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Objective: The objective was to determine standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of crude protein (CP) and amino acids (AA) in cereal grains and various co-products fed to growing pigs.Methods: Ten feed ingredients tested were barley (9.3% CP), lupin kernels (31.1% CP), and wheat (11.3% CP) as cereal grains, and 2 sources of corn gluten feed produced in China (21.6% CP) and Korea (24.6% CP), corn gluten meal (65.3% CP), lupin hulls (11.6% CP), rice bran (14.5% CP), soybean meal (44.8% CP), and wheat bran (15.4% CP) as co-products. Ten experimental diets were formulated to contain each ingredient as a sole source of N and an N-free diet was used to correct basal endogenous losses of CP and AA. All diets also contained 0.5% Cr2O3 as an indigestible index. A replicated 11×6 incomplete Latin square design with 11 dietary treatments, 6 periods, and 22 animals was employed. Twenty-two barrows with an initial body weight of 64.6±4.9 kg were equipped with a T-cannula in the distal ileum. An experimental period consisted of a 4-d adaptation period and a 2-d collection period.Results: The SID of CP in the barley, lupin kernels, wheat, 2 sources of corn gluten feed, corn gluten meal, lupin hulls, rice bran, soybean meal, and wheat bran were 84.7%, 90.5%, 90.4%, 77.4%, 74.6%, 89.5%, 90.4%, 74.4%, 86.9%, and 63.4% (standard error of the mean [SEM] = 5.3, p = 0.006), respectively. The respective SID values of Lys were 75.5%, 88.4%, 83.9%, 74.7%, 62.4%, 80.3%, 83.9%, 78.5%, 88.0%, and 71.2% (SEM = 3.3, p

This experiment was conducted to growth curve models for leptin-deficient (ob/ob) and wild-type mice fed a meal-form High-Fat (HF) diet prepared in-house for over 120 weeks. Two hundred and twenty-four sets of Body Weight (BW) and age data were collected from ob/ob mice and 485 sets of data were collected from wild-type mice. All animals had free access to the HF diet (34.3% energy from fat) and water. Individual BW and survival rates of mice were measured. To develop growth curves of ob/ob mice and wild-type mice fed the HF diet, Gompertz and Logistic growth models were employed. The survival rates of ob/ob mice fed the HF diet were lower than those of wild-type mice. Models for estimating growth of ob/ob mice fed the HF diet were: BW, g = 61.36 × e-2.56×e^-0.13t in Gompertz model (Akaike’s Information Criterion, AIC = 1,694); and BW, g = 60.65 × (1 + 7.04 × e-0.18t)-1 in Logistic model (AIC = 1,719). Growth models for wild-type mice fed the HF diet were: BW, g = 28.94 × e-1.75×e^-0.13t in Gompertz model (AIC = 3,171); and BW, g = 28.23 × (1 + 4.85 × e-0.25t)-1 in Logistic model (AIC = 3,198). In conclusion, Gompertz models may be more appropriate to estimate the growth of ob/ob mouse fed the diet with high-fat concentration.

The objective of this editorial is to present standard guidelines in a peer review process for reviewers. The editorial contains acceptance of invitation, review process, decision for manuscripts, and confidentiality. In addition, this editorial also helps authors publication in Animal Bioscience. This editorial does not aim to provide immutable guidelines for reviewing, however, it can assist reviewers with appropriate and effective ways.

The objective was to measure energy concentrations and standardized total tract digestibility (STTD) of phosphorus (P) in hatchery byproducts. In Experiment 1, 20 nursery barrows were used to measure energy concentrations in hatchery byproducts. A basal diet based on corn and dried whey and four additional diets containing 25% of infertile eggs, unhatched eggs, culled chicks, or a mixture of the three hatchery byproducts were prepared. In Experiment 2, the STTD of P was measured using 20 nursery barrows. Four diets containing 25% of the same hatchery byproducts used in Experiment 1 as the sole source of P were prepared, and a P-free diet was prepared to measure basal endogenous losses of P. The marker-to-marker method was employed for total collection. Metabolizable energy in culled chicks was the greatest (4560 kcal/kg as-is basis, p &lt, 0.05), whereas infertile eggs had the lowest value (2645 kcal/kg as-is basis, 0.05). The STTD of P in infertile eggs (81.7%) was greater than that in unhatched eggs, culled chicks, and the mixture (61.6, 53.9, and 47.4%, respectively, 0.05). In conclusion, culled chicks had the greatest metabolizable energy and infertile eggs had the greatest phosphorus digestibility among the test ingredients.

Objective The objective was to determine standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of amino acids (AA) in 11 plant protein sources fed to growing pigs. Methods Eleven feed ingredients used were sesame meal, two sources of soybean meal (SBM) produced in the Republic of Korea, a source of SBM produced in India, high-protein distillers dried grains (HPDDG), perilla meal, canola meal, copra meal, corn germ meal, palm kernel expeller, and tapioca distillers dried grains (TDDG). Experimental diets were prepared to contain each test ingredient as a sole source of AA, and a nitrogen-free diet was also prepared to estimate the basal ileal endogenous losses of AA. Twelve barrows surgically fitted with T-cannulas the distal ileum with an initial body weight of 29.0 kg (standard deviation = 3.0) were individually housed in metabolism crates equipped with a feeder and a nipple drinker. A 12 × 9 incomplete Latin square design was employed with 12 experimental diets, 12 animals, and 9 periods. After a 5-d adaptation period, ileal digesta were collected on d 6 and 7 in each experimental period. Results Values for apparent ileal digestibility of most indispensable AA in three sources of SBM were greater compared with other test ingredients except HPDDG and canola meal (p

Non-adherence to tuberculosis (TB) treatment is a barrier to effective TB control. We investigated the effectiveness of a Medication Event Monitoring System (MEMS) as a tailored adherence-promoting intervention in Morocco. We compared patients who received a MEMS (n = 206) with patients who received standard TB care (n = 141) among new active TB patients with sputum smear-positive. The mean total medication days were 141.87 &plusmn, 29.5 in the control group and 140.85 &plusmn, 17.9 in the MEMS group (p = 0.7147), and the mean age and sex were not different between the two groups (p &gt, 0.05). The treatment success rate was significantly higher in the MEMS group than in the control group (odds ratio (OR): 4.33, 95% confidence interval (CI): 2.13&ndash, 8.81, p &lt, 0.001), and the lost to follow-up rate was significantly lower in the MEMS group than in the control group (OR: 0.03, 95% CI: 0.05&ndash, 0.24, p &lt, 0.001) after adjusting for sex, age, and health centers. The mean drug adherence rate in the first month was significantly higher in the MEMS group than in the control group (p = 0.023). MEMS increased TB treatment success rate and decreased the lost to follow-up rate overall for infectious TB patients in a Moroccan rural area.

Two experiments were conducted to measure digestible (DE) and metabolizable energy (ME) and standardized total tract digestibility (STTD) of phosphorus (P) in hatchery byproducts. In Exp. 1, ten male pigs (9.4 ± 1.2 kg BW) were used to measure energy concentrations in hatchery byproducts. A basal diet was based on ground corn and dried whey as energy sources and 4 additional diets were formulated to contain 25% of infertilized eggs (32% CP, 0.56% P, and 4,206 kcal/kg GE), unhatched eggs (38% CP, 0.65% P, and 4,313 kcal/kg GE), cockerels (68% CP, 1.11% P, and 5,884 kcal/kg GE), and a mixture (57% CP, 0.91% P, and 5,192 kcal/kg GE), respectively. In Exp. 2, STTD of P were measured using 10 male pigs (11.6 ± 2.1 kg BW). Four diets contained 25% of hatchery byproducts used in Exp. 1 as the sole source of P and a P-free diet was prepared to measure basal endogenous losses of P. In both experiments, a replicated 5 x 3 Latin square design and the marker to marker method were employed. The DE and ME concentrations in cockerels (4,891 and 4,613 kcal/kg as-fed; P < 0.05) were the greatest among 3 ingredients and a mixture and those in unhatched eggs (3,721 and 3,589 kcal/kg as-fed) and a mixture (4,227 and 3,995 kcal/kg as-fed) were greater than in infertilized eggs (2,777 and 2,653 kcal/kg as-fed; P < 0.05). The STTD of P were not different among infertilized eggs, unhatched eggs, and cockerels (76.8, 61.1, and 72.7%, respectively) and the STTD of P in a mixture was lower than in infertilized eggs (60.0%; P < 0.05). In conclusion, cockerels had the greatest energy concentrations and the standardized total tract digestible P in infertilized eggs, unhatched eggs, cockerels, and a mixture were 0.43, 0.40, 0.81, and 0.56%, respectively.

The experiment was conducted to determine the effects of graded dietary selenium (Se) on organ weight and Se concentrations in tissues and to develop equations for estimating dietary Se intake in pigs. Sixteen barrows (initial body weight = 30.0 ± 2.6) were allotted to four dietary treatments including graded Se supplementations with 0, 1, 5, and 50 mg/kg of diet. The experimental diets fed to the pigs for 30 d, and then the pigs were euthanized, and the organs, muscle, and urine samples were collected. The hair and blood samples of pigs were collected on d 15 and 30. Equations were developed for predicting daily Se intake using the Se concentration in plasma, hair, liver, kidneys, muscle, or urine. For graded dietary Se concentrations, linear and quadratic effects on the final body weight, weight and relative weight of liver and kidneys were not observed. The Se concentration in plasma, hair, liver, kidneys, muscle, and urine were linearly and quadratically increased as dietary Se concentration increased (P r > 0.81,P P

An experiment was conducted to determine the effect of cellulose concentration in diets containing no phosphorus (P) on the basal endogenous loss (BEL) of P in growing pigs. Twelve barrows (an initial mean body weight = 49.6±3.2 kg) were individually housed in metabolism crates. Pigs were allotted to 4 experimental diets according to a cross-over design with 12 animals and 2 periods. Four P-free diets were mainly based on corn starch, sucrose, and gelatin, and were formulated to contain 0%, 4%, 8%, or 12% cellulose. Each period consisted of a 5-d adaptation and a 5-d collection period. The marker-to-marker method was used for fecal collection. The feed intake (p

The objectives of this experiment were to determine the effects of graded dietary lead (Pb) concentrations on body weight and Pb concentrations in blood, hair, soft tissues, and urine from pigs and to generate equations for estimating daily Pb intake. Sixteen barrows with initial body weight 36.3 kg (standard deviation = 2.3) were allotted to four dietary treatments that consisted of graded supplemental Pb concentrations (0, 10, 25, and 250 mg/kg of diet). Daily feed allowances for each pig were 1 kg for first two weeks and 2 kg for last two weeks. The hair and blood of pigs were collected on d 14 and 28. At the end of experiment, the pigs were euthanized, and the liver, kidneys, muscle, and urine samples were collected. The prediction equations for estimating daily Pb intake of pigs were generated using Pb concentration of blood, hair, tissues, or urine as an independent variable. The Pb concentrations in the blood, hair, liver, kidneys, muscle, and urine linearly increased (P P r > 0.83;P P r2(>0.83), except the equation using Pb concentration in the muscle as an independent variable. In conclusion, the dietary Pb concentration was highly correlated with Pb concentrations in the blood, hair, soft tissues, and urine of pigs. The total dietary Pb intake can be estimated from the Pb concentrations in the blood, hair, soft tissues, or urine for pigs.

Objective: An experiment was conducted to determine digestible energy (DE) and metabolizable energy (ME) of different byproduct feed ingredients fed to growing pigs, and to generate prediction equations for the DE and ME in feed ingredients. Methods: Twelve barrows with an initial mean body weight of 31.8 kg were individually housed in metabolism crates that were equipped with a feeder and a nipple drinker. A 12x10 incomplete Latin square design was employed with 12 dietary treatments, 10 periods, and 12 animals. A basal diet was prepared to mainly contain the corn and soybean meal (SBM). Eleven additional diets were formulated to contain 30% of each test ingredient. All diets contained the same proportion of corn: SBM ratio at 4.14:1. The difference procedure was used to calculate the DE and ME in experimental ingredients. The in vitro dry matter disappearance for each test ingredient was determined. Results: The DE and ME values in the SBM sources were greater (p < 0.05) than those in other ingredients except high-protein distillers dried grains. However, DE and ME values in tapioca distillers dried grains (TDDG) were the lowest (p < 0.05). The most suitable regression equations for the DE and ME concentrations (kcal/kg on the dry matter [DM] basis) in the test ingredients were: DE = 5,528-(156xash)-(32.4xneutral detergent fiber [NDF]) with root mean square error = 232, R-2 = 0.958, and p < 0.001; ME = 5,243-(153 ash)-(30.7xNDF) with root mean square error = 277, R-2 = 0.936, and p < 0.001. All independent variables are in % on the DM basis. Conclusion: The energy concentrations were greater in the SBM sources and were the least in the TDDG. The ash and NDF concentrations can be used to estimate the energy concentrations in the byproducts from oil-extraction and distillation processes.

An experiment was conducted to determine the digestible energy (DE) and metabolizable energy (ME) concentrations in nine sources of corn grains fed to growing pigs and to compare the energy values among their countries of origin. A total of nine sources of corn grains including five sources of yellow corn from the United States (USY), two sources of yellow corn from South Africa (SAY), and two sources of white corn from South Africa (SAW) were used. Nine barrows with an initial body weight of 37.1 ± 8.6 kg were allotted to a 9 × 9 Latin square design with nine diets and nine periods. The DE concentration in SAY (3347 kcal/kg) was greater (P

This experiment was conducted to determine the coefficients of ileal apparent (CIAD) and standardized digestibility (CISD) of crude protein (CP) and amino acids (AA) in corn sources from different origins for pigs. The corn sources included yellow corn from the United States ( n = 5; USY), yellow corn from South Africa ( n = 2; SAY), and white corn from South Africa ( n = 2; SAW). Nine diets were prepared to contain each corn source at 947 g/kg as the sole source of CP and AA. A nitrogen-free diet was also prepared and used to measure basal endogenous losses of CP and AA. Ten boars with an initial body weight of 52.2 ± 9.0 kg were surgically fitted with a T-cannula in the distal ileum and were allotted to a 10×10 Latin square design with 10 diets and 10 periods. Each period consisted of 3-day adaptation and 2-day sample collection periods. Results indicated that the concentrations of CP and AA varied among corn sources from different origins, and those of lysine and tryptophan had coefficient of variation of 16.3 and 24.0%, respectively. Significant differences were observed (P

An experiment was conducted to determine the coefficient of ileal apparent digestibility (CIAD) and the coefficient of ileal standardized digestibility (CISD) of crude protein (CP) and amino acids (AA) in copra expellers (CE) and palm kernel expellers (PKE) by pigs. Six boars fitted with a T-cannula in the distal ileum with an initial body weight of 65.2 ± 5.4 kg were individually housed in pens equipped with a feeder and a nipple drinker. A replicated 3 × 3 Latin square design was employed with 3 dietary treatments, 3 periods, and 6 animals. Two experimental diets were prepared to contain 400 g/kg of CE or PKE as the sole source of nitrogen. A nitrogen-free diet was also prepared to estimate the basal ileal endogenous loss of CP and AA. All diets contained 5 g/kg chromic oxide as an indigestible index. The CIAD of CP in CE was greater (P=0.002) than in PKE (0.294 vs. 0.051). The values for the CIAD of all indispensable AA except histidine and lysine in CE were also greater (P

This study was conducted to validate the relationship between environmental temperature during feeding period and performance indices in commercial poultry farms in Korea. A total of 406 performance data were used to analyze and the data were provided from the commercial farms which belong to the integrated broiler company in Korea. The data were collected from August 2013 to November 2014. The environmental temperature used in this study was an average temperature of Chungcheong-do in Korea where the commercial farms located. The average environmental temperature negatively correlated (p

An experiment was conducted to determine the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) and standardized total tract digestibility (STTD) of phosphorus (P) in copra expellers (CE), palm kernel expellers (PKE), and cassava root (CR). Eight barrows (initial BW of 40.0 kg, SD = 4.5) were individually housed in metabolism crates. A replicated 4x3 incomplete Latin square design was employed involving 4 dietary treatments, 3 periods, and 8 animals. Three experimental diets contained 40% CE, PICE or CR as the only source of P. A P-free diet mainly based on corn starch, sucrose, and gelatin was also prepared to estimate the basal endogenous loss of P. The marker-to-marker method was used for fecal collection. Values for the ATTD of P in the CE and PKE were greater than in the CR (46.0 and 39.7 vs -14.0%; p

An experiment was conducted to measure DE and ME in copra (Cocos nucifera) meal (CM), palm kernel meal (PKM), and cassava (Manihot esculenta) root (CR) in growing pigs. Eight boars with an initial BW of 67.3 ± 5.8 kg were individually housed in metabolism crates that were equipped with a feeder and a nipple drinker. A replicated 4 × 4 Latin square design was used with 4 dietary treatments, 4 periods, and 8 animals. A basal diet mainly contained corn (Zea mays) and soybean (Glycine max) meal. Three additional diets were formulated to contain 30% of CM, PKM, and CR. All diets contained the same proportion of corn:soybean meal ratio at 4.14:1. The apparent total tract digestibility of energy was 89.5, 84.1, 82.4, and 87.9% (P < 0.001) in the basal, CM, PKM, and CR diets, respectively. The DE in CM and PKM were greater (P < 0.05) than in CR (3440 and 3238 vs. 2966 kcal/kg as-fed). The ME in CM was greater (P < 0.05) than in CR (3340 vs. 2935 kcal/kg as-fed) but not different from the ME in PKM (3168 kcal/kg as-fed). In conclusion, CM and PKM have a higher DE value than CR, and CM has a higher ME value than CR.

Many of the available prediction equations for feed energy value may not be applicable for ingredients such as copra (Cocos nucifera) meal (CM), palm kernel meal (PKM), and cassava (Manihot esculenta) root (CR). Therefore, we developed novel equations for estimating GE and DE concentrations in CM, PKM, CR, and diets containing these ingredients. Data for GE and DE concentrations were obtained from previous experiments in which the chemical composition in the ingredients and diets were determined. In addition, in vitro DM digestibility (IVDMD) values in 3 samples of ingredients including CM, PKM, and CR and 4 samples of diets including a corn (Zea mays)-soybean (Glycine max) meal-based diet and 3 diets containing CM, PKM, and CR were determined. Based on the model R(2), conceptual predictive criterion, and the P-value of the equation, the best equation for GE concentration (kcal/kg) was GE = 3313 + (24.81 × CP) + (9.83 × NDF) with R(2) = 0.93, root mean square error = 102, and P = 0.005 (CP and NDF values are percentages). Regression analysis was conducted between the DE:GE ratio and IVDMD (%). The DE:GE ratio was 0.81, 0.73, 0.83, 0.89, 0.84, 0.82, and 0.88 in CM, PKM, CR, a corn-soybean meal-based diet, and diets containing CM, PKM, or CR, respectively. The values for IVDMD were 70.3, 42.6, 88.2, 93.4, 86.7, 75.5, and 91.3%, respectively. The DE:GE ratio may be calculated by (0.0030 × IVDMD) + 0.5986 (R(2) = 0.91; P = 0.001). Using the estimated GE concentration and IVDMD, the prediction equation for DE concentration (kcal/kg) was DE = -1965 + (1.02 × GE) + (15.33 × IVDMD) with R(2) = 0.88 and P = 0.007. In conclusion, IVDMD values are useful in estimating energy digestibility in CM, PKM, CR, and diets containing these ingredients.