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Much of human emotions are expressed via poetry and other literary genres but when it comes to women in Pashtun society we lose their voices. Afzal Raza believes it is impossible for Pashtun women to speak about their pain and misery or any other feelings (Raza). As women could be persecuted for writing poetry in Pashtun society thus much of the folklore poetry came to existence by female speakers anonymously. Recently, New York Times reported about several young girls set themselves on fire after they were caught reciting poetry to an FM radio from home (Griswold). Reading about women casualties for their poetry, Raza shall be true saying that Tapa or Landay (a two-verse poetry) is the ancient form of poems mostly created by women that still exist as its writer is unknown but has its female speaker for us to understand it. To study Pashtun women and their poetry Tapa or Landay is the primary source to begin (Raza).

Education is a lifelong endeavour that starts in the womb and lasts until death. It helps the individual to develop full potential by allowing to control the environment of his/her own successful life and living. The foundation of education begins in one’s very early childhood and lays the foundation for later stages of educational progression. Nowadays, a growing number of children in early childhood spend a great deal of time in playing electronic games rather than traditional games. Parents and educators are concerned about the current trend because they strongly believe that traditional child games develop more skills than modern electronic or video games. A traditional game can be beneficial in all aspects of early childhood development, including physical or motor, social-emotional, moral, cognitive, and linguistic development. The present study aims at illustrating the importance of traditional Kashmiri games in ensuring the balanced development of children’s personalities. The data used were taken from the books, personal sources, journal articles, newspapers, websites, government records, etc. which is mainly qualitative in nature. The results showed that traditional games can have a positive effect on children's motor, linguistic, cognitive, social, and emotional development.

The current development was focused on environmentally friendly and cost-effective synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). This investigation aims to synthesize AgNPs using Anchusa arvensis aqueous plant extract. The characterization was confirmed by means of different techniques including, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) Spectroscopy, and UV-visible analysis. The crystalline morphology of AgNPs is demonstrated by X-ray diffraction, with mean crystallite diameter ranges from 20–25 nm. The spherical geometry of particles was revealed via SEM images. The FT-IR Spectroscopy confirmed that, aqueous extract of plant contains essentials phytoconstituents such as, O–H stretching vibration of carboxylic acid, C–H is the stretching vibration of alkane, C–O indicate the stretching vibration of alcohol, C=C corresponds to stretching vibration of aromatic compounds, which were responsible for the formation of AgNPs. The synthesized nanoparticles were stable at temperatures up to 50 °C, as well as in neutral and basic pH, but were unstable at acidic pH. The synthesized AgNPs had promising antileishmanial and THP-1 Cell line cytotoxic activity against Leishmanial promastigotes, with an averaged mortality (%) of 85.3±0.7% at IC50 values of 35.3±1.81 μg/mL and 65.3±0.7% with IC50 values of 45.3±1.81 μg/mL, respectively. The brine shrimp lethality of synthesized nanoparticles showed that the concentration greater than 200 μg/mL was biologically compatible.

This research work was focused on green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) employing an aqueous plant extract of Ifloga spicata. The extract of plant used in the silver nanoparticle synthesis served as a stabilizing and reducing agent. The silver nanoparticles were characterized via various techniques such as X-ray diffraction (XRD) technique, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, and UV-visible spectroscopy. The FT-IR analysis showed an identification of functional groups of biomolecules present in plant extract like O-H stretching of phenolic compounds and the C-H stretch of alkanes, C=O is stretching vibration of carbonyl, C-N is stretching of amines and amides, and the C-O is stretching of ester that facilitates the formation of Ag-NPs. The spherical geometry and crystalline morphology with an average crystal size of 15-28 nm of Ag-NPs were revealed using SEM and XRD analysis, respectively. The stability of Ag-NPs was checked through changing the pH and temperature of the reaction mixture. It was examined that synthesized Ag-NPs were stable at 60°C temperatures and nearly neutral pH 8. The synthesized Ag-NPs also exhibit potential antibacterial activity that were investigated against a selected bacterial pathogens, like E. aerogens, B. bronchiseptica, and S. typhimurium. The silver nanoparticles exhibited a maximum zone of inhibition of 18.1 ± 1.73 mm, 14.3 ± 1.18 mm, and 19.5 ± 1.30 mm against E. aerogens, B. bronchiseptica, S. typhimurium, respectively. The synthesized Ag-NPs exhibit promising protein kinase inhibition at 200 (μg/mL) as compared to plant extracts.

There has been little discussion to date on air pollution and its potential relationship with health in Makassar, Indonesia. This study aims to create a starting point for this discussion by investigating existing data points and the potential correlation between ambient air pollution and health in Makassar, Indonesia. Six months of air quality data (July-December, 2018) on CO, SO2, NO2, O3, PM10, and PM2.5 were provided by the city and were analyzed alongside tuberculosis and pneumonia data provided by the hospital and community health centers in Makassar. Data were analyzed using principal component analysis, dendrogram, and some GIS mapping. Quantitative data from the USAID-funded Building Health Cities project were also used to help explain some of the quantitative findings. Results show that principal component analysis (PCA) gave three statistics factors having eigenvalues exceeding one, which account for 83% of the total variance in the dataset. The three factors accounted for a strong impact by CO, O3, SO2, PM10, and PM2.5 attributed to the incomplete combustion of fuel from automobiles, bush burning, and industrial emission. Air pollution-related illnesses such as tuberculosis and pneumonia are found to prevail in the area. Real-time air quality monitoring is required to benchmark the health impact of extreme conditions. This study also encourages urgent intervention by decision-makers to tackle the level of tuberculosis and pneumonia occurrence that may be favored by the poor air quality in Makassar.

Thelegal system of Afghanistan contains Islamic, Statutory and customaryrules. It has developed over centuries and is presently varying in the context of the rebuilding of the Afghanistan. The supreme law of Afghanistan is the Constitution of Afghanistan. Furthermore, there is composite of legislation which stems from different historical eras. The so-called four volumes of civil law were formulated on the basis of Egyptian models and promulgated in the time of the monarchy. Other legislation came into force under ofPresident Daoud Khan, the Democratic Republic(1978-1992), the Mujahideen(1992-1996), the Taliban regime(1996-2001) and the existing Islamic Republic of Afghanistan. Article 130 of the Afghanistan Constitution establishes that judges must apply the constitution and legislation and may only resort toHanafi Fiqh(one of the Schools of Islamic Law) if a essential legal rule cannot be found in the written laws. According to the Afghan law system, administration of justice, accused is presumed to be innocent till proved guilty. In such conditions, it is load upon prosecution to prove its case against the accused. But in certain circumstances, the weight of proving guilt of the accused move towards accused and the law makes the accused responsible to prove his innocence. This kind of condition ascends when accused after commission of crime taken a ground as a defense for the unlawful act done. It is named plea of defense. There are numerous bases existing to the accused in Afghanistan Penal Code (1925, 1975, and 2017). The Afghanistan Apex Courts while identifying the plea of Self-Defense delivered specific guide lines for the trial courts so as to evade any error of judgments since it is the central principle of administration of justice that accused should not be convicted if there is a miniature doubt on amount of the prosecution. In this article we will use the various judgments of the superior courts so as to grasp on a final conclusion that how accused can take advantage of the plea of self-defense and in what conditions the choice of self-defense cannot be look into contemplation.

Schistosomiasis is of public health importance to an estimated one billion people in 79 countries. A vaccine is urgently needed. Here, we report the results of four independent, double-blind studies of an Sm-p80-based vaccine in baboons. The vaccine exhibited potent prophylactic efficacy against transmission of Schistosoma mansoni infection and was associated with significantly less egg-induced pathology, compared with unvaccinated control animals. Specifically, the vaccine resulted in a 93.45% reduction of pathology-producing female worms and significantly resolved the major clinical manifestations of hepatic/intestinal schistosomiasis by reducing the tissue egg-load by 89.95%. A 35-fold decrease in fecal egg excretion in vaccinated animals, combined with an 81.51% reduction in hatching of eggs into the snail-infective stage (miracidia), demonstrates the parasite transmission-blocking potential of the vaccine. Substantially higher Sm-p80 expression in female worms and Sm-p80-specific antibodies in vaccinated baboons appear to play an important role in vaccine-mediated protection. Preliminary analyses of RNA sequencing revealed distinct molecular signatures of vaccine-induced effects in baboon immune effector cells. This study provides comprehensive evidence for the effectiveness of an Sm-p80-based vaccine for schistosomiasis.

The experimental material comprised of ten oats (Avena sativa L.) genotypes and their 45 F1 crosses evaluated for grain protein content, beta glucan % and grain yield (kg ha-1) . The highest grain protein content (10.75%) and beta glucan (8.56 %) were recorded for SKO-208, followed by SKO-209 and SKO-207. The highest grain yield (394 kg/ha) was recorded in SKO-208 followed by SKO-207 and SKO-209. The cross combination SKO-208 x SKO-213 recorded for the highest grain protein content (11.89 %). The cross combination SKO-208 x SKO-209 recorded the highest beta glucan (10.23 %) content while highest grain yield (43.22 kg ha-1) was observed in cross combination SKO-208 x SKO-209. The cross combinations SKO-204 x SKO-208, SKO-205 x SKO-209, SABZAAR x SKO-209, SKO-207 x SKO-208 and SKO-208 x SKO-213were observed desirable with respect to all parameters studied. Beta-glucan content was observed to have significant and positive genotypic correlation with grain protein and grain yield.

The study was conducted to know the effect of items direction (positive or negative) on the factorial construction and criterion related validity in Likert scale. The descriptive survey research method was used for the study, the sample consisted of 510 undergraduate student were selected by used random sampling technique. A scale developed by Sobhei Hamdan & Mohammed Jehad (2007) was used by the investigator to access attitude of students towards undergraduate study. The finding of the study revealed that: (1) there are differences in the number of factors calculated by factor analysis and showed that there is effect of items direction (positive or negative) on the factorial construction criterion related validity in Likert scale; and (2) criterion related validity is not affected even when the items’ directions for Likert's type differ (positive, negative, half- positive, half- negative and random [positive & negative]) and there is no effect of items direction (positive or negative) on the criterion related validity in Likert scale.