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We report a novel approach based on the non-equilibrium self-consistent generalized Langevin equation (NESCGLE) theory that allows for the first principles prediction of the zero-shear viscosity in glass- and- gel-forming materials. This new modulus of the NESCGLE theory facilitates the theoretical description and interpretation of experimental data concerning out-of-equilibrium rheological properties of viscous liquids during their amorphous solidification. The predictive capability of our approach is illustrated here by means of a quantitative comparison between theoretical and experimental results for the zero shear viscosity in suspensions of oligomer-tethered nanoparticles in a polymeric host, finding an almost perfect correspondence between experiments and theory. This comparison also highlights the crucial relevance of including a kinetic perspective, such as that provided by the NESCGLE theory, in the description of dynamic and viscoelastic properties of amorphous states of matter.

We propose a first-principles theoretical approach for the description of the aging of the linear viscoelastic properties of a colloidal liquid after a sudden quench into a dynamically arrested (glass or gel) state. Specifically, we couple a general expression for the time-evolving shear-stress relaxation function $\eta(\tau;t)$ (whose $\tau$-integral is the instantaneous viscosity $\eta(t)$), written in terms of the non-equilibrium structure factor $S(k;t)$ and intermediate scattering function $F(k,\tau;t)$, with the equations that determine $S(k;t)$ and $F(k,\tau;t)$, provided by the non-equilibrium self-consistent generalized Langevin equation (NE-SCGLE) theory. In this manner, we obtain a closed theoretical scheme that directly connects inter-particle forces with experimentally accessible rheological properties of non-equilibrium amorphous states of matter. The predictive capability of the resulting theoretical formalism is illustrated here with its concrete application to the Weeks-Chandler-Andersen (WCA) model of a soft-sphere fluid.

Relevant and fundamental concepts of the statistical mechanical theory of classical liquids are ordinarily introduced in the context of the description of thermodynamic equilibrium states. This makes explicit reference to probability distribution functions of \emph{equilibrium} statistical ensembles (canonical, microcanonical, ...) in the derivation of general and fundamental relations between inter-particle interactions and measurable macroscopic properties of a given system. This includes, for instance, expressing the internal energy and the pressure as functionals of the radial distribution function, or writing transport coefficients (diffusion constant, linear viscosity, ...) in terms of integral relations involving both, static and dynamic auto-correlation functions (density-density, stress-stress, ...). Most commonly, however, matter is not in thermodynamic equilibrium, and this calls for the extension of these relations to out-of-equilibrium conditions with the aim of understanding, for example, the time-dependent transient states during the process of equilibration, or the aging of glass- and gel-forming liquids during the formation of non-equilibrium amorphous solid states. In this work we address this issue from both, a general perspective and an illustrative concrete application focused on the first principles description of rheological and viscoelastic properties of glass- and gel-forming liquids.

We investigate the structural relaxation of a soft-sphere liquid quenched isochorically ($\phi=0.7$) and instantaneously to different temperatures $T_f$ above and below the glass transition. For this, we combine extensive Brownian dynamics simulations and theoretical calculations based on the non-equilibrium self-consistent generalized Langevin equation (NE-SCGLE) theory. The response of the liquid to a quench generally consists of a sub-linear increase of the $\alpha$-relaxation time with system's age. Approaching the ideal glass-transition temperature from above ($T_f>T^a$) sub-aging appears as a transient process describing a broad equilibration crossover for quenches to nearly arrested states. This allows us to empirically determine an equilibration timescale $t^{eq}(T_f)$ that becomes increasingly longer as $T_f$ approaches $T^a$. For quenches inside the glass ($T_f\leq T^a$) the growth rate of the structural relaxation time becomes progressively larger as $T_f$ decreases and, unlike the equilibration scenario, $\tau_{\alpha}$ remains evolving within the whole observation time-window.These features are consistently found in theory and simulations with remarkable semi-quantitative agreement, and coincide with those revealed in the similar and complementary exercise [Phys. Rev. {\bf 96}, 022608 (2017)] that considered a sequence of quenches with fixed final temperature $T_f=0$ but increasing $\phi$ towards the hard-sphere dynamical arrest volume fraction $\phi^a_{HS}=0.582$. The NE-SCGLE analysis, however, unveils various fundamental aspects of the glass transition, involving the abrupt passage from the ordinary equilibration scenario to the persistent aging effects that are characteristic of glass-forming liquids. The theory also explains that, within the time window of any experimental observation, this can only be observed as a continuous crossover.

The non-equilibrium self-consistent generalized Langevin equation theory of irreversible processes in liquids is extended to describe the positional and orientational thermal fluctuations of the instantaneous local concentration profile $n(\mathbf{r},\Omega,t)$ of a suddenly-quenched colloidal liquid of particles interacting through non spherically-symmetric pairwise interactions, whose mean value $\overline{n}(\mathbf{r},\Omega,t)$ is constrained to remain uniform and isotropic, $\overline{n}(\mathbf{r},\Omega,t)=\overline{n}(t)$. Such self-consistent theory is cast in terms of the time-evolution equation of the covariance $\sigma(t)=\overline{\delta n_{lm}(\mathbf{k};t) \delta n^{\dagger}_{lm}(\mathbf{k};t)}$ of the fluctuations $\delta n_{lm}(\mathbf{k};t)=n_{lm}(\mathbf{k};t) -\overline{n_{lm}}(\mathbf{k};t)$ of the spherical harmonics projections $n_{lm}(\mathbf{k};t)$ of the Fourier transform of $n(\mathbf{r},\Omega,t)$. The resulting theory describes the non-equilibrium evolution after a sudden temperature quench of both, the static structure factor projections $S_{lm}(k,t)$ and the two-time correlation function $F_{lm}(k,\tau;t)\equiv\overline{\delta n_{lm}(\mathbf{k},t)\delta n_{lm}(\mathbf{k},t+\tau)}$, where $\tau$ is the correlation \emph{delay} time and $t$ is the \emph{evolution} or \emph{waiting} time after the quench. As a concrete and illustrative application we use the resulting self-consistent equations to describe the irreversible processes of equilibration or aging of the orientational degrees of freedom of a system of strongly interacting classical dipoles with quenched positional disorder., Comment: 5 figures

In high power RF devices for space, secondary electron emission appears as the main parameter governing the multipactor effect and as well as the e-cloud in large accelerators. Critical experimental activities included development of coatings with low secondary electron emission yield (SEY) for steel (large accelerators) and aluminium (space applications). Coatings with surface roughness of high aspect ratio producing the so-call secondary emission suppression effect appear as the selected strategy. In this work a detailed study of the SEY of these technological coatings and also the experimental deposition methods (PVD and electrochemical) are presented. The coating-design approach selected for new low SEY coatings include rough metals (Ag, Au, Al), rough alloys (NEG), particulated and magnetized surfaces, and also graphene like coatings. It was found that surface roughness also mitigate the SEY deterioration due to aging processes., Comment: 4 pages, contribution to the Joint INFN-CERN-EuCARD-AccNet Workshop on Electron-Cloud Effects: ECLOUD'12; 5-9 Jun 2012, La Biodola, Isola d'Elba, Italy; CERN Yellow Report CERN-2013-002, pp.153-156