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Copyright of Historia Agraria is the property of Historia Agraria and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The authors analyze the interaction between the central and regional authorities and the Kazakhs of the Steppe Region at the turn of the XX century on land use issues. The study reveals the problems in this area caused by the mass migration of the peasant population to the region and the process of land seizure by the state to create resettlement sites. The aim is to reconstruct the regulatory framework for appeals of the Kazakh population to the government bodies on the issues of land use, and the procedure for their consideration and decision-making mechanisms. The source base for the article is: the Kazakhs’ petitions and requests, as well as other office materials - interdepartmental correspondence, minutes of meetings, reports, resolutions and decrees - of the Governing Senate, as well as the Department of Agriculture and State Property of the Ministry of the Interior, the Ministry of Justice, and the regional governments of the Akmola and Semipalatinsk regions of the Governor-Generalship of the Steppes as found in the Russian State Historical Archive. The sources used has allow the authors to develop the stated goal of the article, and they have been able show that the main form of interaction between the central and regional authorities and the Kazakhs of the Steppe Region on land use issues were the Kazakhs’ petitions and requests. If a decision concerning their appeals was negative, the Kazakhs had the right to turn to the Governing Senate, the Ministry of the Interior, and the State Duma. In such cases, there were official proceedings lasting up to several years. The decisions on them were necessarily announced to the plaintiffs. The authors concluded that the Kazakhs actively used the tools provided by legislation to resolve land use issues. Nevertheless, it is revealed that in most cases, the central authorities confirmed the legitimacy of regional administration decisions on the seizure of land plots. However, the significant number of petitions and requests testifies to the fact that in the matters of defending their economic interests the Kazakhs were given equal opportunities with other subjects of the Russian Empire.

Today, farming still ranks as one of the key industries in the national economy of most countries. As a result of this, during the last forty years, keen interest in the agricultural past has taken root especially in Europe and the USA. It was, however, only after World War II that the study of agrarian history was put on a systematic, organised, and scientific basis. One of the main reasons for this is the wide interest being shown in social and economic history, and the recognition of the role which agriculture plays (or has played) in society as a whole. On account of its nature and scope, the study of agrarian history calls for an interdisciplinary approach, which implies a cognisance of the contents and implementation of the methods used by other social sciences. Local and regional history, in particular, can benefit from 'n knowledge of the agrarian past, since agriculture has for centuries been the pivot on which socio-economic activities in rural areas hinged. In contrast with the situation abroad, the study of agrarian history in South Africa is still in its infancy and very little research has yet been done in this sphere.

This paper deals with a key issue for the understanding of late medieval societies: the forms of ownership and systems of exploitation of land, as well as the land market. Thus, through the case of Zaragoza between 1270-1370, answers are provided to questions related to the people who owned or exploited the land surrounding the city and the conditions under which they did so. It also provides data on the land market through the study of leases and property sales and purchases. This has been possible thanks to the study of almost three thousand documents, mainly unpublished. In short, the aim is to shed light on key aspects of agrarian dynamics in the peninsular urban environment of the late Middle Ages. In this way, it is expected to contribute to a better understanding of a basic, but not so attended by recent historiography, element of medieval economies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article aims to present the contributions of the Peasant Truth Commission (CCV) of 2014 to Brazilian agrarian history, specifically in Maranhão during the civil-military dictatorship. It also seeks to establish connections between the context of the working group on human rights violations related to land struggles and against indigenous populations for political reasons from 1946 to 1988. The focus is on memory, history, transitional justice, both at the national and regional levels. The article highlights the need for an analysis that prioritizes both the reparation of human rights violations and the accountability of sectors of society that, along with the military, conspired to suppress the organization of social movements, such as those in the Brazilian countryside before 1964. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper studies the role of the "revolutionary turning point" generation in the Russian revolutionary movement of 1902-1907. The source base for the study includes documents from central and regional archives and periodicals. Representatives of this generation were peasant children, adolescents and young people. The participation of children and adolescents in agrarian protests was established on the basis of gubernatorial reports, police reports and court chronicles. Young peasants or people from the peasant environment, who often had the city life experience, actively participated in revolutionary propaganda and creation of revolutionary cells in the village. The authors explore the specifics of their social experience on the basis of archival materials, including memories and questionnaires, which allows to consider the historical context not only from the perspective of a chronicle, but also in the framework of historical memory of social experience. The authors found that the participation of children in agrarian protests most often manifested themselves in passive forms of resistance and were spontaneous in nature. In turn, it was young people aged 16 to 24 years (the "revolutionary turning point" generation) who provided the most active assistance to the revolutionary cause. This was largely facilitated by the fact that rural youth, who managed to break away from the care of family and community, were more susceptible to the influence of left-wing radical ideas. Leaving for work in the cities and entering educational institutions, many people from peasant families easily fell under the influence of revolutionary ideas. The romanticization of the "heroic" image of a revolutionist, combined with youthful maximalism and a relatively low level of education, quickly turned young peasants into active participants of the revolutionary movement, in contrast to children and teenagers who rebelled mainly spontaneously, together with their community. At the same time, many of those who left for the cities subsequently worked secretly in rural revolutionary cells stimulating the spread of revolutionary influence in the village. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Saeculum - Revista de História (0104-8929) is the property of Saeculum - Revista de Historia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Historia Agraria is the property of Historia Agraria and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective/Context: In this interview, I propose a journey through the intellectual trajectory of Jairus Banaji. It focuses on different aspects comprising the study of the history of capitalism from a Marxist perspective, delving into the expansion of the monetary economy in the late Roman Empire, the economic dynamism of the Islamic world in medieval times, and the role played by merchants and traders in the emergence of capitalism. Originality: Although Banaji’s contributions to the debate that developed in India on “the transition” from feudalism to capitalism were remarkable, his work is little known in Latin America due to the scarcity of translations of his main works. Conclusions. This interview attempts to outline a synthesis of his intellectual biography, which stems from generating a cross-dialogue between his work and the currents of thought that took place in the Latin American region and that, in many cases, influenced and inspired his own work.

Introduction. The article is devoted to the review of the book of Doctor of Historical Sciences Professor Arkady Dolgikh about the history of serfdom. Today, the agrarian theme is one of the most important topics for understanding the historical process that has taken place on the territory of the Russian state since the formation of the Muscovite state in the 15th-16th centuries. and up to the 20th century.Materials and methods. The technique of the article is connected with the analysis of the article from general historical positions. The fundamental importance of the question of serfdom lies in the fact that this phenomenon has dragged on considerably. Obviously, it interfered with the full development of Russia, turning most of its population into a mass, devoid of any interest in the results of their own work, which means that it formed entire generations of people deprived of an active life position with a low level of political culture and education.Results. There is no doubt that the reforms carried out by Peter I, which almost completely subordinated all the estate groups of the country to the interests of the state, needed to be adjusted after the end of the Northern War and the introduction of a new poll tax. The ruling circles of Russia, for the most part, were aware of the importance of this adjustment and the danger of stagnation of the serf regime, but until 1861 no one dared to do this due to various subjective and objective reasons. As a result, literally every year a real ―powder magazine‖ grew and increased in size under the building of the House of Romanov, which not only interfered with the full development of their state, but also doomed it to death.Conclusion. The author of the review comes to the conclusion that the new book on serfdom shows the importance of this problem and once again reminds the reader of this phenomenon as a terrible evil hindering the development of Russia.

First paragraph: As the Indian agricultural landscape continues to undergo transformative shifts, the need for nuanced literature addressing agrarian change becomes increasingly pronounced. In this review, we delve into two pivotal works—Distress in the Fields: Indian Agriculture after Economic Liberalization, edited by R. Ramakumar, and Agrarian Reform and Farmer Resistance in Punjab: Mobilization and Resilience, edited by Shinder Singh Thandi. As a scholar of agriculture, food systems, and history, I bring to the forefront a critical evaluation of these books, positioning them within the broader context of agrarian evolution in India. . . .

Enn Tarvel (1932 - 2021) is widely regarded as one of the greatest and most erudite Estonian historians. His expertise encompassed a wide range of historical topics, including medieval and early modern history, with a particular focus on the Polish rule in Livonia. This article provides insights into Tarvel's educational background, his self-taught approach to research, and the challenges he faced during his career due to his reluctance to join the party. Despite his significant impact on Estonian scholarship, Tarvel's international reach was somewhat limited due to the constraints of the Soviet academic system. Notably, Poland played a crucial role in his academic career. Tarvel's first dissertation, later published as a book, focused on the management of Polish state manors and the peasantry in southern Estonia during the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries. This research earned him recognition in Estonia and abroad, particularly in the Eastern Bloc. Tarvel was one of the first Estonian historians to submit his contributions to Polish historical journals. He published articles and other pieces in, for example, Kwartalnik Historyczny and Zapiski Historyczne. The vital role played by his Polish contacts for his academic development is emphasised not only by those articles but also by his research stays in Poland in 1959 and 1969 and his correspondence with Polish scholars in the 1960s and 1970s. Access to Polish archives and libraries facilitated his meticulous research. Tarvel also participated in numerous international conferences. However, he was not always able to attend them due to the constraints imposed by the Soviet regime. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This note includes corrections to transcriptions and translations of three of the copies of court roll published in 2021 on British History Online in connection with an article thereon in Archives, lvi (1), 1–22. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article studies how, between 1950 and 1970, the Office of Special Studies, an institution co-financed by the Mexican government and the Rockefeller Foundation, participated in the formation of an intensive forage agriculture, as well as in the reorganization of the Mexican dairy geography. To do this, we will address the case of the State of Mexico, an entity that until 1936 supplied milk to Mexico City, the capital of the country and the main center of demand. In the following decade, however, drought, foot-and-mouth disease and increased demand created a bottleneck supply. To boost forage and milk production, the Office conducted research on alfalfa and corn in that state. However, the reconversion of the northern economy from cotton to milk in the 1950s, as well as the metropolitan expansion of Mexico City, gave way to the deal with Mexiquense agronomic and productive projects. In the 1970s, milk from the north of the country supplied most of the demand in Mexico City. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The reference to this topic is due to necessity to create the most complete image of the region, as well as to expand ideas about the channels and methods of its formation in the official Soviet culture. The present scientific work describes the participation of Omsk region in the «Great Review», a unique propaganda and cultural and educational Soviet project of the 1930s which aroused great interest not only in the USSR but throughout the world. Special attention is paid to the self-presentation of Omsk region in such pavilions as «Siberia», «Grain», «Cattle breeding», «Rabbit breeding», «Veterinary medicine», «Gardening», «Printing», «Young naturalists». It is shown that the present and future of Omsk village was clearly associated with the scientific achievements: selection work of triticum-agropyrum hybrids carried out by the Siberian Research Institute of Grain Economy led by the Academician N. P. Tsitsin, the method of growing fruit trees in Siberian conditions developed by the doctor of agricultural sciences A. D. Kizyurin. Infotainment, sciencetainment, visualization and media technologies are noted as the main methods and ways of presenting information. Guidebooks on the All-Union Agricultural Exhibition of 1939–1941 are introduced into scientific circulation. They have not been involved in domestic research on the history of Siberia of the Soviet period.

Copyright of Mundo Agrario is the property of Universidad Nacional de La Plata and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This research studies in an interdisciplinary way the processes of occupation, settlement and productive development that were generated in a district in the south of the province of Buenos Aires (Argentina) to account for the prolegomena of the Argentine agricultural boom in the context of frontier productive expansion Latin American at the beginning of the First Globalization. From an approach to the frontier as a diverse and complex process that pays special attention to local dynamics in the construction of new territorialities, the process of occupation and access to land in Tres Arroyos is thus described. Secondly, it is studied how the process of agricultural takeoff on "new lands" took place. Finally, the archaeological evidence of these societies is shown based on the information provided by some rural settlements. It is concluded that, as in other regions with 'new settlement' economies, on the eve of the export boom, the south of Buenos Aires after a public land policy that was determined by the need to control the territory in the face of indigenous danger and a series of incentives for production began a path of exponential growth until the beginning of the First World War. With innovative and detailed sources, the work shows how the different socioeconomic sectors of the agricultural and livestock sector performed in this original stage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the vision, process, and reaction to the privatization of Mapuche lands in Araucanía, Chile, from 1871 to 1916. It shows how politicians developed a racial vision for Araucanía between 1871 and 1882 during the final battle with independent Mapuche forces. Chilean government officials and elite societies created land policies that targeted the removal of indigenous populations from fertile lands to expand industrial agriculture by favoring large Chilean-owned estates and partitioning small to medium-sized plots to European settler-farmers. From 1883 to 1896, the Chilean government put its vision into practice, investing in the recruitment of European farmers and reconsidering new laws regarding colonization, land rights, and indigenous settlements. However, after the 1891 civil war, the government retreated from expensive state-building projects. From 1896 to 1916, Chilean small farmers intensified land grabs and, in response, indigenous communities formed organizations to defend their lands. At the core of the conflict were the issues of land and racialized policies that defined land access. By examining laws, government reports, missionary chronicles, and indigenous writings, this article demonstrates the progression of a racialized language that excluded indigenous peoples from their lands, founded in the desire to privatize native lands and accelerate the making of a modern Europeanized nation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Veredas: Revista Interdisciplinar de Ciências Humanas is the property of Obras Sociais e Educacionais de Luz and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Mundo Agrario is the property of Universidad Nacional de La Plata and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article shows what problems interested humanities scholars and publicists in the prewar period of the Soviet history and how these problems were covered from new methodological positions. The works created at that time by historians of the old school are examined, it is emphasized that even in articles written by authors who have not mastered Marxist theory, much attention is paid to the problems of the life of the masses, the manifestations of the class struggle, and public relations in Stavropol villages. The activity of local history societies and organizations is highlighted. Researchers paid much attention to the problems of the agrarian history of Stavropol, works of this time, as a rule, affect both the pre-Soviet and Soviet periods, since most of them give comparative material. In the 1920s, when the ways of agricultural development were not yet determined, the practical needs of the agricultural sector caused increased attention to the issues of developing cooperation, forms of land ownership and land use in the past. The restructuring of the economy in a socialist manner in the late 1920s and early 1930s is reflected in the journalistic articles of party and Soviet leaders. In the period under review, the history of the revolutionary movement and the struggle for power of the Soviets became the most relevant topics for research. The article discusses the activities of Eastparts - commissions on the history of the revolutionary movement and civil war. It is shown that these organizations, including the Stavropol Istpart, have done a lot to collect and publish materials on this topic. The analysis of journal publications is given, the errors made by the authors are revealed. The widespread publication of the memoirs of participants in revolutionary events, characteristic of the 1920s, was not accompanied by a critical check, therefore, over articles containing incorrect information or a controversial assessment of events, discussions arose in which both historians and participants in the events took part. The characteristic is given to generalizing works on the history of the October Revolution and the Civil war in the Stavropol Territory.

Copyright of Mundo Agrario is the property of Universidad Nacional de La Plata and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista de Historía da Sociedade e da Cultura is the property of Revista de Historia da Sociedade e da Cultura and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This year « The Farming Journal» [Zemledelchesky zhurnal] celebrates the 200 th anniversary from the date of the first issue. This is the first All-Russian specialized agricultural journal, which was established by the Imperial Moscow Agricultural Society. On the basis of the method of biometric analysis of the content the article shows the significance of the journal in the history of agriculture and agricultural press in Russia. It had been estimated that over 1200 articles have been published in the journal. There was determined the typology of articles of the journal, the ratio of the number of publications of which 38 % were sharing experiences materials, surveys (22 %), economic statistical materials (10 %), original articles (8 %), translated articles (5 %), reviews of new agricultural books (17 %). The main publication subjects were general problems of agriculture (30%), plant production (25 %), animal husbandry (27 %), farming (10 %), and horticulture (8 %). The journal actively propagaded new farming systems, promoted developing such agricultural industries as beet sugar production, sheep breeding, bee keeping, and sericulture. Of 375 authors who published their articles in the journal, 73 % were landowners, 19 % professor and teaching staff, 11 % estate managers, 6 % agricultural specialists. Among well-known authors of the journal it is worth to name N. P. Shishkov, I. V. Saburov, A. F. Rebrov, A. S. Maslov, P. I. Prokopovich and others. «The Farming Journal» laid down the basic principles for developing agricultural periodicals. For the first time in history an attempt was made to unite progressive scientists and landowners by means of the journal in order to determine the ways of developing the agrarian sector of the country, to distribute agricultural knowledge among the population, to generate agricultural science and education. The «Farming Journal» is a valuable source for studying the agrarian history of Russia of the beginning of the XIX century.

Copyright of Revista Maracanan is the property of Revista Maracanan and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article analyze the impact in Spain of the International Institute of Agriculture (IIA), from the year of its creation until the advent of the Primo de Rivera dictatorship, through the lens of the "social question" that is a concept that popularized the proposals and disagreements surrounding labor regulation.

Copyright of Mundo Agrario is the property of Universidad Nacional de La Plata and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article treats of one of the most important monuments of Republic Rome history - the epigraphic agrarian law 111 BC. The purpose of this source-studying paper is an integrated characteristic of this monument as an historical source. The author describes the monument externally, shows the history of its reconstruction, raises the issue of its attribution, and assesses its relevance as a source on a number of aspects of the life of Ancient Rome.

Since the 1990s Conservation Agriculture (CA) has been presented to smallholders in Laikipia (Kenya) as a strategy to improve both soil fertility and productivity. In this paper, we provide a historical and social analysis of categories used to define soil management practices and farmers by agricultural programmes in colonial and post-colonial Kenya. For this purpose, we have conducted archive research, recorded the social memory of agricultural policies and farming techniques, and examined contemporary conceptual frameworks and institutional networks around CA in Ethi and Umande in Laikipia County, Central Kenya. We identified evidence of historical continuity in the strategies and methods of agricultural promotional practices. CA networks have broadly advertised the advantages of CA as a means to revert soil degradation and improve livelihoods. However, farmer categorizations based on engagement with CA, promotional strategies, and unclear operational definitions have all prevented CA from being understood by farmers as a technological farming proposal. Instead its adoption is linked with social status and occasional free access to agricultural inputs. Additionally, information about the potential risks and limitations of CA should be explicitly made available to farmers in Laikipia in order to promote transparency and informed decision-making.

El presente trabajo aborda la producción de lino en el reino de Valencia desde la conquista cristiana hasta la expulsión de los moriscos. Es desde esta perspectiva que se cuestiona la pretendida especialización de las familias musulmanas de dicho territorio en el cultivo e hilado del lino. También se hace hincapié en la participación de las elites rurales en este ámbito productivo. Para acabar, en el estudio se plantea hasta qué punto se puede considerar esta producción como una industria rural en la medida que no hubo especialización productiva ni tampoco participación del capital comercial. Los protocolos notariales, los registros del justicia así como las cartas de población ya editadas son las principales fuentes documentales que sustentan esta investigación. Abstract This paper is concerned with linen production in the kingdom of Valencia from the Christian conquest to the expulsion of the Moriscos in the seventeenth century. From this perspective we will question the supposed specialization of Muslim families of this territory in the production and spinning of linen. Moreover, this study specifically examines the participation of affluent Christian families in this sector. Finally, the article discusses to what extent this production should be classified as a specifically rural economic sector. The notarial protocols, judicial registers as well as previously published population charters are the main documentary sources on which we base our research.

Copyright of Espacio, Tiempo y Forma. Serie III, Historia Medieval is the property of Editorial UNED and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Una discussione del contributo di Gianfranco Tibiletti alla storia agraria della Repubblica romana, con particolare attenzione al contesto economico e demografico della metà del secondo secolo a.C. A reassessment of the contribution of Gianfranco Tibiletti to the agrarian history of the Roman Republic, with special emphasis on the economic and demographic context of the mid-second century BCE.

This article studies different territorial conflicts between Arab merchants and neighboring indigenous peoples, creoles, and immigrants in the northwest of the National Territory of Chubut during the first half of the 20th century. Different cases are followedup through documents produced by the Dirección Nacional de Tierras (National Land Directorate) and the Chubut governorate, advancing in generalizations that allow discussing the speeches that have simplified the processes of land appropriation. Based on these cases, we propose to review the usual historiographic periodization about the beginning of the processes of enclosure and the territorial conflicts that staged the Syrian-Lebanese immigrants. It is argued that the Arab merchants, by introducing perimeter fences, broke a previous territorial ordering based on occupations that were not delimited and that were generally regulated by neighborhood agreements. The historiographical reconstruction shows that the Syrian-Lebanese bolicheros managed to maintain and expand their enclosures after long-term administrative processes, gradually imposing a new order marked by private appropriation of land. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Historia Agraria is the property of Historia Agraria and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background. The problematic context of the research is the discussion about the level, direction and pace of agricultural development of the Russian Empire in the late 19th – early 20th centuries. The purpose of the article is to calculate the annual values of grain and potato production per capita in each of the Volga region provinces and on average in European Russia, and to analyze the dynamics of this indicator from 1883 to 1913. Materials and methods. The main source for the study is crops farming statistics of the Central Statistical Committee. The indicators of gross harvest of rye, wheat, oats, barley, spelt, buckwheat, millet, peas, corn and potatoes were used. All data are calculated in ponds. Potatoes are summed with cereals in a 4:1 ratio. The data on the annual population are used on the basis of the calculation made by a demographer V. Zaitsev in 1927. The geographical scope of the study covers 10 provinces: Astrakhan, Kazan, Kostroma, Nizhny Novgorod, Penza, Samara, Saratov, Simbirsk, Tver, Yaroslavl. The analysis of the dynamics is carried out by annual and average multi-year values. The net-importing and net-exporting provinces are treated separately. Results. The analysis showed significant differences between the provinces in the level and dynamics of the studied indicator. Samara and Astrakhan provinces had positive dynamics of grain production per capita. Tver, Yaroslavl, Kostroma, Nizhny Novgorod and Simbirsk provinces showed a deteriorating tendency. The provinces of Kazan, Saratov and Penza showed undulating fluctuations. The level of per capita production above the average in European Russia remained in Penza, Simbirsk, Saratov provinces, below the average Russian – Astrakhan, Tver, Yaroslavl, Kostroma and Nizhny Novgorod. Samara province from the level close to the average Russian developed to a much higher one, Kazan province – reduced production to a below average one. Conclusions. The increasing trend of bread and potato production per capita in Russia as a whole includes multidirectional trends in the provinces, which belong to different natural-geographical and economic types. The prospect of further research is to find out to what extent the restructuring of agriculture and diversification of farmers’ incomes took place in the regions of reduction of per capita grain production.

Samandrag Fram til utskiftingsreformene på 1800-talet hadde bøndene i delar av Noreg valt å organisere jordbruksdrifta si i ulike former for såkalla jordfellesskap. Artikkelen har ei historiografisk tilnærming og handsamar ulike forklaringsmodellar bak ein slik jordeigedomsstruktur. Med utgangspunkt i både norsk og utanlandsk litteratur viser artikkelen at ulike forfattarar har forklart jordfellesskapet både som eit resultat av naturen og materielle vilkår, og av kulturen og sosiale tilhøve.

The Colombian countryside has long been dominated by grass and inequality. Economic theory (i.e., the inverse relationship between farm size and productivity) holds that the monopolization of land by ranchers is irrational since farming is more productive than ranching and small farms often produce more per area than large ones. Traditional explanations for the predominance of grass and the country’s agrarian structure focus on extra-economic coercion and the status associated with owning land and cattle. By contrast, this study explores the relative profitability of ranching and the limitations of peasant agriculture, which generated contrasting capacities to accumulate. It thus suggests that land markets, and the productive advantages of cattle, offer an alternative explanation.

Since the 1990s Conservation Agriculture (CA) has been presented to smallholders in Laikipia (Kenya) as a strategy to improve both soil fertility and productivity. In this paper, we provide a historical and social analysis of categories used to define soil management practices and farmers by agricultural programmes in colonial and post-colonial Kenya. For this purpose, we have conducted archive research, recorded the social memory of agricultural policies and farming techniques, and examined contemporary conceptual frameworks and institutional networks around CA in Ethi and Umande in Laikipia County, Central Kenya. We identified evidence of historical continuity in the strategies and methods of agricultural promotional practices. CA networks have broadly advertised the advantages of CA as a means to revert soil degradation and improve livelihoods. However, farmer categorizations based on engagement with CA, promotional strategies, and unclear operational definitions have all prevented CA from being understood by farmers as a technological farming proposal. Instead its adoption is linked with social status and occasional free access to agricultural inputs. Additionally, information about the potential risks and limitations of CA should be explicitly made available to farmers in Laikipia in order to promote transparency and informed decision-making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Ayer: Revista de Historia Contemporánea is the property of Asociacion de Historia Contemporanea and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)