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Purpose Tracheoesophageal fistula (TEF) is a bellwether for a country’s ability to care for sick newborns. We aim to review the existing literature from low- and middle-income countries in regard to management of those newborns and the possible approaches to improve their outcomes. Methods A review of the existing English literature was conducted with the aim of assessing challenges faced by providers in LMIC in terms of diagnostic, preoperative, operative and post-operative care for TEF patients. We also review the limited literature for performing thoracoscopic repair in the developing world context and suggest methods for introduction of advanced thoracoscopic procedures including techniques for providing anesthesia to these challenging babies. Results While outcomes related to technique from LMIC are comparable to the developed world, rates of secondary complications like sepsis and pneumonia are higher. In many areas, repairs are conducted in a staged fashion with minimal utilization of thoracoscopic approach. The paucity of resources creates strain on intraoperative and post-operative management. Conclusion Clearly, not all developing world contexts are ready to attempt thoracoscopic repair but we outline suggestions for assessing the existing capabilities and a stepwise gradual implementation of advanced thoracoscopy when appropriate.

We experienced a rare case of 9-months-old girl with an abdominal neuroblastoma that exhibited radiographic evidence of tumor extension into the mesenteric artery. Imaging studies were suggestive of neuroblastoma which also confirmed by the histologic analysis that show a diagnosis of neuroblastoma too. The patient never underwent initial chemotherapy for the treatment of neuroblastoma but experienced operation for tumor and resection was successfully achieved. This case and the treatment strategy are discussed in this paper.

We are reporting a case of an 18-month old male who presented with bilateral cryptorchidism. The patient underwent an explorative laparoscopy in which two gonads were identified in close proximity to the uterus and fallopian tubes. Biopsy of the gonads confirmed testicular tissue. Genetic analysis demonstrated a 46, XY male. Male external genitalia were appropriate for age with no evidence of female structures. Persistent Mullerian duct syndrome is extremely rare, with approximately 260 cases reported in the literature. Best practice for the extent of surgical management is still evolving as we gather data on long-term outcome Keywords: cryptorchidism, Mullerian duct syndrome, male pseudohermaphroditism, undescended testicle