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Understanding the dynamics of the macroinvertebrate community and the environmental influences is crucial for effective management and conservation of springs. This study examines diversity and spatio-temporal variation in macroinvertebrate assemblages across 12 spring habitats in the South Kashmir Himalayas. Macroinvertebrates were collected, sorted, identified, and enumerated from spring habitats on a seasonal basis from 2013 to 2015, and subjected to various statistical tests. Through statistical tests, significant distinctions are observed among springs and seasons. Permutational analysis of variance showed significant differences in macroinvertebrate assemblages across springs and seasons using both abundance and presence–absence data. Alpha diversity metrics depict variations in richness and Shannon’s H across springs. β-diversity evaluation reveals significant differences in macroinvertebrate assemblages across springs based on abundance and presence–absence data. So, the spring sites present homogeneity in group dispersion (composition varies similarly) while having significantly different compositions. Physicochemical factors like temperature, dissolved oxygen, sulphate, nitrate-nitrogen, and substrate heterogeneity strongly influence the assemblage. In addition, substrate heterogeneity, perennial flow, and spring size also played an important role in explaining the assemblage patterns. The present study provides important information on the impact of environmental factors on the ecological characteristics of macroinvertebrate assemblages vital for effective conservation and monitoring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents a numerical analysis of the water-based hybrid nanofluid comprehending CuO and Fe3O4 nanoparticles between two rotating disks. The bottom and top disks each revolve around their respective axes of rotation. The two disks are positioned apart from one another. Along with Brownian motion and thermophoresis, it is intended that the flow will be electrically conducting, thermally radiative, and chemically reactive. The heat and mass transportation are also given attention in this study since they are crucial for industry, engineering, and everyday life which include hydraulic engines, electric motors, and generators. Using the bvp4c MATLAB function, the numerical solution of the modeled problem is ascertained. The results of the current numerical solution are compared with results from published research, confirming the accuracy of our model. The results of the present analysis are presented through figures and tables. Outcomes of this analysis show that stretching factor of the lower disk upsurges the axial velocity while the radial velocity exhibits dual behavior due to the stretching factor of the lower disk. Also, the stretching factor of the upper disk reduces the axial velocity while the radial velocity exhibits dual behavior due to the stretching factor of the upper disk. The tangential velocity distribution augments with the increasing rotation parameter. In comparison to nanofluid, hybrid nanofluid has stronger effects of the embedded factors on its Nusselt and Sherwood numbers at the lower disk, whereas at the upper disk, nanofluid has more effects of the embedded factors on its Nusselt and Sherwood numbers. This research might have an impact on various gadgets, including those that use air conditioning, chemicals and electronics. It is anticipated that the findings of this study will complement previously published work as well as provide information on engineering and industrial applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The phenomenon of free convection above an isothermal vertical cone in the flow of Newtonian fluid suspended with solid nanoparticles like silver (Ag) and magnesium oxide (MgO) is numerically analyzed in this paper. Here, a convectively heated vertical cone is immersed in the infinite nanofluid with a porous medium. The fluid motion occurs due to the thermal gradient and force of gravity in the system. Energy transportation is studied with help of the empirical theory of Cattaneo–Christov. The physical effects included in the problem are heat source, stratification, chemical reaction, and motile microorganism. Further, the total entropy rate is computed. The flow, temperature, concentration, and microorganism distribution are explored in view graphical abstracts which are computed numerically by integration of the governing non-linear system of equations using the bvp4c technique. The outcomes are validated by relating them to earlier available data in the field, which is a remarkable feature of the proposed model. In this feature, an admired balance has been attained. The investigation proves that the buoyancy ratio characteristic and bioconvection Rayleigh number reduce the fluid velocity. Further, the concentration and microorganism stratification parameter effect diminish the motile microorganism and concentration distribution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this discussion, a new numerical algorithm focused on the Haar wavelet is used to solve linear and nonlinear inverse problems with unknown heat source. The heat source is dependent on time and space variables. These types of inverse problems are ill‐posed and are challenging to solve accurately. The linearization technique converted the nonlinear problem into simple nonhomogeneous partial differential equation. In this Haar wavelet collocation method (HWCM), the time part is discretized by using finite difference approximation, and space variables are handled by Haar series approximation. The main contribution of the proposed method is transforming this ill‐posed problem into well‐conditioned algebraic equation with the help of Haar functions, and hence, there is no need to implement any sort of regularization technique. The results of numerical method are efficient and stable for this ill‐posed problems containing different noisy levels. We have utilized the proposed method on several numerical examples and have valuable efficiency and accuracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]