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Oesophageal achalasia is a disease characterized by the inability of the lower oesophageal sphincter (LOS) to relax, which results in persistent contraction and the lack of peristaltic movement in the oesophageal body. It is a rare condition in children; therefore, its identification may be challenging. In this paper, we present a case of an 11-year-old patient with persistent cough and post-exercise tachypnoea, consulted due to uncontrolled asthma. After thorough diagnostic work-up, the patient was given the final diagnosis of oesophageal achalasia and was referred for surgical treatment. Uncontrolled asthma always requires the supervision of inhalation technique, consideration of treatment modification, and confirmation of the diagnosis. In this case, in-depth anamnesis and adequate interpretation of lung function tests allowed a correct diagnosis.

Introduction Peanut allergies cause serious health problems worldwide. A strong finding has shown that the early introduction of peanuts into the diet of infants at high risk of food allergy reduces the prevalence of peanut allergy. Allergies to peanuts, sesame and tree nuts have been shown to coexist in 60% of cases and vary according to geographical location and dietary habits. Insights into the prevalence of nut and seed allergies in societies with varying consumption levels are essential for developing population-specific weaning guidelines. Understanding the age at which peanut allergy develops is paramount for successful early introduction strategies.Methods and analysis We will perform a cross-sectional study at two tertiary allergy centres in Warsaw and Bydgoszcz. Two hundred forty children aged 4–36 months with eczema or egg allergy will undergo an extensive assessment of their peanut, sesame and tree nut allergy status through skin testing, specific IgE measurements and oral food challenges. The primary outcome is the prevalence of peanut, sesame and tree nut allergies in Polish children at high risk of food allergy. Additionally, the timing of the development of peanut, sesame and tree nut allergies in the first 3 years of life in a high-risk population will be assessed.Ethics and dissemination The Ethics Committee of the Medical University of Warsaw, Poland approved this protocol (KB/86/2021). The results of this study will be submitted to a peer-reviewed journal no later than 1 year after data collection. The abstract will be presented at relevant national and international conferences.Although the authors may be able to commit to journal submission no later than 1 year after data collection, publication dates remain beyond their control.Trial registration number NCT05662800.

Recurring respiratory tract infections are typical of childhood. This results from the fact that children are exposed to pathogens, usually in groups of people, and from the immaturity of the immune system. Most upper and lower respiratory tract infections are caused by viruses. Nevertheless, antibiotics, which target bacteria, are often prescribed. Antibiotic overuse leads to increased microbial resistance to these drugs, resulting in their inefficacy. Improper treatment of respiratory infections with antibiotics ultimately leads to treatment failure. An increase in antibiotic resistance of many bacterial strains is becoming a serious global problem and makes treatment much more difficult. It is a responsibility of each physician to use antibiotics properly and implement adequate prevention of recurring respiratory tract infections. For many years, it has been attempted to find effective agents that improve immunity in children. The pharmaceutical market offers various preparations advertised as immunostimulants, such as bacterial lysates, vitamins, dietary supplements, probiotics or herbal, animal and homeopathic products. The role of immunomodulatory substances is to promote the immune system to fight pathogens, reduce the frequency of infections and decrease the demand for antibiotics. Unfortunately, most immunomodulators do not have sufficiently reliable clinical trials that would confirm their efficacy.