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Background:Several decades of research have established the relationships between systemic diseases and periodontal diseases. Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a chronic medical condition in which the homeostatic and emunctory activity of the kidneys is progressively declines. Periodontitis is a complex, polymicrobial disease that involves both the host and the environment. Tissue destruction is primarily associated with the host’s hyperresponsiveness, resulting in the release of inflammatory markers. Aim: This paper reviewed the evidence linking CKD, inflammatory markers, and periodontal disease and the effect of periodontal therapy on inflammatory markers and kidney function as well as dental parameters. Setting and Design: The sources of data were compiledand reviewed from MEDLINE, SCOPUS and Web of Sciences from 2010 to 2021. Result and Discussion: This review identifies biologically plausible bidirectional nexus between periodontitis and CKD. Periodontitis has emerged as non-traditional risk factor of CKD and vice versa. In addition, inflammatory markers are considered to play a role in the linkages between periodontitis and CKD. Recent study, has linked an increase in the production of inflammatory markers to a poorer renal outcome in patients with CKD. Periodontal therapy is effective in lowering the inflammatory markers levels and periodontal parameters as well as halting the progression of CKD. Conclusion : Understanding these links may help in identifying high-risk individuals and providing essential care at an early stage. Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol. 22 No. 02 April’23 Page : 260-271

Objective: To assess door to consultation time in cardiac OPD of a tertiary care hospital and to recommend strategies to reduce patients waiting time. Study Design: Cross sectional study Place and Duration of Study: Surgical Out-Patient Department, Armed Force Institute of Cardiology, National Institute AFIC/NIHD, Rawalpindi Pakistan, from Aug 2020 to Sep 2020. Methodology: This quality improvement project (QIP) was conducted for a period of 4 weeks from 15th, Aug-15th, Sep 2020 in the surgical out-patient department of Armed Force Institute of Cardiology, National Institute/National Institute of Heart Disease (AFIC/NIHD). Time for registration, waiting time pre-consultation and consultation times were recorded on a patient survey proforma. A non-probability consecutive sampling technique was used to recruit study participants. Results: Data was collected from a total of 278 respondents. The results showed that 142(51%) participants had the total door to consultation time of 30 minutes and 86(31%) participants had the door to consultation time of 30-60 minutes 86(31%), respondents reported the actual consultation time to be 11-20 minutes and an equal percentage of participants 86(31%) responded that it was 6-10 minutes. Sixty-six percent 183(66%) participants reported that the doctors were aware of theirmedical history which helped in shorter consultation time. Conclusion: In this QIP we concluded that patients who had shorter waiting time lead to a significantly shorter door to consultation time. A few areas of concern identified in the QIP of note were; less number of registration counters and patients presenting on same day without appointments. Recommendations were made to reduce waiting times in outpatient department (OPD) which would in turn increase patient satisfaction.

Objective: To compare the effects of amiodarone with effects of combined doses of magnesium sulphate and lidocaine for prevention of ventricular fibrillation following coronary clamp release during (coronary artery bypass grafting) CABG. Study Design: Comparative cross sectional study. Place and Duration of Study: Army Cardiac Centre, Lahore Pakistan, from Jun 2021 to Dec 2021. Methodology: One hundred patients who reported at Army Cardiac Centre Lahore, Pakistan for coronary artery bypass grafting surgery, were involved in comparative study. Patients satisfying the inclusion criteria were allocated into the LM(Lidocaine Magnesium) and A (Amiodarone) groups. Following aortic cross clamp release, the incidence of ventricular fibrillation (VF) and other arrhythmias was calculated in first 30 minutes and up to 24 hours later. The ionotropic agent used was epinephrine at a rate of 0.05 to 0.1 micrograms/kg/minute. Within 15 minutes of anesthetic induction and 15 minutes after the CPB pump was removed, hemodynamic parameters were assessed and recorded. Results: Arrhythmias within 30 minutes and up to 24 hours after aortic cross clamp ACC release in A and LM group were compared. The difference between two groups, having arrhythmias and no arrhythmias was statistically insignificant (p≥0.050) except VF up to 24 hours after ACC release. The highest voltage for defibrillation was used in Group-A n=20 (40.0%) and n=27 (54.0%) in L.M group, (p=0.004). The average electrical defibrillations in group-A was less than that of group L.M,(p=0.000). While, the use of ionotropic agent was almost equal in both the groups, (p=0.975). Conclusion: Overall, the amiodarone group had a decreased incidence of VF when the ACC was released, while the difference was not statistically significant.

Although dual left anterior descending arteries are found in about 1% of the population, identification and localization of these coronaries remains a challenge for cardiac surgeons throughout coronary artery bypass graft surgery. We present a case of dual left anterior descending (LAD) coronary artery disease and highlight the techniques used for identifying these vessels.

Objective: To compare the hemodynamic stability with cisatracurium and atracurium in patients with low ejection fraction undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting. Study Design: Randomized controlled trial. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Anesthesiology, Army Cardiac Center, Lahore, from Jan 2018 to Nov 2018. Methodology: A total of 80 adult patients were recruited or invited to participate in this study. Further the cohort was divided in to two groups with respect to their treatment by draw method. Group I contained a total of 40 patients, which were given Cisatracurium 0.2mg/kg at induction of anesthesia. The group II patients constitute the same number but the treatment medication given was 0.5mg/kg Atracurium at induction. Results: Before anesthesia induction, pulse rate was 84.10 ± 5.54 bpm and 83.01 ± 5.72 bpm in group A and B, respectively (p=0.385). At 4 minutes after anesthesia induction, pulse rate was 83.05 ± 5.58 bpm and 86.37 ± 6.62 bpm in group A and B, respectively (p=0.017). Before anesthesia induction, mean arterial pressure was 71.07 ± 7.62 mmHg and 69.22 ± 10.77 mmHg in group A and B, respectively (p=0.378). At 4 minutes after anesthesia induction, mean arterial pressure was 68.22 ± 8.17 mmHg and 72.20 ± 8.09 mmHg in group A and B, respectively (p=0.032) table-II. Conclusion: We may conclude from our study that although there is significant difference of the change in arterial blood pressure due to the both drugs. The group A was having more stable hemodynamic indexes where the drug administrated was Cisatracurium.Keywords: , , , , .

BackgroundTo analyse the clinical characteristics of COVID-19 with acute ischaemic stroke (AIS) and identify factors predicting functional outcome.MethodsMulticentre retrospective cohort study of COVID-19 patients with AIS who presented to 30 stroke centres in the USA and Canada between 14 March and 30 August 2020. The primary endpoint was poor functional outcome, defined as a modified Rankin Scale (mRS) of 5 or 6 at discharge. Secondary endpoints include favourable outcome (mRS ≤2) and mortality at discharge, ordinal mRS (shift analysis), symptomatic intracranial haemorrhage (sICH) and occurrence of in-hospital complications.ResultsA total of 216 COVID-19 patients with AIS were included. 68.1% (147/216) were older than 60 years, while 31.9% (69/216) were younger. Median [IQR] National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) at presentation was 12.5 (15.8), and 44.2% (87/197) presented with large vessel occlusion (LVO). Approximately 51.3% (98/191) of the patients had poor outcomes with an observed mortality rate of 39.1% (81/207). Age >60 years (aOR: 5.11, 95% CI 2.08 to 12.56, pConclusionThere is relationship between COVID-19-associated AIS and severe disability or death. We identified several factors which predict worse outcomes, and these outcomes were more frequent compared to global averages. We found that elevated neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, rather than D-Dimer, predicted both morbidity and mortality.

Oral health is a cardinal element of nutritional as well as systemic well-being and plays a substantial part in sustaining optimum general health condition. Various factors influence oral health including metabolic diseases such as endocrine (diabetes mellitus [DM]), hematological, gastrointestinal, cutaneous, and neurological diseases. The intent of this review is to accentuate the correlation between DM and oral disorders, like those upsetting oral mucosa and supporting tissues. A review of literature was performed using relevant key words (“Oral Manifestations of Diabetes” OR “Oral Complications of Diabetes” OR “Oral Impacts of Diabetes” OR “Oral Repercussions of Diabetes“) in prominent journals pertaining to Endocrinology and Dentistry (Journal of Periodontology, Periodontology 2000, British Dental Journal, The Lancet Diabetes and Endocrinology, PloS ONE, and Nature Reviews Genetics). The most frequently witnessed diabetic manifestations in oral cavity include gingivitis and periodontitis leading to premature tooth loss, salivary dysfunctions, dental caries, delayed wound healing, bacterial and fungal infections, lichen planus, taste impairment, tongue abnormalities, neurosensory oral disorders, halitosis, and dry socket. In the end, I have comprehensively described the role of antidiabetic drugs in the management of DM and eventually leading to prevention of its oral complications. In this review, etiopathophysiology of each oral complication has been prudently analyzed to contemplate the establishment of a possible preventive and treatment approach.

Rhabdomyosarcoma is the most common soft-tissue sarcoma in children and adolescents and accounts for 3% of all pediatric tumors. Subtypes include alveolar, spindle cell, embryonal, mixed-type, pleomorphic, and rhabdomyosarcoma with ganglionic differentiation. The National Cancer Institute's Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database was queried for patients diagnosed with any type of rhabdomyosarcoma between 1973 and 2014. Patient demographics, tumor characteristics, and incidence were studied with χ2 analysis. Survival was modeled with Kaplan-Meier survival curves and Cox proportional hazards models were used to assess the effect of age and gender on survival. Pleomorphic subtype had higher grade and larger sized tumors compared to other subtypes (p 0.05). This study highlights key differences in the demographic and survival rates of the different types of rhabdomyosarcoma that can be used for more tailored patient counseling. We also demonstrate that large, population-level databases provide sufficient data that can be used in the analysis of rare tumors. © 2019 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 37:2226-2230, 2019.

Oral health is a cardinal element of nutritional as well as systemic well-being and plays a substantial part in sustaining optimum general health condition. Various factors influence oral health including metabolic diseases such as endocrine, hematological, gastrointestinal, cutaneous, and neurological diseases. The intent of this review is to highlight the treatment as well as prevention strategies for one of the most devastating repercussions of chemotherapy (CT) and radiotherapy (RT) on the oral cavity in the form of oral mucositis (OM). A review of literature was performed using relevant key words (“Mucositis” OR “Oral Mucositis” OR “Oral Stomatitis” AND “Treatment of Mucositis” OR “Treatment of Oral Mucositis” OR “Treatment of Oral Stomatitis” AND “Prevention of Mucositis” OR “Prevention of Oral Mucositis” OR “Prevention of Oral Stomatitis“) in prominent journals pertaining to Oncology and Dentistry (CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians, Cancer, Frontiers in Oncology, Journal of Clinical Oncology, and Oral Oncology). It is basically sequelae of CT, RT, and radiochemotherapy in patients suffering from malignant diseases as well as those who require hematopoietic stem cell transplants. In addition to its negative effects on the oral cavity and consequently on the overall quality of life, OM may lead to delay in cancer treatment which incriminates in a poor prognosis of the disease.

Objective: To determine the effectiveness of topical vancomycin in reducing the incidence of sternal wound infections (SWI) in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery. Study design: Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT). Material and methods: This double blinded randomized clinical trial was carried out on 276 patients scheduled for elective CABG surgery. Patients were divided into two equal groups. In patients of group A (n=138) topical vancomycin solution was used in the sternal wound, and patients in group B (n=138) topical normal saline before sternal wound closure in coronary artery bypass graft surgery. The incidence of sternal wound infection was followed over an 18 months period. Major risk factors like diabetes mellitus (DM), smoking, and prolonged operation time i,e cardiopulmonary bypass time (CPB time) and cross clamp time were also evaluated.

Introduction: Amongst healthcare associated infections (HAIs), surgical site infections (SSIs) are a preventable cause of increased morbidity and mortality and are associated with substantial financial costs. SSI rates are an indicator of the quality of surgical and postoperative care, which necessitates the need for robust surveillance systems for these healthcare associated infections. Patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) are at a greater risk for infection due to their relatively older age and the presence of comorbid conditions like diabetes mellitus and obesity.

Although certainly not the first line treatment for plantar fibromas, surgical resection is a treatment option for some patients with have failed exhaustive non-surgical treatment. The use of topical Mitomycin C has been recently shown to reduce the recurrence rate of other fibrous lesions. The purpose of this study was to determine the impact of topical application of Mitomycin C on recurrence rate of plantar fibromas. A retrospective analysis was done from a prospectively gathered database with a total 50 consecutive patients over a 16-month study period. The control group (n = 29) consisted of patients who underwent only surgical resection, while the study group (n = 21) consisted of patients who underwent surgical resection with adjuvant therapy using Mitomycin C. The primary endpoint was local recurrence after the procedure. Secondary end points included complications and toxicity associated with this medication. No patients were lost to follow up. Of the 29 patients in the control group, there were 17 patients (17/29, 58.6%) had recurrence of the plantar fibroma at a mean follow-up of 9.1 months. In contrast, in the experimental study group, all patients were free from local recurrence. No complications or side effects were associated with Mitomycin C use. The results demonstrate that the topical application of Mitomycin C to the tumor bed after surgical resection of plantar fibromas reduced the recurrence rate. © 2018 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 36:2554-2561, 2018.

Aim\ud \ud To identify and analyse the main features of the top 100 most‐cited randomized controlled trials, systematic reviews and meta‐analyses published in endodontic journals from 1961 to 2018.\ud \ud \ud Methodology\ud \ud The Clarivate Analytics’ Web of Science ‘All Databases’ was used to search and analyse the 100 most frequently cited randomized controlled trials, systematic reviews and meta‐analyses having ‘randomized’, ‘randomised’, ‘randomized controlled’, ‘randomised controlled’, ‘randomized controlled trial’, ‘randomized controlled trials’, ‘clinical trial’, ‘systematic’, ‘systematic review’, ‘meta‐analysis’, and ‘meta‐analyses’ in the title section. The ‘International Endodontic Journal’, ‘Journal of Endodontics’, ‘Oral Surgery Oral Medicine Oral Pathology Oral Radiology and Endodontology’, ‘Australian Endodontic Journal’, ‘Endodontics & Dental Traumatology’, ‘Endo‐Endodontic Practice Today’ and ‘European Endodontic Journal’ were included in the publication name section. After ranking the articles in a descending order based on their citation counts, each article was cross‐matched with the citation counts in Elsevier's Scopus and Google Scholar. The articles were analysed, and information on citation counts, citation density, year of publication, contributing authors, institutions and countries, journal of publication, study design, topic of the article and keywords was extracted.\ud \ud \ud Results\ud \ud The citation counts of the 100 most‐cited articles varied from 235 to 20 (Web of Science), 276 to 17 (Scopus) and 696 to 1 (Google Scholar). The year in which the top 100 articles were published was 2010 (n = 13). Among 373 authors, the greatest number of articles was associated with three individuals namely Reader A (n = 5), Beck M (n = 5) and Kvist T (n = 5). Most of the articles originated from the United States (n = 24) with the greatest contribution from Ohio State University (USA) (n = 5). Randomized controlled trials were the most frequent study design (n = 45) followed by systematic reviews (n = 30) with outcome studies of root canal treatment being the major topic (n = 35). The Journal of Endodontics published the largest number of included articles (n = 70) followed by the International Endodontic Journal (n = 27). Among 259 unique keywords, meta‐analysis (n = 23) and systematic review (n = 23) were the most frequently used. \ud \ud \ud Conclusion\ud \ud This study has revealed that year of publication had no obvious impact on citation count. The bibliometric analysis highlighted the quantity and quality of research, and the evolution of scientific advancements made in the field of Endodontology over time. Articles before 1996, that is prior to the CONSORT statement that encouraged authors to include specific terms in the title and keywords, may not have been included in this electronic search.

The influence of politics on economic policy is not fully understood. The challenge to ensure political inclusiveness and economic prosperity remains. Perhaps, one way to attain this objective is by increasing political competition. This paper gathers empirical evidence from Pakistan, a country with a checkered political history characterized by episodes of representative, non-representative, and indirectly elected governments. In recent years, the country has witnessed a gradual strengthening of democratic rules with economic progress. Focusing on nine elections held over 1970 to 2015 the authors measure political competition and estimate its impact on economic policy. Contrary to popular conceptions about Pakistan’s economy, they find a positive association between lack of political competition and poor economic policy. This finding holds at national as well as subnational levels in Pakistan and withstands a number of robustness tests.

Objectives: We assessed reference Hematological parameters values variation including Total Leucocyte Count (TLC), Hemoglobin (Hb), Platelet Counts (PLT) and Red Blood Cells (RBC) in neonates and its comparison with the similar natured research international studies. Subjects and Methods: Research was descriptive in nature conducted at Services Hospital, Lahore (Department of Hematology) in the time span of six months starting from August, 2016 to January, 2017. Non-probability method of sampling was used for selection of a sample that consisted of 400 neonates. We assessed the samples of the blood by using an automated hematology analyzer (Sysmex Kx-21) for Total Leucocyte Count (TLC), Hemoglobin (Hb), Platelet Counts (PLT) and Red Blood Cells (RBC). Results: Reference values taken as (mean 7 SD) for RBC, TLC and platelets count were respectively (4.931012 / l & 0.54), (16.109 / l & 5.35) and (258.499109 / l & 70.5). These mean values were more than the values reported in the international research studies. Reference mean Hb value was low than the internationally reported values as (14g/dl & 2.5) which was reported (16.89 g/dl & 1.92) in the international research studies. As per the comparative research the mean values and SD in the international research study were observed about RBC, TLC and Platelets as (4.21012 / l & 1.2), (12.109 / l & 7) and (200109 / l & 50). Conclusions: Our hematological parameters reference values of neonates are not same as implemented in international research studies; which leads to a conclusion that numerous and different ethnic, maternal, nutritional, environmental, cultural and socioeconomic factors have an effect on the neonatal hematological parameters. Key words: Total Leucocyte Count (TLC), Hemoglobin (Hb), Platelet Counts (PLT) and Red Blood Cells (RBC), Neonates, Hematological and Parameters.

Project management is the use of different techniques to deliver project with meeting required objectives within defined constraints. Corporate strategy is plan by which organizations aspire to achieve organizational business goals. In recent times, project management is also used to achieve organizational goals by aligning project management with business strategy of an organization. This research is carried to explore the effects of aligning project management with business strategy on projects and organizations. Case studies were carried out in three organizations; one from public sector; one from private and one from semi-government organization. Results of this research revealed that alignment of business strategy with project management is beneficial for both organization and projects especially in terms of organizational growth and project success.

Although certainly not the first line treatment for plantar fibromas, surgical resection is a treatment option for some patients with have failed exhaustive non-surgical treatment. The use of topical Mitomycin C has been recently shown to reduce the recurrence rate of other fibrous lesions. The purpose of this study was to determine the impact of topical application of Mitomycin C on recurrence rate of plantar fibromas. A retrospective analysis was done from a prospectively gathered database with a total 50 consecutive patients over a 16-month study period. The control group (n = 29) consisted of patients who underwent only surgical resection, while the study group (n = 21) consisted of patients who underwent surgical resection with adjuvant therapy using Mitomycin C. The primary endpoint was local recurrence after the procedure. Secondary end points included complications and toxicity associated with this medication. No patients were lost to follow up. Of the 29 patients in the control group, there were 17 patients (17/29, 58.6%) had recurrence of the plantar fibroma at a mean follow-up of 9.1 months. In contrast, in the experimental study group, all patients were free from local recurrence. No complications or side effects were associated with Mitomycin C use. The results demonstrate that the topical application of Mitomycin C to the tumor bed after surgical resection of plantar fibromas reduced the recurrence rate. © 2018 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 36:2554-2561, 2018.

Project management is the use of different techniques to deliver project with meeting required objectives within defined constraints. Corporate strategy is plan by which organizations aspire to achieve organizational business goals. In recent times, project management is also used to achieve organizational goals by aligning project management with business strategy of an organization. This research is carried to explore the effects of aligning project management with business strategy on projects and organizations. Case studies were carried out in three organizations; one from public sector; one from private and one from semi-government organization. Results of this research revealed that alignment of business strategy with project management is beneficial for both organization and projects especially in terms of organizational growth and project success.

Aspirin is used as an analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory drug. Density and viscosity of acetyl salicylic acid (2-acetoxy benzoic acid) in propan-1-ol, propan-2-ol, butan-1-ol, and butan-...

Densities and viscosities of salicyl amide, salicylic acid, and acetyl salicylic acid (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs) in two aprotic solvents namely, dimethyl sulfoxide and acetonitrile at T = (293.15, 298.15, 303.15, 308.15, 310.15, and 313.15) K have been determined in a molality range of (9.7 · 10−3 to 33.3 · 10−3) mol · kg−1. The data have been used to calculate apparent molar volumes (Vϕ,), and viscosity B-coefficients. The partial molar volumes and hydration numbers have been determined at different temperatures. The effect of temperature on the thermodynamic properties has been studied by determining partial molar expansibilities ∂ V m 0 / ∂ T and Hepler’s constant ∂ 2 V m 0 / ∂ T 2 . Free energies of activation for viscous flow of the solution were obtained by application of the transition state theory of solutions to the B-coefficient data and the corresponding activation enthalpies are reported.

Notriptyline hydrochloride and trimipramine maleate are used as antidepressants and analgesics. The density and viscosity of the aqueous solutions of these compounds are measured in a range of molality, m = (9.7·10−6 to 32.5·10−6) mol·g−1, at T = (293.15 to 313.15) K using a commercial densimeter and viscometer. The apparent molar volume (Vϕ), partial molar volume (Vm0), partial molar expansivity (E20), thermal expansion coefficient (α2), and Hepler’s constant (∂2Vm0/∂T2) are calculated from the density data. The values of the B-coefficient and hydration number (Hn) are computed from the viscosity data.

Background: p53 mutations are etiologically associated with the development of squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs) or with exposure to specific carcinogens. The study was conducted to examine the relationship of immunohistochemistry (IHC) scores between altered p53 protein expression in relation to patient’s habits and histological grades and stages of SCC. Materials and Methods: IHC scores of p53 protein expression were determined and correlated on 100 biopsies from patients with matched habits, age, sex and site including 20 normal skin and 80 SCC samples of various grades and stages. Results: A good association of p53 expression was seen among smokers and betel quid (BQ) users. As compared with normal skin (2.45 ± 1.26), the SCC sample showed a significant rise in IHC scores for p53 protein expression, with transitions from SCC in situ to well-differentiated SCC to moderately differentiated SCC to poorly differentiated SCC (27.5 ± 2.7, 41.2 ± 5.8, 42.83 ± 5.26 and 71.05 ± 13.3, respectively). Finally, IHC scores for p53 expression were found to be related to histological grading and staging of SCC (r = 0.9322, r = 0.863, p

Background: Epidermal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is a common malignancy in Pakistan. We hypothesize that it is characterized by higher frequency of p53 genetic mutations and increased AgNOR values compared with squamous cell papilloma (SCP) and basal cell carcinoma (BCC). Experimental design: To test our hypothesis, 140 skin biopsies (including 20 normal skin, 20 SCP, 20 BCC and 80 SCC samples of various grades) were examined for p53 mutations using immunohistochemistry (IHC) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). AgNOR staining was used for histological determination of AgNOR index. Results: Both markers were undetectable in normal skin and were low in SCP. They were upregulated in BCC and SCC. PCR experiments revealed p53 mutations in 70% and 96.25% of BCC and SCC, respectively. Higher AgNOR values were seen in SCC than in BCC (mean AgNOR count = 5.81 ± 31 and 8.36 ± 19; percentage of AgNOR was 43.5% and 53% in BCC and SCC, respectively). Finally, p53 IHC score was found to be related to the AgNOR index in the histological grading of BCC and SCC (r = +0.983, p

Measurements of density, viscosity, and refractive index of three pharmacologically significant drugs, i.e. diclofenac sodium, cetrizine, and doxycycline have been carried in aqueous medium at T = (293.15 to 313.15) K. An automated vibrating-tube densimeter, viscometer, and refractometer are used in a concentration range from (7.5) · 10−3 to 25 · 10−3) mol · kg−1. The precise density results are used to evaluate the apparent molar volume, partial molar volume, thermal expansion coefficient, partial molar expansivity, and the Hepler’s constant. Viscosity results are used to calculate the Jones–Dole viscosity B-coefficient, free energy of activation of the solute and solvent, activation enthalpy, and activation entropy. The molar refractive indices of the drug solutions can be employed to calculate molar refraction. It is inferred from these results that the above mentioned drugs act as structure-making compounds due to hydrophobic hydration of the molecules in the drugs.

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) exhibit analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic and platelet inhibitory properties. Density and viscosity of salicyl amide, salicylic acid, and acetyl salicylic acid in water, methanol, and ethanol at T = (293.15 to 313.15) K have been measured in a molality range of (9.7·10−3 to 32.5·10−3) mol·kg−1 with the help of a commercially available vibrating-tube densimeter and viscometer. From the density data, apparent molar volume (Vϕ,1), partial molar volume (Vm∞), thermal expansion coefficient (α∞2), and (∂2Vm∞/∂T2) are calculated. The viscosity data are analyzed by the Jones−Dole equation to determine the values of the viscosity B-coefficient.

Phenyl salicylate (PS) is employed as a nervous system depressant as well as an intestinal antiseptic owing to its antibacterial activity upon hydrolysis in the small intestine. The study of changes in its physico-chemical properties in different solvents may be helpful in understanding the mechanism of the drug action at physiological body temperatures. The partial molar quantities, namely, apparent molar volume ( V ϕ ), partial molar volume ( V m °), thermal expansion coefficient ( α 2 ) and partial molar expansivity ( E 2 0 ) of phenyl salicylate in various protic solvents (i.e. methanol, ethanol, 1-propanol, 2-propanol, 1-butanol and 2-butanol at T = 293.15 K–313.15 K have been determined. The density and viscosity data in a molality range of 9.4 × 10 − 3 –3.1 × 10 − 2 mol/kg are obtained with the help of commercially available vibrating tube densimeter and viscometer, respectively. The variation in the volumetric parameters resulting due to changes in temperature and the nature of solvents are explained on the basis of the drug–solvent hydrogen bonding, dielectric constant and dipole moments of the solvents used. The viscosity data is analyzed by the Jones–Dole equation and the derived viscosity B -coefficient is interpreted in terms of drug–solvent interactions. The molar Gibbs free energy ∆ G 2 0# , enthalpy Δ H 2 0# and entropy Δ S 2 0# of activation for viscous flow in various protic solvents are determined using the transition state theory of solutions.

This study was conducted to investigate the prognostic value and therapeutic response of treatment modalities on p53 protein expression and AgNOR index in squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Furthermore, based on data, we proposed a new p53 immunohistochemistry (IHC) scoring system. Sixty albino mice were given 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracine (DMBA) and 12-O-tetradecanoly Phorbol-13-acetate (TPA) to produce skin tumors. The retinoids were given after the development of tumors. p53 immunohistochemical and AgNOR staining was performed on the sections taken before and after the retinoid administration. p53 protein was expressed in 31 of the lesions (60.8%). AgNOR index was high in all 51 (100%) of the pretreated lesions. There was a marked decrease in the expression of p53 protein in 16/51 (31.4%) and AgNOR index in 36/51 (70.6%) in post-treated mice. There was no decrease in the expression of both markers in mice harboring malignant neoplasms. p53 IHC scores were 0, I, and II in epidermal hyperplasia, papilloma, and dysplasia, respectively, while they were II, III, IV, and V in SCC in situ, well-differentiated, moderately differentiated, and poorly differentiated SCCs, respectively. Alteration of p53 and AgNOR index occured during the development of SCC. The p53 IHC scores are directly related to the grades of malignancy. Both markers might be used as a supportive tool with routinely performed Hematoxylin and Eosin staining and may help in the diagnosis of SCC. The newly proposed p53 IHC scoring system will help histopathologists in making their differential diagnosis among benign, premalignant, and malignant lesions. It will also help the oncologists to assess the prognosis and effectiveness of their chemotherapy.

The nucleolar organizer regions (NORs) are chromosomal loops of DNA involved in ribosomal synthesis (Gall and Pardue 1969). Associated with NORs there are some nucleolar proteins, which are stained with silver methods (AgNOR proteins or AgNORs) (Derenzini and Ploton 1991). AgNORs can be identified as black dots in the nuclei. Their size and number reflect nucleolar and cell proliferative activity of tumours (Derenzini et al. 1990). A simple silver staining technique (AgNOR method) (Pich et al. 1995) can easily detect AgNORs in formalin-fixed, paraffin embedded tissues and permits a rapid evaluation of morphology and tumour cell kinetics even on small biopsies. Estimation of AgNORs parameters (number, size and distribution) has been applied in tumour pathology both for diagnostic and prognostic purposes. AgNOR number and distribution in the nucleus (configuration) were useful in the detection and prognosis of some neoplasias, such as renal, bladder, and pharyngeal carcinoma, multiple myeloma, and skin melanocytic lesions (Pich et al. 1995). AgNOR analysis in multiple myeloma allowed the identification of atypical plasma cells with different proliferative activity in bone marrow biopsies (Pich et al. 1992). It was helpful in the classification of urothelial carcinoma in different grades of malignancy and in subdividing patients with grade II transitional cell carcinomas into low- and high-risk groups (Helpap et al. 1994; Pich et al. 1994). Typing of AgNOR size and dispersion was also found to be an easy and reproducible alternative to traditional AgNOR counts for differentiating malignant from non-malignant effusions. These parameters should be correlated with the already established but expensive techniques of AgNOR area and size imaging by electron microscopy and flow cytometry, as an economical alternative (Khan et al. 2006). There are different methods of AgNOR staining. One of these was originally introduced by Ploton et al. (1986), who tried to improve the staining by using as toning agent 10% sodium thiosulphate without any counterstain. Another method was adopted by Mourad et al. (1993, 1997), who used 1% gold chloride as a toning agent, and slides were counterstained. Banacroft has mentioned a different method and recommended light counter stain and 1% gold chloride as toning agent (Banacroft 2002). In the present study, we adopted both methods and compared their results. The objective was to compare the different staining techniques used for AgNOR and to determine the best method.