster systems, superclusters, contain large numbers of galaxies assembled in clusters inter-connected by multi-scale filamentary networks. As such, superclusters are a smaller version of the cosmic web and can be considered as miniature universes. Superclusters also contain gas, hot in the clusters and warmer in the filaments. Thus, they are ideal laboratories to study the interplay between the galaxies and the gas. In this context, the Shapley supercluster (SSC) stands out since it hosts the highest number of galaxies in the local universe. In addition, it is detected in both X-rays and via the thermal Sunyaev-Zel'dovich (tSZ) effect, making it ideal for a multi-wavelength study. Applying for the first time a filament-finder based on graphs, T-REx, on a spectroscopic galaxy catalogue, we uncovered the 3D filamentary network in and around SSC. Simultaneously, we used a large sample of photometric galaxies with information on their star formation rates (SFR) in order to investigate the quenching of star formation in the SSC environments which we define with the gas distribution in the Planck tSZ map and the ROSAT X-ray map. We confirm filaments already observed in the distribution of galaxies of the SSC, and detect new ones. We observe the quenching of star formation as a function of the gas, and show a general trend of decreasing SFR where the tSZ and X-ray signals are the highest. Within these regions, we also observe a rapid decline of the number of star-forming galaxies, coinciding with an increasing number of transitioning and passive galaxies. Within the filaments, the fraction of passive galaxies is larger than outside filaments, irrespective of the gas pressure. Our results suggest the zone of influence of the SSC, in which galaxies are pre-processed and quenched, is well defined by the tSZ signal that combines the density and temperature of the environments., Comment: 16 pages, 13 figures, submitted to A&A
Published: 2024

20. Euclid preparation. Measuring detailed galaxy morphologies for Euclid with Machine Learning

Author: Euclid Collaboration, Aussel, B., Kruk, S., Walmsley, M., Huertas-Company, M., Castellano, M., Conselice, C. J., Veneri, M. Delli, Sánchez, H. Domínguez, Duc, P. -A., Kuchner, U., La Marca, A., Margalef-Bentabol, B., Marleau, F. R., Stevens, G., Toba, Y., Tortora, C., Wang, L., Aghanim, N., Altieri, B., Amara, A., Andreon, S., Auricchio, N., Baldi, M., Bardelli, S., Bender, R., Bodendorf, C., Bonino, D., Branchini, E., Brescia, M., Brinchmann, J., Camera, S., Capobianco, V., Carbone, C., Carretero, J., Casas, S., Cavuoti, S., Cimatti, A., Congedo, G., Conversi, L., Copin, Y., Courbin, F., Courtois, H. M., Cropper, M., Da Silva, A., Degaudenzi, H., Di Giorgio, A. M., Dinis, J., Dubath, F., Dupac, X., Dusini, S., Farina, M., Farrens, S., Ferriol, S., Fotopoulou, S., Frailis, M., Franceschi, E., Franzetti, P., Fumana, M., Galeotta, S., Garilli, B., Gillis, B., Giocoli, C., Grazian, A., Grupp, F., Haugan, S. V. H., Holmes, W., Hook, I., Hormuth, F., Hornstrup, A., Hudelot, P., Jahnke, K., Keihänen, E., Kermiche, S., Kiessling, A., Kilbinger, M., Kubik, B., Kümmel, M., Kunz, M., Kurki-Suonio, H., Laureijs, R., Ligori, S., Lilje, P. B., Lindholm, V., Lloro, I., Maiorano, E., Mansutti, O., Marggraf, O., Markovic, K., Martinet, N., Marulli, F., Massey, R., Maurogordato, S., Medinaceli, E., Mei, S., Mellier, Y., Meneghetti, M., Merlin, E., Meylan, G., Moresco, M., Moscardini, L., Munari, E., Niemi, S. -M., Padilla, C., Paltani, S., Pasian, F., Pedersen, K., Percival, W. J., Pettorino, V., Pires, S., Polenta, G., Poncet, M., Popa, L. A., Pozzetti, L., Raison, F., Rebolo, R., Renzi, A., Rhodes, J., Riccio, G., Romelli, E., Roncarelli, M., Rossetti, E., Saglia, R., Sapone, D., Sartoris, B., Schirmer, M., Schneider, P., Secroun, A., Seidel, G., Serrano, S., Sirignano, C., Sirri, G., Stanco, L., Starck, J. -L., Tallada-Crespí, P., Taylor, A. N., Teplitz, H. I., Tereno, I., Toledo-Moreo, R., Torradeflot, F., Tutusaus, I., Valentijn, E. A., Valenziano, L., Vassallo, T., Veropalumbo, A., Wang, Y., Weller, J., Zacchei, A., Zamorani, G., Zoubian, J., Zucca, E., Biviano, A., Bolzonella, M., Boucaud, A., Bozzo, E., Burigana, C., Colodro-Conde, C., Di Ferdinando, D., Farinelli, R., Graciá-Carpio, J., Mainetti, G., Marcin, S., Mauri, N., Neissner, C., Nucita, A. A., Sakr, Z., Scottez, V., Tenti, M., Viel, M., Wiesmann, M., Akrami, Y., Allevato, V., Anselmi, S., Baccigalupi, C., Ballardini, M., Borgani, S., Borlaff, A. S., Bretonnière, H., Bruton, S., Cabanac, R., Calabro, A., Cappi, A., Carvalho, C. S., Castignani, G., Castro, T., Cañas-Herrera, G., Chambers, K. C., Coupon, J., Cucciati, O., Davini, S., De Lucia, G., Desprez, G., Di Domizio, S., Dole, H., Díaz-Sánchez, A., Vigo, J. A. Escartin, Escoffier, S., Ferrero, I., Finelli, F., Gabarra, L., Ganga, K., García-Bellido, J., Gaztanaga, E., George, K., Giacomini, F., Gozaliasl, G., Gregorio, A., Guinet, D., Hall, A., Hildebrandt, H., Munoz, A. Jimenez, Kajava, J. J. E., Kansal, V., Karagiannis, D., Kirkpatrick, C. C., Legrand, L., Loureiro, A., Macias-Perez, J., Magliocchetti, M., Maoli, R., Martinelli, M., Martins, C. J. A. P., Matthew, S., Maturi, M., Maurin, L., Metcalf, R. B., Migliaccio, M., Monaco, P., Morgante, G., Nadathur, S., Walton, Nicholas A., Peel, A., Pezzotta, A., Popa, V., Porciani, C., Potter, D., Pöntinen, M., Reimberg, P., Rocci, P. -F., Sánchez, A. G., Schneider, A., Sefusatti, E., Sereno, M., Simon, P., Mancini, A. Spurio, Stanford, S. A., Steinwagner, J., Testera, G., Tewes, M., Teyssier, R., Toft, S., Tosi, S., Troja, A., Tucci, M., Valieri, C., Valiviita, J., Vergani, D., and Zinchenko, I. A.
Subjects: Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies
Abstract: The Euclid mission is expected to image millions of galaxies with high resolution, providing an extensive dataset to study galaxy evolution. We investigate the application of deep learning to predict the detailed morphologies of galaxies in Euclid using Zoobot a convolutional neural network pretrained with 450000 galaxies from the Galaxy Zoo project. We adapted Zoobot for emulated Euclid images, generated based on Hubble Space Telescope COSMOS images, and with labels provided by volunteers in the Galaxy Zoo: Hubble project. We demonstrate that the trained Zoobot model successfully measures detailed morphology for emulated Euclid images. It effectively predicts whether a galaxy has features and identifies and characterises various features such as spiral arms, clumps, bars, disks, and central bulges. When compared to volunteer classifications Zoobot achieves mean vote fraction deviations of less than 12% and an accuracy above 91% for the confident volunteer classifications across most morphology types. However, the performance varies depending on the specific morphological class. For the global classes such as disk or smooth galaxies, the mean deviations are less than 10%, with only 1000 training galaxies necessary to reach this performance. For more detailed structures and complex tasks like detecting and counting spiral arms or clumps, the deviations are slightly higher, around 12% with 60000 galaxies used for training. In order to enhance the performance on complex morphologies, we anticipate that a larger pool of labelled galaxies is needed, which could be obtained using crowdsourcing. Finally, our findings imply that the model can be effectively adapted to new morphological labels. We demonstrate this adaptability by applying Zoobot to peculiar galaxies. In summary, our trained Zoobot CNN can readily predict morphological catalogues for Euclid images., Comment: 27 pages, 26 figures, 5 tables, submitted to A&A
Published: 2024

21. Cosmological constraints from the Chandra-Planck galaxy cluster sample

Author: Aymerich, G., Douspis, M., Pratt, G. W., Salvati, L., Soubrié, E., Andrade-Santos, F., Forman, W., Jones, C., Aghanim, N., Kraft, R., and van Weeren, R. J.
Subjects: Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics
Abstract: We provide a new $Y_{SZ} - M_{500}^{Y_X}$ scaling relation using a sample of clusters from the Planck Early Sunyaev-Zeldovich (ESZ) catalogue observed in X-rays by Chandra, and compare it to the results of the Planck collaboration from XMM-Newton observations of a subsample of the ESZ. We calibrate a mass bias for a subset of the Planck cosmological cluster sample using published weak-lensing data from the Canadian Cluster Cosmology Project and Multi Epoch Nearby Cluster Survey, for the new scaling relation as well as that from the Planck collaboration. We propose a novel method to account for selection effects and find a mass bias of $(1-b)=0.89\pm0.04$ for the new scaling relation, and $(1-b)=0.76\pm0.04$ for the Planck scaling relation. With these mass biases, we obtain $Y_{SZ} - M_{500}$ scaling relations that we apply to the full Planck cosmological cluster sample, to obtain new constraints on the cosmological parameters. We find fully consistent constraints regardless of the X-ray sample used, with $\sigma_8 = 0.77\pm0.02$, $\Omega_m = 0.31\pm0.02$ and $S_8 \equiv \sigma_8 \sqrt{\Omega_m / 0.3}=0.78\pm0.02$. We also provide constraints with a redshift evolution of the scaling relation fitted from the data instead of fixing it to the self-similar value. We find a redshift evolution significantly deviating from the self-similar value, leading to a higher value of $S_8=0.81\pm0.02$. We compare our results to those from recent analyses based on various cosmological probes, and find that our $S_8$ constraints are competitive with the tightest constraints from the literature. When assuming a self-similar redshift evolution, our constraints are in agreement with most late time probes and in tension with constraints from the CMB primary anisotropies. When fitting the redshift evolution from the data, we find no significant tension with results from either late time probes or the CMB., Comment: 16 pages, 17 figures, submitted to A&A
Published: 2024

22. Euclid preparation: TBD. The pre-launch Science Ground Segment simulation framework

Author: Euclid Collaboration, Serrano, S., Hudelot, P., Seidel, G., Pollack, J. E., Jullo, E., Torradeflot, F., Benielli, D., Fahed, R., Auphan, T., Carretero, J., Aussel, H., Casenove, P., Castander, F. J., Davies, J. E., Fourmanoit, N., Huot, S., Kara, A., Keihanen, E., Kermiche, S., Okumura, K., Zoubian, J., Ealet, A., Boucaud, A., Bretonniere, H., Casas, R., Clement, B., Duncan, C. A. J., George, K., Kiiveri, K., Kurki-Suonio, H., Kummel, M., Laugier, D., Mainetti, G., Mohr, J. J., Montoro, A., Neissner, C., Schirmer, M., Tallada-Crespi, P., Tonello, N., Venhola, A., Verderi, A., Zacchei, A., Aghanim, N., Altieri, B., Amara, A., Andreon, S., Auricchio, N., Azzollini, R., Baldi, M., Bardelli, S., Basset, A., Battaglia, P., Bodendorf, C., Bonino, D., Branchini, E., Brescia, M., Brinchmann, J., Camera, S., Candini, G. P., Capobianco, V., Carbone, C., Casas, S., Castellano, M., Cavuoti, S., Cimatti, A., Cledassou, R., Congedo, G., Conselice, C. J., Conversi, L., Copin, Y., Corcione, L., Courbin, F., Courtois, H. M., Cropper, M., Da Silva, A., Degaudenzi, H., Di Giorgio, A. M., Dinis, J., Dubath, F., Dupac, X., Dusini, S., Farina, M., Farrens, S., Ferriol, S., Frailis, M., Franceschi, E., Franzetti, P., Galeotta, S., Garilli, B., Gillard, W., Gillis, B., Giocoli, C., Granett, B. R., Grazian, A., Grupp, F., Guzzo, L., Haugan, S. V. H., Hoar, J., Hoekstra, H., Holmes, W., Hook, I., Hormuth, F., Hornstrup, A., Jahnke, K., Joachimi, B., Kiessling, A., Kitching, T., Kohley, R., Kunz, M., Boulc'h, Q. Le, Ligori, S., Lilje, P. B., Lindholm, V., Lloro, I., Maino, D., Maiorano, E., Mansutti, O., Marggraf, O., Markovic, K., Martinet, N., Marulli, F., Massey, R., Maurogordato, S., Medinaceli, E., Mei, S., Melchior, M., Mellier, Y., Meneghetti, M., Merlin, E., Meylan, G., Moresco, M., Moscardini, L., Munari, E., Nakajima, R., Niemi, S. -M., Nutma, T., Padilla, C., Paltani, S., Pasian, F., Pedersen, K., Percival, W. J., Pettorino, V., Pires, S., Polenta, G., Poncet, M., Popa, L. A., Pozzetti, L., Raison, F., Rebolo, R., Renzi, A., Rhodes, J., Riccio, G., Romelli, E., Roncarelli, M., Rossetti, E., Saglia, R., Sapone, D., Sartoris, B., Sauvage, M., Schneider, P., Schrabback, T., Scodeggio, M., Secroun, A., Sirignano, C., Sirri, G., Skottfelt, J., Stanco, L., Starck, J. -L., Taylor, A. N, Teplitz, H., Tereno, I., Toledo-Moreo, R., Tutusaus, I., Valentijn, E. A., Valenziano, L., Vassallo, T., Veropalumbo, A., Wang, Y., Weller, J., Zamorani, G., Zucca, E., Biviano, A., Bozzo, E., Colodro-Conde, C., Di Ferdinando, D., Farinelli, R., Gracia-Carpio, J., Liebing, P., Marcin, S., Mauri, N., Scottez, V., Tenti, M., Akrami, Y., Allevato, V., Baccigalupi, C., Ballardini, M., Bernardeau, F., Blanchard, A., Borgani, S., Borlaff, A. S., Bruton, S., Burigana, C., Cappi, A., Carvalho, C. S., Castignani, G., Castro, T., Canas-Herrera, G., Chambers, K. C., Cooray, A. R., Coupon, J., Crocce, M., Davini, S., de la Torre, S., De Lucia, G., Desai, S., Desprez, G., Diaz-Sanchez, A., Di Domizio, S., Dole, H., Vigo, J. A. Escartin, Escoffier, S., Ferrero, I., Finelli, F., Gabarra, L., Ganga, K., Garcia-Bellido, J., Gaztanaga, E., Giacomini, F., Gozaliasl, G., Gregorio, A., Hildebrandt, H., Huertas-Company, M., Ilbert, O., Munoz, A. Jimenez, Kajava, J. J. E., Kansal, V., Kirkpatrick, C. C., Legrand, L., Loureiro, A., Macias-Perez, J., Magliocchetti, M., Maoli, R., Martinelli, M., Martins, C. J. A. P., Matthew, S., Maurin, L., Metcalf, R. B., Migliaccio, M., Monaco, P., Morgante, G., Morris, P., Nadathur, S., Nucita, A. A., Pontinen, M., Popa, V., Porciani, C., Potter, D., Reimberg, P., Rusholme, B., Sakr, Z., Sanchez, A. G., Schneider, A., Sereno, M., Shulevski, A., Simon, P., Mancini, A. Spurio, Stadel, J., Steinwagner, J., Tewes, M., Teyssier, R., Toft, S., Tucci, M., Valiviita, J., Viel, M., and Zinchenko, I. A.
Subjects: Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics
Abstract: The European Space Agency's Euclid mission is one of the upcoming generation of large-scale cosmology surveys, which will map the large-scale structure in the Universe with unprecedented precision. The development and validation of the SGS pipeline requires state-of-the-art simulations with a high level of complexity and accuracy that include subtle instrumental features not accounted for previously as well as faster algorithms for the large-scale production of the expected Euclid data products. In this paper, we present the Euclid SGS simulation framework as applied in a large-scale end-to-end simulation exercise named Science Challenge 8. Our simulation pipeline enables the swift production of detailed image simulations for the construction and validation of the Euclid mission during its qualification phase and will serve as a reference throughout operations. Our end-to-end simulation framework starts with the production of a large cosmological N-body & mock galaxy catalogue simulation. We perform a selection of galaxies down to I_E=26 and 28 mag, respectively, for a Euclid Wide Survey spanning 165 deg^2 and a 1 deg^2 Euclid Deep Survey. We build realistic stellar density catalogues containing Milky Way-like stars down to H<26. Using the latest instrumental models for both the Euclid instruments and spacecraft as well as Euclid-like observing sequences, we emulate with high fidelity Euclid satellite imaging throughout the mission's lifetime. We present the SC8 data set consisting of overlapping visible and near-infrared Euclid Wide Survey and Euclid Deep Survey imaging and low-resolution spectroscopy along with ground-based. This extensive data set enables end-to-end testing of the entire ground segment data reduction and science analysis pipeline as well as the Euclid mission infrastructure, paving the way to future scientific and technical developments and enhancements., Comment: 38 pages, 25 figures, A&A submitted
Published: 2024

23. Euclid Preparation. XXXVII. Galaxy colour selections with Euclid and ground photometry for cluster weak-lensing analyses

Author: Euclid Collaboration, Lesci, G. F., Sereno, M., Radovich, M., Castignani, G., Bisigello, L., Marulli, F., Moscardini, L., Baumont, L., Covone, G., Farrens, S., Giocoli, C., Ingoglia, L., La Hera, S. Miranda, Vannier, M., Biviano, A., Maurogordato, S., Aghanim, N., Amara, A., Andreon, S., Auricchio, N., Baldi, M., Bardelli, S., Bender, R., Bodendorf, C., Bonino, D., Branchini, E., Brescia, M., Brinchmann, J., Camera, S., Capobianco, V., Carbone, C., Carretero, J., Casas, S., Castander, F. J., Castellano, M., Cavuoti, S., Cimatti, A., Congedo, G., Conselice, C. J., Conversi, L., Copin, Y., Corcione, L., Courbin, F., Courtois, H. M., Da Silva, A., Degaudenzi, H., Di Giorgio, A. M., Dinis, J., Dubath, F., Duncan, C. A. J., Dupac, X., Dusini, S., Farina, M., Ferriol, S., Fosalba, P., Fotopoulou, S., Frailis, M., Franceschi, E., Franzetti, P., Fumana, M., Galeotta, S., Garilli, B., Gillis, B., Grazian, A., Grupp, F., Haugan, S. V. H., Hook, I., Hormuth, F., Hornstrup, A., Hudelot, P., Jahnke, K., Kümmel, M., Kermiche, S., Kiessling, A., Kilbinger, M., Kubik, B., Kunz, M., Kurki-Suonio, H., Ligori, S., Lilje, P. B., Lindholm, V., Lloro, I., Maiorano, E., Mansutti, O., Marggraf, O., Markovic, K., Martinet, N., Massey, R., Medinaceli, E., Melchior, M., Mellier, Y., Meneghetti, M., Merlin, E., Meylan, G., Moresco, M., Munari, E., Nakajima, R., Niemi, S. -M., Padilla, C., Paltani, S., Pasian, F., Pedersen, K., Pettorino, V., Pires, S., Polenta, G., Poncet, M., Popa, L. A., Pozzetti, L., Raison, F., Rebolo, R., Renzi, A., Rhodes, J., Riccio, G., Romelli, E., Roncarelli, M., Rossetti, E., Saglia, R., Sapone, D., Sartoris, B., Schirmer, M., Schneider, P., Secroun, A., Seidel, G., Serrano, S., Sirignano, C., Sirri, G., Skottfelt, J., Stanco, L., Starck, J. -L., Tallada-Crespí, P., Taylor, A. N., Teplitz, H. I., Tereno, I., Toledo-Moreo, R., Torradeflot, F., Tutusaus, I., Valentijn, E. A., Valenziano, L., Vassallo, T., Veropalumbo, A., Wang, Y., Weller, J., Zacchei, A., Zamorani, G., Zoubian, J., Zucca, E., Bolzonella, M., Bozzo, E., Colodro-Conde, C., Di Ferdinando, D., Graciá-Carpio, J., Marcin, S., Mauri, N., Neissner, C., Nucita, A. A., Sakr, Z., Scottez, V., Tenti, M., Viel, M., Wiesmann, M., Akrami, Y., Anselmi, S., Baccigalupi, C., Ballardini, M., Borgani, S., Borlaff, A. S., Bruton, S., Burigana, C., Cabanac, R., Calabro, A., Cappi, A., Carvalho, C. S., Castro, T., Cañas-Herrera, G., Chambers, K. C., Cooray, A. R., Coupon, J., Cucciati, O., Davini, S., de la Torre, S., De Lucia, G., Desprez, G., Di Domizio, S., Dole, H., Díaz-Sánchez, A., Vigo, J. A. Escartin, Escoffier, S., Ferrero, I., Finelli, F., Gabarra, L., Ganga, K., García-Bellido, J., Giacomini, F., Gozaliasl, G., Gwyn, S., Hildebrandt, H., Huertas-Company, M., Muñoz, A. Jimenez, Kajava, J. J. E., Kansal, V., Kirkpatrick, C. C., Legrand, L., Loureiro, A., Macias-Perez, J., Magliocchetti, M., Mainetti, G., Maoli, R., Martinelli, M., Martins, C. J. A. P., Matthew, S., Maturi, M., Maurin, L., Metcalf, R. B., Migliaccio, M., Monaco, P., Morgante, G., Nadathur, S., Patrizii, L., Pezzotta, A., Porciani, C., Potter, D., Pöntinen, M., Reimberg, P., Rocci, P. -F., Sánchez, A. G., Schneider, A., Schultheis, M., Sefusatti, E., Simon, P., Mancini, A. Spurio, Stanford, S. A., Steinwagner, J., Testera, G., Teyssier, R., Toft, S., Tosi, S., Troja, A., Tucci, M., Valiviita, J., and Vergani, D.
Subjects: Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies
Abstract: We derived galaxy colour selections from Euclid and ground-based photometry, aiming to accurately define background galaxy samples in cluster weak-lensing analyses. Given any set of photometric bands, we developed a method for the calibration of optimal galaxy colour selections that maximises the selection completeness, given a threshold on purity. We calibrated galaxy selections using simulated ground-based $griz$ and Euclid $Y_{\rm E}J_{\rm E}H_{\rm E}$ photometry. Both selections produce a purity higher than 97%. The $griz$ selection completeness ranges from 30% to 84% in the lens redshift range $z_{\rm l}\in[0.2,0.8]$. With the full $grizY_{\rm E}J_{\rm E}H_{\rm E}$ selection, the completeness improves by up to $25$ percentage points, and the $z_{\rm l}$ range extends up to $z_{\rm l}=1.5$. The calibrated colour selections are stable to changes in the sample limiting magnitudes and redshift, and the selection based on $griz$ bands provides excellent results on real external datasets. The $griz$ selection is also purer at high redshift and more complete at low redshift compared to colour selections found in the literature. We find excellent agreement in terms of purity and completeness between the analysis of an independent, simulated Euclid galaxy catalogue and our calibration sample, except for galaxies at high redshifts, for which we obtain up to 50 percent points higher completeness. The combination of colour and photo-$z$ selections applied to simulated Euclid data yields up to 95% completeness, while the purity decreases down to 92% at high $z_{\rm l}$. We show that the calibrated colour selections provide robust results even when observations from a single band are missing from the ground-based data. Finally, we show that colour selections do not disrupt the shear calibration for stage III surveys., Comment: 20 pages, 13 figures. Published by A&A
Published: 2023

24. Euclid preparation. Modelling spectroscopic clustering on mildly nonlinear scales in beyond-$\Lambda$CDM models

Author: Euclid Collaboration, Bose, B., Carrilho, P., Marinucci, M., Moretti, C., Pietroni, M., Carella, E., Piga, L., Wright, B. S., Vernizzi, F., Carbone, C., Casas, S., D'Amico, G., Frusciante, N., Koyama, K., Pace, F., Pourtsidou, A., Baldi, M., de la Bella, L. F., Fiorini, B., Giocoli, C., Lombriser, L., Aghanim, N., Amara, A., Andreon, S., Auricchio, N., Bardelli, S., Bodendorf, C., Bonino, D., Branchini, E., Brescia, M., Brinchmann, J., Camera, S., Capobianco, V., Cardone, V. F., Carretero, J., Castellano, M., Cavuoti, S., Cimatti, A., Congedo, G., Conselice, C. J., Conversi, L., Copin, Y., Costille, A., Courbin, F., Courtois, H. M., Da Silva, A., Degaudenzi, H., Di Giorgio, A. M., Dubath, F., Duncan, C. A. J., Dupac, X., Dusini, S., Farina, M., Farrens, S., Ferriol, S., Fosalba, P., Frailis, M., Franceschi, E., Galeotta, S., Garilli, B., Gillis, B., Grazian, A., Grupp, F., Guzzo, L., Haugan, S. V. H., Hormuth, F., Hornstrup, A., Jahnke, K., Joachimi, B., Keihänen, E., Kermiche, S., Kiessling, A., Kilbinger, M., Kitching, T., Kunz, M., Kurki-Suonio, H., Ligori, S., Lilje, P. B., Lindholm, V., Lloro, I., Maino, D., Maiorano, E., Mansutti, O., Marggraf, O., Markovic, K., Martinet, N., Marulli, F., Massey, R., Medinaceli, E., Meneghetti, M., Meylan, G., Moresco, M., Moscardini, L., Munari, E., Niemi, S. -M., Padilla, C., Paltani, S., Pasian, F., Pedersen, K., Percival, W. J., Pettorino, V., Pires, S., Polenta, G., Poncet, M., Popa, L. A., Pozzetti, L., Raison, F., Renzi, A., Rhodes, J., Riccio, G., Romelli, E., Roncarelli, M., Saglia, R., Sapone, D., Sartoris, B., Schneider, P., Secroun, A., Seidel, G., Seiffert, M., Serrano, S., Sirignano, C., Sirri, G., Stanco, L., Starck, J. -L., Tallada-Crespí, P., Taylor, A. N., Tereno, I., Toledo-Moreo, R., Torradeflot, F., Tutusaus, I., Valentijn, E. A., Valenziano, L., Vassallo, T., Veropalumbo, A., Wang, Y., Weller, J., Zamorani, G., Zoubian, J., Zucca, E., Biviano, A., Bozzo, E., Burigana, C., Colodro-Conde, C., Di Ferdinando, D., Graciá-Carpio, J., Mauri, N., Neissner, C., Sakr, Z., Scottez, V., Tenti, M., Viel, M., Wiesmann, M., Akrami, Y., Allevato, V., Anselmi, S., Ballardini, M., Bernardeau, F., Borgani, S., Bruton, S., Cabanac, R., Cappi, A., Carvalho, C. S., Castignani, G., Castro, T., Cañas-Herrera, G., Chambers, K. C., Cooray, A. R., Coupon, J., Davini, S., de la Torre, S., De Lucia, G., Desprez, G., Di Domizio, S., Dole, H., Díaz-Sánchez, A., Vigo, J. A. Escartin, Escoffier, S., Ferreira, P. G., Ferrero, I., Finelli, F., Gabarra, L., Ganga, K., García-Bellido, J., Giacomini, F., Gozaliasl, G., Guinet, D., Hall, A., Joudaki, S., Kajava, J. J. E., Kansal, V., Karagiannis, D., Kirkpatrick, C. C., Legrand, L., Loureiro, A., Macias-Perez, J., Magliocchetti, M., Maoli, R., Martinelli, M., Martins, C. J. A. P., Matthew, S., Maturi, M., Maurin, L., Metcalf, R. B., Migliaccio, M., Monaco, P., Morgante, G., Nadathur, S., Walton, Nicholas A., Patrizii, L., Pezzotta, A., Popa, V., Porciani, C., Potter, D., Pöntinen, M., Reimberg, P., Rocci, P. -F., Sánchez, A. G., Schneider, A., Sefusatti, E., Sereno, M., Silvestri, A., Mancini, A. Spurio, Steinwagner, J., Testera, G., Teyssier, R., Toft, S., Tosi, S., Troja, A., Tucci, M., Valiviita, J., and Vergani, D.
Subjects: Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics
Abstract: We investigate the approximations needed to efficiently predict the large-scale clustering of matter and dark matter halos in beyond-$\Lambda$CDM scenarios. We examine the normal branch of the Dvali-Gabadadze-Porrati model, the Hu-Sawicki $f(R)$ model, a slowly evolving dark energy, an interacting dark energy model and massive neutrinos. For each, we test approximations for the perturbative kernel calculations, including the omission of screening terms and the use of perturbative kernels based on the Einstein-de Sitter universe; we explore different infrared-resummation schemes, tracer bias models and a linear treatment of massive neutrinos; we employ two models for redshift space distortions, the Taruya-Nishimishi-Saito prescription and the Effective Field Theory of Large-Scale Structure. This work further provides a preliminary validation of the codes being considered by Euclid for the spectroscopic clustering probe in beyond-$\Lambda$CDM scenarios. We calculate and compare the $\chi^2$ statistic to assess the different modelling choices. This is done by fitting the spectroscopic clustering predictions to measurements from numerical simulations and perturbation theory-based mock data. We compare the behaviour of this statistic in the beyond-$\Lambda$CDM cases, as a function of the maximum scale included in the fit, to the baseline $\Lambda$CDM case. We find that the Einstein-de Sitter approximation without screening is surprisingly accurate for all cases when comparing to the halo clustering monopole and quadrupole obtained from simulations. Our results suggest that the inclusion of multiple redshift bins, higher-order multipoles, higher-order clustering statistics (such as the bispectrum) and photometric probes such as weak lensing, will be essential to extract information on massive neutrinos, modified gravity and dark energy., Comment: 29 pages, 10 figures, 4 tables, 3 appendices. Journal accepted version
Published: 2023

25. Euclid preparation. Spectroscopy of active galactic nuclei with NISP

Author: Euclid Collaboration, Lusso, E., Fotopoulou, S., Selwood, M., Allevato, V., Calderone, G., Mancini, C., Mignoli, M., Scodeggio, M., Bisigello, L., Feltre, A., Ricci, F., La Franca, F., Vergani, D., Gabarra, L., Brun, V. Le, Maiorano, E., Palazzi, E., Moresco, M., Zamorani, G., Cresci, G., Jahnke, K., Humphrey, A., Landt, H., Mannucci, F., Marconi, A., Pozzetti, L., Salucci, P., Salvato, M., Shankar, F., Spinoglio, L., Stern, D., Serjeant, S., Aghanim, N., Altieri, B., Amara, A., Andreon, S., Auphan, T., Auricchio, N., Baldi, M., Bardelli, S., Bender, R., Bonino, D., Branchini, E., Brescia, M., Brinchmann, J., Camera, S., Capobianco, V., Carbone, C., Carretero, J., Casas, S., Castellano, M., Cavuoti, S., Cimatti, A., Congedo, G., Conselice, C. J., Conversi, L., Copin, Y., Corcione, L., Courbin, F., Courtois, H. M., Dinis, J., Dubath, F., Duncan, C. A. J., Dupac, X., Dusini, S., Farina, M., Farrens, S., Ferriol, S., Fourmanoit, N., Frailis, M., Franceschi, E., Franzetti, P., Fumana, M., Galeotta, S., Garilli, B., Gillard, W., Gillis, B., Giocoli, C., Grazian, A., Grupp, F., Haugan, S. V. H., Holmes, W., Hook, I., Hormuth, F., Hornstrup, A., Kümmel, M., Keihänen, E., Kermiche, S., Kubik, B., Kunz, M., Kurki-Suonio, H., Ligori, S., Lilje, P. B., Lindholm, V., Lloro, I., Mansutti, O., Marggraf, O., Markovic, K., Martinet, N., Marulli, F., Massey, R., Medinaceli, E., Mei, S., Mellier, Y., Merlin, E., Meylan, G., Moscardini, L., Munari, E., Niemi, S. -M., Padilla, C., Paltani, S., Pasian, F., Pedersen, K., Percival, W. J., Pettorino, V., Polenta, G., Poncet, M., Popa, L. A., Raison, F., Rebolo, R., Renzi, A., Rhodes, J., Riccio, G., Romelli, E., Roncarelli, M., Rossetti, E., Saglia, R., Sapone, D., Sartoris, B., Schneider, P., Secroun, A., Seidel, G., Serrano, S., Sirignano, C., Sirri, G., Stanco, L., Surace, C., Tallada-Crespí, P., Taylor, A. N., Teplitz, H. I., Tereno, I., Toledo-Moreo, R., Torradeflot, F., Tutusaus, I., Valentijn, E. A., Valenziano, L., Vassallo, T., Veropalumbo, A., Vibert, D., Wang, Y., Weller, J., Zoubian, J., Zucca, E., Biviano, A., Bolzonella, M., Bozzo, E., Burigana, C., Colodro-Conde, C., Di Ferdinando, D., Graciá-Carpio, J., Mainetti, G., Mauri, N., Neissner, C., Sakr, Z., Scottez, V., Tenti, M., Viel, M., Wiesmann, M., Akrami, Y., Anselmi, S., Baccigalupi, C., Ballardini, M., Bethermin, M., Borgani, S., Borlaff, A. S., Bruton, S., Cabanac, R., Calabro, A., Cappi, A., Carvalho, C. S., Castignani, G., Castro, T., Cañas-Herrera, G., Chambers, K. C., Cooray, A. R., Coupon, J., Cucciati, O., Davini, S., De Lucia, G., Desprez, G., Di Domizio, S., Dole, H., Díaz-Sánchez, A., Vigo, J. A. Escartin, Escoffier, S., Ferrero, I., Ganga, K., García-Bellido, J., Giacomini, F., Gozaliasl, G., Guinet, D., Hall, A., Hildebrandt, H., Muñoz, A. Jiminez, Kajava, J. J. E., Kansal, V., Kirkpatrick, C. C., Legrand, L., Loureiro, A., Macias-Perez, J., Magliocchetti, M., Maoli, R., Martinelli, M., Martins, C. J. A. P., Matthew, S., Maturi, M., Maurin, L., Metcalf, R. B., Migliaccio, M., Monaco, P., Morgante, G., Nadathur, S., Patrizii, L., Pezzotta, A., Popa, V., Porciani, C., Potter, D., Pöntinen, M., Rocci, P. -F., Sánchez, A. G., Schneider, A., Sefusatti, E., Sereno, M., Shulevski, A., Simon, P., Mancini, A. Spurio, Stadel, J., Stanford, S. A., Steinwagner, J., Testera, G., Teyssier, R., Toft, S., Tosi, S., Troja, A., Tucci, M., Valieri, C., Valiviita, J., and Zinchenko, I. A.
Subjects: Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies
Abstract: The statistical distribution and evolution of key properties (e.g. accretion rate, mass, or spin) of active galactic nuclei (AGN), remain an open debate in astrophysics. The ESA Euclid space mission, launched on July 1st 2023, promises a breakthrough in this field. We create detailed mock catalogues of AGN spectra, from the rest-frame near-infrared down to the ultraviolet, including emission lines, to simulate what Euclid will observe for both obscured (type 2) and unobscured (type 1) AGN. We concentrate on the red grisms of the NISP instrument, which will be used for the wide-field survey, opening a new window for spectroscopic AGN studies in the near-infrared. We quantify the efficiency in the redshift determination as well as in retrieving the emission line flux of the H$\alpha$+[NII] complex as Euclid is mainly focused on this emission line as it is expected to be the brightest one in the probed redshift range. Spectroscopic redshifts are measured for 83% of the simulated AGN in the interval where the H$\alpha$+[NII] is visible (0.892x10^{-16}$ erg s$^{-1}$ cm$^{-2}$, encompassing the peak of AGN activity at $z\simeq 1-1.5$) within the spectral coverage of the red grism. Outside this redshift range, the measurement efficiency decreases significantly. Overall, a spectroscopic redshift is correctly determined for ~90% of type 2 AGN down to an emission line flux of $3x10^{-16}$ erg s$^{-1}$ cm$^{-2}$, and for type 1 AGN down to $8.5x10^{-16}$ erg s$^{-1}$ cm$^{-2}$. Recovered black hole mass values show a small offset with respect to the input values ~10%, but the agreement is good overall. With such a high spectroscopic coverage at z<2, we will be able to measure AGN demography, scaling relations, and clustering from the epoch of the peak of AGN activity down to the present-day Universe for hundreds of thousand AGN with homogeneous spectroscopic information., Comment: 29 pages, 23 figures. Submitted to A&A, revised version
Published: 2023

26. Euclid Preparation. TBD. Impact of magnification on spectroscopic galaxy clustering

Author: Euclid Collaboration, Jelic-Cizmek, G., Sorrenti, F., Lepori, F., Bonvin, C., Camera, S., Castander, F. J., Durrer, R., Fosalba, P., Kunz, M., Lombriser, L., Tutusaus, I., Viglione, C., Sakr, Z., Aghanim, N., Amara, A., Andreon, S., Baldi, M., Bardelli, S., Bodendorf, C., Bonino, D., Branchini, E., Brescia, M., Brinchmann, J., Capobianco, V., Carbone, C., Cardone, V. F., Carretero, J., Casas, S., Castellano, M., Cavuoti, S., Cimatti, A., Congedo, G., Conselice, C. J., Conversi, L., Copin, Y., Corcione, L., Courbin, F., Courtois, H. M., Cropper, M., Degaudenzi, H., Di Giorgio, A. M., Dinis, J., Dubath, F., Dupac, X., Dusini, S., Farina, M., Farrens, S., Ferriol, S., Frailis, M., Franceschi, E., Fumana, M., Galeotta, S., Garilli, B., Gillis, B., Giocoli, C., Grazian, A., Grupp, F., Haugan, S. V. H., Hoekstra, H., Holmes, W., Hormuth, F., Hornstrup, A., Jahnke, K., Keihänen, E., Kermiche, S., Kiessling, A., Kilbinger, M., Kubik, B., Kurki-Suonio, H., Lilje, P. B., Lindholm, V., Lloro, I., Mansutti, O., Marggraf, O., Markovic, K., Martinet, N., Marulli, F., Massey, R., Medinaceli, E., Mei, S., Meneghetti, M., Merlin, E., Meylan, G., Moscardini, L., Munari, E., Niemi, S. -M., Padilla, C., Paltani, S., Pasian, F., Pedersen, K., Percival, W. J., Pettorino, V., Polenta, G., Poncet, M., Popa, L. A., Raison, F., Rebolo, R., Renzi, A., Rhodes, J., Riccio, G., Romelli, E., Roncarelli, M., Rossetti, E., Saglia, R., Sapone, D., Sartoris, B., Schneider, P., Schrabback, T., Secroun, A., Seidel, G., Serrano, S., Sirignano, C., Sirri, G., Stanco, L., Starck, J. -L., Surace, C., Tallada-Crespí, P., Tavagnacco, D., Taylor, A. N., Tereno, I., Toledo-Moreo, R., Torradeflot, F., Valentijn, E. A., Valenziano, L., Vassallo, T., Veropalumbo, A., Wang, Y., Weller, J., Zamorani, G., Zoubian, J., Zucca, E., Biviano, A., Boucaud, A., Bozzo, E., Colodro-Conde, C., Di Ferdinando, D., Graciá-Carpio, J., Liebing, P., Mauri, N., Neissner, C., Scottez, V., Tenti, M., Viel, M., Wiesmann, M., Akrami, Y., Allevato, V., Anselmi, S., Baccigalupi, C., Balaguera-Antolínez, A., Ballardini, M., Bruton, S., Burigana, C., Cabanac, R., Cappi, A., Carvalho, C. S., Castignani, G., Castro, T., {n}as-Herrera, G. Ca\, Chambers, K. C., Cooray, A. R., Coupon, J., Davini, S., de la Torre, S., De Lucia, G., Desprez, G., Di Domizio, S., Dole, H., Díaz-Sánchez, A., Vigo, J. A. Escartin, Escoffier, S., Ferreira, P. G., Ferrero, I., Finelli, F., Gabarra, L., Ganga, K., García-Bellido, J., Giacomini, F., Gozaliasl, G., Guinet, D., Hildebrandt, H., Ilić, S., {n}oz, A. Jimenez Mu\, Joudaki, S., Kajava, J. J. E., Kansal, V., Kirkpatrick, C. C., Legrand, L., Loureiro, A., Magliocchetti, M., Mainetti, G., Maoli, R., Martinelli, M., Martins, C. J. A. P., Matthew, S., Maturi, M., Maurin, L., Metcalf, R. B., Migliaccio, M., Monaco, P., Morgante, G., Nadathur, S., Patrizii, L., Pezzotta, A., Popa, V., Porciani, C., Potter, D., Pöntinen, M., Reimberg, P., Rocci, P. -F., Sánchez, A. G., Schneider, A., Schultheis, M., Sefusatti, E., Sereno, M., Silvestri, A., Simon, P., Mancini, A. Spurio, Steinwagner, J., Testera, G., Tewes, M., Teyssier, R., Toft, S., Tosi, S., Troja, A., Tucci, M., Valiviita, J., Vergani, D., and Tanidis, K.
Subjects: Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics
Abstract: In this paper we investigate the impact of lensing magnification on the analysis of Euclid's spectroscopic survey, using the multipoles of the 2-point correlation function for galaxy clustering. We determine the impact of lensing magnification on cosmological constraints, and the expected shift in the best-fit parameters if magnification is ignored. We consider two cosmological analyses: i) a full-shape analysis based on the $\Lambda$CDM model and its extension $w_0w_a$CDM and ii) a model-independent analysis that measures the growth rate of structure in each redshift bin. We adopt two complementary approaches in our forecast: the Fisher matrix formalism and the Markov chain Monte Carlo method. The fiducial values of the local count slope (or magnification bias), which regulates the amplitude of the lensing magnification, have been estimated from the Euclid Flagship simulations. We use linear perturbation theory and model the 2-point correlation function with the public code coffe. For a $\Lambda$CDM model, we find that the estimation of cosmological parameters is biased at the level of 0.4-0.7 standard deviations, while for a $w_0w_a$CDM dynamical dark energy model, lensing magnification has a somewhat smaller impact, with shifts below 0.5 standard deviations. In a model-independent analysis aiming to measure the growth rate of structure, we find that the estimation of the growth rate is biased by up to $1.2$ standard deviations in the highest redshift bin. As a result, lensing magnification cannot be neglected in the spectroscopic survey, especially if we want to determine the growth factor, one of the most promising ways to test general relativity with Euclid. We also find that, by including lensing magnification with a simple template, this shift can be almost entirely eliminated with minimal computational overhead., Comment: 23 pages, 14 figures
Published: 2023

27. Euclid preparation. XXXIX. The effect of baryons on the Halo Mass Function

Author: Euclid Collaboration, Castro, T., Borgani, S., Costanzi, M., Dakin, J., Dolag, K., Fumagalli, A., Ragagnin, A., Saro, A., Brun, A. M. C. Le, Aghanim, N., Amara, A., Andreon, S., Auricchio, N., Baldi, M., Bardelli, S., Bodendorf, C., Bonino, D., Branchini, E., Brescia, M., Brinchmann, J., Camera, S., Capobianco, V., Carbone, C., Carretero, J., Casas, S., Castellano, M., Cavuoti, S., Cimatti, A., Congedo, G., Conselice, C. J., Conversi, L., Copin, Y., Corcione, L., Courbin, F., Courtois, H. M., Cropper, M., Da Silva, A., Degaudenzi, H., Di Giorgio, A. M., Dinis, J., Dubath, F., Duncan, C. A. J., Dupac, X., Farina, M., Farrens, S., Ferriol, S., Frailis, M., Franceschi, E., Fumana, M., Galeotta, S., Gillis, B., Giocoli, C., Grazian, A., Grupp, F., Haugan, S. V. H., Holmes, W., Hormuth, F., Hornstrup, A., Jahnke, K., Keihänen, E., Kermiche, S., Kiessling, A., Kilbinger, M., Kubik, B., Kunz, M., Kurki-Suonio, H., Ligori, S., Lilje, P. B., Lindholm, V., Lloro, I., Maiorano, E., Mansutti, O., Marggraf, O., Markovic, K., Martinet, N., Marulli, F., Massey, R., Maurogordato, S., Medinaceli, E., Meneghetti, M., Merlin, E., Meylan, G., Moresco, M., Moscardini, L., Munari, E., Niemi, S. -M., Padilla, C., Paltani, S., Pasian, F., Pettorino, V., Pires, S., Polenta, G., Poncet, M., Popa, L. A., Pozzetti, L., Raison, F., Rebolo, R., Renzi, A., Rhodes, J., Riccio, G., Romelli, E., Roncarelli, M., Saglia, R., Sapone, D., Sartoris, B., Schneider, P., Schrabback, T., Secroun, A., Seidel, G., Serrano, S., Sirignano, C., Sirri, G., Stanco, L., Starck, J. -L., Tallada-Crespí, P., Taylor, A. N., Tereno, I., Toledo-Moreo, R., Torradeflot, F., Tutusaus, I., Valentijn, E. A., Valenziano, L., Vassallo, T., Veropalumbo, A., Wang, Y., Weller, J., Zacchei, A., Zamorani, G., Zoubian, J., Zucca, E., Biviano, A., Bozzo, E., Cerna, C., Colodro-Conde, C., Di Ferdinando, D., Mauri, N., Neissner, C., Sakr, Z., Scottez, V., Tenti, M., Viel, M., Wiesmann, M., Akrami, Y., Anselmi, S., Baccigalupi, C., Ballardini, M., Borlaff, A. S., Bruton, S., Burigana, C., Cabanac, R., Cappi, A., Carvalho, C. S., Castignani, G., Cañas-Herrera, G., Chambers, K. C., Cooray, A. R., Coupon, J., Cucciati, O., Díaz-Sánchez, A., Davini, S., de la Torre, S., De Lucia, G., Desprez, G., Di Domizio, S., Dole, H., Escoffier, S., Ferrero, I., Finelli, F., Gabarra, L., Ganga, K., Garcia-Bellido, J., Giacomini, F., Gozaliasl, G., Hildebrandt, H., Ilić, S., Munñoz, A. Jimanez, Kajava, J. J. E., Kansal, V., Kirkpatrick, C. C., Legrand, L., Loureiro, A., Macias-Perez, J., Magliocchetti, M., Mainetti, G., Maoli, R., Martinelli, M., Martins, C. J. A. P., Matthew, S., Maturi, M., Maurin, L., Metcalf, R. B., Migliaccio, M., Monaco, P., Morgante, G., Nadathur, S., Patrizii, L., Pezzotta, A., Popa, V., Porciani, C., Potter, D., Pöntinen, M., Reimberg, P., Rocci, P. -F., Sánchez, A. G., Schaye, J., Schneider, A., Sefusatti, E., Sereno, M., Simon, P., Mancini, A. Spurio, Stadel, J., Stanford, S. A., Steinwagner, J., Testera, G., Tewes, M., Teyssier, R., Toft, S., Tosi, S., Troja, A., Tucci, M., Valiviita, J., and Vergani, D.
Subjects: Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics
Abstract: The Euclid photometric survey of galaxy clusters stands as a powerful cosmological tool, with the capacity to significantly propel our understanding of the Universe. Despite being sub-dominant to dark matter and dark energy, the baryonic component in our Universe holds substantial influence over the structure and mass of galaxy clusters. This paper presents a novel model to precisely quantify the impact of baryons on galaxy cluster virial halo masses, using the baryon fraction within a cluster as proxy for their effect. Constructed on the premise of quasi-adiabaticity, the model includes two parameters calibrated using non-radiative cosmological hydrodynamical simulations and a single large-scale simulation from the Magneticum set, which includes the physical processes driving galaxy formation. As a main result of our analysis, we demonstrate that this model delivers a remarkable one percent relative accuracy in determining the virial dark matter-only equivalent mass of galaxy clusters, starting from the corresponding total cluster mass and baryon fraction measured in hydrodynamical simulations. Furthermore, we demonstrate that this result is robust against changes in cosmological parameters and against varying the numerical implementation of the sub-resolution physical processes included in the simulations. Our work substantiates previous claims about the impact of baryons on cluster cosmology studies. In particular, we show how neglecting these effects would lead to biased cosmological constraints for a Euclid-like cluster abundance analysis. Importantly, we demonstrate that uncertainties associated with our model, arising from baryonic corrections to cluster masses, are sub-dominant when compared to the precision with which mass-observable relations will be calibrated using Euclid, as well as our current understanding of the baryon fraction within galaxy clusters., Comment: 18 pages, 10 figures, 4 tables, 1 appendix, abstract abridged for arXiv submission; v2 matches published version
Published: 2023

28. Euclid preparation. TBD. Forecast impact of super-sample covariance on 3x2pt analysis with Euclid

Author: Euclid Collaboration, Sciotti, D., Beauchamps, S. Gouyou, Cardone, V. F., Camera, S., Tutusaus, I., Lacasa, F., Barreira, A., Gorce, A., Aubert, M., Baratta, P., Upham, R. E., Bonici, M., Carbone, C., Casas, S., Ilić, S., Martinelli, M., Sakr, Z., Schneider, A., Maoli, R., Scaramella, R., Escoffier, S., Gillard, W., Aghanim, N., Amara, A., Andreon, S., Auricchio, N., Baldi, M., Bardelli, S., Bonino, D., Branchini, E., Brescia, M., Brinchmann, J., Capobianco, V., Carretero, J., Castander, F. J., Castellano, M., Cavuoti, S., Cimatti, A., Cledassou, R., Congedo, G., Conselice, C. J., Conversi, L., Copin, Y., Corcione, L., Courbin, F., Courtois, H. M., Cropper, M., Da Silva, A., Degaudenzi, H., Dinis, J., Dubath, F., Dupac, X., Dusini, S., Farina, M., Farrens, S., Fosalba, P., Frailis, M., Franceschi, E., Fumana, M., Galeotta, S., Garilli, B., Gillis, B., Giocoli, C., Grazian, A., Grupp, F., Guzzo, L., Haugan, S. V. H., Holmes, W., Hook, I., Hormuth, F., Hornstrup, A., Hudelot, P., Jahnke, K., Joachimi, B., Keihänen, E., Kermiche, S., Kiessling, A., Kunz, M., Kurki-Suonio, H., Lilje, P. B., Lindholm, V., Lloro, I., Maino, D., Mansutti, O., Marggraf, O., Markovic, K., Martinet, N., Marulli, F., Massey, R., Maurogordato, S., Medinaceli, E., Mei, S., Mellier, Y., Meneghetti, M., Meylan, G., Moresco, M., Moscardini, L., Munari, E., Niemi, S. -M., Padilla, C., Paltani, S., Pasian, F., Pedersen, K., Pettorino, V., Pires, S., Polenta, G., Poncet, M., Popa, L. A., Raison, F., Rebolo, R., Renzi, A., Rhodes, J., Riccio, G., Romelli, E., Roncarelli, M., Saglia, R., Sapone, D., Sartoris, B., Schirmer, M., Schneider, P., Secroun, A., Seidel, G., Serrano, S., Sirignano, C., Sirri, G., Stanco, L., Starck, J. -L., Tallada-Crespí, P., Taylor, A. N., Tereno, I., Toledo-Moreo, R., Torradeflot, F., Valentijn, E. A., Valenziano, L., Vassallo, T., Veropalumbo, A., Wang, Y., Weller, J., Zacchei, A., Zamorani, G., Zoubian, J., Zucca, E., Biviano, A., Boucaud, A., Bozzo, E., Colodro-Conde, C., Di Ferdinando, D., Farinelli, R., Graciá-Carpio, J., Mauri, N., Neissner, C., Scottez, V., Tenti, M., Akrami, Y., Allevato, V., Baccigalupi, C., Ballardini, M., Bernardeau, F., Blanchard, A., Borgani, S., Borlaff, A. S., Burigana, C., Cabanac, R., Cappi, A., Carvalho, C. S., Castignani, G., Castro, T., {n}as-Herrera, G. Ca\, Chambers, K. C., Cooray, A. R., Coupon, J., Díaz-Sánchez, A., Davini, S., De Lucia, G., Desprez, G., Di Domizio, S., Vigo, J. A. Escartin, Ferrero, I., Finelli, F., Gabarra, L., Ganga, K., Garcia-Bellido, J., Gaztanaga, E., Giacomini, F., Gozaliasl, G., Hildebrandt, H., Jacobson, J., Kajava, J. J. E., Kansal, V., Kirkpatrick, C. C., Legrand, L., Loureiro, A., Macias-Perez, J., Magliocchetti, M., Mainetti, G., Martins, C. J. A. P., Matthew, S., Maurin, L., Metcalf, R. B., Migliaccio, M., Monaco, P., Morgante, G., Nadathur, S., Nucita, A. A., Pöntinen, M., Patrizii, L., Popa, V., Porciani, C., Potter, D., Pourtsidou, A., Sánchez, A. G., Sefusatti, E., Sereno, M., Simon, P., Mancini, A. Spurio, Stadel, J., Steinwagner, J., Teyssier, R., Toft, S., Tucci, M., Valieri, C., Valiviita, J., and Viel, M.
Subjects: Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics
Abstract: Deviations from Gaussianity in the distribution of the fields probed by large-scale structure surveys generate additional terms in the data covariance matrix, increasing the uncertainties in the measurement of the cosmological parameters. Super-sample covariance (SSC) is among the largest of these non-Gaussian contributions, with the potential to significantly degrade constraints on some of the parameters of the cosmological model under study -- especially for weak lensing cosmic shear. We compute and validate the impact of SSC on the forecast uncertainties on the cosmological parameters for the Euclid photometric survey, obtained with a Fisher matrix analysis, both considering the Gaussian covariance alone and adding the SSC term -- computed through the public code PySSC. The photometric probes are considered in isolation and combined in the `3$\times$2pt' analysis. We find the SSC impact to be non-negligible -- halving the Figure of Merit of the dark energy parameters ($w_0$, $w_a$) in the 3$\times$2pt case and substantially increasing the uncertainties on $\Omega_{{\rm m},0}, w_0$, and $\sigma_8$ for cosmic shear; photometric galaxy clustering, on the other hand, is less affected due to the lower probe response. The relative impact of SSC does not show significant changes under variations of the redshift binning scheme, while it is smaller for weak lensing when marginalising over the multiplicative shear bias nuisance parameters, which also leads to poorer constraints on the cosmological parameters. Finally, we explore how the use of prior information on the shear and galaxy bias changes the SSC impact. Improving shear bias priors does not have a significant impact, while galaxy bias must be calibrated to sub-percent level to increase the Figure of Merit by the large amount needed to achieve the value when SSC is not included., Comment: 22 pages, 13 figures
Published: 2023

29. Euclid preparation. XXXI. The effect of the variations in photometric passbands on photometric-redshift accuracy

Author: Euclid Collaboration, Paltani, Stéphane, Coupon, J., Hartley, W. G., Alvarez-Ayllon, A., Dubath, F., Mohr, J. J., Schirmer, M., Cuillandre, J. -C., Desprez, G., Ilbert, O., Kuijken, K., Aghanim, N., Altieri, B., Amara, A., Auricchio, N., Baldi, M., Bender, R., Bodendorf, C., Bonino, D., Branchini, E., Brescia, M., Brinchmann, J., Camera, S., Capobianco, V., Carbone, C., Cardone, V. F., Carretero, J., Castander, F. J., Castellano, M., Cavuoti, S., Cledassou, R., Congedo, G., Conselice, C. J., Conversi, L., Copin, Y., Corcione, L., Courbin, F., Cropper, M., Da Silva, A., Degaudenzi, H., Dinis, J., Douspis, M., Dupac, X., Dusini, S., Farrens, S., Ferriol, S., Fosalba, P., Frailis, M., Franceschi, E., Franzetti, P., Galeotta, S., Garilli, B., Gillard, W., Gillis, B., Giocoli, C., Grazian, A., Haugan, S. V., Hoekstra, H., Hornstrup, A., Hudelot, P., Jahnke, K., Kümmel, M., Kermiche, S., Kiessling, A., Kilbinger, M., Kitching, T., Kohley, R., Kubik, B., Kunz, M., Kurki-Suonio, H., Ligori, S., Lilje, P. B., Lloro, I., Maiorano, E., Mansutti, O., Marggraf, O., Markovic, K., Marulli, F., Massey, R., Masters, D. C., Maurogordato, S., McCracken, H. J., Medinaceli, E., Mei, S., Melchior, M., Meneghetti, M., Merlin, E., Meylan, G., Moresco, M., Moscardini, L., Munari, E., Niemi, S. -M., Nightingale, J., Padilla, C., Pasian, F., Pedersen, K., Percival, W. J., Pettorino, V., Polenta, G., Poncet, M., Popa, L. A., Raison, F., Rebolo, R., Renzi, A., Rhodes, J., Riccio, G., Romelli, E., Roncarelli, M., Rossetti, E., Saglia, R., Sapone, D., Sartoris, B., Schneider, P., Secroun, A., Sirignano, C., Sirri, G., Skottfelt, J., Stanco, L., Starck, J. -L., Surace, C., Tallada-Crespí, P., Tereno, I., Toledo-Moreo, R., Torradeflot, F., Tutusaus, I., Valentijn, E. A., Valenziano, L., Vassallo, T., Wang, Y., Zamorani, G., Zoubian, J., Andreon, S., Aussel, H., Bardelli, S., Bolzonella, M., Boucaud, A., Di Ferdinando, D., Farina, M., Graciá-Carpio, J., Lindholm, V., Maino, D., Mauri, N., Neissner, C., Scottez, V., Zucca, E., Baccigalupi, C., Ballardini, M., Biviano, A., Blanchard, A., Borgani, S., Borlaff, A. S., Burigana, C., Cabanac, R., Cappi, A., Carvalho, C. S., Casas, S., Castignani, G., Chambers, K., Cooray, A. R., Courtois, H. M., Cucciati, O., Davini, S., De Lucia, G., Dole, H., Escartin, J. A., Escoffier, S., Finelli, F., Fotopoulou, S., Ganga, K., George, K., Gozaliasl, G., Hildebrandt, H., Hook, I., Muñoz, A. Jimenez, Joachimi, B., Kansal, V., Keihanen, E., Kirkpatrick, C. C., Loureiro, A., Macias-Perez, J., Maggio, G., Magliocchetti, M., Maoli, R., Marcin, S., Martinelli, M., Martinet, N., Matthew, S., Maurin, L., Metcalf, R. B., Monaco, P., Morgante, G., Nadathur, S., Nucita, A. A., Patrizii, L., Pollack, J. E., Popa, V., Porciani, C., Potter, D., Pourtsidou, A., Pozzetti, L., Pöntinen, M., Reimberg, P., Sánchez, A. G., Sakr, Z., Sefusatti, E., Sereno, M., Mancini, A. Spurio, Stadel, J., Steinwagner, J., Teyssier, R., Valieri, C., Valiviita, J., van Mierlo, S. E., Veropalumbo, A., Viel, M., and Weaver, J. R.
Subjects: Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics
Abstract: The technique of photometric redshifts has become essential for the exploitation of multi-band extragalactic surveys. While the requirements on photo-zs for the study of galaxy evolution mostly pertain to the precision and to the fraction of outliers, the most stringent requirement in their use in cosmology is on the accuracy, with a level of bias at the sub-percent level for the Euclid cosmology mission. A separate, and challenging, calibration process is needed to control the bias at this level of accuracy. The bias in photo-zs has several distinct origins that may not always be easily overcome. We identify here one source of bias linked to the spatial or time variability of the passbands used to determine the photometric colours of galaxies. We first quantified the effect as observed on several well-known photometric cameras, and found in particular that, due to the properties of optical filters, the redshifts of off-axis sources are usually overestimated. We show using simple simulations that the detailed and complex changes in the shape can be mostly ignored and that it is sufficient to know the mean wavelength of the passbands of each photometric observation to correct almost exactly for this bias; the key point is that this mean wavelength is independent of the spectral energy distribution of the source}. We use this property to propose a correction that can be computationally efficiently implemented in some photo-z algorithms, in particular template-fitting. We verified that our algorithm, implemented in the new photo-z code Phosphoros, can effectively reduce the bias in photo-zs on real data using the CFHTLS T007 survey, with an average measured bias Delta z over the redshift range 0.4
Published: 2023
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30. Euclid: Identification of asteroid streaks in simulated images using deep learning

Author: Pöntinen, M., Granvik, M., Nucita, A. A., Conversi, L., Altieri, B., Carry, B., O'Riordan, C. M., Scott, D., Aghanim, N., Amara, A., Amendola, L., Auricchio, N., Baldi, M., Bonino, D., Branchini, E., Brescia, M., Camera, S., Capobianco, V., Carbone, C., Carretero, J., Castellano, M., Cavuoti, S., Cimatti, A., Cledassou, R., Congedo, G., Copin, Y., Corcione, L., Courbin, F., Cropper, M., Da Silva, A., Degaudenzi, H., Dinis, J., Dubath, F., Dupac, X., Dusini, S., Farrens, S., Ferriol, S., Frailis, M., Franceschi, E., Fumana, M., Galeotta, S., Garilli, B., Gillard, W., Gillis, B., Giocoli, C., Grazian, A., Haugan, S. V. H., Holmes, W., Hormuth, F., Hornstrup, A., Jahnke, K., Kümmel, M., Kermiche, S., Kiessling, A., Kitching, T., Kohley, R., Kunz, M., Kurki-Suonio, H., Ligori, S., Lilje, P. B., Lloro, I., Maiorano, E., Mansutti, O., Marggraf, O., Markovic, K., Marulli, F., Massey, R., Medinaceli, E., Mei, S., Melchior, M., Mellier, Y., Meneghetti, M., Meylan, G., Moresco, M., Moscardini, L., Munari, E., Niemi, S. -M., Nutma, T., Padilla, C., Paltani, S., Pasian, F., Pedersen, K., Pettorino, V., Pires, S., Polenta, G., Poncet, M., Raison, F., Renzi, A., Rhodes, J., Riccio, G., Romelli, E., Roncarelli, M., Rossetti, E., Saglia, R., Sapone, D., Sartoris, B., Schneider, P., Secroun, A., Seidel, G., Serrano, S., Sirignano, C., Sirri, G., Stanco, L., Tallada-Crespí, P., Taylor, A. N., Tereno, I., Toledo-Moreo, R., Torradeflot, F., Tutusaus, I., Valenziano, L., Vassallo, T., Kleijn, G. Verdoes, Wang, Y., Weller, J., Zamorani, G., Zoubian, J., and Scottez, V.
Subjects: Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Computer Science - Machine Learning
Abstract: Up to 150000 asteroids will be visible in the images of the ESA Euclid space telescope, and the instruments of Euclid offer multiband visual to near-infrared photometry and slitless spectra of these objects. Most asteroids will appear as streaks in the images. Due to the large number of images and asteroids, automated detection methods are needed. A non-machine-learning approach based on the StreakDet software was previously tested, but the results were not optimal for short and/or faint streaks. We set out to improve the capability to detect asteroid streaks in Euclid images by using deep learning. We built, trained, and tested a three-step machine-learning pipeline with simulated Euclid images. First, a convolutional neural network (CNN) detected streaks and their coordinates in full images, aiming to maximize the completeness (recall) of detections. Then, a recurrent neural network (RNN) merged snippets of long streaks detected in several parts by the CNN. Lastly, gradient-boosted trees (XGBoost) linked detected streaks between different Euclid exposures to reduce the number of false positives and improve the purity (precision) of the sample. The deep-learning pipeline surpasses the completeness and reaches a similar level of purity of a non-machine-learning pipeline based on the StreakDet software. Additionally, the deep-learning pipeline can detect asteroids 0.25-0.5 magnitudes fainter than StreakDet. The deep-learning pipeline could result in a 50% increase in the number of detected asteroids compared to the StreakDet software. There is still scope for further refinement, particularly in improving the accuracy of streak coordinates and enhancing the completeness of the final stage of the pipeline, which involves linking detections across multiple exposures., Comment: 18 pages, 11 figures
Published: 2023

31. Euclid preparation. XXXIV. The effect of linear redshift-space distortions in photometric galaxy clustering and its cross-correlation with cosmic shear

Author: Euclid Collaboration, Tanidis, K., Cardone, V. F., Martinelli, M., Tutusaus, I., Camera, S., Aghanim, N., Amara, A., Andreon, S., Auricchio, N., Baldi, M., Bardelli, S., Branchini, E., Brescia, M., Brinchmann, J., Capobianco, V., Carbone, C., Carretero, J., Casas, S., Castellano, M., Cavuoti, S., Cimatti, A., Cledassou, R., Congedo, G., Conversi, L., Copin, Y., Corcione, L., Courbin, F., Courtois, H. M., DaSilva, A., Degaudenzi, H., Dinis, J., Dubath, F., Dupac, X., Dusini, S., Farina, M., Farrens, S., Ferriol, S., Fosalba, P., Frailis, M., Franceschi, E., Fumana, M., Galeotta, S., Garilli, B., Gillard, W., Gillis, B., Giocoli, C., Grazian, A., Grupp, F., Guzzo, L., Haugan, S. V. H., Holmes, W., Hook, I., Hornstrup, A., Jahnke, K., Joachimi, B., Keihanen, E., Kermiche, S., Kiessling, A., Kunz, M., Kurki-Suonio, H., Lilje, P. B., Lindholm, V., Lloro, I., Maiorano, E., Mansutti, O., Marggraf, O., Markovic, K., Martinet, N., Marulli, F., Massey, R., Maurogordato, S., Medinaceli, E., Mei, S., Meneghetti, M., Meylan, G., Moresco, M., Moscardini, L., Munari, E., Niemi, S. -M., Padilla, C., Paltani, S., Pasian, F., Pedersen, K., Percival, W. J., Pettorino, V., Pires, S., Polenta, G., Pollack, J. E., Poncet, M., Popa, L. A., Raison, F., Renzi, A., Rhodes, J., Riccio, G., Romelli, E., Roncarelli, M., Rossetti, E., Saglia, R., Sapone, D., Sartoris, B., Schirmer, M., Schneider, P., Secroun, A., Seidel, G., Serrano, S., Sirignano, C., Sirri, G., Stanco, L., Tallada-Crespí, P., Taylor, A. N., Tereno, I., Toledo-Moreo, R., Torradeflot, F., Valentijn, E. A., Valenziano, L., Vassallo, T., Veropalumbo, A., Wang, Y., Weller, J., Zamorani, G., Zoubian, J., Zucca, E., Biviano, A., Boucaud, A., Bozzo, E., Colodro-Conde, C., Di Ferdinando, D., Farinelli, R., Graciá-Carpio, J., Marcin, S., Mauri, N., Scottez, V., Tenti, M., Tramacere, A., Akrami, Y., Allevato, V., Baccigalupi, C., Balaguera-Antolínez, A., Ballardini, M., Benielli, D., Bernardeau, F., Borgani, S., Borlaff, A. S., Burigana, C., Cabanac, R., Cappi, A., Carvalho, C. S., Castignani, G., Castro, T., Cañas-Herrera, G., Chambers, K. C., Cooray, A. R., Coupon, J., Díaz-Sánchez, A., Davini, S., delaTorre, S., DeLucia, G., Desprez, G., DiDomizio, S., Dole, H., Vigo, J. A. Escartin, Escoffier, S., Ferreira, P. G., Ferrero, I., Finelli, F., Gabarra, L., García-Bellido, J., Gaztanaga, E., Giacomini, F., Gozaliasl, G., Hildebrandt, H., Ilić, S., Kajava, J. J. E., Kansal, V., Kirkpatrick, C. C., Legrand, L., Loureiro, A., Macias-Perez, J., Magliocchetti, M., Mainetti, G., Maoli, R., Martins, C. J. A. P., Matthew, S., Maurin, L., Metcalf, R. B., Migliaccio, M., Monaco, P., Morgante, G., Nadathur, S., Nucita, A. A., Pöntinen, M., Patrizii, L., Pezzotta, A., Popa, V., Potter, D., Sánchez, A. G., Sakr, Z., Schewtschenko, J. A., Schneider, A., Sereno, M., Simon, P., Mancini, A. Spurio, Steinwagner, J., Tewes, M., Teyssier, R., Toft, S., Valiviita, J., Viel, M., and Linke, L.
Subjects: Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics
Abstract: The cosmological surveys that are planned for the current decade will provide us with unparalleled observations of the distribution of galaxies on cosmic scales, by means of which we can probe the underlying large-scale structure (LSS) of the Universe. This will allow us to test the concordance cosmological model and its extensions. However, precision pushes us to high levels of accuracy in the theoretical modelling of the LSS observables, so that no biases are introduced into the estimation of the cosmological parameters. In particular, effects such as redshift-space distortions (RSD) can become relevant in the computation of harmonic-space power spectra even for the clustering of the photometrically selected galaxies, as has previously been shown in literature. In this work, we investigate the contribution of linear RSD, as formulated in the Limber approximation by a previous work, in forecast cosmological analyses with the photometric galaxy sample of the Euclid survey. We aim to assess their impact and to quantify the bias on the measurement of cosmological parameters that would be caused if this effect were neglected. We performed this task by producing mock power spectra for photometric galaxy clustering and weak lensing, as is expected to be obtained from the Euclid survey. We then used a Markov chain Monte Carlo approach to obtain the posterior distributions of cosmological parameters from these simulated observations. When the linear RSD is neglected, significant biases are caused when galaxy correlations are used alone and when they are combined with cosmic shear in the so-called 3$\times$2pt approach. These biases can be equivalent to as much as $5\,\sigma$ when an underlying $\Lambda$CDM cosmology is assumed. When the cosmological model is extended to include the equation-of-state parameters of dark energy, the extension parameters can be shifted by more than $1\,\sigma$., Comment: 15 pages, 6 figures. Version matching publication at journal
Published: 2023
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32. Euclid Preparation XXXIII. Characterization of convolutional neural networks for the identification of galaxy-galaxy strong lensing events

Author: Euclid Collaboration, Leuzzi, L., Meneghetti, M., Angora, G., Metcalf, R. B., Moscardini, L., Rosati, P., Bergamini, P., Calura, F., Clément, B., Gavazzi, R., Gentile, F., Lochner, M., Grillo, C., Vernardos, G., Aghanim, N., Amara, A., Amendola, L., Andreon, S., Auricchio, N., Bardelli, S., Bodendorf, C., Bonino, D., Branchini, E., Brescia, M., Brinchmann, J., Camera, S., Capobianco, V., Carbone, C., Carretero, J., Casas, S., Castellano, M., Cavuoti, S., Cimatti, A., Cledassou, R., Congedo, G., Conselice, C. J., Conversi, L., Copin, Y., Corcione, L., Courbin, F., Courtois, H. M., Cropper, M., Da Silva, A., Degaudenzi, H., Dinis, J., Dubath, F., Dupac, X., Dusini, S., Farina, M., Farrens, S., Ferriol, S., Frailis, M., Franceschi, E., Fumana, M., Galeotta, S., Gillis, B., Giocoli, C., Grazian, A., Grupp, F., Guzzo, L., Haugan, S. V. H., Holmes, W., Hook, I., Hormuth, F., Hornstrup, A., Hudelot, P., Jahnke, K., Joachimi, B., Kümmel, M., Keihänen, E., Kermiche, S., Kiessling, A., Kitching, T., Kunz, M., Kurki-Suonio, H., Lilje, P. B., Lindholm, V., Lloro, I., Maino, D., Maiorano, E., Mansutti, O., Marggraf, O., Markovic, K., Martinet, N., Marulli, F., Massey, R., Medinaceli, E., Mei, S., Melchior, M., Mellier, Y., Merlin, E., Meylan, G., Moresco, M., Munari, E., Niemi, S. -M., Nightingale, J. W., Nutma, T., Padilla, C., Paltani, S., Pasian, F., Pedersen, K., Pettorino, V., Pires, S., Polenta, G., Poncet, M., Raison, F., Renzi, A., Rhodes, J., Riccio, G., Romelli, E., Roncarelli, M., Rossetti, E., Saglia, R., Sapone, D., Sartoris, B., Schirmer, M., Schneider, P., Secroun, A., Seidel, G., Serrano, S., Sirignano, C., Sirri, G., Stanco, L., Tallada-Crespí, P., Taylor, A. N., Tereno, I., Toledo-Moreo, R., Torradeflot, F., Tutusaus, I., Valenziano, L., Vassallo, T., Veropalumbo, A., Wang, Y., Weller, J., Zamorani, G., Zoubian, J., Zucca, E., Boucaud, A., Bozzo, E., Colodro-Conde, C., Di Ferdinando, D., Farinelli, R., Graciá-Carpio, J., Mauri, N., Neissner, C., Scottez, V., Tenti, M., Tramacere, A., Akrami, Y., Allevato, V., Baccigalupi, C., Ballardini, M., Bernardeau, F., Biviano, A., Borgani, S., Borlaff, A. S., Bretonnière, H., Burigana, C., Cabanac, R., Cappi, A., Carvalho, C. S., Castignani, G., Castro, T., Chambers, K. C., Cooray, A. R., Coupon, J., Davini, S., de la Torre, S., De Lucia, G., Desprez, G., Di Domizio, S., Dole, H., Vigo, J. A. Escartin, Escoffier, S., Ferrero, I., Gabarra, L., Ganga, K., Garcia-Bellido, J., Gaztanaga, E., George, K., Gozaliasl, G., Hildebrandt, H., Huertas-Company, M., Kajava, J. J. E., Kansal, V., Kirkpatrick, C. C., Legrand, L., Loureiro, A., Magliocchetti, M., Mainetti, G., Maoli, R., Martinelli, M., Martins, C. J. A. P., Matthew, S., Maurin, L., Monaco, P., Morgante, G., Nadathur, S., Nucita, A. A., Pöntinen, M., Patrizii, L., Popa, V., Porciani, C., Potter, D., Reimberg, P., Sánchez, A. G., Sakr, Z., Schneider, A., Sereno, M., Simon, P., Mancini, A. Spurio, Stadel, J., Steinwagner, J., Teyssier, R., Valiviita, J., Viel, M., Zinchenko, I. A., and Sánchez, H. Domínguez
Subjects: Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies
Abstract: Forthcoming imaging surveys will potentially increase the number of known galaxy-scale strong lenses by several orders of magnitude. For this to happen, images of tens of millions of galaxies will have to be inspected to identify potential candidates. In this context, deep learning techniques are particularly suitable for the finding patterns in large data sets, and convolutional neural networks (CNNs) in particular can efficiently process large volumes of images. We assess and compare the performance of three network architectures in the classification of strong lensing systems on the basis of their morphological characteristics. We train and test our models on different subsamples of a data set of forty thousand mock images, having characteristics similar to those expected in the wide survey planned with the ESA mission \Euclid, gradually including larger fractions of faint lenses. We also evaluate the importance of adding information about the colour difference between the lens and source galaxies by repeating the same training on single-band and multi-band images. Our models find samples of clear lenses with $\gtrsim 90\%$ precision and completeness, without significant differences in the performance of the three architectures. Nevertheless, when including lenses with fainter arcs in the training set, the three models' performance deteriorates with accuracy values of $\sim 0.87$ to $\sim 0.75$ depending on the model. Our analysis confirms the potential of the application of CNNs to the identification of galaxy-scale strong lenses. We suggest that specific training with separate classes of lenses might be needed for detecting the faint lenses since the addition of the colour information does not yield a significant improvement in the current analysis, with the accuracy ranging from $\sim 0.89$ to $\sim 0.78$ for the different models., Comment: 23 pages,12 figures
Published: 2023
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33. Euclid: Constraining linearly scale-independent modifications of gravity with the spectroscopic and photometric primary probes

Author: Frusciante, N., Pace, F., Cardone, V. F., Casas, S., Tutusaus, I., Ballardini, M., Bellini, E., Benevento, G., Bose, B., Valageas, P., Bartolo, N., Brax, P., Ferreira, P. G., Finelli, F., Koyama, K., Legrand, L., Lombriser, L., Paoletti, D., Pietroni, M., Rozas-Fernández, A., Sakr, Z., Silvestri, A., Vernizzi, F., Winther, H. A., Aghanim, N., Amendola, L., Auricchio, N., Azzollini, R., Baldi, M., Bonino, D., Branchini, E., Brescia, M., Brinchmann, J., Camera, S., Capobianco, V., Carbone, C., Carretero, J., Castellano, M., Cavuoti, S., Cimatti, A., Cledassou, R., Congedo, G., Conversi, L., Copin, Y., Corcione, L., Courbin, F., Cropper, M., Da Silva, A., Degaudenzi, H., Dinis, J., Dubath, F., Dupac, X., Dusini, S., Farrens, S., Ferriol, S., Fosalba, P., Frailis, M., Franceschi, E., Galeotta, S., Gillis, B., Giocoli, C., Grazian, A., Grupp, F., Guzzo, L., Haugan, S. V. H., Holmes, W., Hormuth, F., Hornstrup, A., Jahnke, K., Kermiche, S., Kiessling, A., Kilbinger, M., Kitching, T., Kunz, M., Kurki-Suonio, H., Ligori, S., Lilje, P. B., Lloro, I., Maiorano, E., Mansutti, O., Marggraf, O., Markovic, K., Marulli, F., Massey, R., Medinaceli, E., Meneghetti, M., Meylan, G., Moresco, M., Moscardini, L., Munari, E., Niemi, S. M., Nightingale, J., Padilla, C., Paltani, S., Pasian, F., Pedersen, K., Percival, W. J., Pettorino, V., Polenta, G., Poncet, M., Popa, L., Raison, F., Rebolo, R., Renzi, A., Rhodes, J., Riccio, G., Romelli, E., Saglia, R., Sapone, D., Sartoris, B., Secroun, A., Seidel, G., Sirignano, C., Sirri, G., Stanco, L., Surace, C., Tallada-Crespí, P., Taylor, A. N., Tereno, I., Toledo-Moreo, R., Torradeflot, F., Valentijn, E. A., Valenziano, L., Vassallo, T., Kleijn, G. A. Verdoes, Wang, Y., Zacchei, A., Zamorani, G., Zoubian, J., and Scottez, V.
Subjects: Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics, General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology
Abstract: The future Euclid space satellite mission will offer an invaluable opportunity to constrain modifications to Einstein's general relativity at cosmic scales. We focus on modified gravity models characterised, at linear scales, by a scale-independent growth of perturbations while featuring different testable types of derivative screening mechanisms at smaller non-linear scales. We considered three specific models, namely JBD, a scalar-tensor theory with a flat potential, the nDGP gravity, a braneworld model in which our Universe is a four-dimensional brane embedded in a five-dimensional Minkowski space-time, and $k$-mouflage (KM) gravity, an extension of $k$-essence scenarios with a universal coupling of the scalar field to matter. In preparation for real data, we provide forecasts from spectroscopic and photometric primary probes by Euclid on the cosmological parameters and the additional parameters of the models, respectively, $\omega_{\rm BD}$, $\Omega_{\rm rc}$ and $\epsilon_{2,0}$. The forecast analysis employs the Fisher matrix method applied to weak lensing (WL); photometric galaxy clustering (GCph), spectroscopic galaxy clustering (GCsp) and the cross-correlation (XC) between GCph and WL. In an optimistic setting at 68.3\% confidence interval, we find the following percentage relative errors with Euclid alone: for $\log_{10}{\omega_{\rm BD}}$, with a fiducial value of $\omega_{\rm BD}=800$, 27.1\% using GCsp alone, 3.6\% using GCph+WL+XC and 3.2\% using GCph+WL+XC+GCsp; for $\log_{10}{\Omega_{\rm rc}}$, with a fiducial value of $\Omega_{\rm rc}=0.25$, we find 93.4\%, 20\% and 15\% respectively; and finally, for $\epsilon_{2,0}=-0.04$, we find 3.4\%, 0.15\%, and 0.14\%. (abridged), Comment: 23 pages, 8 figures, 4 tables, 1 appendix, matches Journal version
Published: 2023

34. Euclid: Constraints on f(R) cosmologies from the spectroscopic and photometric primary probes

Author: Casas, S., Cardone, V. F., Sapone, D., Frusciante, N., Pace, F., Parimbelli, G., Archidiacono, M., Koyama, K., Tutusaus, I., Camera, S., Martinelli, M., Pettorino, V., Sakr, Z., Lombriser, L., Silvestri, A., Pietroni, M., Vernizzi, F., Kunz, M., Kitching, T., Pourtsidou, A., Lacasa, F., Carbone, C., Garcia-Bellido, J., Aghanim, N., Altieri, B., Amara, A., Auricchio, N., Baldi, M., Bodendorf, C., Branchini, E., Brescia, M., Brinchmann, J., Capobianco, V., Carretero, J., Castellano, M., Cavuoti, S., Cimatti, A., Cledassou, R., Congedo, G., Conselice, C. J., Conversi, L., Copin, Y., Corcione, L., Courbin, F., Courtois, H. M., DaSilva, A., Degaudenzi, H., Dubath, F., Duncan, C. A. J., Dupac, X., Dusini, S., Farrens, S., Ferriol, S., Fosalba, P., Frailis, M., Franceschi, E., Fumana, M., Galeotta, S., Garilli, B., Gillard, W., Gillis, B., Giocoli, C., Grazian, A., Grupp, F., Guzzo, L., Haugan, S. V. H., Hormuth, F., Hornstrup, A., Hudelot, P., Jahnke, K., Kermiche, S., Kiessling, A., Kilbinger, M., Kurki-Suonio, H., Ligori, S., Lilje, P. B., Lloro, I., Maiorano, E., Mansutti, O., Marggraf, O., Marulli, F., Massey, R., Medinaceli, E., Mellier, Y., Meneghetti, M., Merlin, E., Meylan, G., Moresco, M., Moscardini, L., Munari, E., Niemi, S. -M., Padilla, C., Paltani, S., Pasian, F., Pedersen, K., Percival, W. J., Pires, S., Polenta, G., Poncet, M., Popa, L. A., Raison, F., Renzi, A., Rhodes, J., Riccio, G., Romelli, E., Roncarelli, M., Rossetti, E., Saglia, R., Sartoris, B., Scottez, V., Secroun, A., Seidel, G., Serrano, S., Sirignano, C., Sirri, G., Stanco, L., Starck, J. -L., Surace, C., Tallada-Crespí, P., Taylor, A. N., Tereno, I., Toledo-Moreo, R., Torradeflot, F., Valentijn, E. A., Valenziano, L., Vassallo, T., Wang, Y., Weller, J., and Zoubian, J.
Subjects: Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics, General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology
Abstract: $\textit{Euclid}$ will provide a powerful compilation of data including spectroscopic redshifts, the angular clustering of galaxies, weak lensing cosmic shear, and the cross-correlation of these last two photometric observables. In this study we extend recently presented $\textit{Euclid}$ forecasts into the Hu-Sawicki $f(R)$ cosmological model, a popular extension of the Hilbert-Einstein action that introduces an universal modified gravity force in a scale-dependent way. Our aim is to estimate how well future $\textit{Euclid}$ data will be able to constrain the extra parameter of the theory, $f_{R0}$, for the range in which this parameter is still allowed by current observations. For the spectroscopic probe, we use a phenomenological approach for the scale dependence of the growth of perturbations in the terms related to baryon acoustic oscillations and redshift-space distortions. For the photometric observables, we use a fitting formula that captures the modifications in the non-linear matter power spectrum caused by the $f(R)$ model. We show that, in an optimistic setting, and for a fiducial value of $f_{R0} = 5 \times 10^{-6}$, $\textit{Euclid}$ alone will be able to constrain the additional parameter $\log f_{R0}$ at the $3\%$ level, using spectroscopic galaxy clustering alone; at the $1.4\%$ level, using the combination of photometric probes on their own; and at the $1\%$ level, using the combination of spectroscopic and photometric observations. This last constraint corresponds to an error of the order of $6 \times 10^{-7}$ at the $1\sigma$ level on the model parameter $f_{R0} = 5 \times 10^{-6}$. We report also forecasted constraints for $f_{R0} = 5 \times 10^{-5}$ and $f_{R0} = 5 \times 10^{-7}$ and show that in the optimistic scenario, $\textit{Euclid}$ will be able to distinguish these models from $\Lambda\mathrm{CDM}$ at more than 3$\sigma$. (abridged), Comment: 10 Figures, 3 Tables, 1 Appendix
Published: 2023

35. Euclid preparation. XXIX. Water ice in spacecraft part I: The physics of ice formation and contamination

Author: Euclid Collaboration, Schirmer, M., Thürmer, K., Bras, B., Cropper, M., Martin-Fleitas, J., Goueffon, Y., Kohley, R., Mora, A., Portaluppi, M., Racca, G. D., Short, A. D., Szmolka, S., Venancio, L. M. Gaspar, Altmann, M., Balog, Z., Bastian, U., Biermann, M., Busonero, D., Fabricius, C., Grupp, F., Jordi, C., Löffler, W., Sellés, A. Sagristà, Aghanim, N., Amara, A., Amendola, L., Baldi, M., Bodendorf, C., Bonino, D., Branchini, E., Brescia, M., Brinchmann, J., Camera, S., Candini, G. P., Capobianco, V., Carbone, C., Carretero, J., Castellano, M., Cavuoti, S., Cimatti, A., Cledassou, R., Congedo, G., Conselice, C. J., Conversi, L., Copin, Y., Corcione, L., Courbin, F., Da Silva, A., Degaudenzi, H., Di Giorgio, A. M., Dinis, J., Dubath, F., Dupac, X., Dusini, S., Farrens, S., Ferriol, S., Frailis, M., Franceschi, E., Fumana, M., Galeotta, S., Garilli, B., Gillard, W., Gillis, B., Giocoli, C., Haugan, S. V. H., Hoekstra, H., Holmes, W., Hormuth, F., Hornstrup, A., Jahnke, K., Kermiche, S., Kiessling, A., Kilbinger, M., Kitching, T., Kunz, M., Kurki-Suonio, H., Ligori, S., Lilje, P. B., Lloro, I., Maiorano, E., Mansutti, O., Marggraf, O., Markovic, K., Marulli, F., Massey, R., Medinaceli, E., Mei, S., Mellier, Y., Meneghetti, M., Merlin, E., Meylan, G., Moresco, M., Moscardini, L., Munari, E., Nakajima, R., Niemi, S. -M., Nightingale, J. W., Nutma, T., Padilla, C., Paltani, S., Pasian, F., Pettorino, V., Pires, S., Polenta, G., Poncet, M., Popa, L. A., Raison, F., Renzi, A., Rhodes, J., Riccio, G., Romelli, E., Roncarelli, M., Rossetti, E., Saglia, R., Sapone, D., Sartoris, B., Schneider, P., Secroun, A., Seidel, G., Serrano, S., Sirignano, C., Sirri, G., Skottfelt, J., Stanco, L., Tallada-Crespí, P., Taylor, A. N., Tereno, I., Toledo-Moreo, R., Tutusaus, I., Valentijn, E. A., Valenziano, L., Vassallo, T., Wang, Y., Weller, J., Zacchei, A., Zoubian, J., Andreon, S., Bardelli, S., Battaglia, P., Bozzo, E., Colodro-Conde, C., Farina, M., Graciá-Carpio, J., Keihänen, E., Lindholm, V., Maino, D., Mauri, N., Morisset, N., Scottez, V., Tenti, M., Zucca, E., Akrami, Y., Baccigalupi, C., Ballardini, M., Biviano, A., Blanchard, A., Borlaff, A. S., Burigana, C., Cabanac, R., Cappi, A., Carvalho, C. S., Casas, S., Castignani, G., Castro, T., Chambers, K. C., Cooray, A. R., Coupon, J., Courtois, H. M., Cuby, J. -G., Davini, S., De Lucia, G., Desprez, G., Di Domizio, S., Dole, H., Escartin, J. A., Escoffier, S., Ferrero, I., Gabarra, L., Ganga, K., Garcia-Bellido, J., George, K., Giacomini, F., Gozaliasl, G., Hildebrandt, H., Kajava, J. J. E., Kansal, V., Kirkpatrick, C. C., Legrand, L., Liebing, P., Loureiro, A., Maggio, G., Magliocchetti, M., Mainetti, G., Maoli, R., Marcin, S., Martinelli, M., Martinet, N., Martins, C. J. A. P., Matthew, S., Maturi, M., Maurin, L., Metcalf, R. B., Monaco, P., Morgante, G., Nadathur, S., Nucita, A. A., Patrizii, L., Pollack, J. E., Popa, V., Potter, D., Pöntinen, M., Sánchez, A. G., Sakr, Z., Schneider, A., Sereno, M., Shulevski, A., Simon, P., Steinwagner, J., Teyssier, R., and Valiviita, J.
Subjects: Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics
Abstract: Molecular contamination is a well-known problem in space flight. Water is the most common contaminant and alters numerous properties of a cryogenic optical system. Too much ice means that Euclid's calibration requirements and science goals cannot be met. Euclid must then be thermally decontaminated, a long and risky process. We need to understand how iced optics affect the data and when a decontamination is required. This is essential to build adequate calibration and survey plans, yet a comprehensive analysis in the context of an astrophysical space survey has not been done before. In this paper we look at other spacecraft with well-documented outgassing records, and we review the formation of thin ice films. A mix of amorphous and crystalline ices is expected for Euclid. Their surface topography depends on the competing energetic needs of the substrate-water and the water-water interfaces, and is hard to predict with current theories. We illustrate that with scanning-tunnelling and atomic-force microscope images. Industrial tools exist to estimate contamination, and we must understand their uncertainties. We find considerable knowledge errors on the diffusion and sublimation coefficients, limiting the accuracy of these tools. We developed a water transport model to compute contamination rates in Euclid, and find general agreement with industry estimates. Tests of the Euclid flight hardware in space simulators did not pick up contamination signals; our in-flight calibrations observations will be much more sensitive. We must understand the link between the amount of ice on the optics and its effect on Euclid's data. Little research is available about this link, possibly because other spacecraft can decontaminate easily, quenching the need for a deeper understanding. In our second paper we quantify the various effects of iced optics on spectrophotometric data., Comment: 35 pages, 22 figures, A&A in press. Changes to previous version: language edits, added Z. Bolag as author in the arxiv PDF (was listed in the ASCII author list and in the journal PDF, but not in the arxiv PDF). This version is identical to the journal version
Published: 2023
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36. A VLT/VIMOS view of two $Planck$ multiple-cluster systems: structure and galaxy properties

Author: Wicker, R., Aghanim, N., Bonjean, V., Lecoq, E., Douspis, M., Burgarella, D., and Pointecouteau, E.
Subjects: Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies
Abstract: We analysed spectroscopic data obtained with VLT-VIMOS for two multiple-cluster systems, PLCKG$214.6+36.9$ and PLCKG$334.8-38.0$, discovered via their thermal Sunyaev-Zel'dovich signal by $Planck$. Combining the Optical spectroscopy, for the redshift determination, and photometric data from galaxy surveys (SDSS, WISE, DESI), we were able to study the structure of the two multiple-cluster systems, to determine their nature and the properties of their member galaxies. We found that the two systems are populated mainly with passive galaxies and that PLCKG$214.6+36.9$ consists of a pair of clusters at redshift $z = 0.445$ and a background isolated cluster at $z = 0.498$, whereas the system PLCKG$334.8-38.0$ is a chance association of three independent clusters at redshifts $z = 0.367$, $z =0.292$, and $z = 0.33$. We also find evidence for remaining star formation activity in the highest-redshift cluster of PLCKG$214.6+36.9$, at $z = 0.498$., Comment: 12 pages, 9 Figures, 5 Tables. Submitted to A&A, comments are welcome
Published: 2023
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37. Euclid preparation. XXVII. A UV-NIR spectral atlas of compact planetary nebulae for wavelength calibration

Author: Euclid Collaboration, Paterson, K., Schirmer, M., Copin, Y., Cuillandre, J. -C., Gillard, W., Soto, L. A. Gutiérrez, Guzzo, L., Hoekstra, H., Kitching, T., Paltani, S., Percival, W. J., Scodeggio, M., Stanghellini, L., Appleton, P. N., Laureijs, R., Mellier, Y., Aghanim, N., Altieri, B., Amara, A., Auricchio, N., Baldi, M., Bender, R., Bodendorf, C., Bonino, D., Branchini, E., Brescia, M., Brinchmann, J., Camera, S., Capobianco, V., Carbone, C., Carretero, J., Castander, F. J., Castellano, M., Cavuoti, S., Cimatti, A., Cledassou, R., Congedo, G., Conselice, C. J., Conversi, L., Corcione, L., Courbin, F., Da Silva, A., Degaudenzi, H., Dinis, J., Douspis, M., Dubath, F., Dupac, X., Ferriol, S., Frailis, M., Franceschi, E., Fumana, M., Galeotta, S., Garilli, B., Gillis, B., Giocoli, C., Grazian, A., Grupp, F., Haugan, S. V. H., Holmes, W., Hornstrup, A., Hudelot, P., Jahnke, K., Kümmel, M., Kiessling, A., Kilbinger, M., Kohley, R., Kubik, B., Kunz, M., Kurki-Suonio, H., Ligori, S., Lilje, P. B., Lloro, I., Maiorano, E., Mansutti, O., Marggraf, O., Markovic, K., Marulli, F., Massey, R., Medinaceli, E., Mei, S., Meneghetti, M., Meylan, G., Moresco, M., Moscardini, L., Nakajima, R., Niemi, S. -M., Nightingale, J. W., Nutma, T., Padilla, C., Pasian, F., Pedersen, K., Polenta, G., Poncet, M., Popa, L. A., Raison, F., Renzi, A., Rhodes, J., Riccio, G., Rix, H. -W., Romelli, E., Roncarelli, M., Rossetti, E., Saglia, R., Sartoris, B., Schneider, P., Secroun, A., Seidel, G., Serrano, S., Sirignano, C., Sirri, G., Skottfelt, J., Stanco, L., Tallada-Crespí, P., Taylor, A. N., Tereno, I., Toledo-Moreo, R., Torradeflot, F., Tutusaus, I., Valenziano, L., Vassallo, T., Wang, Y., Weller, J., Zamorani, G., Zoubian, J., Andreon, S., Bardelli, S., Bozzo, E., Colodro-Conde, C., Di Ferdinando, D., Farina, M., Graciá-Carpio, J., Keihänen, E., Lindholm, V., Maino, D., Mauri, N., Scottez, V., Tenti, M., Zucca, E., Akrami, Y., Baccigalupi, C., Ballardini, M., Biviano, A., Borlaff, A. S., Burigana, C., Cabanac, R., Cappi, A., Carvalho, C. S., Casas, S., Castignani, G., Castro, T., Chambers, K. C., Cooray, A. R., Coupon, J., Courtois, H. M., Davini, S., De Lucia, G., Desprez, G., Escartin, J. A., Escoffier, S., Ferrero, I., Gabarra, L., Garcia-Bellido, J., George, K., Giacomini, F., Gozaliasl, G., Hildebrandt, H., Hook, I., Kajava, J. J. E., Kansal, V., Kirkpatrick, C. C., Legrand, L., Loureiro, A., Magliocchetti, M., Mainetti, G., Maoli, R., Marcin, S., Martinelli, M., Martinet, N., Martins, C. J. A. P., Matthew, S., Maurin, L., Metcalf, R. B., Monaco, P., Morgante, G., Nadathur, S., Patrizii, L., Pollack, J., Porciani, C., Potter, D., Pöntinen, M., Sánchez, A. G., Sakr, Z., Schneider, A., Sefusatti, E., Sereno, M., Shulevski, A., Stadel, J., Steinwagner, J., Valieri, C., Valiviita, J., Veropalumbo, A., Viel, M., and Zinchenko, I. A.
Subjects: Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics
Abstract: The Euclid mission will conduct an extragalactic survey over 15000 deg$^2$ of the extragalactic sky. The spectroscopic channel of the Near-Infrared Spectrometer and Photometer (NISP) has a resolution of $R\sim450$ for its blue and red grisms that collectively cover the $0.93$--$1.89 $\micron;range. NISP will obtain spectroscopic redshifts for $3\times10^7$ galaxies for the experiments on galaxy clustering, baryonic acoustic oscillations, and redshift space distortion. The wavelength calibration must be accurate within $5$\AA to avoid systematics in the redshifts and downstream cosmological parameters. The NISP pre-flight dispersion laws for the grisms were obtained on the ground using a Fabry-Perot etalon. Launch vibrations, zero gravity conditions, and thermal stabilisation may alter these dispersion laws, requiring an in-flight recalibration. To this end, we use the emission lines in the spectra of compact planetary nebulae (PNe), which were selected from a PN data base. To ensure completeness of the PN sample, we developed a novel technique to identify compact and strong line emitters in Gaia spectroscopic data using the Gaia spectra shape coefficients. We obtained VLT/X-SHOOTER spectra from $0.3$ to $2.5$ \micron;for 19 PNe in excellent seeing conditions and a wide slit, mimicking Euclid's slitless spectroscopy mode but with 10 times higher spectral resolution. Additional observations of one northern PN were obtained in the $0.80$--$1.90$ \micron range with the GMOS and GNIRS instruments at the Gemini North observatory. The collected spectra were combined into an atlas of heliocentric vacuum wavelengths with a joint statistical and systematic accuracy of 0.1 \AA in the optical and 0.3 \AA in the near-infrared. The wavelength atlas and the related 1D and 2D spectra are made publicly available., Comment: Accepted in A&A
Published: 2023
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38. Euclid: Validation of the MontePython forecasting tools

Author: Casas, S., Lesgourgues, J., Schöneberg, N., M., Sabarish V., Rathmann, L., Doerenkamp, M., Archidiacono, M., Bellini, E., Clesse, S., Frusciante, N., Martinelli, M., Pace, F., Sapone, D., Sakr, Z., Blanchard, A., Brinckmann, T., Camera, S., Carbone, C., Ilić, S., Markovic, K., Pettorino, V., Tutusaus, I., Aghanim, N., Amara, A., Amendola, L., Auricchio, N., Baldi, M., Bonino, D., Branchini, E., Brescia, M., Brinchmann, J., Capobianco, V., Cardone, V. F., Carretero, J., Castellano, M., Cavuoti, S., Cimatti, A., Cledassou, R., Congedo, G., Conversi, L., Copin, Y., Corcione, L., Courbin, F., Cropper, M., Degaudenzi, H., Dinis, J., Douspis, M., Dubath, F., Dupac, X., Dusini, S., Farrens, S., Frailis, M., Franceschi, E., Fumana, M., Galeotta, S., Garilli, B., Gillis, B., Giocoli, C., Grazian, A., Grupp, F., Haugan, S. V. H., Hormuth, F., Hornstrup, A., Jahnke, K., Kümmel, M., Kiessling, A., Kilbinger, M., Kitching, T., Kunz, M., Kurki-Suonio, H., Ligori, S., Lilje, P. B., Lloro, I., Mansutti, O., Marggraf, O., Marulli, F., Massey, R., Medinaceli, E., Mei, S., Meneghetti, M., Merlin, E., Meylan, G., Moresco, M., Moscardini, L., Munari, E., Niemi, S. -M., Padilla, C., Paltani, S., Pasian, F., Pedersen, K., Percival, W. J., Pires, S., Polenta, G., Poncet, M., Popa, L. A., Raison, F., Renzi, A., Rhodes, J., Riccio, G., Romelli, E., Roncarelli, M., Rossetti, E., Saglia, R., Sartoris, B., Schneider, P., Secroun, A., Seidel, G., Serrano, S., Sirignano, C., Sirri, G., Stanco, L., Starck, J. -L., Surace, C., Tallada-Crespí, P., Taylor, A. N., Tereno, I., Toledo-Moreo, R., Torradeflot, F., Valentijn, E. A., Valenziano, L., Vassallo, T., Wang, Y., Weller, J., Zamorani, G., Zoubian, J., Scottez, V., and Veropalumbo, A.
Subjects: Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics
Abstract: The Euclid mission of the European Space Agency will perform a survey of weak lensing cosmic shear and galaxy clustering in order to constrain cosmological models and fundamental physics. We expand and adjust the mock Euclid likelihoods of the MontePython software in order to match the exact recipes used in previous Euclid Fisher matrix forecasts for several probes: weak lensing cosmic shear, photometric galaxy clustering, the cross-correlation between the latter observables, and spectroscopic galaxy clustering. We also establish which precision settings are required when running the Einstein-Boltzmann solvers CLASS and CAMB in the context of Euclid. For the minimal cosmological model, extended to include dynamical dark energy, we perform Fisher matrix forecasts based directly on a numerical evaluation of second derivatives of the likelihood with respect to model parameters. We compare our results with those of other forecasting methods and tools. We show that such MontePython forecasts agree very well with previous Fisher forecasts published by the Euclid Collaboration, and also, with new forecasts produced by the CosmicFish code, now interfaced directly with the two Einstein-Boltzmann solvers CAMB and CLASS. Moreover, to establish the validity of the Gaussian approximation, we show that the Fisher matrix marginal error contours coincide with the credible regions obtained when running Monte Carlo Markov Chains with MontePython while using the exact same mock likelihoods. The new Euclid forecast pipelines presented here are ready for use with additional cosmological parameters, in order to explore extended cosmological models., Comment: 45 pages, 24 figures
Published: 2023

39. Euclid preparation. XXX. Performance assessment of the NISP Red-Grism through spectroscopic simulations for the Wide and Deep surveys

Author: Euclid Collaboration, Gabarra, L., Mancini, C., Munoz, L. Rodriguez, Rodighiero, G., Sirignano, C., Scodeggio, M., Talia, M., Dusini, S., Gillard, W., Granett, B. R., Maiorano, E., Moresco, M., Paganin, L., Palazzi, E., Pozzetti, L., Renzi, A., Rossetti, E., Vergani, D., Allevato, V., Bisigello, L., Castignani, G., De Caro, B., Fumana, M., Ganga, K., Garilli, B., Hirschmann, M., La Franca, F., Laigle, C., Passalacqua, F., Schirmer, M., Stanco, L., Troja, A., Yung, L. Y. A., Zamorani, G., Zoubian, J., Aghanim, N., Amara, A., Auricchio, N., Baldi, M., Bender, R., Bodendorf, C., Bonino, D., Branchini, E., Brescia, M., Brinchmann, J., Camera, S., Capobianco, V., Carbone, C., Carretero, J., Castander, F. J., Castellano, M., Cavuoti, S., Cledassou, R., Congedo, G., Conselice, C. J., Conversi, L., Copin, Y., Corcione, L., Costille, A., Courbin, F., Da Silva, A., Degaudenzi, H., Dinis, J., Dubath, F., Dupac, X., Ealet, A., Farrens, S., Ferriol, S., Frailis, M., Franceschi, E., Franzetti, P., Galeotta, S., Gillis, B., Giocoli, C., Grazian, A., Grupp, F., Guzzo, L., Holmes, W., Hornstrup, A., Hudelot, P., Jahnke, K., Kümmel, M., Kermiche, S., Kiessling, A., Kilbinger, M., Kitching, T., Kohley, R., Kubik, B., Kunz, M., Kurki-Suonio, H., Ligori, S., Lilje, P. B., Lloro, I., Mansutti, O., Marggraf, O., Markovic, K., Marulli, F., Massey, R., Maurogordato, S., Mei, S., Meneghetti, M., Meylan, G., Moscardini, L., Munari, E., Nichol, R. C., Niemi, S. -M., Nightingale, J., Padilla, C., Paltani, S., Pasian, F., Pedersen, K., Percival, W. J., Pettorino, V., Polenta, G., Poncet, M., Raison, F., Rhodes, J., Riccio, G., Romelli, E., Roncarelli, M., Saglia, R., Sapone, D., Schneider, P., Secroun, A., Seidel, G., Serrano, S., Sirri, G., Surace, C., Tallada-Crespí, P., Tavagnacco, D., Taylor, A. N., Tereno, I., Toledo-Moreo, R., Torradeflot, F., Trifoglio, M., Tutusaus, I., Valentijn, E. A., Valenziano, L., Vassallo, T., Wang, Y., Weller, J., Zacchei, A., Andreon, S., Aussel, H., Bardelli, S., Bolzonella, M., Boucaud, A., Bozzo, E., Colodro-Conde, C., Di Ferdinando, D., Farina, M., Graciá-Carpio, J., Keihänen, E., Lindholm, V., Maino, D., Mauri, N., Mellier, Y., Neissner, C., Scottez, V., Tenti, M., Zucca, E., Akrami, Y., Baccigalupi, C., Ballardini, M., Bernardeau, F., Biviano, A., Borlaff, A. S., Borsato, E., Burigana, C., Cabanac, R., Cappi, A., Carvalho, C. S., Casas, S., Castro, T., Chambers, K., Cooray, A. R., Coupon, J., Courtois, H. M., Davini, S., de la Torre, S., De Lucia, G., Desprez, G., Dole, H., Escartin, J. A., Escoffier, S., Ferrero, I., Finelli, F., Fotopoulou, S., Garcia-Bellido, J., George, K., Giacomini, F., Gozaliasl, G., Hildebrandt, H., Hook, I., Ilbert, O., Muñoz, A. Jimenez, Kajava, J. J. E., Kansal, V., Kirkpatrick, C. C., Legrand, L., Loureiro, A., Macias-Perez, J., Magliocchetti, M., Mainetti, G., Maoli, R., Marcin, S., Martinelli, M., Martinet, N., Martins, C. J. A. P., Matthew, S., Maurin, L., Metcalf, R. B., Morgante, G., Nadathur, S., Nucita, A. A., Patrizii, L., Popa, V., Porciani, C., Potter, D., Pöntinen, M., Sánchez, A. G., Sakr, Z., Schneider, A., Sefusatti, E., Sereno, M., Shulevski, A., Mancini, A. Spurio, Stadel, J., Steinwagner, J., Teyssier, R., Valiviita, J., Veropalumbo, A., Viel, M., and Zinchenko, I. A.
Subjects: Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies
Abstract: This work focuses on the pilot run of a simulation campaign aimed at investigating the spectroscopic capabilities of the Euclid Near-Infrared Spectrometer and Photometer (NISP), in terms of continuum and emission line detection in the context of galaxy evolutionary studies. To this purpose we constructed, emulated, and analysed the spectra of 4992 star-forming galaxies at $0.3 \leq z \leq 2.5$ using the NISP pixel-level simulator. We built the spectral library starting from public multi-wavelength galaxy catalogues, with value-added information on spectral energy distribution (SED) fitting results, and from Bruzual and Charlot (2003) stellar population templates. Rest-frame optical and near-IR nebular emission lines were included using empirical and theoretical relations. We inferred the 3.5$\sigma$ NISP red grism spectroscopic detection limit of the continuum measured in the $H$ band for star-forming galaxies with a median disk half-light radius of \ang{;;0.4} at magnitude $H= 19.5\pm0.2\,$AB$\,$mag for the Euclid Wide Survey and at $H = 20.8\pm0.6\,$AB$\,$mag for the Euclid Deep Survey. We found a very good agreement with the red grism emission line detection limit requirement for the Wide and Deep surveys. We characterised the effect of the galaxy shape on the detection capability of the red grism and highlighted the degradation of the quality of the extracted spectra as the disk size increases. In particular, we found that the extracted emission line signal to noise ratio (SNR) drops by $\sim\,$45$\%$ when the disk size ranges from \ang{;;0.25} to \ang{;;1}. These trends lead to a correlation between the emission line SNR and the stellar mass of the galaxy and we demonstrate the effect in a stacking analysis unveiling emission lines otherwise too faint to detect., Comment: 24 pages, 21 figures
Published: 2023
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40. Euclid preparation: XXVIII. Modelling of the weak lensing angular power spectrum

Author: Euclid Collaboration, Deshpande, A. C., Kitching, T., Hall, A., Brown, M. L., Aghanim, N., Amendola, L., Auricchio, N., Baldi, M., Bender, R., Bonino, D., Branchini, E., Brescia, M., Brinchmann, J., Camera, S., Candini, G. P., Capobianco, V., Carbone, C., Cardone, V. F., Carretero, J., Castander, F. J., Castellano, M., Cavuoti, S., Cimatti, A., Cledassou, R., Congedo, G., Conselice, C. J., Conversi, L., Corcione, L., Courbin, F., Cropper, M., Da Silva, A., Degaudenzi, H., Douspis, M., Dubath, F., Duncan, C. A. J., Dupac, X., Farrens, S., Ferriol, S., Fosalba, P., Frailis, M., Franceschi, E., Fumana, M., Galeotta, S., Garilli, B., Gillis, B., Giocoli, C., Grazian, A., Grupp, F., Haugan, S. V. H., Hoekstra, H., Holmes, W., Hornstrup, A., Hudelot, P., Jahnke, K., Kermiche, S., Kilbinger, M., Kunz, M., Kurki-Suonio, H., Ligori, S., Lilje, P. B., Lloro, I., Maiorano, E., Mansutti, O., Marggraf, O., Markovic, K., Marulli, F., Massey, R., Mei, S., Mellier, Y., Meneghetti, M., Meylan, G., Moscardini, L., Niemi, S. -M., Nightingale, J. W., Nutma, T., Padilla, C., Paltani, S., Pasian, F., Pedersen, K., Pettorino, V., Pires, S., Polenta, G., Poncet, M., Popa, L. A., Raison, F., Renzi, A., Rhodes, J., Riccio, G., Romelli, E., Roncarelli, M., Rossetti, E., Saglia, R., Sapone, D., Sartoris, B., Schneider, P., Schrabback, T., Secroun, A., Seidel, G., Serrano, S., Sirignano, C., Sirri, G., Stanco, L., Tallada-Crespi, P., Tereno, I., Toledo-Moreo, R., Torradeflot, F., Tutusaus, I., Valentijn, E. A., Valenziano, L., Vassallo, T., Wang, Y., Weller, J., Zacchei, A., Zamorani, G., Zoubian, J., Andreon, S., Bardelli, S., Boucaud, A., Bozzo, E., Colodro-Conde, C., Di Ferdinando, D., Fabbian, G., Farina, M., Gracia-Carpio, J., Keihanen, E., Lindholm, V., Mauri, N., Scottez, V., Tenti, M., Zucca, E., Akrami, Y., Baccigalupi, C., Balaguera-Antolinez, A., Ballardini, M., Bernardeau, F., Biviano, A., Blanchard, A., Borlaff, A. S., Burigana, C., Cabanac, R., Cappi, A., Carvalho, C. S., Casas, S., Castignani, G., Castro, T., Chambers, K. C., Cooray, A. R., Coupon, J., Courtois, H. M., Davini, S., de la Torre, S., De Lucia, G., Desprez, G., Dole, H., Escartin, J. A., Escoffier, S., Ferrero, I., Finelli, F., Garcia-Bellido, J., George, K., Giacomini, F., Gozaliasl, G., Hildebrandt, H., Kajava, J. J. E., Kansal, V., Kirkpatrick, C. C., Legrand, L., Loureiro, A., Macias-Perez, J., Magliocchetti, M., Mainetti, G., Maoli, R., Martinelli, M., Martinet, N., Martins, C. J. A. P., Matthew, S., Maurin, L., Metcalf, R. B., Monaco, P., Morgante, G., Nadathur, S., Nucita, A. A., Patrizii, L., Peel, A., Pollack, J., Popa, V., Porciani, C., Potter, D., Pourtsidou, A., Pontinen, M., Reimberg, P., Sanchez, A. G., Sakr, Z., Schneider, A., Sefusatti, E., Sereno, M., Shulevski, A., Mancini, A. Spurio, Steinwagner, J., Teyssier, R., Viel, M., and Zinchenko, I. A.
Subjects: Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics
Abstract: This work considers which higher-order effects in modelling the cosmic shear angular power spectra must be taken into account for Euclid. We identify which terms are of concern, and quantify their individual and cumulative impact on cosmological parameter inference from Euclid. We compute the values of these higher-order effects using analytic expressions, and calculate the impact on cosmological parameter estimation using the Fisher matrix formalism. We review 24 effects and find the following potentially need to be accounted for: the reduced shear approximation, magnification bias, source-lens clustering, source obscuration, local Universe effects, and the flat Universe assumption. Upon computing these explicitly, and calculating their cosmological parameter biases, using a maximum multipole of $\ell=5000$, we find that the magnification bias, source-lens clustering, source obscuration, and local Universe terms individually produce significant ($\,>0.25\sigma$) cosmological biases in one or more parameters, and accordingly must be accounted for. In total, over all effects, we find biases in $\Omega_{\rm m}$, $\Omega_{\rm b}$, $h$, and $\sigma_{8}$ of $0.73\sigma$, $0.28\sigma$, $0.25\sigma$, and $-0.79\sigma$, respectively, for flat $\Lambda$CDM. For the $w_0w_a$CDM case, we find biases in $\Omega_{\rm m}$, $\Omega_{\rm b}$, $h$, $n_{\rm s}$, $\sigma_{8}$, and $w_a$ of $1.49\sigma$, $0.35\sigma$, $-1.36\sigma$, $1.31\sigma$, $-0.84\sigma$, and $-0.35\sigma$, respectively; which are increased relative to the $\Lambda$CDM due to additional degeneracies as a function of redshift and scale., Comment: 20 pages, submitted to A&A
Published: 2023

41. Euclid preparation. XXXII. Evaluating the weak lensing cluster mass biases using the Three Hundred Project hydrodynamical simulations

Author: Euclid Collaboration, Giocoli, C., Meneghetti, M., Rasia, E., Borgani, S., Despali, G., Lesci, G. F., Marulli, F., Moscardini, L., Sereno, M., Cui, W., Knebe, A., Yepes, G., Castro, T., Corasaniti, P. -S., Pires, S., Castignani, G., Ingoglia, L., Schrabback, T., Pratt, G. W., Brun, A. M. C. Le, Aghanim, N., Amendola, L., Auricchio, N., Baldi, M., Bodendorf, C., Bonino, D., Branchini, E., Brescia, M., Brinchmann, J., Camera, S., Capobianco, V., Carbone, C., Carretero, J., Castander, F. J., Castellano, M., Cavuoti, S., Cledassou, R., Congedo, G., Conselice, C. J., Conversi, L., Copin, Y., Corcione, L., Courbin, F., Cropper, M., Da Silva, A., Degaudenzi, H., Dinis, J., Dubath, F., Dupac, X., Dusini, S., Farrens, S., Ferriol, S., Fosalba, P., Frailis, M., Franceschi, E., Fumana, M., Galeotta, S., Garilli, B., Gillis, B., Grazian, A., Grupp, F., Haugan, S. V. H., Holmes, W., Hornstrup, A., Jahnke, K., Kümmel, M., Kermiche, S., Kilbinger, M., Kunz, M., Kurki-Suonio, H., Ligori, S., Lilje, P. B., Lloro, I., Maiorano, E., Mansutti, O., Marggraf, O., Markovic, K., Massey, R., Maurogordato, S., Mei, S., Merlin, E., Meylan, G., Moresco, M., Munari, E., Niemi, S. -M., Nightingale, J., Nutma, T., Padilla, C., Paltani, S., Pasian, F., Pedersen, K., Pettorino, V., Polenta, G., Poncet, M., Popa, L. A., Raison, F., Renzi, A., Rhodes, J., Riccio, G., Romelli, E., Roncarelli, M., Rossetti, E., Saglia, R., Sapone, D., Sartoris, B., Schneider, P., Secroun, A., Serrano, S., Sirignano, C., Sirri, G., Stanco, L., Starck, J. -L., Tallada-Crespí, P., Taylor, A. N., Tereno, I., Toledo-Moreo, R., Torradeflot, F., Tutusaus, I., Valentijn, E. A., Valenziano, L., Vassallo, T., Wang, Y., Weller, J., Zamorani, G., Zoubian, J., Andreon, S., Bardelli, S., Boucaud, A., Bozzo, E., Colodro-Conde, C., Di Ferdinando, D., Fabbian, G., Farina, M., Israel, H., Keihänen, E., Lindholm, V., Mauri, N., Neissner, C., Schirmer, M., Scottez, V., Tenti, M., Zucca, E., Akrami, Y., Baccigalupi, C., Ballardini, M., Bernardeau, F., Biviano, A., Borlaff, A. S., Burigana, C., Cabanac, R., Cappi, A., Carvalho, C. S., Casas, S., Chambers, K. C., Cooray, A. R., Courtois, H. M., Davini, S., de la Torre, S., De Lucia, G., Desprez, G., Dole, H., Escartin, J. A., Escoffier, S., Ferrero, I., Finelli, F., Gabarra, L., Ganga, K., Garcia-Bellido, J., George, K., Giacomini, F., Gozaliasl, G., Hildebrandt, H., Hook, I., MU\{N}OZ, A. JIMENEZ, Joachimi, B., Kajava, J. J. E., Kansal, V., Kirkpatrick, C. C., Legrand, L., Loureiro, A., Macias-Perez, J., Magliocchetti, M., Mainetti, G., Maoli, R., Marcin, S., Martinelli, M., Martinet, N., Martins, C. J. A. P., Matthew, S., Maurin, L., Metcalf, R. B., Monaco, P., Morgante, G., Nadathur, S., Nucita, A. A., Patrizii, L., Peel, A., Pollack, J., Popa, V., Porciani, C., Potter, D., Pöntinen, M., Reimberg, P., Sánchez, A. G., Sakr, Z., Schneider, A., Sefusatti, E., Shulevski, A., Mancini, A. Spurio, Stadel, J., Steinwagner, J., Valiviita, J., Veropalumbo, A., Viel, M., and Zinchenko, I. A.
Subjects: Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies
Abstract: The photometric catalogue of galaxy clusters extracted from ESA Euclid data is expected to be very competitive for cosmological studies. Using state-of-the-art hydrodynamical simulations, we present systematic analyses simulating the expected weak lensing profiles from clusters in a variety of dynamic states and at wide range of redshifts. In order to derive cluster masses, we use a model consistent with the implementation within the Euclid Consortium of the dedicated processing function and find that, when jointly modelling mass and the concentration parameter of the Navarro-Frenk-White halo profile, the weak lensing masses tend to be, on average, biased low by 5-10% with respect to the true mass, up to z=0.5. Using a fixed value for the concentration $c_{200} = 3$, the mass bias is diminished below 5%, up to z=0.7, along with its relative uncertainty. Simulating the weak lensing signal by projecting along the directions of the axes of the moment of inertia tensor ellipsoid, we find that orientation matters: when clusters are oriented along the major axis, the lensing signal is boosted, and the recovered weak lensing mass is correspondingly overestimated. Typically, the weak lensing mass bias of individual clusters is modulated by the weak lensing signal-to-noise ratio, related to the redshift evolution of the number of galaxies used for weak lensing measurements: the negative mass bias tends to be larger toward higher redshifts. However, when we use a fixed value of the concentration parameter, the redshift evolution trend is reduced. These results provide a solid basis for the weak-lensing mass calibration required by the cosmological application of future cluster surveys from Euclid and Rubin., Comment: Accepted for publication in Astronomy & Astrophysics
Published: 2023
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42. Euclid Preparation. XXVIII. Forecasts for ten different higher-order weak lensing statistics

Author: Euclid Collaboration, Ajani, V., Baldi, M., Barthelemy, A., Boyle, A., Burger, P., Cardone, V. F., Cheng, S., Codis, S., Giocoli, C., Harnois-Déraps, J., Heydenreich, S., Kansal, V., Kilbinger, M., Linke, L., Llinares, C., Martinet, N., Parroni, C., Peel, A., Pires, S., Porth, L., Tereno, I., Uhlemann, C., Vicinanza, M., Vinciguerra, S., Aghanim, N., Auricchio, N., Bonino, D., Branchini, E., Brescia, M., Brinchmann, J., Camera, S., Capobianco, V., Carbone, C., Carretero, J., Castander, F. J., Castellano, M., Cavuoti, S., Cimatti, A., Cledassou, R., Congedo, G., Conselice, C. J., Conversi, L., Corcione, L., Courbin, F., Cropper, M., Da Silva, A., Degaudenzi, H., Di Giorgio, A. M., Dinis, J., Douspis, M., Dubath, F., Dupac, X., Farrens, S., Ferriol, S., Fosalba, P., Frailis, M., Franceschi, E., Galeotta, S., Garilli, B., Gillis, B., Grazian, A., Grupp, F., Hoekstra, H., Holmes, W., Hornstrup, A., Hudelot, P., Jahnke, K., Jhabvala, M., Kümmel, M., Kitching, T., Kunz, M., Kurki-Suonio, H., Lilje, P. B., Lloro, I., Maiorano, E., Mansutti, O., Marggraf, O., Markovic, K., Marulli, F., Massey, R., Mei, S., Mellier, Y., Meneghetti, M., Moresco, M., Moscardini, L., Niemi, S. -M., Nightingale, J., Nutma, T., Padilla, C., Paltani, S., Pedersen, K., Pettorino, V., Polenta, G., Poncet, M., Popa, L. A., Raison, F., Renzi, A., Rhodes, J., Riccio, G., Romelli, E., Roncarelli, M., Rossetti, E., Saglia, R., Sapone, D., Sartoris, B., Schneider, P., Schrabback, T., Secroun, A., Seidel, G., Serrano, S., Sirignano, C., Stanco, L., Starck, J. -L., Tallada-Crespí, P., Taylor, A. N., Toledo-Moreo, R., Torradeflot, F., Tutusaus, I., Valentijn, E. A., Valenziano, L., Vassallo, T., Wang, Y., Weller, J., Zamorani, G., Zoubian, J., Andreon, S., Bardelli, S., Boucaud, A., Bozzo, E., Colodro-Conde, C., Di Ferdinando, D., Fabbian, G., Farina, M., Graciá-Carpio, J., Keihänen, E., Lindholm, V., Maino, D., Mauri, N., Neissner, C., Schirmer, M., Scottez, V., Zucca, E., Akrami, Y., Baccigalupi, C., Balaguera-Antolínez, A., Ballardini, M., Bernardeau, F., Biviano, A., Blanchard, A., Borgani, S., Borlaff, A. S., Burigana, C., Cabanac, R., Cappi, A., Carvalho, C. S., Casas, S., Castignani, G., Castro, T., Chambers, K. C., Cooray, A. R., Coupon, J., Courtois, H. M., Davini, S., de la Torre, S., De Lucia, G., Desprez, G., Dole, H., Escartin, J. A., Escoffier, S., Ferrero, I., Finelli, F., Ganga, K., Garcia-Bellido, J., George, K., Giacomini, F., Gozaliasl, G., Hildebrandt, H., Muñoz, A. Jimenez, Joachimi, B., Kajava, J. J. E., Kirkpatrick, C. C., Legrand, L., Loureiro, A., Magliocchetti, M., Maoli, R., Marcin, S., Martinelli, M., Martins, C. J. A. P., Matthew, S., Maurin, L., Metcalf, R. B., Monaco, P., Morgante, G., Nadathur, S., Nucita, A. A., Popa, V., Potter, D., Pourtsidou, A., Pöntinen, M., Reimberg, P., Sánchez, A. G., Sakr, Z., Schneider, A., Sefusatti, E., Sereno, M., Shulevski, A., Mancini, A. Spurio, Steinwagner, J., Teyssier, R., Valiviita, J., Veropalumbo, A., Viel, M., and Zinchenko, I. A.
Subjects: Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics
Abstract: Recent cosmic shear studies have shown that higher-order statistics (HOS) developed by independent teams now outperform standard two-point estimators in terms of statistical precision thanks to their sensitivity to the non-Gaussian features of large-scale structure. The aim of the Higher-Order Weak Lensing Statistics (HOWLS) project is to assess, compare, and combine the constraining power of ten different HOS on a common set of $Euclid$-like mocks, derived from N-body simulations. In this first paper of the HOWLS series, we computed the nontomographic ($\Omega_{\rm m}$, $\sigma_8$) Fisher information for the one-point probability distribution function, peak counts, Minkowski functionals, Betti numbers, persistent homology Betti numbers and heatmap, and scattering transform coefficients, and we compare them to the shear and convergence two-point correlation functions in the absence of any systematic bias. We also include forecasts for three implementations of higher-order moments, but these cannot be robustly interpreted as the Gaussian likelihood assumption breaks down for these statistics. Taken individually, we find that each HOS outperforms the two-point statistics by a factor of around two in the precision of the forecasts with some variations across statistics and cosmological parameters. When combining all the HOS, this increases to a $4.5$ times improvement, highlighting the immense potential of HOS for cosmic shear cosmological analyses with $Euclid$. The data used in this analysis are publicly released with the paper., Comment: 33 pages, 24 figures, main results in Fig. 19 & Table 5, version published in A&A
Published: 2023
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43. Self-supervised component separation for the extragalactic submillimeter sky

Author: Bonjean, V., Tanimura, H., Aghanim, N., Bonnaire, T., and Douspis, M.
Subjects: Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics
Abstract: We use a new approach based on self-supervised deep learning networks originally applied to transparency separation in order to simultaneously extract the components of the extragalactic submillimeter sky, namely the cosmic microwave background (CMB), the cosmic infrared background (CIB), and the Sunyaev-Zel'dovich (SZ) effect. In this proof-of-concept paper, we test our approach on the WebSky extragalactic simulation maps in a range of frequencies from 93 to 545 GHz, and compare with one of the state-of-the-art traditional methods, MILCA, for the case of SZ. We first visually compare the images, and then statistically analyse the full-sky reconstructed high-resolution maps with power spectra. We study the contamination from other components with cross spectra, and particularly emphasise the correlation between the CIB and the SZ effect and compute SZ fluxes around positions of galaxy clusters. The independent networks learn how to reconstruct the different components with less contamination than MILCA. Although this is tested here in an ideal case (without noise, beams, or foregrounds), this method shows significant potential for application in future experiments such as the Simons Observatory (SO) in combination with the Planck satellite., Comment: 11 pages, 7 figures
Published: 2022
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44. Euclid preparation. XXVII. Covariance model validation for the 2-point correlation function of galaxy clusters

Author: Euclid Collaboration, Fumagalli, A., Saro, A., Borgani, S., Castro, T., Costanzi, M., Monaco, P., Munari, E., Sefusatti, E., Aghanim, N., Auricchio, N., Baldi, M., Bodendorf, C., Bonino, D., Branchini, E., Brescia, M., Brinchmann, J., Camera, S., Capobianco, V., Carbone, C., Carretero, J., Castander, F. J., Castellano, M., Cavuoti, S., Cledassou, R., Congedo, G., Conselice, C. J., Conversi, L., Copin, Y., Corcione, L., Courbin, F., Cropper, M., Da Silva, A., Degaudenzi, H., Dubath, F., Dupac, X., Dusini, S., Farrens, S., Ferriol, S., Frailis, M., Franceschi, E., Franzetti, P., Galeotta, S., Garilli, B., Gillard, W., Gillis, B., Giocoli, C., Grazian, A., Grupp, F., Haugan, S. V. H., Holmes, W., Hornstrup, A., Hudelot, P., Jahnke, K., Kümmel, M., Kermiche, S., Kiessling, A., Kilbinger, M., Kitching, T., Kunz, M., Kurki-Suonio, H., Ligori, S., Lilje, P. B., Lloro, I., Mansutti, O., Marggraf, O., Markovic, K., Marulli, F., Massey, R., Maurogordato, S., Medinaceli, E., Mei, S., Meneghetti, M., Meylan, G., Moresco, M., Moscardini, L., Niemi, S. -M., Padilla, C., Paltani, S., Pasian, F., Pedersen, K., Percival, W. J., Pettorino, V., Pires, S., Polenta, G., Poncet, M., Raison, F., Rebolo-Lopez, R., Renzi, A., Rhodes, J., Riccio, G., Romelli, E., Roncarelli, M., Saglia, R., Sapone, D., Sartoris, B., Schneider, P., Secroun, A., Seidel, G., Sirignano, C., Sirri, G., Stanco, L., Tallada-Crespí, P., Taylor, A. N., Tereno, I., Toledo-Moreo, R., Torradeflot, F., Tutusaus, I., Valenziano, L., Vassallo, T., Wang, Y., Weller, J., Zacchei, A., Zamorani, G., Zoubian, J., Andreon, S., Bardelli, S., Boucaud, A., Bozzo, E., Colodro-Conde, C., Di Ferdinando, D., Fabbian, G., Farina, M., Lindholm, V., Maino, D., Mauri, N., Neissner, C., Scottez, V., Zucca, E., Baccigalupi, C., Balaguera-Antolínez, A., Ballardini, M., Bernardeau, F., Biviano, A., Blanchard, A., Borlaff, A. S, Burigana, C., Cabanac, R., Carvalho, C. S., Casas, S., Castignani, G., Chambers, K., Cooray, A. R., Coupon, J., Courtois, H. M., Davini, S., de la Torre, S., Desprez, G., Dole, H., Escartin, J. A., Escoffier, S., Ferreira, P. G., Finelli, F., Garcia-Bellido, J., George, K., Gozaliasl, G., Hildebrandt, H., Hook, I., Muňoz, A. Jimenez, Joachimi, B., Kansal, V., Keihänen, E., Kirkpatrick, C. C., Loureiro, A., Magliocchetti, M., Maoli, R., Marcin, S., Martinelli, M., Martinet, N., Matthew, S., Maturi, M., Maurin, L., Metcalf, R. B., Morgante, G., Nadathur, S., Nucita, A. A., Patrizii, L., Pollack, J. E., Popa, V., Porciani, C., Potter, D., Pourtsidou, A., Pöntinen, M., Sánchez, A. G., Sakr, Z., Schirmer, M., Sereno, M., Mancini, A. Spurio, Stadel, J., Steinwagner, J., Valieri, C., Valiviita, J., Veropalumbo, A., and Viel, M.
Subjects: Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics, 85A40
Abstract: Aims. We validate a semi-analytical model for the covariance of real-space 2-point correlation function of galaxy clusters. Methods. Using 1000 PINOCCHIO light cones mimicking the expected Euclid sample of galaxy clusters, we calibrate a simple model to accurately describe the clustering covariance. Then, we use such a model to quantify the likelihood analysis response to variations of the covariance, and investigate the impact of a cosmology-dependent matrix at the level of statistics expected for the Euclid survey of galaxy clusters. Results. We find that a Gaussian model with Poissonian shot-noise does not correctly predict the covariance of the 2-point correlation function of galaxy clusters. By introducing few additional parameters fitted from simulations, the proposed model reproduces the numerical covariance with 10 per cent accuracy, with differences of about 5 per cent on the figure of merit of the cosmological parameters $\Omega_{\rm m}$ and $\sigma_8$. Also, we find that the cosmology-dependence of the covariance adds valuable information that is not contained in the mean value, significantly improving the constraining power of cluster clustering. Finally, we find that the cosmological figure of merit can be further improved by taking mass binning into account. Our results have significant implications for the derivation of cosmological constraints from the 2-point clustering statistics of the Euclid survey of galaxy clusters., Comment: 18 pages, 14 figures
Published: 2022

45. Euclid: Modelling massive neutrinos in cosmology -- a code comparison

Author: Adamek, J., Angulo, R. E., Arnold, C., Baldi, M., Biagetti, M., Bose, B., Carbone, C., Castro, T., Dakin, J., Dolag, K., Elbers, W., Fidler, C., Giocoli, C., Hannestad, S., Hassani, F., Hernández-Aguayo, C., Koyama, K., Li, B., Mauland, R., Monaco, P., Moretti, C., Mota, D. F., Partmann, C., Parimbelli, G., Potter, D., Schneider, A., Schulz, S., Smith, R. E., Springel, V., Stadel, J., Tram, T., Viel, M., Villaescusa-Navarro, F., Winther, H. A., Wright, B. S., Zennaro, M., Aghanim, N., Amendola, L., Auricchio, N., Bonino, D., Branchini, E., Brescia, M., Camera, S., Capobianco, V., Cardone, V. F., Carretero, J., Castander, F. J., Castellano, M., Cavuoti, S., Cimatti, A., Cledassou, R., Congedo, G., Conversi, L., Copin, Y., Da Silva, A., Degaudenzi, H., Douspis, M., Dubath, F., Duncan, C. A. J., Dupac, X., Dusini, S., Farrens, S., Ferriol, S., Fosalba, P., Frailis, M., Franceschi, E., Galeotta, S., Garilli, B., Gillard, W., Gillis, B., Grazian, A., Haugan, S. V., Holmes, W., Hornstrup, A., Jahnke, K., Kermiche, S., Kiessling, A., Kilbinger, M., Kitching, T., Kunz, M., Kurki-Suonio, H., Lilje, P. B., Lloro, I., Mansutti, O., Marggraf, O., Marulli, F., Massey, R., Medinaceli, E., Meneghetti, M., Meylan, G., Moresco, M., Moscardini, L., Munari, E., Niemi, S. -M., Padilla, C., Paltani, S., Pasian, F., Pedersen, K., Percival, W. J., Pettorino, V., Polenta, G., Poncet, M., Popa, L. A., Raison, F., Rebolo, R., Renzi, A., Rhodes, J., Riccio, G., Romelli, E., Roncarelli, M., Saglia, R., Sapone, D., Sartoris, B., Schneider, P., Schrabback, T., Secroun, A., Seidel, G., Sirignano, C., Sirri, G., Stanco, L., Starck, J. -L., Tallada-Crespí, P., Taylor, A. N., Tereno, I., Toledo-Moreo, R., Torradeflot, F., Tutusaus, I., Valenziano, L., Vassallo, T., Wang, Y., Weller, J., Zacchei, A., Zamorani, G., Zoubian, J., Fabbian, G., and Scottez, V.
Subjects: Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics
Abstract: The measurement of the absolute neutrino mass scale from cosmological large-scale clustering data is one of the key science goals of the Euclid mission. Such a measurement relies on precise modelling of the impact of neutrinos on structure formation, which can be studied with $N$-body simulations. Here we present the results from a major code comparison effort to establish the maturity and reliability of numerical methods for treating massive neutrinos. The comparison includes eleven full $N$-body implementations (not all of them independent), two $N$-body schemes with approximate time integration, and four additional codes that directly predict or emulate the matter power spectrum. Using a common set of initial data we quantify the relative agreement on the nonlinear power spectrum of cold dark matter and baryons and, for the $N$-body codes, also the relative agreement on the bispectrum, halo mass function, and halo bias. We find that the different numerical implementations produce fully consistent results. We can therefore be confident that we can model the impact of massive neutrinos at the sub-percent level in the most common summary statistics. We also provide a code validation pipeline for future reference., Comment: 44 pages, 17 figures, 2 tables; v2: minor revision, accepted manuscript; published on behalf of the Euclid Consortium; data available at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7868793
Published: 2022
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46. Euclid preparation XXVI. The Euclid Morphology Challenge. Towards structural parameters for billions of galaxies

Author: Euclid Collaboration, Bretonnière, H., Kuchner, U., Huertas-Company, M., Merlin, E., Castellano, M., Tuccillo, D., Buitrago, F., Conselice, C. J., Boucaud, A., Häußler, B., Kümmel, M., Hartley, W. G., Ayllon, A. Alvarez, Bertin, E., Ferrari, F., Ferreira, L., Gavazzi, R., Hernández-Lang, D., Lucatelli, G., Robotham, A. S. G., Schefer, M., Wang, L., Cabanac, R., Sánchez, H. Domínguez, Duc, P. -A., Fotopoulou, S., Kruk, S., La Marca, A., Margalef-Bentabol, B., Marleau, F. R., Tortora, C., Aghanim, N., Amara, A., Auricchio, N., Azzollini, R., Baldi, M., Bender, R., Bodendorf, C., Branchini, E., Brescia, M., Brinchmann, J., Camera, S., Capobianco, V., Carbone, C., Carretero, J., Castander, F. J., Cavuoti, S., Cimatti, A., Cledassou, R., Congedo, G., Conversi, L., Copin, Y., Corcione, L., Courbin, F., Cropper, M., Da Silva, A., Degaudenzi, H., Dinis, J., Dubath, F., Duncan, C. A. J., Dupac, X., Dusini, S., Farrens, S., Ferriol, S., Frailis, M., Franceschi, E., Fumana, M., Galeotta, S., Garilli, B., Gillis, B., Giocoli, C., Grazian, A., Grupp, F., Haugan, S. V. H., Hoekstra, H., Holmes, W., Hormuth, F., Hornstrup, A., Hudelot, P., Jahnke, K., Kermiche, S., Kiessling, A., Kohley, R., Kunz, M., Kurki-Suonio, H., Ligori, S., Lilje, P. B., Lloro, I., Mansutti, O., Marggraf, O., Markovic, K., Marulli, F., Massey, R., McCracken, H. J., Medinaceli, E., Melchior, M., Meneghetti, M., Meylan, G., Moresco, M., Moscardini, L., Munari, E., Niemi, S. M., Padilla, C., Paltani, S., Pasian, F., Pedersen, K., Percival, W., Pettorino, V., Polenta, G., Poncet, M., Pozzetti, L., Raison, F., Rebolo, R., Renzi, A., Rhodes, J., Riccio, G., Romelli, E., Rosset, C., Rossetti, E., Saglia, R., Sapone, D., Sartoris, B., Schneider, P., Secroun, A., Seidel, G., Sirignano, C., Sirri, G., Skottfelt, J., Starck, J. -L., Tallada-Crespí, P., Taylor, A. N., Tereno, I., Toledo-Moreo, R., Tutusaus, I., Valentijn, E. A., Valenziano, L., Vassallo, T., Wang, Y., Weller, J., Zamorani, G., Zoubian, J., Andreon, S., Bardelli, S., Colodro-Conde, C., Di Ferdinando, D., Graciá-Carpio, J., Lindholm, V., Mauri, N., Mei, S., Scottez, V., Zucca, E., Baccigalupi, C., Ballardini, M., Bernardeau, F., Biviano, A., Borgani, S., Borlaff, A. S., Burigana, C., Cappi, A., Carvalho, C. S., Casas, S., Castignani, G., Cooray, A. R., Coupon, J., Courtois, H. M., Davini, S., De Lucia, G., Desprez, G., Escartin, J. A., Escoffier, S., Fabricius, M., Farina, M., Fontana, A., Ganga, K., Garcia-Bellido, J., George, K., Gozaliasl, G., Hildebrandt, H., Hook, I., Ilbert, O., Ilić, S., Joachimi, B., Kansal, V., Keihanen, E., Kirkpatrick, C. C., Loureiro, A., Macias-Perez, J., Magliocchetti, M., Maoli, R., Marcin, S., Martinelli, M., Martinet, N., Maturi, M., Monaco, P., Morgante, G., Nadathur, S., Nucita, A. A., Patrizii, L., Popa, V., Porciani, C., Potter, D., Pourtsidou, A., Pöntinen, M., Reimberg, P., Sánchez, A. G., Sakr, Z., Schirmer, M., Sefusatti, E., Sereno, M., Stadel, J., Teyssier, R., Valiviita, J., van Mierlo, S. E., Veropalumbo, A., Viel, M., Weaver, J. R., and Scott, D.
Subjects: Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics
Abstract: The various Euclid imaging surveys will become a reference for studies of galaxy morphology by delivering imaging over an unprecedented area of 15 000 square degrees with high spatial resolution. In order to understand the capabilities of measuring morphologies from Euclid-detected galaxies and to help implement measurements in the pipeline, we have conducted the Euclid Morphology Challenge, which we present in two papers. While the companion paper by Merlin et al. focuses on the analysis of photometry, this paper assesses the accuracy of the parametric galaxy morphology measurements in imaging predicted from within the Euclid Wide Survey. We evaluate the performance of five state-of-the-art surface-brightness-fitting codes DeepLeGATo, Galapagos-2, Morfometryka, Profit and SourceXtractor++ on a sample of about 1.5 million simulated galaxies resembling reduced observations with the Euclid VIS and NIR instruments. The simulations include analytic S\'ersic profiles with one and two components, as well as more realistic galaxies generated with neural networks. We find that, despite some code-specific differences, all methods tend to achieve reliable structural measurements (10% scatter on ideal S\'ersic simulations) down to an apparent magnitude of about 23 in one component and 21 in two components, which correspond to a signal-to-noise ratio of approximately 1 and 5 respectively. We also show that when tested on non-analytic profiles, the results are typically degraded by a factor of 3, driven by systematics. We conclude that the Euclid official Data Releases will deliver robust structural parameters for at least 400 million galaxies in the Euclid Wide Survey by the end of the mission. We find that a key factor for explaining the different behaviour of the codes at the faint end is the set of adopted priors for the various structural parameters., Comment: Accepted by A&A. 30 pages, 23+6 figures, Euclid pre-launch key paper. Companion paper: Euclid Collaboration XXV: Merlin et al. 2022 Minor corrections after journal review
Published: 2022
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47. Euclid preparation. XXV. The Euclid Morphology Challenge -- Towards model-fitting photometry for billions of galaxies

Author: Euclid Collaboration, Merlin, E., Castellano, M., Bretonnière, H., Huertas-Company, M., Kuchner, U., Tuccillo, D., Buitrago, F., Peterson, J. R., Conselice, C. J., Caro, F., Dimauro, P., Nemani, L., Fontana, A., Kümmel, M., Häußler, B., Hartley, W. G., Ayllon, A. Alvarez, Bertin, E., Dubath, P., Ferrari, F., Ferreira, L., Gavazzi, R., Hernández-Lang, D., Lucatelli, G., Robotham, A. S. G., Schefer, M., Tortora, C., Aghanim, N., Amara, A., Amendola, L., Auricchio, N., Baldi, M., Bender, R., Bodendorf, C., Branchini, E., Brescia, M., Camera, S., Capobianco, V., Carbone, C., Carretero, J., Castander, F. J., Cavuoti, S., Cimatti, A., Cledassou, R., Congedo, G., Conversi, L., Copin, Y., Corcione, L., Courbin, F., Cropper, M., Da Silva, A., Degaudenzi, H., Dinis, J., Douspis, M., Dubath, F., Duncan, C. A. J., Dupac, X., Dusini, S., Farrens, S., Ferriol, S., Frailis, M., Franceschi, E., Franzetti, P., Galeotta, S., Garilli, B., Gillis, B., Giocoli, C., Grazian, A., Grupp, F., Haugan, S. V. H., Hoekstra, H., Holmes, W., Hormuth, F., Hornstrup, A., Hudelot, P., Jahnke, K., Kermiche, S., Kiessling, A., Kitching, T., Kohley, R., Kunz, M., Kurki-Suonio, H., Ligori, S., Lilje, P. B., Lloro, I., Mansutti, O., Marggraf, O., Markovic, K., Marulli, F., Massey, R., McCracken, H. J, Medinaceli, E., Melchior, M., Meneghetti, M., Meylan, G., Moresco, M., Moscardini, L., Munari, E., Niemi, S. M., Padilla, C., Paltani, S., Pasian, F., Pedersen, K., Percival, W. J., Polenta, G., Poncet, M., Popa, L., Pozzetti, L., Raison, F., Rebolo, R., Renzi, A., Rhodes, J., Riccio, G., Romelli, E., Rossetti, E., Saglia, R., Sapone, D., Sartoris, B., Schneider, P., Secroun, A., Seidel, G., Sirignano, C., Sirri, G., Skottfelt, J., Starck, J. -L., Tallada-Crespí, P., Taylor, A. N., Tereno, I., Toledo-Moreo, R., Tutusaus, I., Valenziano, L., Vassallo, T., Wang, Y., Weller, J., Zacchei, A., Zamorani, G., Zoubian, J., Andreon, S., Bardelli, S., Boucaud, A., Colodro-Conde, C., Di Ferdinando, D., Graciá-Carpio, J., Lindholm, V., Mauri, N., Mei, S., Neissner, C., Scottez, V., Tramacere, A., Zucca, E., Baccigalupi, C., Balaguera-Antolínez, A., Ballardini, M., Bernardeau, F., Biviano, A., Borgani, S., Borlaff, A. S., Burigana, C., Cabanac, R., Cappi, A., Carvalho, C. S., Casas, S., Castignani, G., Cooray, A. R., Coupon, J., Courtois, H. M., Cucciati, O., Davini, S., De Lucia, G., Desprez, G., Escartin, J. A., Escoffier, S., Farina, M., Ganga, K., Garcia-Bellido, J., George, K., Gozaliasl, G., Hildebrandt, H., Hook, I., Ilbert, O., Ilic, S., Joachimi, B., Kansal, V., Keihanen, E., Kirkpatrick, C. C., Loureiro, A., Macias-Perez, J., Magliocchetti, M., Mainetti, G., Maoli, R., Marcin, S., Martinelli, M., Martinet, N., Matthew, S., Maturi, M., Metcalf, R. B., Monaco, P., Morgante, G., Nadathur, S., Nucita, A. A., Patrizii, L., Popa, V., Porciani, C., Potter, D., Pourtsidou, A., Pöntinen, M., Reimberg, P., Sánchez, A. G., Sakr, Z., Schirmer, M., Sereno, M., Stadel, J., Teyssier, R., Valieri, C., Valiviita, J., van Mierlo, S. E., Veropalumbo, A., Viel, M., Weaver, J. R., and Scott, D.
Subjects: Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics
Abstract: The ESA Euclid mission will provide high-quality imaging for about 1.5 billion galaxies. A software pipeline to automatically process and analyse such a huge amount of data in real time is being developed by the Science Ground Segment of the Euclid Consortium; this pipeline will include a model-fitting algorithm, which will provide photometric and morphological estimates of paramount importance for the core science goals of the mission and for legacy science. The Euclid Morphology Challenge is a comparative investigation of the performance of five model-fitting software packages on simulated Euclid data, aimed at providing the baseline to identify the best suited algorithm to be implemented in the pipeline. In this paper we describe the simulated data set, and we discuss the photometry results. A companion paper (Euclid Collaboration: Bretonni\`ere et al. 2022) is focused on the structural and morphological estimates. We created mock Euclid images simulating five fields of view of 0.48 deg2 each in the $I_E$ band of the VIS instrument, each with three realisations of galaxy profiles (single and double S\'ersic, and 'realistic' profiles obtained with a neural network); for one of the fields in the double S\'ersic realisation, we also simulated images for the three near-infrared $Y_E$, $J_E$ and $H_E$ bands of the NISP-P instrument, and five Rubin/LSST optical complementary bands ($u$, $g$, $r$, $i$, and $z$). To analyse the results we created diagnostic plots and defined ad-hoc metrics. Five model-fitting software packages (DeepLeGATo, Galapagos-2, Morfometryka, ProFit, and SourceXtractor++) were compared, all typically providing good results. (cut), Comment: 29 pages, 33 figures. Euclid pre-launch key paper. Companion paper: Bretonniere et al. 2022
Published: 2022
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48. The PAU Survey & Euclid: Improving broad-band photometric redshifts with multi-task learning

Author: Cabayol, L., Eriksen, M., Carretero, J., Casas, R., Castander, F. J., Fernández, E., Garcia-Bellido, J., Gaztanaga, E., Hildebrandt, H., Hoekstra, H., Joachimi, B., Miquel, R., Padilla, C., Pocino, A., Sanchez, E., Serrano, S., Sevilla, I., Siudek, M., Tallada-Crespí, P., Aghanim, N., Amara, A., Auricchio, N., Baldi, M., Bender, R., Bonino, D., Branchini, E., Brescia, M., Brinchmann, J., Camera, S., Capobianco, V., Carbone, C., Castellano, M., Cavuoti, S., Cimatti, A., Cledassou, R., Congedo, G., Conselice, C. J., Conversi, L., Copin, Y., Corcione, L., Courbin, F., Cropper, M., Da Silva, A., Degaudenzi, H., Douspis, M., Dubath, F., Duncan, C. A. J., Dupac, X., Dusini, S., Farrens, S., Fosalba, P., Frailis, M., Franceschi, E., Franzetti, P., Garilli, B., Gillard, W., Gillis, B., Giocoli, C., Grazian, A., Grupp, F., Haugan, S. V. H., Holmes, W., Hormuth, F., Hornstrup, A., Hudelot, P., Jahnke, K., Kümme, M., Kermiche, S., Kiessling, A., Kilbinger, M., Kohley, R., Kurki-Suonio, H., Ligori, S., Lilje, P. B., Lloro, I., Maiorano, E., Mansutti, O., Marggraf, O., Markovic, K., Marulli, F., Massey, R., Meneghetti, M., Merlin, E., Meylan, G., Moresco, M., Moscardini, L., Munari, E., Nakajima, R., Niemi, S. M., Paltani, S., Pasian, F., Pedersen, K., Pettorino, V., Polenta, G., Poncet, M., Popa, L., Pozzetti, L., Raison, F., Rebolo, R., Rhodes, J., Riccio, G., Rosset, C., Rossetti, E., Saglia, R., Sartoris, B., Schneider, P., Secroun, A., Seide, G., Sirignano, C., Sirri, G., Stanco, L., Taylor, A. N., Tereno, I., Toledo-Moreo, R., Torradeflot, F., Tutusaus, I., Valentijn, E., Valenziano, L., Wang, Y., Weller, J., Zamorani, G., Zoubian, J., Andreon, S., Mei, S., Scottez, V., and Tramacere, A.
Subjects: Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies
Abstract: Current and future imaging surveys require photometric redshifts (photo-zs) to be estimated for millions of galaxies. Improving the photo-z quality is a major challenge but is needed to advance our understanding of cosmology. In this paper we explore how the synergies between narrow-band photometric data and large imaging surveys can be exploited to improve broadband photometric redshifts. We used a multi-task learning (MTL) network to improve broadband photo-z estimates by simultaneously predicting the broadband photo-z and the narrow-band photometry from the broadband photometry. The narrow-band photometry is only required in the training field, which also enables better photo-z predictions for the galaxies without narrow-band photometry in the wide field. This technique was tested with data from the Physics of the Accelerating Universe Survey (PAUS) in the COSMOS field. We find that the method predicts photo-zs that are 13% more precise down to magnitude i_{AB} < 23; the outlier rate is also 40% lower when compared to the baseline network. Furthermore, MTL reduces the photo-z bias for high-redshift galaxies, improving the redshift distributions for tomographic bins with z>1. Applying this technique to deeper samples is crucial for future surveys such as \Euclid or LSST. For simulated data, training on a sample with i_{AB} <23, the method reduces the photo-z scatter by 16% for all galaxies with i_{AB}<25. We also studied the effects of extending the training sample with photometric galaxies using PAUS high-precision photo-zs, which reduces the photo-z scatter by 20% in the COSMOS field., Comment: 20 pages, 16 figures
Published: 2022
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49. Euclid: Calibrating photometric redshifts with spectroscopic cross-correlations

Author: Naidoo, K., Johnston, H., Joachimi, B., Busch, J. L. van den, Hildebrandt, H., Ilbert, O., Lahav, O., Aghanim, N., Altieri, B., Amara, A., Baldi, M., Bender, R., Bodendorf, C., Branchini, E., Brescia, M., Brinchmann, J., Camera, S., Capobianco, V., Carbone, C., Carretero, J., Castander, F. J., Castellano, M., Cavuoti, S., Cimatti, A., Cledassou, R., Congedo, G., Conselice, C. J., Conversi, L., Copin, Y., Corcione, L., Courbin, F., Cropper, M., Da Silva, A., Degaudenzi, H., Dinis, J., Dubath, F., Dupac, X., Dusini, S., Farrens, S., Ferriol, S., Fosalba, P., Frailis, M., Franceschi, E., Franzetti, P., Fumana, M., Galeotta, S., Garilli, B., Gillard, W., Gillis, B., Giocoli, C., Grazian, A., Grupp, F., Haugan, S. V. H., Holmes, W., Hormuth, F., Hornstrup, A., Jahnke, K., Kümmel, M., Kiessling, A., Kilbinger, M., Kitching, T., Kohley, R., Kurki-Suonio, H., Ligori, S., Lilje, P. B., Lloro, I., Maiorano, E., Mansutti, O., Marggraf, O., Markovic, K., Marulli, F., Massey, R., Maurogordato, S., Meneghetti, M., Merlin, E., Meylan, G., Moresco, M., Moscardini, L., Munari, E., Nakajima, R., Niemi, S. M., Padilla, C., Paltani, S., Pasian, F., Pedersen, K., Percival, W. J., Pettorino, V., Pires, S., Polenta, G., Poncet, M., Popa, L., Pozzetti, L., Raison, F., Rebolo, R., Renzi, A., Rhodes, J., Riccio, G., Romelli, E., Rosset, C., Rossetti, E., Saglia, R., Sapone, D., Sartoris, B., Schneider, P., Secroun, A., Seidel, G., Sirignano, C., Sirri, G., Starck, J. -L., Surace, C., Tallada-Crespí, P., Taylor, A. N., Tereno, I., Toledo-Moreo, R., Torradeflot, F., Tutusaus, I., Valentijn, E. A., Valenziano, L., Vassallo, T., Wang, Y., Weller, J., Wetzstein, M., Zacchei, A., Zamorani, G., Zoubian, J., Andreon, S., Maino, D., Scottez, V., and Wright, A. H.
Subjects: Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics
Abstract: Cosmological constraints from key probes of the Euclid imaging survey rely critically on the accurate determination of the true redshift distributions, $n(z)$, of tomographic redshift bins. We determine whether the mean redshift, $$, of ten Euclid tomographic redshift bins can be calibrated to the Euclid target uncertainties of $\sigma()<0.002\,(1+z)$ via cross-correlation, with spectroscopic samples akin to those from the Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey (BOSS), Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI), and Euclid's NISP spectroscopic survey. We construct mock Euclid and spectroscopic galaxy samples from the Flagship simulation and measure small-scale clustering redshifts up to redshift $z<1.8$ with an algorithm that performs well on current galaxy survey data. The clustering measurements are then fitted to two $n(z)$ models: one is the true $n(z)$ with a free mean; the other a Gaussian Process modified to be restricted to non-negative values. We show that $$ is measured in each tomographic redshift bin to an accuracy of order 0.01 or better. By measuring the clustering redshifts on subsets of the full Flagship area, we construct scaling relations that allow us to extrapolate the method performance to larger sky areas than are currently available in the mock. For the full expected Euclid, BOSS, and DESI overlap region of approximately 6000 deg$^{2}$, the uncertainties attainable by clustering redshifts exceeds the Euclid requirement by at least a factor of three for both $n(z)$ models considered, although systematic biases limit the accuracy. Clustering redshifts are an extremely effective method for redshift calibration for Euclid if the sources of systematic biases can be determined and removed, or calibrated-out with sufficiently realistic simulations. We outline possible future work, in particular an extension to higher redshifts with quasar reference samples., Comment: 14 pages, 8 figures, accepted for publication in A&A
Published: 2022
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50. Euclid: Testing the Copernican principle with next-generation surveys

Author: Camarena, D., Marra, V., Sakr, Z., Nesseris, S., Da Silva, A., Garcia-Bellido, J., Fleury, P., Lombriser, L., Martinelli, M., Martins, C. J. A. P., Mimoso, J., Sapone, D., Clarkson, C., Camera, S., Carbone, C., Casas, S., Ilić, S., Pettorino, V., Tutusaus, I., Aghanim, N., Altieri, B., Amara, A., Auricchio, N., Baldi, M., Bonino, D., Branchini, E., Brescia, M., Brinchmann, J., Candini, G. P., Capobianco, V., Carretero, J., Castellano, M., Cavuoti, S., Cimatti, A., Cledassou, R., Congedo, G., Conversi, L., Copin, Y., Corcione, L., Courbin, F., Cropper, M., Degaudenzi, H., Dubath, F., Duncan, C. A. J., Dupac, X., Dusini, S., Ealet, A., Farrens, S., Fosalba, P., Frailis, M., Franceschi, E., Fumana, M., Garilli, B., Gillis, B., Giocoli, C., Grazian, A., Grupp, F., Haugan, S. V. H., Holmes, W., Hormuth, F., Hornstrup, A., Jahnke, K., Kiessling, A., Kohley, R., Kunz, M., Kurki-Suonio, H., Lilje, P. B., Lloro, I., Mansutti, O., Marggraf, O., Marulli, F., Massey, R., Meneghetti, M., Merlin, E., Meylan, G., Moresco, M., Moscardini, L., Munari, E., Niemi, S. M., Padilla, C., Paltani, S., Pasian, F., Pedersen, K., Polenta, G., Poncet, M., Popa, L., Pozzetti, L., Raison, F., Rebolo, R., Rhodes, J., Riccio, G., Rix, Hans-Walter, Rossetti, E., Saglia, R., Sartoris, B., Secroun, A., Seidel, G., Sirignano, C., Sirri, G., Stanco, L., Surace, C., Tallada-Crespí, P., Taylor, A. N., Tereno, I., Toledo-Moreo, R., Torradeflot, F., Valentijn, E. A., Valenziano, L., Wang, Y., Zamorani, G., Zoubian, J., Andreon, S., Di Ferdinando, D., Scottez, V., and Tenti, M.
Subjects: Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics, General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology
Abstract: The Copernican principle, the notion that we are not at a special location in the Universe, is one of the cornerstones of modern cosmology and its violation would invalidate the Friedmann-Lema\^{\i}tre-Robertson-Walker (FLRW) metric, causing a major change in our understanding of the Universe. Thus, it is of fundamental importance to perform observational tests of this principle. We determine the precision with which future surveys will be able to test the Copernican principle and their ability to detect any possible violations. We forecast constraints on the inhomogeneous Lema\^{\i}tre-Tolman-Bondi model with a cosmological constant $\Lambda$ ($\Lambda$LTB), basically a cosmological constant $\Lambda$ and cold dark matter ($\Lambda$CDM) model, but endowed with a spherical inhomogeneity. We consider combinations of currently available data and simulated Euclid data, together with external data products, based on both $\Lambda$CDM and $\Lambda$LTB fiducial models. These constraints are compared to the expectations from the Copernican principle. When considering the $\Lambda$CDM fiducial model, we find that Euclid data, in combination with other current and forthcoming surveys, will improve the constraints on the Copernican principle by about $30\%$, with $\pm10\%$ variations depending on the observables and scales considered. On the other hand, when considering a $\Lambda$LTB fiducial model, we find that future Euclid data, combined with other current and forthcoming data sets, will be able to detect Gpc-scale inhomogeneities of contrast $-0.1$. Next-generation surveys, such as Euclid, will thoroughly test homogeneity at large scales, tightening the constraints on possible violations of the Copernican principle., Comment: 15 pages, 5 figures, 3 tables, v2 reflects version accepted for publication in A&A
Published: 2022
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