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Chamomile essential oil is used in the food and medicinal industries. Gallic acid has been identified as one of the most significant biological elicitors. At dosages of 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20 mg/L, Gallic acid was sprayed on chamomile plants. The yield of flowers and essential oils in dry flowers were assessed. The averages of data were examined statistically using one-way analysis of variance. Oxygenated sesquiterpenes were a major chemical group, while α-bisabolol oxide A, α-bisabolol and chamazulene were the three main components of essential oil. When administered 15 mg/L Gallic acid, plants produced their most flowers and had the highest quantities of the essential oil, α-bisabolol oxide A, α-bisabolol and chamazulene. Essential oil extracted from untreated control plants had the highest concentration of oxygenated sesquiterpenes. It can be infer that Gallic acid increases the production of essential oil and alters its chemical constituents which alter its biological activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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In Egypt, faba bean plants are severely damaged by charcoal rot, caused by Macrophomina phaseolina and root-knot, caused by Meloidogyne incognita. The current study was aimed to control these diseases using silver nanoparticles that were biologically synthesized from Moringa oleifera leaf extract. In this work, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were prepared with trisodium citrate as a reducing agent to produce chemo-AgNPs and, using an environmentally eco-friendly method, an aqueous extract of M. oleifera leaves under visible light radiation to produce bio-AgNPs. The obtained colloidal solutions of AgNPs were identified by UV-Visible (UV-Vis) spectral analysis and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) analyses. The antifungal and anti-nematode activities of chemo- and bio-AgNPs as well as an aqueous extract of M. oleifera leaves were checked in vitro against M. phaseolina and M. incognita. The obtained results showed that bio-AgNPs were more effective than chemo-AgNPs. Under greenhouse conditions, bio-AgNPs showed a significant reduction in the incidence of damping-off and charcoal rot caused by M. phaseolina. This treatment also reduced the number of juveniles in the soil, the number of galls and the number of egg-masses of M. incognita in comparison to plants treated with nematodes. Moreover, the protein profile using SDS-PAGE was performed for determining the effect of the studied treatments on the expression of some genes compared with untreated plants the alteration in gene expression led to the formation of different proteins and the loss of others. The proteins which were formed or lost caused a significant variation in all growth and physiological parameters such as photosynthetic pigments, proline content and antioxidant enzymes of faba bean plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The essential oils of sour orange have been used for different purposes especially for the food and pharmaceutical industries. Salicylic acid plays significant roles in essential oil metabolism. In the present work, the effects of salicylic acid on the essential oil composition are examined. Sour orange trees were exposed to foliar spray of salicylic acid (0, 20 and 40 mg/L), and the essential oil of each treatment was isolated from young leaves and peels using the hydro distillation method (HD); then it was analyzed by the GC and GC/MS equipment’s. The obtained results indicate that the essential oil percentage and its characterized constituents are affected by the salicylic acid significantly. The major components of the peel and leaf oils were limonene and linalool. The highest percentage of the essential oil and its major constituents were recorded with salicylic acid at 40 mg/L. Oxygenated monoterpenes (OM) was the major chemical class of the leaf oil, while monoterpene hydrocarbons (MH) was formed as a major fraction of the peel oil. Sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (SH) and oxygenated sesquiterpenes (OS) were the minor classes. Salicylic acid resulted in different variations of all chemical classes, i.e., MH, OM, SH and OS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Essential oil of grapefruit used in various food and drug industries. Previous investigators indicted that salicylic acid and different locations had a significant role in essential oil production. Essential oil production is one way to utilize the reclaimed areas in Egypt. In this study, the effects of salicylic acid on grapefruit essential oil were evaluated in reclaimed and old areas of Egypt. Grapefruit trees were exposed to salicylic acid foliar spray at 0, 20 and 40 mg L-1 in Nubaria (reclaimed area) and Giza (old area). Data were statistically analyzed using 2-way analysis of variance (ANOVA-2). The highest amounts of essential oil extracted from young shoots or peels (0.3% and 1.3%) were recorded at 20 mg L-1 salicylic acid in Nubaria and Giza respectively. According to GC/MS analysis, sabinene (39.3 - 43.5%), limonene (15.9 - 20.0%) and terpinen-4-ol (17.1 - 19.8%) were detected as the major constituents of young shoot oil in both locations while limonene (73.1 - 78.9%), β-myrcene (3.5 - 4.3%) and octanal (2.9 - 5.3%) were the major compounds in peel oil. The highest values of main components for young shoots (sabinene, 43.5%; limonene; 20.0%; terpinen-4-ol, 19.8%) and peel oils (limonene, 78.9%; octanal, 5.3%) were recorded at 40 mg L-1 salicylic acid in the location of Nubaria except the component of β-myrcene (4.3%) that recorded the highest value with Giza location x 40 mg L-1 salicylic acid. Salicylic acid x various locations produced highly significant changes (P < 0.001) in OM and SH and moderate significant (P < 0.01) in MH and insignificant in OS of essential oil extracted from young shoots. Regarding to the variations in the chemical classes of peel oil, it was found that the changes in MH, OM and SH were insignificant for the interactions between salicylic acid and both locations but the changes in OS were significant (P < 0.05). The highest amounts of chemical classes of young shoots oil such as MH (71.9%) OM (27.1%) and SH (3.9%) were obtained from Nubaria location with salicylic acid at 40, 20 and 0.0 mg L-1 respectively. The treatment of 20 mg L-1 (salicylic acid) x Nubaria location resulted in the greatest value of OS (0.7%) of peel oil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summer savory essential oil is used as a flavour in food industries, treat various diseases and it has different biological activities. Essential oil production from aromatic plants is one way to utilize arid lands. Ascorbic acid plays an important role in essential oil production under arid lands. Plants subjected to various doses of ascorbic acid control (0.0), 100, 200 and 300 mg L-1. The greatest essential oil contents (0.5 - 0.6%; 79.2 - 100.8 ml Plot-1) were reported under 200 mg L-1 ascorbic acid rate. Twenty three constituents were detected in essential oil isolated under each treatment. Carvacrol and γ-terpinene were identified as major components which increased under ascorbic acid rates. 200 mg L-1 rate resulted in the highest values of major compounds {Carvacrol (46.5%) and γ-terpinene (32.4%)}. 300 mg L-1 rate produced the highest amounts of monoterpene hydrocarbons (MCH, 41.4%) and oxygenated sesquiterpenes (SCHO, 1.4%). Control rate reported the highest value of oxygenated monoterpene (MCHO, 55.9%) while the highest value of sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (SCH, 4.8%) was recorded under the rates of 200 or 300 mg L-1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Essential oil of geranium ( Pelargonium graveolens ) has biological activities that make it used in food and pharmaceutical manufactures. High salinity is one of the factors that lead to lack of expansion in the production of medicinal and aromatic plants, especially in the new reclaimed soil located at arid and semi arid regions. Glutathione is a natural antioxidant that can help plants to withstand unfavorable environmental conditions such as the salinity of irrigation water. This trial aimed to diminish the undesirable effect of exposure to irrigation with salt water on geranium herbs through subjected them to exogenous application of glutathione. Geranium plants were irrigated with various concentrations of salt water with sodium chloride (0.0, 34.2, 51.3, and 68.4 mM) without (0 mg/L) or with glutathione (375 mg/L). Plants exposed to various rates of saline irrigation water with glutathione resulted in higher values of growth criterions (fresh and dry aerial parts), photosynthetic pigments, carbohydrates, protein, proline, essential oil (% or yield), antioxidant enzymes (peroxidase and superoxide dismutase), nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium, calcium, iron, zinc, manganese and copper than those subjected to saline irrigation water without glutathione. Higher amounts were found in sodium and chloride of plant treated with saline irrigation water than those treated saline irrigation water with glutathione. It may be summarized that productivity of geranium plants can be improved with adapting them under saline irrigation conditions by adding glutathione. This trial benefits the producers of geranium to alleviate the hurtful effects of salinity in reclaimed regions with adding glutathione.L ) has biological activities that make it used in food and pharmaceutical manufactures. High salinity is one of the factors that lead to lack of expansion in the production of medicinal and aromatic plants, especially in the new reclaimed soil located at arid and semi arid regions. Glutathione is a natural antioxidant that can help plants to withstand unfavorable environmental conditions such as the salinity of irrigation water. This trial aimed to diminish the undesirable effect of exposure to irrigation with salt water on geranium herbs through subjected them to exogenous application of glutathione. Geranium plants were irrigated with various concentrations of salt water with sodium chloride (0.0, 34.2, 51.3, and 68.4 mM) without (0 mg/L) or with glutathione (375 mg/L). Plants exposed to various rates of saline irrigation water with glutathione resulted in higher values of growth criterions (fresh and dry aerial parts), photosynthetic pigments, carbohydrates, protein, proline, essential oil (% or yield), antioxidant enzymes (peroxidase and superoxide dismutase), nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium, calcium, iron, zinc, manganese and copper than those subjected to saline irrigation water without glutathione. Higher amounts were found in sodium and chloride of plant treated with saline irrigation water than those treated saline irrigation water with glutathione. It may be summarized that productivity of geranium plants can be improved with adapting them under saline irrigation conditions by adding glutathione. This trial benefits the producers of geranium to alleviate the hurtful effects of salinity in reclaimed regions with adding glutathione., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (© 2023 Published by Elsevier Ltd.)