Search

Zoonotic and antimicrobial-resistant Escherichia coli (hereafter, E. coli) is a global public health threat which can lead to detrimental effects on human health. Here, we aim to investigate the antimicrobial resistance and the presence of mcr-1 gene in E. coli isolated from chicken feces. Ninety-four E. coli isolates were obtained from samples collected from different locations in Bangladesh, and the isolates were identified using conventional microbiological tests. Phenotypic disk diffusion tests using 20 antimicrobial agents were performed according to CLSI-EUCAST guidelines, and minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were determined for a subset of samples. E. coli isolates showed high resistance to colistin (88.30%), ciprofloxacin (77.66%), trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (76.60%), tigecycline (75.53%), and enrofloxacin (71.28%). Additionally, the pathotype eaeA gene was confirmed in ten randomly selected E. coli isolates using primer-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The presence of mcr-1 gene was confirmed using PCR and sequencing analysis in six out of ten E. coli isolates. Furthermore, sequencing and phylogenetic analyses revealed a similarity between the catalytic domain of Neisseria meningitidis lipooligosaccharide phosphoethanolamine transferase A (LptA) and MCR proteins, indicating that the six tested isolates were colistin resistant. Finally, the findings of the present study showed that E. coli isolated from chicken harbored mcr-1 gene, and multidrug and colistin resistance. These findings accentuate the need to implement strict measures to limit the imprudent use of antibiotics, particularly colistin, in agriculture and poultry farms.

Colistin (polymyxin E) is widely used in animal and human medicine and is increasingly used as one of the last-resort antibiotics against Gram-negative bacilli. Due to the increased use of colistin in treating infections caused by multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria, resistance to this antibiotic ought to be monitored. The study was undertaken to elucidate the molecular mechanisms, genetic relationships and phenotype correlations of colistin-resistant isolates. Here, we report the detection of the mcr-1 gene in chicken-associated Salmonella isolates in Bangladesh and its in-silico functional analysis. Out of 100 samples, 82 Salmonella spp. were isolated from chicken specimens (liver, intestine). Phenotypic disc diffusion and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) assay using different antimicrobial agents were performed. Salmonella isolates were characterized using PCR methods targeting genus-specific invA and mcr-1 genes with validation for the functional analysis. The majority of the tested Salmonella isolates were found resistant to colistin (92.68%), ciprofloxacin (73.17%), tigecycline (62.20%) and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (60.98%). When screened using PCR, five out of ten Salmonella isolates were found to carry the mcr-1 gene. One isolate was confirmed for Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Enteritidis, and other four isolates were confirmed for Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhimurium. Sequencing and phylogenetic analysis revealed a divergent evolutionary relationship between the catalytic domain of Neisseria meningitidis lipooligosaccharide phosphoethanolamine transferase A (LptA) and MCR proteins, rendering them resistant to colistin. Three-dimensional homology structural analysis of MCR-1 proteins and molecular docking interactions suggested that MCR-1 and LptA share a similar substrate binding cavity, which could be validated for the functional analysis. The comprehensive molecular and in-silico analyses of the colistin resistance mcr-1 gene of Salmonella spp. of chicken origin in the present study highlight the importance of continued monitoring and surveillance for antimicrobial resistance among pathogens in food chain animals.

Supplemental material, sj-pdf-2-bbi-10.1177_11779322211027665 for In Silico Identification and Functional Characterization of Conserved miRNAs in the Genome of Cryptosporidium parvum by Md. Irtija Ahsan, Md. Shahidur Rahman Chowdhury, Moumita Das, Sharmin Akter, Sawrab Roy, Binayok Sharma, Rubaiat Nazneen Akhand, Mahmudul Hasan, Md Bashir Uddin and Syed Sayeem Uddin Ahmed in Bioinformatics and Biology Insights

Supplemental material, sj-pdf-7-bbi-10.1177_11779322211027665 for In Silico Identification and Functional Characterization of Conserved miRNAs in the Genome of Cryptosporidium parvum by Md. Irtija Ahsan, Md. Shahidur Rahman Chowdhury, Moumita Das, Sharmin Akter, Sawrab Roy, Binayok Sharma, Rubaiat Nazneen Akhand, Mahmudul Hasan, Md Bashir Uddin and Syed Sayeem Uddin Ahmed in Bioinformatics and Biology Insights

Supplemental material, sj-pdf-6-bbi-10.1177_11779322211027665 for In Silico Identification and Functional Characterization of Conserved miRNAs in the Genome of Cryptosporidium parvum by Md. Irtija Ahsan, Md. Shahidur Rahman Chowdhury, Moumita Das, Sharmin Akter, Sawrab Roy, Binayok Sharma, Rubaiat Nazneen Akhand, Mahmudul Hasan, Md Bashir Uddin and Syed Sayeem Uddin Ahmed in Bioinformatics and Biology Insights

Supplemental material, sj-pdf-3-bbi-10.1177_11779322211027665 for In Silico Identification and Functional Characterization of Conserved miRNAs in the Genome of Cryptosporidium parvum by Md. Irtija Ahsan, Md. Shahidur Rahman Chowdhury, Moumita Das, Sharmin Akter, Sawrab Roy, Binayok Sharma, Rubaiat Nazneen Akhand, Mahmudul Hasan, Md Bashir Uddin and Syed Sayeem Uddin Ahmed in Bioinformatics and Biology Insights

Supplemental material, sj-pdf-5-bbi-10.1177_11779322211027665 for In Silico Identification and Functional Characterization of Conserved miRNAs in the Genome of Cryptosporidium parvum by Md. Irtija Ahsan, Md. Shahidur Rahman Chowdhury, Moumita Das, Sharmin Akter, Sawrab Roy, Binayok Sharma, Rubaiat Nazneen Akhand, Mahmudul Hasan, Md Bashir Uddin and Syed Sayeem Uddin Ahmed in Bioinformatics and Biology Insights

Supplemental material, sj-pdf-4-bbi-10.1177_11779322211027665 for In Silico Identification and Functional Characterization of Conserved miRNAs in the Genome of Cryptosporidium parvum by Md. Irtija Ahsan, Md. Shahidur Rahman Chowdhury, Moumita Das, Sharmin Akter, Sawrab Roy, Binayok Sharma, Rubaiat Nazneen Akhand, Mahmudul Hasan, Md Bashir Uddin and Syed Sayeem Uddin Ahmed in Bioinformatics and Biology Insights

Supplemental material, sj-docx-1-bbi-10.1177_11779322211027665 for In Silico Identification and Functional Characterization of Conserved miRNAs in the Genome of Cryptosporidium parvum by Md. Irtija Ahsan, Md. Shahidur Rahman Chowdhury, Moumita Das, Sharmin Akter, Sawrab Roy, Binayok Sharma, Rubaiat Nazneen Akhand, Mahmudul Hasan, Md Bashir Uddin and Syed Sayeem Uddin Ahmed in Bioinformatics and Biology Insights

The study involved the measurements of some clinically important landmarks for regional anesthesia in the maxillary and mandibular regions of head of fifty Black Bengal (BB) goats. The distance from facial tuberosity to the infra-orbital canal and from the latter to the root of the alveolar tooth directly ventral to it were 1.85 cm and 1.75 cm respectively. Both the distances from facial tuberosity to infra-orbital canal and from infra-orbital canal to the root of the alveolar tooth are of clinical important even in live animal as a guide for tracking infra-orbital nerve because of facial tuberosity. The distance between the lateral end of the alveolus of the incisor tooth to the mental foramen was 2.11 cm and are from the mental foramen to the caudal mandibular border was 11.69 cm and important for the regional anesthesia of mental nerve. The length and maximum height of the mandibles were 14.21 cm and 8.83 cm respectively. The distance from Caudal border of mandible to below mandibular foramen was 1.47 cm, while the distance from the mandibular foramen to the base of the mandible, Caudal border of mandibular to the level of mandibular foramen and mandibular foramen to border of mandibular angle were 3.64cm, 0.90 cm and 2.65 cm respectively. Parameters regarding mandible are of c linical important landmarks and will be guide for the regional anesthesia of mandibular nerve block. However, these data was discussed with regard to their application in proper tracking of infra-orbital, mental and mandibular nerves in aid of regional anesthetic procedures for the clinical affection around the head of the Black Bengal goat. El estudio incluyó la medición de algunos puntos anatómicos de importancia clínica para la anestesia regional en las regiones superior e inferior de la cabeza de cincuenta cabras Negras de Bengal (BB). La distancia desde la tuberosidad facial hasta el canal infraorbitario y de éste a la raíz del diente alveolar directamente ventral a él fueron 1,85 cm y 1,75 cm, respectivamente. Tanto las distancias desde la tuberosidad facial hasta el canal infraorbitario y desde el canal infraorbitario a la raíz del diente alveolar fueron importancia clínica en animales vivos como una guía para el seguimiento del nervio infraorbitario a través de la tuberosidad facial. La distancia entre el extremo lateral de los alvéolos de los dientes incisivos al foramen mental fue de 2,11 cm y desde el foramen mental al borde mandibular caudal fue 11,69 cm y es importante para la anestesia regional del nervio mentoniano. La longitud y la altura máxima de las mandíbulas fueron 14,21 cm y 8,83 cm respectivamente. La distancia desde el borde caudal de la mandíbula por debajo del foramen mandibular fue de 1,47 cm, mientras que la distancia desde el foramen mental hasta la base de la mandíbula, desde el borde caudal de la mandíbula a nivel del foramen mandibular y del foramen mandibular hasta el borde del ángulo mandibular fueron 3,64cm , 0,90 cm y 2,65 cm, respectivamente. Los parámetros en relación con la mandíbula son puntos anatómicos de importancia clínica y sirven de guía para la anestesia regional del bloqueo del nervio mandibular. No obstante, estos datos fueron discutidos en relación a su aplicación en el seguimiento adecuado de las infraestructuras de los nervios infraorbitario, mental y mandibular en ayuda a procedimientos anestésicos regionales para el uso clínico alrededor de la cabeza de cabra de Bengal Negra.

The study was aimed to determine the accurate location of giving incision and the width of the incision required to correct the problem of upward patellar fixation during blind method of medial patellar desmotomy. We took measurements of patellar ligaments in stifle joint of 50 indigenous and 50 crossbred slaughtered cattle without any apparent musculo-skeletal disorders were analysed. The average length and width of lateral, middle, and medial patellar ligaments for indigenous cattle were 9.360 ± 0.339 and 3.056 ± 0.226; 10.230 ± 0.382 and 2.019 ±0.258; 10.519 ± 0.429 and 2.430 ±0.232; for crossbred cattle 10.636 ± 0.601 and 3.608 ± 0.368; 11.580 ± 0.724 and 2.330 ± 0.205; 12.366 ± 0.710 and 2.890 ± 0.234 cm respectively. The average groove width for indigenous cattle and crossbred cattle between middle and medial ligament were 1.356 ± 0.160 and 1.828 ±0.186 cm and the highest width of groove between middle and medial patellar ligaments from the level of most cranial bulging of the cranial tibial tuberosity in the upward direction were 4.234 ± 0.269 and 5.645 ±0.358 cm respectively. Parameters measured were significantly different (p0.05) between indigenous and crossbred cattle. This study was suggested that incision should be made 4.234 ± 0.269 and 5.645±0.398 cm proximally from the level of the most cranial bulging of cranial tibial tuberosity at the groove between middle and medial patellar ligaments, 2.430 ±0.232 and 2.890±0.186 cm the mean width of the medial ligament to be cut during blind method of medial patellar desmotomy in indigenous and crossbred cattle respectively during surgical correction of upward patellar fixation. El estudio fue dirigido a determinar la ubicación exacta de la incisión y el ancho necesario de la incisión para corregir el problema de la fijación superior patelar durante la técnica ciega de la desmotomia medial patelar. Se tomaron y analizaron medidas del ligamento patelar en la rodilla de 50 bovinos indígenas y 50 bovinos mestizos de criadero, sacrificados sin aparentes trastornos músculo-esqueléticos. El promedio de longitud y ancho lateral, central y medial del ligamento patelar para el ganado indígena fueron 9,360 ± 0,339 y 3,056 ± 0,226; 10,230 ± 0,382 y 2,019 ± 0,258; 10,519 ± 0,429 y 2,430 ± 0,232, y para el ganado mestizo 10,636 ± 0,601 y 3,608 ± 0,368; 11,580 ± 0,724 y 2,330 ± 0,205; 12,366 ± 0,710 y 2,890 ± 0,234 cm, respectivamente. El promedio del ancho del surco para el ganado bovino indígena y el mestizo entre el ligamento medio y ligamento medial fue 1,356 ± 0,160 y 1,828 ± 0,186 cm, y el máximo ancho del surco entre el ligamento medio y ligamento medial patelar desde el nivel más craneal del abultamiento de la tuberosidad tibial craneal en dirección hacia superior fueron 4,234 ± 0,269 y 5,645 ± 0,358 cm, respectivamente. Los parámetros medidos fueron significativamente diferentes (p 0,05) entre el ganado indígena y el ganado mestizo. Este estudio puede sugerir que la incisión puede ser hecha 4,234 ± 0,269 y 5,645 ± 0,398 cm proximalmente desde el nivel más craneal del abultamiento de la tuberosidad tibial craneal hasta el surco entre el ligamento patelar medio y medial. 2,430 ± 0,232 y 2,890 ± 0,186 cm fue la media del ancho del ligamento medio a ser cortada durante la técnica ciega de la desmotomía medial patelar del ganado indígena y mestizo respectivamente, durante la corrección quirúrgica de fijación superior patelar.