Search

The combined effect of second sound and the viscoelasticity is examined using the classical stability analysis on the onset of rotating porous medium ferroconvection. Local thermal equilibrium is assumed between the solid matrix and fluid. Present problem is examined by an analytical approach by considering the pertinent boundary conditions. Normal mode analysis technique is utilized for obtaining the critical values for both instabilities namely stationary and oscillatory. We noticed that the oscillatory mode of instability is favored over the stationary mode of instability. We found that magnetic forces, second sound, nonlinearity in magnetization, Vadasz number, stress relaxation due to viscoelasticity and Taylor-Darcy number are in favour of advancing oscillatory porous medium ferroconvection whereas strain retardation postpone the outset of oscillatory porous medium ferroconvection. Convection cell size effects by different parameters and the oscillation's frequency are also noted. This problem shall have significant feasible technological applications wherein viscoelastic magnetic fluids are involved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to show an optimum solution for the real-time examination timetabling problem with a fixed number of sessions and a set of difficulty level of each course. The uncertainty and haziness around the problem are taken into account by defining the weighted precedence general vague graph. In this paper, the scheduling part of the examination timetabling problem is approached through novel greedy coloring technique for the weighted precedence general vague graph. As per necessity, the new variant of vertex coloring, namely semi coloring of a graph is defined, such as, for the given graph G(V, E) and the positive integers r ≤ |E| and k < χ(G), the graph G can have the proper k−coloring by removing any r edges from the graph. Finally, the greedy algorithm set out for obtaining the semi coloring of the weighted precedence general vague graph and the minimum number of edge removal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present era, food scientists are concerned about exploiting functional crops with nutraceutical properties. Buckwheat is one of the functional pseudocereals with nutraceutical components used in the treatment of health‐related diseases, malnutrition, and celiac diseases. As a preferred diet as a gluten‐free product for celiac diseases, buckwheat is a good source of nutrients, bioactive components, phytochemicals, and antioxidants. The general characteristics and better nutritional profile of buckwheat than other cereal family crops were highlighted by previous investigations. In buckwheats, bioactive components like peptides, flavonoids, phenolic acids, d‐fagomine, fagopyritols, and fagopyrins are posing significant health benefits. This study highlights the current knowledge about buckwheat and its characteristics, nutritional constituents, bioactive components, and their potential for developing gluten‐free products to target celiac people (1.4% of the world population) and other health‐related diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study aimed to analyze mid horizontal facial third proportions, those being the interpupillary, inner intercanthal, and bizygomatic distance modified with golden proportion, The Preston proportion, golden percentage and 70% recurring esthetic dental proportion were used for determining maxillary anterior teeth width. A total of 230 participants took part in this study. The front dental and facial photographs along dental stone cast which were converted to three-dimensional (3D) models were used for evaluation. The mid horizontal facial third proportions showed no significant relationship with maxillary anterior teeth width without modification with dental proportions. Whereas, with modification, no statistically significant difference was found between inner-intercanthal distance by golden percentage and width of central incisors. The bizygomatic distance was greater than intercanine distance. While the interpupillary distance by golden proportion was found to be consistent with intercanine distance in female participants. The modified anterior teeth width was significantly different from measured values, when determined by using the three mid facial proportions with Preston and 70% recurring esthetic dental (RED) proportion. Furthermore, the measured width of maxillary anterior teeth showed no difference when plaster dental casts widths were compared with 3D models. The interpupillary, inner-intercanthal, and bizygomatic distance should not be directly used to determine maxillary anterior teeth width. While maxillary anterior teeth width can be determined by modifying the inner inter-canthal distance with golden percentage and interpupillary distance with golden proportion. Moreover, the midfacial third proportions modified with Preston and 70% recurrent esthetic dental proportion were found to be unreliable for the determination of maxillary anterior teeth widths. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

PV power plants utilizing solar energy to generate electricity on a large scale has become a trend and a new option that has been adopted by many countries; however, in actuality, it is difficult to anticipate how much electricity PV plants will generate. This analysis of existing photovoltaic (PV) power plants provides guidelines for more precise designs and performance forecasting of other upcoming PV technologies. In the literature, some authors have put their efforts into reviewing studies on PV power systems; however, those reviews are too focused on specific aspects of the topic. This study will review, from a broader perspective, recent investigations on PV power systems in the literature that were published between 1990 and 2022. The present study is divided into three main parts. Firstly, a performance assessment review of PV power plants is presented by taking different performance parameters into consideration, which were developed by the "International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC 61724-1)". These parameters include reference yield, final yield, performance ratio, capacity utilization factor, and system efficiency. Secondly, different identifying factors that were investigated in previous studies, and which affect PV performance, were considered. These factors include solar irradiance, PV technology type, ambient temperature, cell temperature, tilt angle, dust accumulation, and shading effect. Thirdly, different methods were adopted and suggested to counter the effects of these influencing factors to enhance the performance efficiency of the PV power system. A hybrid cooling and cleaning system can use active techniques to boost efficiency during high solar irradiances and ambient temperatures while depending on passive techniques for everyday operations. This comprehensive and critical review identifies the challenges and proposed solutions when using photovoltaic technologies and it will be helpful for researchers, designers, and investors dealing with PV power systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bioactive peptides bring revolutions in the medical field and become an attractive target for new antibiotics. The bioactive peptides can be derived from the hydrolysis of protein. This study aims to explore the antibacterial peptide from venom hydrolysate of the Spitting cobra (Naja sumatrana). The venom protein was isolated from venom using a gel filtration technique. The digestion of venom protein was performed using trypsin with and without alkylation and reduction. After that, fractionation was carried out using a strong cation exchange solid-phase extraction, followed by antibacterial activity testing. The active peptides present in the active fractions were identified using HRMS. The protein hydrolysis with pretreatment using alkylation and reduction gave almost two-fold higher than that of untreated hydrolysis. Both the venom protein and the hydrolysate showed antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli but there was no activity against Staphylococcus aureus. Antibacterial activity has been detected in numerous cation exchange fractions against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. The four best bioactive peptides were identified with amino sequences of VYGGDSR, YTPTNK, TQFSDR, and TFQDSR. In addition, molecular docking analysis revealed that the peptides showed high-affinity scores, and the model best matched the DNA gyrase subunit B by salt bridge formation, whereas hydrogen bond interactions proved inhibition of bacterial replication as an antibacterial mechanism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To determine the recognition level of the consequences of missing teeth in Pakistani adults. Study Design: Cross-Sectional study. Place and Duration of Study: Altamash Institute of Dental Medicine, Karachi Pakistan, from Jul to Dec 2019. Methodology: A well-structured and validated questionnaire filled by 652 partially dentate patients was included in the study. Results: Despite having some education, the individuals showed poor knowledge of the consequences of missing teeth. Only 184 (28.2%) and 221 (33.9%) were aware of supra-eruption and drifting, respectively. 330 (50.6%) and 269 (41.3%) were unaware of the temporomandibular joint problems and speech difficulties. However, the majority were aware of masticatory problems, 562 (86.2%) and 460 (70.6%) self-confidence issues. There was no significant association (r=-0.70, p=0.7) and (0.03, p=0.9) between gender with number and aetiology of missing teeth. At the same time, a moderate relationship (rho=0.7) with no significant difference (p=0.08) was found between gender and knowledge of consequences. A negative relationship (r -0.12) with a significant difference (p<0.02) was found between education level and aetiology. Moreover, no significant association was found (rho -0.03, p=0.3) and (-0.06, p=0.6) between education level with number and knowledge about the consequences of missing teeth. Conclusion: The knowledge and understanding of the general population on matters that are so important and relevant in the long run to each individual's Oral Health-Related Quality of Life are of special concern. Therefore, it is essential for dentists and other health care providers to educate and remember the importance of knowing the inevitable consequences of missing teeth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Obtaining the size of the maxillary anterior teeth when performing an esthetic smile rehabilitation can be a difficult task. Metrics based on dental proportions to assist in the process are required. This study aimed to evaluate the lower facial third proportions i.e., the interalar, interphiltral, and intercommisural distance with dental proportions in predicting maxillary anterior teeth width in Pakistani citizens. This analytical study was conducted on 230 participants. Front face and retracted smile photographs were captured for all the participants, followed by maxillary impression making. The cast was then converted to 3D models for analysis. The data were entered into SPSS-25. Descriptive statistics were carried out for frequency, mean, standard deviation, and percentage calculation of gender, teeth widths, horizontal mid facial proportions, and age of the participants. Independent t-test was applied for analysis of gender and arch side disparity. Regression analyses were performed to analyze the relationship between independent variables (gender, age, weight, and height) and dependent variables (horizontal facial proportion, dental proportion). A p-value of ≤0.05 was considered statistically significant. The interphiltral distance (IPLD) modified with Preston proportion (PRP) showed no significant difference with combined central incisor width, whereas a significant difference was found with golden proportion (GP), 70% recurrent esthetic dental (RED) proportion, and golden percentage (GM) modification. However, the interalar (IAD) and intercommisural distance (ICoD) modified with dental proportions showed a significant difference with maxillary anterior teeth width. The width of maxillary anterior teeth determined by plaster dental cast and 3D dental cast showed no significant difference. The ICoD, IAD, and IPLD could not be used to determine combined central incisor and intercanine width directly. The interphiltral distance modified with Preston proportion is a reliable method to predict combined central incisor width in the population studied. There was a significant difference in gender disparity when ICD, IAD, and IPLD were modified with dental proportions, except in the case of IPLD by the Preston proportion group. The golden proportion, 70% RED proportion, and golden percentage by lower facial third facial proportions are not reliable methods to predict maxillary anterior teeth width. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective. To analyze the width and height ratios of maxillary anterior teeth at different crown levels through photographs, 3D, and plaster dental model techniques in a subset of the Pakistani population. Material and Methods. This clinical study consisted of 230 participants. The maxillary impression, standardized photographs, and models were constructed for crown width and height analysis. The SPSS version 25 was used for statistical analysis. Descriptive statistics were carried out for mean, standard deviation, and percentage calculation of teeth width and height, gender, and age of participants. Paired t -test analysis was carried out to compare the dependent variables (teeth size, width, and height ratios) with independent variables (techniques applied, side disparity). A p value of ≤ 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results. The mean width and height of maxillary anterior teeth obtained through photographs, 3D, and plater models were statistically different. The 3D dental model analysis showed reliable and accurate results. The mean width and height ratio of teeth were different on both sides of the arch. There was a significant difference (p = 0.001) in crown width-height ratios at different crown levels. Conclusion. The width and height ratios in the studied population were different at various crown levels. The dimensions of teeth varied from the incisal to the cervical part of the crown. Hence, rather than relying on a single, fixed ratio of 78% to 80% suggested by researchers for anterior teeth, the clinician should adopt different crown width-height ratios to restore teeth with the optimum esthetic outcome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective. To analyze the width and height ratios of maxillary anterior teeth at different crown levels through photographs, 3D, and plaster dental model techniques in a subset of the Pakistani population. Material and Methods. This clinical study consisted of 230 participants. The maxillary impression, standardized photographs, and models were constructed for crown width and height analysis. The SPSS version 25 was used for statistical analysis. Descriptive statistics were carried out for mean, standard deviation, and percentage calculation of teeth width and height, gender, and age of participants. Paired t -test analysis was carried out to compare the dependent variables (teeth size, width, and height ratios) with independent variables (techniques applied, side disparity). A p value of ≤ 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results. The mean width and height of maxillary anterior teeth obtained through photographs, 3D, and plater models were statistically different. The 3D dental model analysis showed reliable and accurate results. The mean width and height ratio of teeth were different on both sides of the arch. There was a significant difference (p = 0.001) in crown width-height ratios at different crown levels. Conclusion. The width and height ratios in the studied population were different at various crown levels. The dimensions of teeth varied from the incisal to the cervical part of the crown. Hence, rather than relying on a single, fixed ratio of 78% to 80% suggested by researchers for anterior teeth, the clinician should adopt different crown width-height ratios to restore teeth with the optimum esthetic outcome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective. Analyzing and comparing the fit and accuracy of removable partial denture (RPDs) frameworks fabricated with CAD/CAM and rapid prototyping methods with conventional techniques. Materials and Methods. The present systematic review was carried out according to PRISMA guidelines. The search was carried out on PubMed/MEDLINE, Cochrane collaboration, Science direct, and Scopus scientific engines using selected MeSH keywords. The articles fulfilling the predefined selection criteria based on the fit and accuracy of removable partial denture (RPD) frameworks constructed from digital workflow (CAD/CAM; rapid prototyping) and conventional techniques were included. Results. Nine full-text articles comprising 6 in vitro and 3 in vivo studies were included in this review. The digital RPDs were fabricated in all articles by CAD/CAM selective laser sintering and selective laser melting techniques. The articles that have used CAD/CAM and rapid prototyping technique demonstrated better fit and accuracy as compared to the RPDs fabricated through conventional techniques. The least gaps between the framework and cast (41.677 ± 15.546 μ m) were found in RPDs constructed through digital CAD/CAM systems. Conclusion. A better accuracy was achieved using CAD/CAM and rapid prototyping techniques. The RPD frameworks fabricated by CAD/CAM and rapid prototyping techniques had clinically acceptable fit, superior precision, and better accuracy than conventionally fabricated RPD frameworks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The trend of combating minor ailments at home in children is a common practice in Indonesia. When it comes to very smaller children like those of age under-five. Aims: Consequences can be worse if not managed well. Self-medication among these children is not well studied in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Materials and Methodology: In this study a questionnaire-based random survey among different areas of Yogyakarta city from the mothers bearing children if age under five. Questionnaire were validated by three experts, for reliability test a pilot study conducted on 10 mothers, after that questionnaire used for data collection. Data were analyzed by using SPSS Descriptive analysis to get frequency and percentage. Results: The overall prevalence reported is 58.82% (50/85). An increasing trend of self-medication was seen among high-higher secondary schools education mothers with 35.3%. In income factor 2600K-3000K mostly found in the self-medication. The residential area also seems influential upon this practice, i.e., 58.8% rural people depends on self-medication while urban people only 39.2% involved in self-medications. Conclusion: As a large population of very small children is under this practice so, proper education of mothers especially in rural areas is needed for the appropriate use of medicines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective. The objective of this systematic review was to investigate the quality and outcome of studies into artificial intelligence techniques, analysis, and effect in dentistry. Materials and Methods. Using the MeSH keywords: artificial intelligence (AI), dentistry, AI in dentistry, neural networks and dentistry, machine learning, AI dental imaging, and AI treatment recommendations and dentistry. Two investigators performed an electronic search in 5 databases: PubMed/MEDLINE (National Library of Medicine), Scopus (Elsevier), ScienceDirect databases (Elsevier), Web of Science (Clarivate Analytics), and the Cochrane Collaboration (Wiley). The English language articles reporting on AI in different dental specialties were screened for eligibility. Thirty-two full-text articles were selected and systematically analyzed according to a predefined inclusion criterion. These articles were analyzed as per a specific research question, and the relevant data based on article general characteristics, study and control groups, assessment methods, outcomes, and quality assessment were extracted. Results. The initial search identified 175 articles related to AI in dentistry based on the title and abstracts. The full text of 38 articles was assessed for eligibility to exclude studies not fulfilling the inclusion criteria. Six articles not related to AI in dentistry were excluded. Thirty-two articles were included in the systematic review. It was revealed that AI provides accurate patient management, dental diagnosis, prediction, and decision making. Artificial intelligence appeared as a reliable modality to enhance future implications in the various fields of dentistry, i.e., diagnostic dentistry, patient management, head and neck cancer, restorative dentistry, prosthetic dental sciences, orthodontics, radiology, and periodontics. Conclusion. The included studies describe that AI is a reliable tool to make dental care smooth, better, time-saving, and economical for practitioners. AI benefits them in fulfilling patient demand and expectations. The dentists can use AI to ensure quality treatment, better oral health care outcome, and achieve precision. AI can help to predict failures in clinical scenarios and depict reliable solutions. However, AI is increasing the scope of state-of-the-art models in dentistry but is still under development. Further studies are required to assess the clinical performance of AI techniques in dentistry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this paper was to evaluate the existence of golden percentage in natural maxillary anterior teeth with the aid of 3D digital dental models and 2D photographs. And to propose regional values of golden percentage for restoration of maxillary anterior teeth. For this purpose, one hundred and ninety dentate subjects with sound maxillary anterior teeth were selected. Standardized frontal images were captured with DSLR, and the apparent width of maxillary anterior teeth was measured utilizing a software on a personal laptop computer. Once the dimensions were recorded, the calculations were made according to the golden percentage theory (GPT). The data were analyzed by independent and paired T -test. The level of significance was set at p < 0.05. The golden percentage values were not found in this study. The values obtained were 16%, 15%, 20%, 20%, 15%, and 16% moving from the right canine to the left canine teeth. There was no significant gender difference in the golden percentage values. Thus, golden percentage should not be used solely for the correction of anterior teeth or for determining dental attractiveness. Emphasis should be given to a range of dental proportion on regional basis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this paper was to evaluate the existence of golden percentage in natural maxillary anterior teeth with the aid of 3D digital dental models and 2D photographs. And to propose regional values of golden percentage for restoration of maxillary anterior teeth. For this purpose, one hundred and ninety dentate subjects with sound maxillary anterior teeth were selected. Standardized frontal images were captured with DSLR, and the apparent width of maxillary anterior teeth was measured utilizing a software on a personal laptop computer. Once the dimensions were recorded, the calculations were made according to the golden percentage theory (GPT). The data were analyzed by independent and paired T -test. The level of significance was set at p < 0.05. The golden percentage values were not found in this study. The values obtained were 16%, 15%, 20%, 20%, 15%, and 16% moving from the right canine to the left canine teeth. There was no significant gender difference in the golden percentage values. Thus, golden percentage should not be used solely for the correction of anterior teeth or for determining dental attractiveness. Emphasis should be given to a range of dental proportion on regional basis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Anti-platelet drugs are widely used for primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of post-operative bleeding after dental extraction among patients on chronic low-dose aspirin. Materials and Methods: This is a descriptive case series in which a total of 378 patients on low-dose aspirin of(75-100mg) for various cardiovascular causes were included in the study. The duration of the study was from November 2016 to May 2017 total of 6 months. Results: Out of 378 cases, 247 patients (65.4%) were male while 131 patients (34.6%) were female. The mean age of the patients was calculated as 54.8±13.1 years. Regarding pre-morbid, 127 patients (33.6%) were diabetic and 109 patients (28.9%) were hypertensive. The mean duration of taking aspirin was calculated as 3.5±1.7 years. Postextraction bleeding was noted in 16 patients (4.2%). This was statistically insignificant i.e p-value >0.005. Conclusion: We concluded that simple tooth extraction is safe in patients on a long-term maintenance dose of aspirin, without discontinuation of the drug as it doesn't cause any significant postoperative bleeding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To evaluate the relationship between inner canthal distance and maxillary anterior teeth width with respect to age, gender and ethnicity. Study Design: Cross sectional study. Place and Duration of Study: Altamash Institute of Dental Medicine, Karachi, from Aug 2019 to Jan 2020. Methodology: One hundred participants from both genders with full permanent dentition, no interdental space or pathology and facial symmetry were included in this study. The measurements were carried out with digital Vernier caliper. SPSS-25 was used for statistical analysis. Results: The mean ± SD of inner canthal distance and width of maxillary anterior teeth were 2.99cm ± 0.46 and 3.82cm ± 0.35 respectively. A significant difference was found between gender (p=0.037) and inner canthal distance. The maxillary anterior teeth width and inner canthal distance varies amongst different ethnicities (p=0.01). The inner canthal distance does not vary with advancing age (p=0.87) whereas width of maxillary anterior teeth varies (p=0.04). A weak correlation value of 0.47 was found between inner canthal distance and maxillary anterior teeth width. Conclusion: This research suggests that there is a weak relationship between inner canthal distance and maxillary anterior teeth width. Therefore, a multiplication ratio of 1.27 is advised to get combined mesiodistal width of maxillary anterior teeth. Additionally, the value of both differs in various local ethnicities. Inner canthal distance does not vary with age though has significant gender disparities while maxillary anterior teeth width remains constant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To determine factors affecting the patients decision for selecting a particular treatment option for replacement of single missing tooth. Study Design: Descriptive analytical study. Place and Duration: Department of Prosthodontics, Altamash institute of dental medicine, Karachi, from 15 June'2019 to 14 December'2019. Methodology: All new patients attending dental OPD in the age group of 18-60 years with only single missing tooth were included in the study. A well-constructed and validated Performa was used to evaluate patient's decision for three different types of prosthesis against different influencing factors including, cost, pain and discomfort, duration, dental phobia, damage to the adjacent teeth and number of visits. Results: Out of the total 397 patients mostly were from 40-50 years with 56.2% males and 43.8% were females. Majority of the participants preferred fixed partial dentures (59.2%) as compared to removable partial dentures (24.4%), dental implants (9.1%) and (7.3%) preferred no treatment option. Cost of treatment (90.9%) was the most common factor in choosing a particular prosthesis majorly with dental implants and fixed partial dentures. Conclusion: The replacement of missing tooth is based on multiple factors amongst fixed partial denture, removable partial denture and dental implants, among which duration of treatment and cost are the most common influencing factors considered by the patient. Additionally, patient's education and awareness level did affect the choice of treatment options. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Oral health is an integral part of general health. Loss of teeth reduces the quality of life. Periodontal diseases constitute the major cause of tooth extraction in adults. A high prevalence of periodontal diseases among adults with considerable disparities between populations has been reported. Many studies have been reported in the literature depicting the periodontal status and treatment needs of different populations. This study aimed to assess the oral health status and treatment needs of police personnel in Sindh Police, Pakistan. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 174 police personnel from the Special Security Unit (SSU) of Sindh Police in Karachi were examined clinically and evaluated using the WHO 2013 Oral Health Assessment Form. Consent was obtained from the concerned authorities. Results: -The study showed that 43.1% (n=75) periodontal status as healthy, 35% (n=61) reported gingivitis and periodontitis and 21.8% (n=38) reported moderate to severe periodontitis. The significant difference found in the periodontal health among males (X2=71.18, P<0.001) and females (X2=9.90, P<0.009). More than 83.3% were suffering from Dental caries. The majority of the examined participants needed prompt treatment which included scaling and tooth restorations Conclusion: Periodontal and oral health status among the police personnel was noted to be most compromised and there is an immense need to conduct oral health awareness sessions as a mandatory part not only in their training period but should be employed in their daily routine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To assess the knowledge, awareness and practice level of health care workers towards Corona Virus disease - 2019 (COVID-19). Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted by administering a well-structured questionnaire comprising of three sections including knowledge, attitude and practice amongst health care professionals in various hospitals and clinics, over a duration of two months 'Feb-March' 2020. The data from 810 participants were collected manually as well as through online survey registered on www.surveys.google.com, using a validated questionnaire. The questionnaire comprised of three sections assessing knowledge, awareness and practice of participants. The descriptive analysis was carried out for demographics and dependent variables with statistical program for social sciences. Spearman test was used to detect any relationship between the health care professional response with respect to their gender and level of education. A p-value of < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: More than half (57.2%) of the health care professionals were working in a hospital setting. Fifty two percent of health care professionals had awareness and 72% were practicing adequate measures to combat COVID-19. The majority (81.9%) believed that the sign and symptoms are similar to a common flu and the main strata of population that could be affected by COVID-19 are elderly (79%). Seventy three percent of participants did not attend any lecture, workshop or seminar on COVID-19 for awareness purpose. Sixty seven percent of health care professionals were practicing universal precaution for infection control and 57.4% were using sodium hypochlorite as a surface disinfectant in dental surgeries. There was no significant relationship (p > 0.05) between the health care professionals' responses with gender and their education level. Conclusion: The study suggests that the vast majority of the health care professionals have adequate knowledge and awareness related to COVID-19. However some aspects of practice of health care professionals were found to be deficient including, following CDC guidelines during patient care, acquiring verified knowledge related to COVID-19, disinfection protocol and the use of N-95 mask. Mandatory Continued professional development programs including lectures and workshops on COVID-19 for all health care professionals are the need of the hour, to manage the pandemic and limiting the morbidity and mortality related to it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Corona Virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a global pandemic and is caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) group of viruses. To date, April 25, 2020, more than 2.4 million humans are infected and more than a hundred thousand deaths have been reported from more than 200 countries from COVID-19. There is no evidence-based treatment for the infection and prevention of transmission using social distancing, isolation and hygiene measures is widely recommended. Tobacco smoking is rampant in communities around the globe and the addiction to tobacco results in deaths of more than 8 million individuals each year. As COVID-19 transmits through salivary droplets and causes severe lung pneumonia, tobacco smokers are also at high risk of severe COVID-19 infection due to poor lung function, cross-infection and susceptible hygiene habits. Smoking tobacco (cigarette, e-cigarettes or waterpipe) produces exhaled smoke, coughing or sneezing, aerosols containing SARS-CoV-2 in the surroundings and contaminating surfaces. Therefore, smoking tobacco is a possible mode of transmission for the virus for both active and passive smokers. Smoking should be considered a risk factor for the disease transmission until further availability of evidence and measures to limit its direct and indirect effects should be implemented within the community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most frequent atrial arrhythmia. During the last few decades, owing to numerous advancements in the field of electrophysiology, we reached satisfactory outcomes for paroxysmal AF with the help of ablation procedures. But the most challenging type is still persistent AF. The recurrence rate of AF in patients with persistent AF is very high, which shows the inadequacy of pulmonary vein isolation (PVI). Over the last few decades, we have been trying to gain insight into AF mechanisms, and have come to the conclusion that there must be some triggers and substrates other than pulmonary veins. According to many studies, PVI alone is not enough to deal with persistent AF. The purpose of our review is to summarize updates and to clarify the role of coronary sinus (CS) in AF induction and propagation. This review will provide updated knowledge on developmental, histological, and macroscopic anatomical aspects of CS with its role as arrhythmogenic substrate. This review will also inform readers about application of CS in other electrophysiological procedures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dental anxiety is a common problem encountered in dental clinics that affects both patients and dentists. Adequate management of dental anxiety is critical for optimal treatment outcomes for the patient. This study aims to assess the efficacy of two anxiety‐reduction techniques (iatrosedation and music listening) for dental crown preparation in adult patients. In this clinical trial, 60 patients were randomly assigned to three groups: Group 1, iatrosedation; Group 2, music listening; and Group 3, control. Patients in all three groups underwent dental crown preparation. To measure the anxiety levels of the patients, heart rate was calculated using a pulse oximeter, and verbal rating scale scores were assessed. One‐way analysis of variance, post hoc analysis, and Spearman's correlation were used to compare the mean values of the three groups. Significant differences were observed in the heart rate and verbal rating scale scores among individuals in the study groups. A more substantial reduction in anxiety levels was found in patients exposed to iatrosedation (Group 1), which was followed by music listening (Group 2). Recorded heart rate and verbal rating scores were the highest in the control group patients. The iatrosedation technique significantly reduced dental anxiety for patients undergoing dental crown treatment; however, music listening was less effective than iatrosedation. Educating patients regarding the dental care they are about to receive is vital for reducing their anxiety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To determine in-hospital mortality and major adverse cardiac events (MACE) in acute coronary syndrome (AMI) patients with underlying severe chronic kidney disease (CKD) undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Methods: We conducted a retrospective cohort study from June'2013-December'2017 at Tabba Heart Institute, Karachi. Data was drawn from institutes' database modeled after US National Cardiovascular data CathPCI registry. All AMI (STEMI: ST-elevation myocardial infarction and NSTEMI: non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction) patients undergoing PCI with creatinine clearance <30ml/min or ESRD on hemodialysis were included in the study. Results: During 54 months study period, 160 severe CKD patients underwent PCI. Mean age was 62.9±12.2 years. Men were 61.9%, hypertensive (81.3%) and diabetic (63.8%). Excluding dialysis patients, Creatinine clearance was 21.1±6.6ml/min/1.73m2. STEMI were 46.9% and 61.9% were Killip I. Mean SYNTAX score was 16.6±7.3. MACE occurred in 32.5% patients, of which 6(11.5%) had new hemodialysis and mortality: 17.5% were deceased. MACE predictor were cardiogenic shock (OR: 2.81, 95%CI: 1.17-6.74) and prior heart failure (OR: 6.84, 95%CI: 1.39-33.74), Predictor of mortality was cardiogenic shock or cardiac arrest (OR: 7.90, 95%CI: 2.95-21.17). Conclusion: Severe CKD patients undergoing PCI for AMI have drastically poor outcomes therefore individualization and patient-centric care management is mandatory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dentistry has recorded a remarkable progress in recent years, dental implantology has been emerged as its important component. The teeth can be replaced with substantial comfort and aesthetics using dental implants and it has been successful in the long run. To achieve optimal results the knowledge, attitude and reluctance towards implants at both dentist's and patient's level is of paramount importance. Therefore, this short communication was carried out to highlight the current knowledge, attitude and reluctance towards dental implants among general public and dental practitioners. The article projected two investigations that had been carried out with a lap of five years at different dental hospitals and allied institutes. The articles were questionnaire based studies including both male and female participants of all ages. We concluded that the general public were lacking awareness towards dental implants and their access was limited to this treatment due financial constraints. Dentists were the prime source of information providers. Additionally, dentists revealed highest level of knowledge regarding recent and conventional trends of dental implants. But despite of this, the attitude was lacking and confidence in placement of implant were deficient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A hybrid turning is presented for turning of Ti-15V-3 Al-3 Cr-3 Sn alloy. In this technique, cutting insert is vibrated in velocity direction with the help of ultrasonic transducer and external heat is provided to the machined workpiece to gain collective benefits of both arrangements in cutting of hard-to-cut alloys. The studied alloy was investigated numerically and experimentally using hybrid turning process to determine its rewards in decline of measured cutting forces and enhancement in quality of machined surface. The assessment for thermal evolution in the cutting process was carried out both numerically and experimentally, and an accurate prediction of process zone temperatures is achieved. A significant improvement in dry turning of the studied alloy was achieved in terms of substantial decline in cutting forces and no substantial alterations in the metallurgy of the tested material. An elastoplastic thermo-mechanically coupled finite-element model for oblique-turning process is established to investigate the effect of heat and vibration on output parameters numerically. The developed model was used to explore the influence of selected machining parameters (depth-of-cut, feed rate, cutting speed, and tool nose radius) on three components of forces, stresses, and process zone temperature. Comparative case studies were executed with the developed models of conventional-turning, hot-conventional-turning, and hybrid turning and were confirmed by the outputs from tests carried out on the in house prototype available at Loughborough University, United Kingdom. The model was used for two-dimensional ultrasonic vibration in all three axis and resulted no significant drop in the cutting forces when compared to the studied hybrid turning process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

INTRODUCTION: Modern radiotherapy with 4-dimensional computed tomographic (4D-CT) image acquisition for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) captures respiratory-mediated tumor motion to provide more accurate target delineation. This study compares conventional 3-dimensional (3D) conformal radiotherapy (3DCRT) plans generated with standard helical free-breathing CT (FBCT) with plans generated on 4D-CT contoured volumes to determine whether target volume coverage is affected. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fifteen patients with stage I to IV NSCLC were enrolled in the study. Free-breathing CT and 4D-CT data sets were acquired at the same simulation session and with the same immobilization. Gross tumor volume (GTV) for primary and/or nodal disease was contoured on FBCT (GTV_3D). The 3DCRT plans were obtained, and the patients were treated according to our institution's standard protocol using FBCT imaging. Gross tumor volume was contoured on 4D-CT for primary and/or nodal disease on all 10 respiratory phases and merged to create internal gross tumor volume (IGTV)_4D. Clinical target volume margin was 5 mm in both plans, whereas planning tumor volume (PTV) expansion was 1 cm axially and 1.5 cm superior/inferior for FBCT-based plans to incorporate setup errors and an estimate of respiratory-mediated tumor motion vs 8 mm isotropic margin for setup error only in all 4D-CT plans. The 3DCRT plans generated from the FBCT scan were copied on the 4D-CT data set with the same beam parameters. GTV_3D, IGTV_4D, PTV, and dose volume histogram from both data sets were analyzed and compared. Dice coefficient evaluated PTV similarity between FBCT and 4D-CT data sets. RESULTS: In total, 14 of the 15 patients were analyzed. One patient was excluded as there was no measurable GTV. Mean GTV_3D was 115.3 cm³ and mean IGTV_4D was 152.5 cm³ (P = .001). Mean PTV_3D was 530.0 cm³ and PTV_4D was 499.8 cm³ (P = .40). Both gross primary and nodal disease analyzed separately were larger on 4D compared with FBCT. D95 (95% isodose line) covered 98% of PTV_3D and 88% of PTV_4D (P = .003). Mean dice coefficient of PTV_3D and PTV_4D was 84%. Mean lung V20 was 24.0% for the 3D-based plans and 22.7% for the 4D-based plans (P = .057). Mean heart V40 was 12.1% for the 3D-based plans and 12.7% for the 4D-based plans (P = .53). Mean spinal cord Dmax was 2517 and 2435 cGy for 3D-based and 4D-based plans, respectively (P = .019). Mean esophageal dose was 1580 and 1435 cGy for 3D and 4D plans, respectively (P = .13). CONCLUSIONS: IGTV_4D was significantly larger than GTV_3D for both primary and nodal disease combined or separately. Mean PTV_3D was larger than PTV_4D, but the difference was not statistically significant. The PTV_4D coverage with 95% isodose line was inferior, indicating the importance of incorporating the true size and shape of the target volume. Relatively less dose was delivered to spinal cord and esophagus with plans based on 4D data set. Dice coefficient analysis for degree of similarity revealed that 16% of PTVs from both data sets did not overlap, indicating different anatomical positions of the PTV due to tumor/nodal motion during a respiratory cycle. All patients with lung cancer planned for radical radiotherapy should have 4D-CT simulation to ensure accurate coverage of the target volumes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present investigation was carried out with the objective to develop value added products and to assess the quality parameters of osmo air dried peach slices. The peach slices were dried by osmo air drying method. Dehydrated peach (Prunus persica (L) Batsch.) slices prepared were stored under ambient conditions in polythene packs and subjected to physico-chemical analysis at 45 days interval for a period of 135 days. The highest total sugars were observed in Flordasun 58.28 % and reducing sugars (39.35 %) in Shan-e-Punjab. The maximum acidity (1.84 %) in Shan-e-Punjab, ash content (4.43 %) in Early Grand were recorded. The maximum ascorbic acid content of 11.94 mg/100g was found in Shan-e-Punjab. During storage, an increasing trend was observed in total sugars (54.27-56.76%) and reducing sugars (38.08-39.38%), whereas, acidity (1.85-1.74), ascorbic acid (11.75-9.81mg/100g), and ash content showed decreasing trend. It is thus concluded that Early Grand, Flordasun and Shan-e-Punjab, cultivars of peach can be suitably used for preparation of dehydrated peach product using osmo air drying methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Objectives: To compare with and without flap removal of partially impacted mandibular third molars in terms of mean pain and mean swelling on the second post-operative day. Study Design: Quasiexperimental study. Place and duration of Study: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Armed Forces Institute of Dentistry, Rawalpindi Pakistan, from May to Nov 2021. Methodology: Sixty cases (30 in each Group) with partially impacted mandibular third molar with mesioangular impaction aged 18-45 years were included. Random allocation of patients was done to the removal with flap (Group-A) and without flap (Group-B). On the second post-operative day, the outcome of pain and swelling in patients was measured based on the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS between 0 to 10 cm points for pain and swelling on a scale of 0 to 3). Results: The mean pain score was 5.67±1.30 in Group-A (with flap) versus 2.97±1.25 in Group-B (without flap) (p-value, <0.001). The mean swelling score was 5.40±1.16 for Group-A (with flap) versus 2.97±1.15 for Group-B (without flap) (p-value, <0.001). Conclusion: The surgical extraction of the partially impacted mesioangular mandibular third molar without buccal flap reflection and bone ostectomy resulted in less post-operative pain and swelling than surgery with buccal flap reflection and bone ostectomy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The accurate estimation of b-value of Gutenberg-Richter (GR) frequency-magnitude relationship is very crucial in seismic hazard analysis of a region. In this study, we focused on the b-value estimated by using Gumbel's extreme distribution and GR methods for Karachi region of Pakistan. The seismotectonic setting of Karachi region is of great significant because it is surrounded by many active faults systems such as Makran subduction, Run of Kutch, Kirthar, Pab fault etc. In the past, low to moderate seismicity has been occurred in Karachi region. However, because of its seismotectonic settings there is the possibility of occurrence of major seismic event. The probability of recurrence of potential earthquake is also investigated in Karachi region. An earthquake catalogue is developed by taking moment magnitude ( M) as a homogenous magnitude for all events. The completeness of this catalogue is done through taking instrumental data of earthquakes from 1973 onwards. A total of 530 events, occurred in 300 km surrounding of Karachi city, are selected for analysis of b-value and probability of recurrence. The regression analysis is carried out by GR-relationship to analyze the pattern of earthquake distribution and b-value. The statistical analysis of past earthquakes has computed b-value 0.49 showing inadequate earthquake events. Therefore, to find out b-value for this region with low number of earthquake, lack of data and deficiency of relevant earthquake magnitude, GR methodology is not much appropriate. In this situation, Gumbel's extreme distribution methodology is used, which have shown better results. The regression analysis through Gumbel's method indicates b-value of 0.8. The probability of recurrence and return periods for different magnitudes is determined by using Gumbel's extreme distribution value approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research work documents the comparative impact of genetically modified (GM) (insect resistance) and non modified maize (Zea mays L.) on growth and germination of succeeding crop wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and associated weed (Avena fatua L.). The aqueous extracts of both the GM and non-GM maize exhibited higher phenolic content than that of methanolic extracts. Germination percentage and germination index of wheat was significantly decreased by GM methanolic extract (10%) as well as that of non-GM maize at 3% aqueous extract. Similarly germination percentage of weed (Avena fatua L.) was significantly reduced by application of 3% and 5% methanolic GM extracts. All extracts of GM maize showed non-significant effect on the number of roots, root length and shoot length per plant but 5% and 10% methanolic extracts of non-GM maize significantly increased the number of roots per plant of wheat seedling. Similarly, 10% methanolic extract of GM maize significantly increased the number of roots per plant of weed seedling. Methanolic extracts of GM and non-GM maize (3% and 5%) significantly decreased the protease activity in wheat as compared to untreated control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To determine frequency of extended spectrum beta lactamase (ESBL) producing Enterobacteriaceae in urinary isolates with reference to age and gender of patients. Study Design: Observational study. Methodology: Urine samples were collected from a tertiary care hospital with details of age and gender of patient between October 2015 to December 2015. Urine samples were centrifuged. All urine samples showing pyuria were inoculated on Cysteine Lactose Electrolyte Deficient (CLED) medium and Blood Agar and incubatged overnight 37°C. Organisms were identified by standard biochemical procedures in cultures showing significant growth. Detection of ESBLs was carried out in members of Enterobacteriaceae by double disk diffusion technique. Results: Out of 209 isolates belonging to Enterobacteriaceae, 67 (32%) were ESBL +ve. ESBL positivity was highest in Enterobacter isolates (47.8%) followed by Klebsiella species (40%) and E.coli (29.5%). Male to female ratio of patients was 40:60. Mean age of patients with ESBL producing organisms was 47±19.4. Positivity was maximum in age group above 55 (45.5%) followed by age group 1-18 (38.8%) and age group 37-54 (28.3%) with least incidence in age group 19-36 (21.8%). Conclusion: Highest frequency was observed in Enterobacter species. Female patients had higher prevalence. Age group above 55 and below 18 showed higher prevalence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Diabetes incidence is increasing worldwide. Many studies demonstrated that polymorphisms within the adiponectin gene could be associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Methods A case–control study was conducted to find the association between SNP rs266729 and T2DM in Iraqi population. The study included 135 patients referring to diabetic clinic in Najaf city randomly selected based on World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines and 135 healthy controls. DNA was extracted from blood and genotyped by PCR–RFLP by using (HhaI) enzyme. Multinomial logistic regression was applied to compare the proportions of genotypes and alleles. The odds ratio for risk of developing T2DM was calculated with and without adjustment for age, sex, and BMI. Results The frequency of the G allele of rs266729 (C/G) polymorphism was significantly higher (p = 0.00) in diabetic subjects (28%) compared to that in normal subjects (14%). The homozygous genotype (GG) significantly (OR = 3.67, CI 95%(1.25–10.76), P = 0.01) increased the risk of T2DM by three folds with respect to those of the wild type (CC) after adjustment for age, sex and BMI, furthermore the heterozygous CG genotype significantly (OR = 2.45, CI 95%(1.41–4.26), P = 0.001) raised the risk of T2DM by two folds. Homozygous and heterozygous genotypes of rs266729 polymorphism exhibited significant association with raised fasting insulin values (p = 0.01), and decreased HDL levels (p = 0.00). Conclusion Adiponectin gene polymorphism rs266729 is involved in the pathogenesis of T2DM. In addition this SNP may play a role in the development of cardiovascular diseases and metabolic syndrome by affecting HDL and insulin levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An 83 years old patient with permanent Atrial Fibrillation (AF) and bleeding disorders was referred for Left Atrial Appendage (LAA) closure. The LAA closure device was successfully implanted using the left femoral vein approach as the right femoral vein was occluded. The trans septal puncture and implantation of the LAA closure device were guided by fluoroscopic and transesophageal echocardiographic images. There were no complications. Trans septal puncture guided by a combination of fluoroscopic and transesophageal echocardiographic imaging can be safely carried out using the left femoral vein approach as an alternative option when the right femoral vein is not accessible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Because topical fluoride is considered to be beneficial for oral health, fluoride release and recharge features have been added to various restorative dental materials. These materials act as a rechargeable reservoir that can release fluoride, be recharged with fluoride, and then re-release fluoride, thus ensuring the availability of fluoride over a longer period of time. The ability of these materials to deliver the optimal concentration of fluoride required for various therapeutic actions for dental health has resulted in their popularity. This paper reviews the fluoride releasing materials and the therapeutic effects of the released fluoride. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVE: To establish whether a correlation exists between the innercanthal width and maxillary central incisors. STUDY DESIGN: A Descriptive cross sectional study. PLACE AND DURATION: Department of Prosthodontics, Dr Ishrat ul Ebad Khan Institute of Oral Health Sciences, Dow University of Health Sciences Karachi and from 15th October 2012 to 25th March 2014. METHODOLOGY: One hundred and seventy five dentate individuals with intact maxillary anterior teeth were investigated. The innercanthal space was calculated among the inner canthal angles utilizing computer software. The mean dimension of the two central incisors was determined extra orally at their widest dimension. Teeth measurement and inner canthal distance association in respect to gender was evaluated by paired t test. Pearson correlation coefficients test was premeditated to establish any association amongst innercanthal space and central incisors width, significance was set at a = 0.05. RESULTS: The mean value for male and female subjects was 33.24±3.4 mm and 34.90±3.8 mm correspondingly. The mean width of maxillary central incisors for male and female subjects was recorded 15.84 ±1.4 mm and 15.92±1.3 mm. The value (P = 0.000) for both estimations were significant. The Pearson correlation coefficient were positive (r = 0.202) and highly significant (P = 0 .008) between innercanthal dimension and the maxillary central incisors. The results indicated that innercanthal ratio ratio of 1:0.462 may be used to calculate the combined width of maxillary central incisor teeth. CONCLUSION: Mean of maxillary central incisor width and inner canthal distance were higher in females significantly. The results proposed that innercanthal distance is a good prognostic factor for determining the maxillary central incisors mesiodistal width. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The anisotropic natures of dental tissues result in variable properties from one point to the other within the same tooth. The aim of this study was to analyze deciduous incisors enamel and dentin for elastic modulus and hardness. In addition, retained deciduous incisors were assessed to compare properties with exfoliated teeth.Methods: Deciduous mandibular incisors either exfoliated at physiological age or retained were included in this study. Samples were prepared by dissecting teeth in transverse sections and surfaces under investigation were prepared and polished for nanoindentation. Nanoindentation was performed at multiple sites using Hysitron [TI 725 Ubi] testing instrument. Data analysis was performed using SPSS software (version 20) to calculate absolute hardness and elastic modulus. The statistical significance was calculated using the t-test.Results: The hardness of human deciduous incisor varies between 0.01-7 GPa. The highest value of hardness was observed for the incisal edge (5.09 ± 0.64 GPa) followed by mid-surface enamel and cervical enamel. The hardness of mantle dentin was (0.56 ± 0.19 GPa) and the inner dentin was (0.34 ± 0.12 GPa).Conclusions: The average hardness of primary teeth enamel is lower than permanent teeth enamel. The hardness of retained teeth enamel is greater than exfoliated teeth however lower than permanent teeth enamel of the equivalent region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND/PURPOSE: Polymers have a wide range of applications in dentistry. Poly methyl methacrylate (PMMA) is the most popular for making orthodontic retainers, dentures as well as synthetic teeth. Prior to clinical applications, the appliances are polished in the dental laboratory to achieve smooth, polished and comfortable surfaces. The objective of this study was to analyze the surface roughness profiles of PMMA dentures polished using two different approaches. In addition, the effects of ultrasonication and sandblasting were also evaluated on the fitting surface of PMMA dentures.MATERIALS AND METHODS: This was an in vitro study using non-contact mode surface roughness profilometer and nano-indenter. Samples were polished using two different techniques (Standard and modified). Both cold cure and heat cure PMMA denture surfaces were evaluated for roughness, nanohardness and elastic modulus. RESULTS: The absolute hardness was recorded 297.72 ± 19.04 MPa and 229.93 ± 18.53 MPa for heat cured PMMA and cold cured PMMA. Manufactured acrylic teeth were harder (319.20 ± 12.58 MPa) with an elastic modulus of (4.34 ± 1.86 GPa). Modified polishing techniques (group 3) produced smoother surface.CONCLUSIONS: It was concluded that elastic moduli of acrylic tooth and heat cure PMMA is not very different. Surface treatments such as ultrasonication or sandblasting do not affect the roughness profiles of denture fitting surfaces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the recent advancements in digital electronics, it became possible to implement the space vector pulse width modulation (SVPMW) technique. Inherently this technique requires ample mathematical computations which hinder its implementation on low-end microcontrollers. A simple look-up table method has been proposed for time assignment calculations in three-phase inverter to ease out its implementation in the low-end microcontroller (i.e. 8 bit). Detailed analysis of the SVPWM is provided and Simulink model has been developed to check the viability of the proposed look-up table scheme and its practical considerations. An off-the-shelf 8-bit microcontroller has been used to carry out the design and proposed scheme implementation. An interrupt-driven operating system software has been developed in high-level language and stored in the microcontroller's program memory. The performance comparison between the simulated and practical results of the look-up scheme is carried out. The look-up table scheme shows a close match in Total Harmonic Distortion, as compared to the simulation results. Simulation, implementation and testing of the proposed work have been carried out. Results discussion and error analysis are reported. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Bone drilling is a well-known surgical procedure in orthopaedics and dentistry for fracture treatment and reconstruction. Advanced understanding of the mechanics of the drill-bone interaction is necessary to overcome challenges associated with the process and related postoperative complications. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to explore the benefits of a novel drilling technique, ultrasonically-assisted drilling (UAD), and its possible utilization in orthopaedic surgeries. METHODS: The study was performed by conducting experiments to understand the basic mechanics of the drilling process using high speed filming of the drilling zone followed by measurements to quantify thrust force, surface roughness and cracking of the bone near the immediate vicinity of the hole with and without ultrasonic assistance.RESULTS: Compared to the spiral chips produced during conventional drilling (CD), UAD was found to break the chips in small pieces which facilitated their fast evacuation from the cutting region. In UAD, lower drilling force and better surface roughness was measured in drilling in the radial and longitudinal axis of the bone. UAD produced crack-free holes which will enhance postoperative performance of fixative devices anchoring the bone.CONCLUSIONS: UAD may be used as a possible substitute for CD in orthopaedic clinics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We construct modified forward, backward, and central finite difference schemes, specifically for the Helmholtz equation, by using the Bloch wave property. All of these modified finite difference approximations provide exact solutions at the nodes of the uniform grid for the second derivative present in the Helmholtz equation and the first derivative in the radiation boundary conditions for wave propagation. The most important feature of the modified schemes is that they work for large as well as low wave numbers, without the common requirement of a very fine mesh size. The superiority of the modified finite difference schemes is illustrated with the help of numerical examples by making a comparison with standard finite difference schemes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Bone drilling is a well-known surgical procedure in orthopaedics and dentistry for fracture treatment and reconstruction. Advanced understanding of the mechanics of the drill-bone interaction is necessary to overcome challenges associated with the process and related postoperative complications. Objective: The aim of this study was to explore the benefits of a novel drilling technique, ultrasonically-assisted drilling (UAD), and its possible utilization in orthopaedic surgeries. Methods: The study was performed by conducting experiments to understand the basic mechanics of the drilling process using high speed filming of the drilling zone followed by measurements to quantify thrust force, surface roughness and cracking of the bone near the immediate vicinity of the hole with and without ultrasonic assistance. Results: Compared to the spiral chips produced during conventional drilling (CD), UAD was found to break the chips in small pieces which facilitated their fast evacuation from the cutting region. In UAD, lower drilling force and better surface roughness was measured in drilling in the radial and longitudinal axis of the bone. UAD produced crack-free holes which will enhance postoperative performance of fixative devices anchoring the bone. Conclusions: UAD may be used as a possible substitute for CD in orthopaedic clinics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: This retrospective study was undertaken to evaluate the outcome of patients with stage I or II (limited stage), grade I–II follicular non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (FL) treated with radiation therapy (RT) alone as initial management. Methods: Patients with stage I or II and pathologically confirmed WHO grade I or II FL treated initially with RT alone between 1982 and 2008 were identified from a population based cancer registry. Results: Forty patients with a mean age 61.3 years at diagnosis were identified. The median follow up was 6.9 years from the end of radiation therapy. Stage was I (n = 26) and II (n = 14). None had B symptoms. The Follicular Lymphoma International Prognostic Index (FLIPI) was low risk in 26 patients and intermediate risk in 5. Doses ranged from 15 Gy to 48 Gy, with a median dose of 35 Gy. All patients achieved a complete clinical response (CR). 5 and 10 year overall survival (OS) was 86% and 59%, progression free survival (PFS) 67% and 54%. Age ≥60 at diagnosis was associated with reduced OS, p = 0.029, but did not affect PFS. No other clinical features including grade or FLIPI were significant for outcomes. Local failure was uncommon occurring in 8% (3/40) although this was 21% (3/14) of all recurrences. Conclusions: OS and PFS outcomes for radiation alone in limited stage low grade FL patients from this single institution study are consistent with previously published data. No predictors were prognostic for PFS. A dose of ≤35 Gy may be appropriate. In this highly selected homogeneous group the FLIPI loses discriminating ability. Local control is excellent, and a majority of patients are free of disease after 5 years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Malocclusion is caused by an incorrect relationship between the teeth and jaws, which leads to an abnormal variation of normal occlusion. Crowding is an increasingly common type of malocclusion caused by a discrepancy in tooth-jaw size that leads to twisted and misaligned teeth. Two methods to treat this malalignment are tooth material reduction and arch width expansion. Of these two treatment options, the latter is preferred because it enables orthodontists to avoid extractions and increase the dental arch perimeter by widening the jaws; this resolves crowding and accommodates existing teeth. This case report describes a unique approach in the treatment of a patient with severe crowding by an orthopaedic widening of the dental arches using a skeletally anchored rapid palatal expander. Under favorable circumstances, this approach can serve as a robust method to treat patients with severe crowding and may be used as an alternative to extraction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: A four-detector (4×500mm2) low energy Germanium detector array has recently been acquired for use in a 109Cd source K-shell X-ray fluorescence bone lead measurement system. In this paper, system calibration results are presented, along with preliminary measurement results using lead-doped bone phantoms. Measurement uncertainty and reproducibility values are noted. System comparisons are made with our conventional (1×2000mm2) detector system, and future directions outlined. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Recently, we have read with great interest the article published by Ibarrola et al. (Clin. Sci. (Lond.) (2018) 132, 1471-1485), which used proteomics and immunodetection methods to show that Galectin-3 (Gal-3) down-regulated the antioxidant peroxiredoxin-4 (Prx-4) in cardiac fibroblasts. Authors concluded that 'antioxidant activity of Prx-4 had been identified as a protein down-regulated by Gal-3. Moreover, Gal-3 induced a decrease in total antioxidant capacity which resulted in a consequent increase in peroxide levels and oxidative stress markers in cardiac fibroblasts.' We would like to point out some results stated in the article that need further investigation and more detailed discussion to clarify certain factors involved in the protective role of Prx-4 in heart failure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: In order to improve measurement precision and decrease minimum detectable limit, recent applications of K-shell X-ray fluorescence (KXRF) bone lead measurement have used shorter source-to-sample (S–S) distances (∼0.5cm) than the traditionally standard values ranging between 2.0 and 3.0cm. This alteration will have an effect on subject radiation dose. This paper reports a comprehensive Monte Carlo study performed to investigate the radiation energy deposition values delivered to the leg of model human subjects of various ages. The simulations were run for models approximating 1-year, 5-year, and adult subjects, assuming lead concentrations of 10μg/g in bone and tracing 500 million photons in each simulation. Trials were performed over a range of S–S distances, from 0.5 to 6.0cm. The energy deposition due to photoelectric and Compton processes occurring in bone and soft tissue are presented. For each subject age, the Monte Carlo analysis demonstrates that the amount of energy deposited in the bone is increased as the sample is moved closer to the source (from 3.0 to 0.5cm). The amount of energy deposited in the bone was found to increase by approximately 91% (1-year old), 66% (5-year old), and 41% (adult). The amount of energy deposited to the leg sample as a whole increased by approximately 43% (1-year old), 32% (5-year old), and 21% (adult). Results are used to estimate the changes in the amount of dose received by subjects of different ages. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The effects of overlying soft tissue on the measurement uncertainty of the in vivo 109Cd K-shell X-ray fluorescence (XRF) technique were investigated, as applied to the tibia bone site. Experimental measurements were performed on a set of nine leg phantoms of different soft tissue thickness, intended to model the lower leg at mid-tibia. A standard bone phantom made from plaster-of-Paris and having a nominal lead concentration of 25.6μg Pb per gram was used in all trials. Monte Carlo simulations of the experimental set-up were also performed. Results indicate a strong relation between measurement uncertainty and overlying tissue thickness (OTT) for the XRF bone lead method. In increasing the OTT from 3.2 to 14.6mm, an increase in average measurement uncertainty by a factor of 2.40 was observed experimentally. Monte Carlo simulations indicated an increase in minimum detectable limit (MDL) by a factor of 2.46 over the same interval. Experimental and Monte Carlo results were generally in strong agreement. For subject screening purposes, direct measurement of soft tissue overlying the tibia is recommended whenever practical. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]