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The current research aims to reveal the effectiveness of a proposed training program based on reflective teaching to develop the teaching skills of geography teachers in the primary stage. In order to achieve the goal of the research, the researcher put the following two hypotheses:1- There is no statistically significant difference at the level (0.05) between the mean scores of the pre and post applications of the achievement test for teaching skills.2- "There is no statistically significant difference at the level (0.05) between the mean scores of the two applications, pre and post, of the observation card for teaching skills."The research community was determined by (30) teachers, and the researcher adopted the experimental design with a single group. As for the research tools, it included a post- and pre-test for cognitive aspects (achievement test), and the second tool was an observation form to measure the main teaching skills (planning, implementation, evaluation), After applying the proposed program, the results of the research showed that there were statistically significant differences between the pre and post tests of teaching skills (planning, implementation, evaluation), and in favor of the post test for the experimental group, as well as the noticeable improvement in some teaching skills, which was shown by the results of the observation form, and in light of the results Research A set of recommendations were formulated to take advantage of the program

Objective: To compare and evaluate the efficacy of platelet-Rich-Fibrin and zinc Oxide Eugenol in pain relief management patients presenting Alveolar Osteitis. Study Design: Prospective study. Setting: Department of Oral diagnosis, liaquat university of medical and health sciences Hyderabad. Period: 1st March 2021 to 31st August 2021. Methods: Total 80 patients with alveolar osteitis were involved in the study. Patients were equally randomly categorized into two groups A and B, the intensity of pain was measured by VAS scale on prospective days Platelet-rich-fibrin treatment was given to group A, while Zinc Oxide Eugenol was given to group B. VAS score was recorded on every prospective day and results were recorded on an MS Excel sheet. Results: Out of 80 patients of AO, 28 were male and 52 were female patients, the mean age of females was 34.25 while the male mean age was 38.5. The mean pain score on 1st prospective day was 3.8 ± 1.3 for group A while group B Was 7.5 ± 1.7. On 3rd prospective day of the trial, the mean pain score was Group A was 2.9 ± 1.1 and Group B was 4.7 ± 1.3. On day 5th the mean pain score of Group A was 1.1 ± 0.9 and Group B was 3.0 ± 1.0 and on the last 7th prospective day the mean score of Group A was 1.0 ± 0.6 and Group B was 1.8 ± 0.8. Conclusion: The study observed PRF is more effective than ZOE in pain management patients presenting AO. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To estimate the efficacy of the Leishman Giemsa cocktail stain, Giemsa stain, and Papanicolaou for the screening of potentially malignant lesions by exfoliative cytology. Study Design: Comparative study. Setting: Department of Oral Pathology, Isra Dental College, Faculty of Dentistry and Allied Sciences Hyderabad, Pakistan. Period: 1st February 2022 to 31st January 2023. Methods: A total of 90 participants were enrolled in the study, 30 subjects of normal healthy individuals were categorized in Group-I and 60 patients with diagnosed potentially malignant lesions (Oral submucous Fibrosis, Oral Lichen Planus, and Leukoplakia) were categorized in Group II. Participants were advised to rinse their mouth with water and the sample was taken by moving a brush clockwise and anti-clockwise over mucosa and the surface of the lesion. Three smears were prepared from each sample, one was fixed with biofix spray and stained with Papanicolaou stain, and other two smears were air-dried and stained with Leishman Giemsa and Giemsa stain. Stained slides were observed under a microscope and the slides were interpreted. Results: In Group-I Leishman Giemsa cocktail stain was highly significant compared to Papanicolaou and Giemsa stain, the mean value of the Leishman Giemsa cytoplasmic stain was 1.16, Papanicolaou was 1.0 and Giemsa was 0.52. Whereas in group II, the mean score of cytoplasmic staining of the Leishman Giemsa cocktail was 1.16, Papanicolaou was 1.10 and Giemsa was 0.67. There was no significant difference found in the mean score of cytoplasmic staining of Group-I and Group II respectively. Conclusion: According to current research study results, the Leishman Giemsa cocktail stain is a better staining technique for the screening of potentially malignant lesions along with the Papanicolaou stain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVE: In Pakistan, there is lack of awareness to maintain oral hygiene and cleaning of oral structures. The current study aims to unveil homemade remedies and self-care methods followed by a majority of the rural population to cure dental pain in Sindh, Pakistan. METHODOLOGY: This cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted at dental OPD of the Secondary Health Care Facility of Sindh, Pakistan, by following a random sample selection approach. Patients from both genders representing oro-dental problems of ages ≥ 5 year were included in the study. Patient's clinical and demographic data was collected, and further descriptive data analysis was done by using Microsoft Excel 2016. RESULTS: A total of 1627 patients fulfilled the inclusion criteria of the study. The highest number of cases (73.81%) were belonging to the age group 15-49 years, affirming that adults are at greater risk of developing toothache and dental pain. Surprisingly, about 78.97% patients had never visited any physician for seeking the clinical services. Similarly, 37.18 % of patients did not use any cleaning substance while 22.12 % patients preferred miswak for cleaning of their teeth. Only 2.95 % of patients visited dentists for proper care. CONCLUSION: Current research report concludes that from all the confirmed toothache cases, 22.13 % of patients sought care from general physicians in parallel with 22.34 % patients were preferring religious spells to manage their dental pain, which further multiplied the disease rate. However, general physicians at primary healthcare settings have limited knowledge and training in managing dental pain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To determine the prevalence of Human Papilloma virus 16 in patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma to correlate the existence of Human Papilloma virus 16 in squamous cell carcinoma with clinical presentation, habits and histological grading. Study Design: Interventional Study. Setting: Department of Oral Surgery, Isra Dental College Hospital. Period: July 2017 to December 2017. Material & Methods: A sample of 60 patients presenting were selected by non-probability purposive sampling. Patients reporting to Isra Dental College, Oral Surgery OPD Isra University during the study period with clinical suspicion of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma were included. Results: Age category was from 20 till 60+ years of age whereas age group of 40-49 (36.7%) was the most frequent age in the study population followed by 30-39 (30%) years and 50-59 (23.3%) years of age respectively. The mean and standard deviation was 43.35 ± 10.156 respectively. Maximum numbers of people were seen to have more than one habit i.e. they were using guthka with smoking or areca nut with guthka and smoking etc. areca nut, cigarette smoking and guthka were among the others most used. The mean was 6.32 with standard deviation of 2.954. Most of the patients had submucous fibrosis on the right side of buccal vestibule 24 (40%) and 22 (36.7%) had submucous fibrosis on the left side of buccal vestibule. 56 (93.3%) of the patients had well differentiated squamous cell carcinoma whereas 4 (6.7%) has moderately differentiated squamous cell carcinoma. No patients were seen to have poorly differentiated squamous cell carcinoma. Conclusion: In conclusion, the Prevalence of HPV 16 in our study was found to be 11.7%. There was no association between habits and histological grading with Human Papillomavirus 16 in patient with oral squamous cell carcinoma. But there was association between HPV16 and clinical presentation of OSCC because of p-value (.015) which was significant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To evaluate the association of tooth mobility with glycaemic levels in patients with periodontitis., Methods: The cross-sectional study was conducted at the Department of Oral Medicine, Ziauddin Dental Hospital, Karachi, from December 2018 to May 2019, and comprised patients of either gender with chronic periodontitis. After recording demographic details and dental charting, tooth mobility scores were correlated with gingival crevicular blood glucose, finger capillary blood glucose and glycosylated haemoglobin levels using Pearson's correlation. Linear regression was applied to assess the inter-relation between the variables. Data was analysed using SPSS 20., Results: Of the 348 patients, 202(58%) were females and 146(42%) were males. The overall mean age was 43±10.4 years. The mean number of teeth in patients with glucose levels <180mg/dl was 25.5±2.5 compared to 23.2±2.9 in individuals with glucose levels >200mg/dl. A moderate positive correlation (r=0.658) was seen between gingival crevicular blood glucose levels and tooth mobility. Finger capillary blood glucose levels also showed good correlation (r=0.653) with tooth mobility scores. Glycosylated haemoglobin scores showed a strong positive correlation(r=0.733). Linear regression confirmed increased glycaemic levels as a risk factor for tooth mobility (p<0.001)., Conclusions: Tooth mobility and glycaemic levels were found to be strongly interrelated.