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Bt-toxin is not effective anymore in controlling cotton pink bollworm in the major cotton producing countries of South Asia. The cultivation of Bt-cotton without the use of 5% non-Bt plants as a refuge crop has made pink bollworm resistant to this toxin. On the other hand this pest has been successfully eradicated from the main cotton growing areas of the United States. The wise use of 5% non-Bt cotton as refugee has provided successful control over this pest in Australia and China. The genetically engineered cotton encoding the Cry1Ac, Cry2Ab, or Cry1F protein does not have a stable insecticidal efficacy. There is fluctuation in its expression during different cotton plant growth stages. Significant reduction in Bt-toxin expression and resistance for pink bollworm has been reported especially near crop maturation. The early crop termination through early maturing varieties, harvest aid chemicals and use of growth regulators can be a key to disrupt pink bollworm diapause phase. Varieties with Bt-toxin along with several morphological and anatomical features that provide natural shelter against bollworm attack should be cultivated in the affected regions. The collective use of integrated pest management approach, sterile PBW moth release, pheromone treatments, crop management for host free period, use of early maturing varieties, natural insect pest resistant varieties, adaptation toward the shortening of crop season, use of 5% refuge crop and transgenic Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) cotton have great impact on the management of this pest of cotton and can change the current suboptimal worse condition of the effected cotton growing areas of the world.

Istraživanje ovog rada provedeno je kako bi utvrdili utjecaj prihrane mikrokapsulama s cinkom na agronomska i morfološka svojstva predivog lana. Pokus je postavljen na Pokušalištu Agronomskog fakulteta Sveučilišta u Zagrebu, lokacija Maksimir, tijekom 2020. godine. Korištena je metoda slučajnog bloknog rasporeda u četiri ponavljanja i pet različitih varijanti. Posijana je sorta lana Agatha, a varijante su strukturirane na ovaj način: varijanta 1- kontrola bez dodatka mikrokapsula, varijanta 2- mikrokaspule s 0,25 mol/L Zn, varijanta 3- mikrokaspule 0,25 mol/L Zn i 1% kitozana, varijanta 4- mikrokapsule 0,5 mol/L Zn i varijanta 5- mikrokapsule 0,5 mol/L Zn i 1% kitozana. Na osnovi provedene analize varijance nisu utvrđene signifikantne razlike između istraživanih svojstava varijanata. Najveći prinos stabljike prije i nakon močenja te najveći prinos ukupnog i dugog vlakna ostvaren je kod varijante 2. prihranjene s 0,25 mol/l Zn. The research of this work was carried out in order to determine the influence of supplementation with microcapsules with zinc on the agronomic and morphological properties of fiber flax. The experiment was set up at the experimental field of the Faculty of Agriculture of the University of Zagreb, location Maksimir, during 2020. The experiment was set up according to the RCBD in four replications and five different variants. The fiber flax variety Agatha was sown, and the variants were structured in this way: variant 1- control without the addition of microcapsules, variant 2- microcapsules with 0.25 mol/L Zn, variant 3- microcapsules 0.25 mol/L Zn and 1% chitosan, variant 4- microcapsules 0.5 mol/l Zn and variant 5- microcapsules 0.5 mol/L Zn and 1% chitosan. Based on the analysis of variance, no significant differences were found between the investigated properties. The highest stem yield before and after reting and the highest yield of total and long fiber was achieved in the variant 2 supplemented with 0.25 mol/l Zn.

Invented in the 1930s, polyurethanes (PU) are a special group of polymeric materials. In France, only 3 kt of PU are recycled annually out of a production of 250 kt. The potential of recovery of this waste is therefore questioned and the agronomic way for the construction of fertile soils is considered. A study was conducted to evaluate the relevance of adding PU foam in a growing media (GM) for plantation, and to know if they can confer interesting characteristics for plant growth without any risk for the environment.The tested GMs were mixtures of compost (Material of Agronomic Interest from Water Treatment, NF U44-095), foams and arable topsoil. The foams used were derived from the core of PU mats. Four volume ratios of compost/foam mixtures were achieved. Topsoil was added at different volume ratios to constitute the final GMs (16 final GM).Ecotoxicological analyses show the safety of the tested GMs. Greenhouse trials over 54 days allowed to follow the development of ryegrass in GMs.Planting media with suitable agronomic potential for green roofs have been identified, based on the experimental results of the study, and will be tested on a larger scale., Inventé dans les années 1930, les polyuréthanes (PU) sont un groupe spécial de matériaux polymères. En France, seulement 3 kt de PU sont recyclés annuellement sur une production de 250 kt. Le potentiel de valorisation de ce déchet est donc questionné et la voie agronomique pour la construction de supports de cultures non alimentaire pourrait être envisagée. Une étude a été menée pour évaluer la pertinence d'apport de mousses PU dans un substrat de plantation, afin de savoir si elles peuvent lui conférer des caractéristiques physico-chimiques intéressantes pour la croissance végétale sans risque pour l'environnement. Les substrats testés sont des mélanges de compost (Matière d'Intérêt Agronomique issue du Traitement des Eaux, NF U44-095), de mousses PU et de terre végétale. Les mousses utilisées sont issues de l'âme de matelas en PU. Quatre ratios volumiques de mélanges compost/mousse ont été réalisés. De la terre végétale a été ajoutée à différents ratios volumiques pour constituer les substrats finaux (16 substrats finaux). Les analyses écotoxicologiques montrent l'innocuité environnementale des substrats testés. Des essais sous serre pendant 54 jours ont permis de suivre le développement du ray-grass dans les substrats. Des supports de plantation avec un potentiel agronomique adapté pour les toitures végétalisées ont été identifiés et seront testés à plus grande échelle.

Multi-year studies are crucial for the evaluation of sunflower hybrids and quantifying the environmental effect in the expression of genetic potential. In order to assess the adaptation of eight hybrids and test the impact of water availability on plant height (PH), head diameter (HD), 1000-grain weight (TWG), hectolitre mass (HM), seed yield (SY), oil content (OC) and oil yield (OY), a two-year study was conducted with irrigation as treatment. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and principal component analysis (PCA) confirmed the year influence on all tested agronomic traits. According to the three-way ANOVA, irrigation significantly affected all tested traits except HD, OC and OY. All agronomic traits had lower values in both rainfed and irrigated treatment in 2014, confirming the influence of the environment. The hybrid was a significant source of variation for all traits. ANOVA and PCA grouped hybrids 1, 7, and 8 in one group and 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 in another. The first group had lower PH, HD, TGW and SY values and higher HM, OC and OY values, and the second group had reversed traits values. Furthermore, the PCA biplot indicates SY was positively correlated with PH, HD, TGW and OY and HM was positively correlated with OC. This facilitates the breeding process because it enables indirect breeding for economically important traits such as seed yield, oil content and oil yield. As treatments were significant sources of variation for PH, HM, TWG and SY, sunflower irrigating is considered justified and can be used as an additional agrotechnical measure to target the agronomic traits. Understanding the expression of traits under rainfed and irrigation conditions will greatly help design effective breeding programs by creating hybrids suitable for cultivation in semi-arid environments.

Agricultural spreading of dewatered sewage sludge from wastewater treatment plants is economically profitable but care must be taken to ensure that there is neither degradation of the agronomic quality of the soils nor contamination of them in the long term, particularly by accumulation of heavy metals. To evaluate the variability of the sludge in a given geographical area, we studied the sludge coming from five treatment plants in northern Algeria. We determined parameters that account for the agronomic quality of sludges and total content of Ag, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Ti and Zn. We evaluated the bioavailability of theses metals by determining their speciation by sequential extraction, each metal being distributed among five fractions: easily exchangeable, acido-soluble, bound to carbonates and partly to Fe-sulphides, bound to Fe- and Mn-oxides, bound to organic matter or sulphides, contained in poorly soluble minerals. We found that all the analysed sludges had satisfactory properties from an agronomic quality point of view. High total Ni content indicated that three sludges were not spreadable under French or Chinese regulations. Metal speciation, however, showed that Ni was contained in very poorly bioavailable fractions, and therefore presented a low risk in the soils concerned. In contrast, the total Cu was below the regulatory limit values, but contained in very bioavailable fractions with a risk of toxic effects by accumulation over less than 10 years. These results showed that regulations must take into account the bioavailability with regard to the characteristics of the soils on which sludge will be spread. Metal speciation in the sludge also made it possible to identify the zone of the sewerage network on which the sources of contamination must be sought and gave indications on the nature of these sources.

This field study was performed to assess the variation in chemical and agronomic properties and total and extractable concentrations of heavy metals in soils fertilized with regulated doses of urban sewage sludge (USS) for 6 consecutive years in the framework of an agronomic treatment program. Chemical and agronomical properties, total contents and extractable concentrations of Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb and Zn were determined in agricultural soils treated with USS for 6 consecutive years, agricultural soils cultivated using mineral fertilizers and uncultivated soils representative of the local geochemical background. USS application caused a decrease in pH and an increase in extractable concentrations of Cr, Cu, Pb and Zn. No organic carbon, total nitrogen and total phosphorus enrichment trend was observed in the treated soils due to biodegradation of the organic compounds supplied by USS. The decomposition of USS organic matter was presumably the main process responsible for the pH decrease in the USS-fertilized soils. There was no heavy metal accumulation in treated soils, and total heavy metal contents were below the corresponding maximum threshold concentrations set by European and Italian legislation. Increased availability of Cr, Cu, Pb and Zn was found in treated soils due to an increase in their extractable concentrations in the treatment period. The results of this study suggest that the environmental risks related to the accumulation and availability of heavy metals in agricultural soils fertilized with USS are limited when treatment observes recommended doses in agronomic treatment programs.

Cilj diplomskog rada bio je utvrditi značaj različitih prihrana dušičnim gnojivima i sorata na prinos, komponente prinosa i druga morfološka svojstva ozime pšenice na PG Šormaz u vegetacijskoj sezoni 2020./2021. Korištene su dvije sorte Bc Instituta Zagreb (Bc Opsesija i Bc Mandica) na kojima su primjenjena tri različita tretmana prihrane (I. - 185 kg/ha ureje + 185 kg/ha KAN-a + 7 l/ha Slavola, II. - 185 kg/ha ureje + 7 l/ha Slavola i III. - 185 kg/ha ureje + 50% prihrane KAN-om). Analiziranu godinu karakterizirale su zanemarivo manje količine oborina i više prosječne temperature zraka za 0,7 °C u usporedbi s višegodišnjim prosjekom što upućuje na uobičajenu povoljnu godinu sa stajališta uzgoja pšenice. Općenito gledajući, nakon statističke analize podataka vidljivo je da sorte, tretmani prihrane i njihove međusobne interakcije uglavnom nisu statistički značajni za većinu ispitivanih svojstava. Signifikantnost između sorti je utvrđena samo kod hektolitarske mase, visine i mase vlati, a kod dužine klasa zabilježena je značajnost između tretmana prihrane. U provedenom pokusu, prosječan prinos je bio relativno visok (12,35 t/ha) što je uglavnom rezultat povoljnih vremenskih prilika i gustog sklopa. Općenito, dobiveni rezultati upućuju na mogućnost povećanja nekih ispitivanih parametara pravilnim odabirom sorte i odgovarajuće gnojidbe, koja će u potpunosti zadovoljiti fiziološke potrebe biljaka., The aim of the diploma thesis was to determine the importance of different fertilizers with nitrogen fertilizers and varieties on yield, yield components and other morphological properties of winter wheat on PG Sormaz in the vegetation season 2020/2021. Two varieties of Bc Institute Zagreb (Bc Opsesija and Bc Mandica) were used, on which three different top dressing treatments were applied (I. - 185 kg ha-1 of urea + 185 kg ha-1 of KAN + 7 l ha-1 of Slavol, II. - 185 kg ha-1 of urea + 7 l ha-1 of Slavol and III. - 185 kg ha-1 of urea + 50 % supplementation with KAN). The analyzed year was characterized by negligibly lower precipitation and higher average air temperature by 0.7 ° C compared to the multi-year average, which indicates a common favorable year from the point of view of wheat cultivation. In general, after statistical analysis of the data, it can be seen that cultivars, top dressing treatments and their mutual interactions are generally not statistically significant for most of the examined traits. Significance between cultivars was determined only for hectolitre weight, height and weight of leaves, and for class length, significance was noted between top-dressing treatments. In the experiment, the average yield was relatively high (12.35 t ha-1), which is mainly the result of favorable weather conditions and dense composition. In general, the obtained results indicate the possibility of increasing some tested parameters by proper selection of the variety and appropriate fertilization, which will fully meet the physiological needs of plants.

Istraživanje je provedeno tijekom vegetacije kukuruza 2019. godine na površinama pokušališta Fakulteta agrobiotehničkih znanosti Osijek (45.51'79'' sjeverne geografske širine, 18.77'83'' južne geografske širine). Sjetva je obavljena 18. travnja 2019. godine pneumatskom šestorednom sijačicom na međuredni razmak od 70 cm. Uzgajano je ukupno šest hibrida kukuruza različite FAO skupine Bc instituta iz Zagreba (FAO 330 - BC 323, FAO 390 - Agram, FAO 410 - Tesla, FAO 450 - BC 415, FAO 490 - Instruktor i FAO 570 – Majstor). Prema preporuci proizvođača sjemena sklop je iznosio 78 000 biljaka po hektaru za hibride FAO grupe 300, 74 000 biljaka po hektaru za FAO grupe 400 i 70 000 biljaka po hektaru za FAO grupe 500. Poljski pokus je postavljen u 3 ponavljanja pri čemu je površina osnovne parcele iznosila 10 m2, odnosno sastojala se od dva reda kukuruza duţine 14,3 m. Godina je bila iznimno povoljna što se tiče oborina i temperature zraka. U 2019. od IV. do IX. mjeseca tijekom vegetacije kukuruza palo je 502 mm oborina što je u odnosu na višegodišnje prosječne vrijednosti 1961.-1991. povećanje oborina za 36%. Što se tiče prosječnih vrijednosti temperature zraka u 2019. godini iznosila je u vegetacijskom razdoblju od IV. do IX. mjeseca 19,5 ˚C što je povećanje od 11% u odnosu na višegodišnje prosječne vrijednosti 1961.-1991. S obzirom na gotovo idealne uvijete za rast i razvoj kukuruza postignuti su iznimno visoki prosječni prinosi od 15,9 t/ha. Najveće prinose ostvarili su hibridi Majstor (18,3 t/ha) uz postignutu vlagu od 14,8 % i Agram (17,4 t/ha) uz postignutu vlagu 13,7 %, a najniţi prosječni prinos ostvarili su hibridi Tesla (14,3 t/ha) uz prosječnu vlagu od 13,9 % i hibrid BC 323 (14,4 t/ha) uz prosječnu vlagu 13,1 %. Svi ostali analizirani parametri su bili statistički značajni osim visine stabljike i vlage zrna., The research was conducted during the maize vegetation in 2019 on the demonstrational-educational fields of the Faculty of Agrobiotechnical Sciences Osijek (45.51'79 '' north latitude, 18.77'83 '' south latitude). Sowing was done on April 18, 2019 with a pneumatic six-row seed drill at a row spacing of 70 cm. A total of six maize hybrids from different FAO groups of the Bc Institute from Zagreb were grown (FAO 330 - BC 323, FAO 390 - Agram, FAO 410 - Tesla, FAO 450 - BC 415, FAO 490 - Instruktor and FAO 570 - Majstor). According to the seed manufacturer’s recommendation, there was 78,000 plants per hectare for FAO Group 300 hybrids, 74,000 plants per hectare for FAO Group 400 and 70,000 plants per hectare for FAO Group 500. The field experiment was set up in 3 repetitions where the area of the basic plot was 10 m2 and consisted of two rows of maize with a length of 14.3 m. The year was extremely favorable in terms of precipitation and air temperature. During maize vegetation, a total of 502 mm of precipitation fell, which is compared to the long term average of 1961-1991 increase by 36%. As for the average values of air temperature in 2019, in the vegetation period from April until September was 19.5˚C, which is an increase of 11% compared to long term average values. Given the almost ideal conditions for the growth and development of maize, extremely high average yields of 15.9 t/ha were achieved. The highest yields were achieved by Majstor hybrids (18.3 t / ha) with a moisture content of 14.8% and Agram (17.4 t / ha) with a moisture content of 13.7%, and the lowest average yield was achieved by Tesla hybrids (14 , 3 t / ha) with an average humidity of 13.9% and a hybrid BC 323 (14.4 t / ha) with an average moisture of 13.1%. All other analyzed parameters were statistically significant except for stem height and grain moisture.

International audience; There is today a growing demand to develop green spaces in city, as they provide a support for biodiversity and can contribute to ecological connectivity with surroundings. Greening urban areas requires large amounts of arable soil that is a non-renewable resource. The purpose of our study is todetermine whether river dam sediments can be used as alternative materials to preserve soil resource in urban greening. Indeed, sediments are natural materials coming mainly from soils erosion available in large volumes. Sediments are composed of elementary mineral and organic particles. Each year in France, several hundred thousand cubic meters of sediments are dredged from EDF hydraulic power installations to ensure their correct operation, and returned to the river to respect the sedimentary continuity. In some cases, sediments may not be returned to water. Then, ways of valorization are sought. Most often they do not contain anthropic contaminants, in relation with their origin, far fromhuman activities (Brochier et al., 2016), but in some cases, they could contain traces of heavy metalscoming from the natural geochemical backgrounds.

Apple (Malus × domestica Borkh.) is economically the most important species of genus Malus Miller. Developing new apple genotypes is carried out on a large scale in many scientific institutes throughout the world. ‘Jonathan’ is one of four cultivars which have been used as the most frequent progenitors in apple breeding programmes worldwide. The paper presents six promising apple selections bred at Fruit Research Institute, and ‘Jonathan’ as the parental cultivar. The assessed selections derived from the crosses ‘Jonathan’ × ‘Idared’ (J/3/60 and J/2/53), [‘Jonathan’ × J/54/53/59] × J/27/127/62 (J/4/106) and ‘Jonathan’ × J/54/53/59 (J/1/55, J/1/71 and J/1/15). Major phenological properties (flowering phenophase and harvest time), cropping and pomological properties (morphometrical and chemical characteristics of fruits) were assessed. The highest fruit weight (J/2/53; 188.4 g) and yield per unit area (J/3/60; 34 t ha-1) were reported in selections derived from the cross ‘Jonathan’ × ‘Idared’. Selections raised from a cross between ‘Jonathan’ and J/54/53/59 have high quality fruits. The highest soluble solids content was found in J/1/55 (15.3%), while the highest total sugars and acids content was evidenced in J/1/71 (9.61%; 1.46%, respectively).

International audience; The greening of urban and suburban areas requires large amounts of arable earth that is a non-renewable resource. However, concentration of population in cities leads to the production of high amounts of wastes and by-products that are nowadays partly recycled as a resource and quite systematically exported out of urban areas. To preserve natural soil resources, a strategy of waste recycling as fertile substitutes is proposed. Eleven wastes are selected for their environmental harmlessness and their contrasted physico-chemical properties for their potential use in pedological engineering. The aim is (i) to demonstrate the feasibility of the formulation of fertile substrates exclusively with wastes and (ii) to model their physico-chemical properties following various types, number and proportions of constitutive wastes. Twenty-five binary and ternary combinations are tested at different ratios for total carbon, Olsen available phosphorus, cation exchange capacity, water pH, water retention capacity and bulk density. Dose-response curves describe the variation of physico-chemical properties of mixtures depending on the type and ratio of selected wastes. If these mixtures mainly mimic natural soils, some of them present more extreme urban soil features, especially for pH and P Olsen. The fertility of the new substrates is modelled by multilinear regressions for the main soil properties.

Flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) is an important commercial crop that supplies both linseed and bast fibres for multiple applications. Retting, which is a microbial process, separates industrially useful bast fibres from non-fibre stem tissues. Several methods (i.e., water- and dew-retting) are used to ret flax. The paper presents the results of research focused on agronomic properties (stem yield after retting, total fibre yield, share of total fibre, long fibre yield and share of long fibre) and textile- technological properties (length, fineness and tenacity of fibres) of cultivar of fibre flax, Viola after traditional retting in very soft, medium hard and hard water. With the investigation of different water hardness influence in the process of retting flax fibre, the effect of ultrasound on retting process was also studied. Based on a research of agronomic and textile- technological properties of fibre it has been found that ultrasound retting proved an environmentally friendly process of retting flax fibre with saving time and energy.

Flax fiber was traditionally produced in many parts of Croatia. Unfortunately, its production has been almost abandoned in the last 15 years. Therefore, it is necessary to introduce newly created agrotechnical and high-yield cultivars of flax fiber and to investigate their more important agronomic and textile-technological properties under Croatian environmental conditions, with respect to the character and physiognomy of the existing plant production in particular areas of Croatia, but also to the socio-economic circumstances in those areas. This is also a precondition for the revival of flax fiber on Croatian family farms. It would produce a basic raw material for new domestic market products (as a autochthon Croatian product). Certainly, the possibility of increased employment is no less important, bearing in mind flax production and processing.This paper presents the results of several achieved agronomic and textile- technological properties of the introduced fiber flax cultivars cultivated in 2008 in Križevci.

TEZ5713 Tez (Yüksek Lisans) -- Çukurova Üniversitesi, Adana, 2006. Kaynakça (s. 56-60) var. xi, 61 : rnk.res. ; 29 cm. The purpose of this study was to determine cultivating possibilities of some imported bulb plants and some bulbs naturally growing in Southeast Anatolia region. The study was carried out at Department of Field Crops, Faculty of Agriculture University of Dicle in 2004-05 growing season. In the field trial, Amaryllis spp., Crocus sativus, Fritillaria imperialis, Fritillaria persica, Galanthus spp., Hyacinthus orientalis., Iris germanica., Narcissus pscudonarcissus, Narcissus tezzetta, Sternbergia clusiana and Tulipa ssp. Species were used, and bulb circle before planting, plant height, number of leaf per plant, leaf width, leaf length, plant stem diameter, number of flower per plant, flower width, flower length, bulb circle length in harvest, number of bulblet per plant and increase of bulb circle percentage were investigated. It has been determined that flowering period is lasted about six months. Hyacinthus, Sternbergia and Fritillaria species, which are grown in the region of Southeast Anatolia, in good accord in terms of adaptation ability. Bulb circle at planting, plant height, bulb circle at harvest, number of flower, increase of bulb circle percentage, and number of bulblet of Hyacinthus, Sternbergia and Fritillaria species were determined as 15.6, 15.8, 15.5 and 19.8 cm for bulb circle at planting, 35.2, 33.4, 19.6 and 28.2 cm for plant height, 20.6, 23.1, 16.0 and 18.7 cm for bulb circle at harvest, 1.4, 2.4, 3.2 and 1.4 pieces/plant for number of bulblet per plant, 5.6, 40.4, 14.7 and 2,2 pieces/plant for number of flower per plant and 31.86, 46.16, 3.0 and -2.6 for increase of bulb circle percentage. Bu çalışma, ile Dicle Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Tarla Bitkileri Bölümü Deneme Alanında 2004-05 yetiştirme sezonunda kurulan soğanlı bitkiler koleksiyon bahçesinde Güneydoğu Anadolu Bölgesi florasında yayılış gösteren ve ihraç edilen önemli bazı soğanlı bitki türlerinin Diyarbakır ekolojik koşullarında yetiştirilebilme olanakları araştırılmıştır. Tarla çalışmalarında materyal olarak Amaryllis ssp., Crocus sativus, Fritillaria imperialis, Fritillaria persica, Galanthus ssp., Hyacinthus orientalis, Iris germanica., Narcissus pseudonarcissus, Narcissus tezzetta, Sternbergia clusiana ve Tulipa ssp. kullanılmış ve dikimde soğan çevre uzunluğu, bitki boyu, bitki başına yaprak sayısı, yaprak eni, yaprak uzunluğu, bitki sap çapı, çiçek sayısı, çiçek eni, çiçek boyu, hasatta soğan çevre uzunluğu, yavru soğan sayısı ve soğan çevre artış oranı özellikleri incelenmiştir. Araştırma sonucunda, ele alınan türlerde çiçeklenme periyodunun yaklaşık altı ay gibi bir süreye yayıldığı belirlenmiştir. Hyacinthus, Sternbergia ve Fritillaria türleri bölgede doğal olarak yetişmekte olup adaptasyon bakımından uyumlarının oldukça iyi olduğu; Fritillaria imperialis, Fritillaria persica, Hyacinthus orientalis ve Sternbergia clusiana'da sırasıyla, dikimde soğan çevre uzunluğu 15.6, 15.8, 15.5 ve 19.8 cm, bitki boyu 35.2, 33.4, 19.6 ve 28.2 cm, hasatta soğan çevre uzunluğu 20.6, 23.1, 16.0 ve 18.7 cm, yavru soğan sayısı 1.4, 2.4, 3.2 ve 1.4 adet/bitki, çiçek sayısı 5.6, 40.4, 14.7 ve 2,2 adet/bitki ve soğan çevre artış oranı 31.86, 46.16, 3.0 ve -2.6 olarak tespit edilmiştir. Bu çalışma Ç.Ü. Bilimsel Araştırma Projeleri Birimi Tarafından Desteklenmiştir. Proje No: ZF2005YL39

Three virginia tobacco varieties, DH10, VaD, VBP143, were tested by means of extensive (taditional) and intensive cultural practices with and without irrigation, during the 1995-1997 years. Improvement of growing technology increases yield and production value, and the produced tobacco has better visual properties and usability. The applied growing practices influence the realisation of yield, production value, chemical composition and tobacco usability more than genetic characteristics of a cultivar. The study showed that irrigation is profitable only in intensive production, while in extensive production this measure does not justify the investment.