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This study developed an eco-friendly magnetic solid-phase extraction (MSPE) method coupled with spectrophotometry (MSPE-UV–Vis) for the preconcentration and determination of Acid Yellow 23 (AY 23) dye in syrup drink samples. Graphene oxide/cobalt oxide/iron oxide magnetic nanoparticles (GO-MNPs) were synthesized via photo-irradiation and employed as adsorbents. Under optimal conditions, the linear range was 0.2–5 mg/L, the limit of detection (LOD) was 0.0104 mg/L, and the limit of quantification (LOQ) was 0.0314 mg/L, with good sensitive values of preconcentration factor (25) and enhancement factor (6). This highlights the successful extraction and concentration of AY 23 dye into a small volume of 1 mL of 0.01 N NaOH through the MSPE process at 3 min. The kinetic experiment showed that the adsorption follows pseudo-second-order (PSO) kinetics, while the isotherm experiment followed the Langmuir isotherm model. The application of greenness and blueness assessment tools (AES, GAPI, AGREE, and BAGI) confirmed that MSPE can be considered a green chemistry method. The proposed MSPE-UV–Vis method offers advantages such as low cost, simplicity, reduced solvent consumption, and minimal environmental impact, making it a promising alternative to conventional methods for AY 23 dye analysis.

Nanoparticles have several applications in commercial and pharmaceutical products owing to their exceptional antibacterial characteristics. Nonetheless, the extensive creation of nanoparticles has significant concerns regarding their toxicological and environmental effects. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and xanthine oxidase (XO) are important enzymes in neuroscience, toxicology, and pharmacology, which makes them good targets for studying how nanoparticles affect these areas. This study involved the synthesis of spherical silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using ultraviolet (UV) irradiation and their subsequent characterization regarding structural and optical properties. The synthesizer technique utilized X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to ascertain the form and size of the nanoparticles, indicating an average diameter of approximately 20.23 nm. An enzymatic test evaluated the inhibitory effects of the synthesized Ag NPs on AChE and XO, using donepezil and allopurinol as positive controls. The results demonstrated that the Ag NPs displayed minimal enzyme inhibitory activity relative to the positive controls. This work underscores the necessity for additional research on the effects of nanoparticle interactions with essential biological systems.

Bone is the second organ of the human body that has the most transplants. The concept of bone repair has evolved over the past five decades and is known as the third generation of biomaterials. During the integration of nanotechnology with bioceramics, an emerging research field called nanobioceramics has been born within the third generation of biomaterials. Due to the chemical similarity with the mineral content of human bone, nanobioceramics are included in the definition of a new generation of biomaterials whose main purpose is to create a microenvironment to improve cellular responses leading to osteogenesis. Hydroxyapatite is a member of the calcium phosphate family. This substance, which is a bioactive and biocompatible compound, is considered the main mineral component of bone tissue. Due to the chemical and structural similarity of this compound with bone, it is widely used in the field of bone tissue repair and dental and orthopedic applications. Many of the basic properties of hydroxyapatite can be improved and improved by changing the scale of its particles to nanoparticles. Therefore, in recent years, various methods for the synthesis of nanohydroxyapatite have been reported. Using different characterization methods, the quality of synthesized nanostructures can be checked. In addition to bone-related fields, nanohydroxyapatite is also used as a carrier in the transfer of various materials, including drugs, vitamins, and proteins. In this article, in modern times, advances in the field of biomedical research focusing on the use of bioceramics in the treatment of various diseases, the function of vital organs, and tissue engineering have brought new hopes to regenerative medicine. Various methods are being investigated to synthesize bioceramic materials using natural and synthetic materials. There are several challenges to enable cost-effective material synthesis and minimize the rejection of bioceramics in biological systems. One of the major challenges in incorporating foreign materials into body systems is to improve their acceptance and reduce their rejection by humans and other organisms by studying their immune responses. When developing biocompatible ceramic materials, the mechanical and chemical properties of the ceramic material are one of the most important parameters for their acceptance in humans. The evaluation criteria of mechanical, chemical and biological properties of bioceramics using various existing approaches play a crucial role in validating the use of bioceramics. State-of-the-art techniques for synthesis and evaluation of bioceramic properties can improve their biomedical applications.

Recent advances in the production and use of cellulose nanoparticles are detailed in this review. Global demand for sustainability is on the rise, and fossil fuel use is also on the rise. Consequently, the oil and gas industry must maintain its focus on R&D of new, environmentally friendly technologies and materials. Oil and gas companies are interested in cellulose nanoparticles (CNMs) for several reasons, including their renewable potential, high specific surface area, adjustable surface chemistry, and good mechanical, barrier, thermal, and rheological characteristics. Oil and gas production will become more sustainable and environmentally friendly as a result of all this. There are many manufacturing procedures that may be used to manufacture materials with different structures and physicochemical qualities. Biomedicine, sensing, wastewater treatment, paper and cardboard manufacture, and the packaging sector are just a few of the many fields that benefit from cellulose nanomaterials (CNMs), especially cellulose nanofibers and cellulose nanocrystals. These materials have several desirable characteristics, such as being renewable, having a large surface area, being very stiff and strong under tension, and being very flexible on the surface because of hydroxyl groups. This has led to the scale production of these materials; for example, several companies currently make cellulose nanoparticles in quantities of several tons per day. The remarkable properties of nano-cellulose biopolymers, which may be produced by a wide range of microbes and plant materials, including rice husks, tea leaves, and other agricultural byproducts, have recently attracted more attention due to the development of nanotechnology. Scientists use a range of methods, including chemical, mechanical, and enzymatic processes, to synthesize cellulose nanoparticles from food scraps. Nanomaterials' primary characteristics are defined by their surface functionalization, extraction source, and extraction processes. In this article, we will examine their present production rates and their applications in several areas, including as healthcare, sustainable construction materials, and energy storage and generation. Our focus will be on recent developments and upcoming trends in the production and use of cellulose nanoparticles. The purpose of this article is to provide a synopsis of what is known about cellulose and its technical biological uses, including its ability to heal wounds, transport drugs, construct tissues, and regenerate bones. The most recent findings from both basic and applied research are contained in a comprehensive bibliography. Materials derived from cellulose may be modified to possess the specific physical, mechanical, and chemical characteristics needed for use in the biomedical field. It doesn't take much work to alter cellulose's chemical structure and conjugate it with other materials, including nanoparticles. Because of this, the applications are straightforward to form and process, inexpensive, biodegradable, and biocompatible.

The incidence of chronic diseases in contemporary society has been steadily rising with the ageing population. They place a significant strain on both people and the healthcare system, and they are the leading cause of death. As a result, novel detection methods that allow for early identification of chronic diseases to manage therapy are in high demand. Modern sensing tools have emerged in the form of biosensors, which can detect biomarkers and transform them into quantifiable signals. The fields of environmental science, agriculture, drug discovery, biotechnology, food safety, and medical diagnostics might all benefit from the data they provide. The development of more precise, sensitive, and selective diagnostic tools is, nevertheless, of the utmost importance, as is the ability to identify biomarkers as disease indicators at very low concentrations. Nano biosensors are a new generation of analytical instruments that have evolved from the integration of nanomaterials with biosensors. One promising option for continuous, real-time health monitoring is nanostructured biosensors, which provide exceptional sensitivity, selectivity, and reproducibility. Nano biosensors are categorized in this extensive study according to their size, production process, and transduction mechanism. Also, talk about the latest developments and uses for nano biosensors, and cover some important elements of them, focusing on their electrochemistry and optical characteristics. Further research is needed to fully understand nano biosensors and their potential as a tool for personalized treatment, since there are still many unknowns about their biocompatibility, toxicity, stability, and integration into the human body.

Sustainable nanotechnology uses nanomaterials to improve processes that have adverse environmental effects. This includes the development of environmentally friendly nanoparticle products, the use of nanotechnology to promote sustainable behaviors, and the use of products developed using nanotechnology to support sustainability. In this article, we present a new sustainable approach to produce zero-valent gold nanoparticles based on green synthesis methods and using Alchemilla vulgaris L. leaf extract as a sealant. Our sealant enables the required rapid and cost-efficient small-scale, high-quality production. Crystal arrangement in X-ray diffraction (XRD) was used to analyze the gold NPs, which confirmed the face-centered cubic shape of the prepared samples with a crystal structure with a distance between two adjacent crystal faces of 15.63 nm in fcc. lattice structure of 1.225–2.342 ˚A. Analysis of the synthesized products using energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) revealed the presence of only elemental gold (Au), indicating the purity of the material. EDX mapping of the particles revealed exceptional dispersion of metallic gold. The morphology, optical properties, and particle size of the nano synthesized products were examined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), UV–visible absorption, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), which revealed that the particle diameter of Au NPs was between 18 and 32 nm.

Substantial health issues have recently resulted from the sharp rise of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Researchers are looking for substitute antimicrobial agents to manage or stop pathogen-induced illnesses. Effective antibacterial drugs are developed using a variety of techniques, and nanoscale is definitely a promising substance in this regard. In this work, it was provided a unique quick sustainable synthesis approach of Mn2O3, CuO and CuO/Mn2O3 using a continuous laser diode (CLD). Manganese (II) acetate, deionized water|(DW), and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) are used to prepare a gelatinous solution of Manganese (II) hydroxide Mn(OH)2. A gelatinous solution of Mn(OH)2 was poured into a circular plate and then it was bombarded by a continuous laser diode. A black powder of Mn2O3 nanoparticles was obtained. The nanoparticles were characterized using various techniques such as Scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmitted electron microscope (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). XRD results of the MnO2 nanoparticles show a high degree of crystallinity. The average particle size of 38 [nm] can be observed for samples prepared at time 30 min was determined by SEM and 30 nm by TEM. Mn2O3, CuO and CuO/Mn2O3 nanoparticles were used for decontamination and inactivation of Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus, pseudomonas and Candid strain clinical isolates as an alternative sterilization method. The Antibacterial activity shows that Mn2O3 has a minimum activity while CuO and CuO/Mn2O3 are more influential. The conclusion considered a new direct way to synthesize of Mn2O3, CuO, and CuO/Mn2O3 nanoparticles that is employed in many scientific applications.

The widespread occurrence of chronic demyelinating MS presents a significant challenge for ongoing research aimed at comprehending its progression, diagnosis, and treatment. In our research, we have devised a novel approach to quantify CHI3L1 (Chitinase-3-like protein 1), which has emerged as a valuable biomarker in MS because of its involvement in inflammation, tissue remodeling, and immune response—crucial factors in regulating damaged nerve cells and preventing their accumulation in the brain, utilizing sandwich ELISA technology. This innovative method primarily depends on gold nanoparticles synthesized through a novel process of photo-irradiation with ultraviolet light. The crystal structure and particle size of sustainable zero-valent gold nanoparticles were measured using X-ray diffraction (XRD), which proved the cubic shape, with a cubic unit cell edge length of 4.0095 Å. The transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM) demonstrated that the distribution of Au NPs is uniform, with an average diameter of 22 nm. The UV–Vis spectrum, displaying a pronounced absorbance peak at a wavelength of 548 nm, suggests the presence of Au NPs. The optimal conditions for the formation of the Au-biotinylated antibody-HRP complex were studied. The optimum pH was 7, the dilution ratio of AuNPs with biotinylated antibody-HRP was 1:3, and the concentration of nanogold was (1 × 10−3 mg/ml) to avoid increasing it. Then a standard curve was drawn for this method and compared to the traditional method, and it was found to be twice as sensitive as the traditional method, with a high accuracy of CV% (3–6 %) as well as a rapid color generation for measurement. This method, based on gold nanoparticles that are considered a carrier for biotinylated antibody-HRP, was applied for the first time to measure CHI3L1 in the sera and cerebrospinal fluid of patients with multiple sclerosis, and the results demonstrated the accuracy and sensitivity of the method. The method has the potential to be an excellent tool for evaluating CHI3L1 and may have applications in other diseases for rapid diagnosis and timely treatment.

Background: The association between polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and oxidative stress in women, the possible causes of PCOS, insulin resistance (IR), obesity, and oxidative stress. Oxidants are chemical elements that tend to gain electrons, losing positive charge. The Oxidative Stress (OS) is defined as an imbalance between the formation and synthesis of free radicals and the antioxidant defense system, which results in oxidative damage. Objective: The purpose of this research is to investigate the effect of nano-melatonin on oxidative stress in the sera of patients with polycystic syndrome. Methods: The study includes 120 Iraqi women, divided into two groups: 60 PCOS patients and 60 healthy control patients. Sample Analysis Biochemistry analyses the hormonal profile and determines the hormonal levels (LH, FSH, Testosterone, and Prolactin) that were identified for all controls and patients. Hormones analysis was performed using the enzyme-linked fluorescent assay (ELFA) technique. Synthesized ML nanoparticles by ultrasonic sonication. Results: The results indicate that the mean of serum LH significantly increased (P0.05) when compared the BMI

Background: Copper tin oxide (Cu-SnO3) is a cheap and easily accessible tunable that has a 2.5-5 eV bandgap. It is a desirable semi-conductor because of these components for a number of applications, including transparent conducting oxides, transistors, solar cells and photocatalytic. Objective: The aim of this research is to increase the rate of yellow dye removal percentage efficiency by using Photo Irradiation Method that rate was determined between (59 to 76) % by the simple chemical method. Methods: Photo irradiation method used to synthesis Cu-SnO3 from precursor materials, the solution is irradiated by photocell for 30min with cooling (5°C) then drop sodium hydroxide (4 g in 100 ml) then washed, isolated by centrifugation for 20 minutes, grinding the dried powder and calcinated at (450 °C). Results: The crystallite size and the crystal structure of Cu-SnO3 NPs are (43-8.2) nm with a tetragonal structure. Field Emission-Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM) results displayed the formation of spherical and semispherical and an average size of (35.97 - 74.43) nm. The optical energy gap value (Eg) is 5 eV. It is clear from the disappearance of tartrazine’s yellow hue in an aqueous solution that the combination was shaken at 298 K and 185 rpm. Conclusions: Prove that the removal percentage process by a photo-irradiation method is more effective than other used methods.

Nicotine, a component of tobacco smoke, is a neurotoxin. It exerts its effects by stimulating nicotine-containing acetylcholine receptors. Nicotine, one of over 4,700 components in tobacco smoke, was previously used as an insecticide in agriculture. Although the use of nicotine in agriculture has been banned in many countries, nicotine poisoning due to accidental or intentional ingestion of nicotine products remains a problem for smoking workers as well as children and adults. Understanding the mechanisms of nicotine poisoning is important for both prevention and treatment, as well as for appropriate regulatory approaches. We study the pharmacological properties of nicotine and the cellular mechanisms underlying acute and persistent nicotine addiction that appear to be related to the central and peripheral nervous systems. The electrochemical properties of nicotine were studied using a glassy carbon-chitosan/multiwalled carbon nanotubes-COOH electrode. Nicotine-COOH via chitosan/multiwalled carbon nanotubes was irreversibly reduced in the presence of oxygen and nitrogen gas. Oxidation signals at lower potentials and higher currents were obtained for nicotine via the modified electrode compared to the glassy carbon electrode. This condition proliferated in the presence of oxygen gas, suggesting that nanotubes, including carbon nanotubes, facilitate electron transfer and form the basis for electrocatalytic nicotine applications. Under optimal conditions, cyclic voltammetry (CV) shows oxidation of nicotine in the presence of oxygen at 0.74 V and nitrogen at 0.81 V in phosphate buffer solution at pH = 7.4. Linear calibration curves range from 0.1 to 200 μM for oxygen and 0.05 to 200 μM for nitrogen conditions, both with R2 = 0.99, and detection limits of 7.1 for oxygen and 9.2 nM for nitrogen.

One-dimensional nanostructures are generally cited as nanowires, nanofibers, nanotubes, and so on. The foremost prominent feature of these materials is their electrical conductivity, which, unlike classical physics, doesn't increase their resistance because the diameter decreases. Numerous properties of these materials like electrical conductivity, optical, magnetic, biological, and environmental their sensory have created many applications for them altogether industries. nanowires (NWs) propose potential impact on electronics, computing, memory, data storage, communications, manufacturing, health, medicine, national security, and other economic sectors as well. NWs offer excellent surface-to-volume ratio (interface phenomena), low defect density, high optical output, and controllable n-type conductivity, making them more appropriate and sensitive for sensing applications. NWs with their ultra-sensitive and real-time detection capabilities lend their applications in nano biosensors, chemical sensors, gas sensors, and electrochemical sensors. NWs have been used in improving the optical absorption as well as for the collection efficacy in photovoltaic devices. NWs having small size, low weight, low cost for mass production, and are also compatible with commercial planar processes for large-scale circuitry. In the paper, the authors are focusing to summarize the recent advances in NWs with their potential applications in various fields such as research, health, security, education, entertainment, and power generation.

Today, in diverse medical and clinical fields, including cancer treatment, nanoscience has evolved and evolved. Cancer and its forms, on the other hand, have been rumored and inclusive, and many individuals suffer from this fatal and lethal condition. Actually, even with the medicinal effect, current therapeutic approaches, including chemotherapy, radiotherapy, etc., create symptoms that are inconvenient for patients. Scientists and scholars are also working to establish and, strengthen the options and methods of therapy to deal with this dangerous illness. Nanoscience and nanotechnology have been popular today, their different areas, including nanoparticles, are commonly used for a number of applications, especially for drug delivery and diagnostic products, and cases of imaging. Release mechanisms focused on nanotechnology have a profound effect on the release of cancer drugs. Biomaterials and bio-engineering developments are leading to novel approaches to nanoparticles that could offer a new way for cancer patients to improve. In the drug release method, Nano-technology has had a great effect on the selection of cancer cells, the release of a targeted drug, and the overcoming of traditional chemotherapy limitations. This article discusses the drug delivery to tumor tissue, a method that is more effective than traditional drug delivery methods, also many new nanoparticles have solved the problem of cell resistance to the drug, provided a new field in the treatment of cancer.

In this study, the adsorption of Fast Green dye (FGD) on the surface of ferrous ferric oxide Fe3O4 MNPs and Graphene oxide Nano-Sheets/ferrous ferric oxide GO/Fe3O4 MNPs as adsorbents was examined. The photo-irradiation method was successfully used to synthesize Fe3O4 MNPs and GO/Fe3O4 MNPs using UV lamp. Raman spectroscopy was used to characterize the GO and GO/ Fe3O4 MNPs. XRD, FESEM, and EDX were used to characterize the Fe3O4 MNPs and GO/ Fe3O4 MNPs. Optimal adsorption conditions were studied, including a contact time of 60 min, MNPs amount of 0.05 g, pH 2, FGD concentration of 10 mg/L, and temperature of 308 K. Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin, and Dubinin–Radushkevich (D-R) isotherm models were used to fit the experimental equilibrium data at five different temperatures (288, 298, 308, 318, and 328 K). It was noticed that FGD adsorption on Fe3O4 MNPs and GO/ Fe3O4 MNPs is consistent with the Freundlich model at 308 K. The PSO rate kinetics suggests that both MNPs are promising materials for the removal of FGD from aqueous solutions. Thermodynamic studies showed that the adsorption processes are non-spontaneous on both MNPs surfaces, endothermic for Fe3O4 MNPs, and exothermic for GO/ Fe3O4 MNPs. All the results confirm that Fe3O4 MNPs and GO/ Fe3O4 MNPs have the potential to be efficient, low-cost, reusable, and stable adsorbents for the removal of FGD from aqueous solutions.

Background: Nanomaterials play a significant role in the field of water treatment due to their environment-friendly and appealing physical and chemical characteristics. Objective: The purpose of this research is to evaluate whether graphene oxide adsorbents can effectively remove hymexazol pesticide from an aqueous solution. Methods: Graphene oxide (GO) was prepared by the modified Hummer method, and it was characterized by a number characterization techniques, including XRD, Raman spectroscopy, FE-SEM, TEM, and EDX. Furthermore, the performances of the GO adsorbents for the removal of hymexazol from aqueous solution were investigated. The effect of contact time, GO dosage, initial hymexazol concentration, and temperature was carefully studied. Results: The kinetic experimental data were best described by the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The equilibrium data were well fitted by the Freundlich and Langmuir isotherm models. The kinetic experimental data were best described by the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. And through the thermodynamic studies, it was found that the adsorption process of hymexazol pesticide is endothermic and spontaneous, in addition to the occurrence of adsorption and absorption together. Conclusions: The findings of the adsorption process demonstrated that graphene oxide is an extremely efficient adsorbent material for pesticide adsorption, owing to its large surface area and the presence of oxygen-rich groups on its surface.

This research describes the environmentally friendly production of CuO nanoparticles utilizing watercress plant extract and calcination at 400 C for 3 hours. SEM and TEM were used to analyze the size of nanoparticles. X-ray diffraction (XRD) was used to determine their crystal structure. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) analysis of the created product's structure revealed just copper and oxygen constituents, demonstrating the purity of the synthetic material. The addition of CuO NPs improved the absorption of the dye Cibacron red. At 35 minutes of contact time, quicker adsorption of Cibacron red dye onto CuO nanoparticles was observed. The Freundlich isotherm and kinetic of pseudo-second order with R2 values more than 0.9785 and 0.999, respectively, were the most effective in describing the adsorption process. The thermodynamic parameters were calculated using thermodynamic analysis. It can be concluded that CuO NPs are an effective adsorbate surface for the Cibacron red dye.

Recently, magnetic solid-phase extraction (MSPE) is an important technology due to its use in analytical chemistry, biotechnology, and medicinal fields. MSPE shows rapid isolation of target analyte from large volume samples, the huge surface area of magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs), and simplicity in application due to using an external magnetic field instead of using packing column, centrifuge and filter papers. The aim of this review is to evaluate the extraction and determination of dyes in food and water samples by using the MSPE technique.

Functional materials are required to meet the needs of society, such as environmental protection, energy storage and conversion, integrated product production, biological and medical processing. bulk nanostructured materials are a research concept that combines nanotechnology with other research fields such as supramolecular chemistry, materials science, and life science to develop logically functional materials from nanodevices. In this review article, nanostructures are synthetized by different methods based on the types and nature of the nanomaterials. In a broad sense “top-down” and “bottom-up” are the two foremost methods to synthesize nanomaterials. In top-down method bulk materials have been reduced to nanomaterials, and in case of bottom-up method, the nanomaterials are synthesized from elementary level. The different methods which are being used to synthesize nanomaterials are chemical vapor deposition method, thermal decomposition, hydrothermal synthesis, solvothermal method, pulsed laser ablation, templating method, combustion method, microwave synthesis, gas phase method, and conventional Sol-Gel method. We also briefly discuss the various physical and chemical methods for producing nanomaterials. We then discuss the applications of functional materials in many areas such as energy storage, supercapacitors, sensors, wastewater treatment, and other biological applications such as drug delivery and drug nanocrystals. Finally, future challenges in materials nanoarchitecture and concepts for further development of functional nanomaterials are briefly discussed.

This research aims to investigate the effect of different amounts of doping elements (magnesium and yttrium ions) on the hardness, elastic modulus, flexural strength, and transparency of alumina ceramics. For this purpose, different amounts of Mg2+ and Y3+ doped α-Al2O3 nanoparticles were synthesized via the co-precipitation method. The results revealed that the majority of Mg2+ and Y3+ doped α-Al2O3 nanoparticles have a particle size of 300–400 nm. Furthermore, the density and transparency (60% in-line transmittance at a wavelength of 5 μm, with a sample thickness of 2.4 mm) of the bulk materials prepared with doping of 100 ppm Mg2+and 400 ppm Y3+ (100M400Y) presented the best performance compared with other samples. Furthermore, the hardness and Young modulus of this sample were 28 GPa and 349 GPa, respectively. The flexural strength of the 100M400Y sample reached the highest value, 193 MPa, due to the smaller grain size and minimal porosity.

With the rapid development of nanotechnology in the recent decade, novel DNA and RNA delivery systems for gene therapy have become available that can be used instead of viral vectors. These non-viral vectors can be made of a variety of materials, including inorganic nanoparticles, carbon nanotubes, liposomes, protein and peptide-based nanoparticles, as well as nanoscale polymeric materials. They have as advantages over viral vectors a decreased immune response, and additionally offer flexibility in design, allowing them to be functionalized and targeted to specific sites in a biological system with low cytotoxicity.gene therapy keeps hopes a life for the treatment of a wide range of diseases such as cancer, nano particles are now known as promising carriers for the effective and safe vectors of genes to specific cells or tissues. This could provide alternative therapies for conventional approaches that use viruses as gene carriers. The expression of genetic material such as DNA, RNA into cells and tissues has raised considerable hopes for therapeutic and diagnostic purposes. But getting nucleic acids into the cell also faces challenges. These challenges are less for non-virus carriers as a gene and drug vectors method than for viral or free vectors and are therefore considered less risky and more appropriate. of expanding nonverbal nano carriers, we will look at a few of these nano carriers, penicillin, PEI, PLGA, silica, block copolymer, Quantum dot, gold nano particles, and common carbon nano tubes. Problems include the use of nano particles such as polymer nano particles, liposomes, solid lipid particles, in targeted gene vectors will be investigated. Gene-based therapy is the intentional modulation of gene expression in specific cells to treat pathological conditions. This modulation is accomplished by introducing exogenous nucleic acids such as DNA, mRNA, small interfering RNA (siRNA), microRNA (miRNA) or antisense oligonucleotides. Given the large size and the negative charge of these macromolecules, their delivery is typically mediated by carriers or vectors. In this Review, we introduce the biological barriers to gene delivery in vivo and discuss recent advances in material sciences, nanotechnology and nucleic acid chemistry that have yielded promising non-viral delivery systems, some of which are currently undergoing testing in clinical trials. The diversity of these systems highlights the recent progress of gene-based therapy using non-viral approaches.

Sol-gel chemistry is currently applied as one of the most widely used methods for synthesis of nanoparticles. In this method hydrolysis and poly-condensation reactions occur when the gel precursors are mixed with water and catalyst. The further condensation of sol particles into a three-dimensional network produces a gel. There are several parameters that effect on gelation time such as the molar ratio of alkoxide to water, the rate of hydrolysis, the type and amount of catalyst used, initial concentration of precursors and the temperature of hydrolysis and drying. Encapsulated solvent can be removed from a gel by either evaporative drying or supercritical drying. Where the resulting solids are known as a xerogel and an aerogel, respectively. During the drying process due to the surface tension of the liquid, a capillary pressure gradient is built in the pore walls, which is able to collapse most part of the pore volume. The volume shrinkage may be prevented by supercritical drying. The strength, thermal stability, pore structure and morphology of aerogels are keys to success for wider applications such as catalyst supports, thermal and acoustic insulators and adsorbents. Among catalyst support materials, alumina became popular recently due to its highly thermal and chemical stability and higher porosity. In the present study, synthesis of alumina gel as a support for nano-catalysts through hydrolysis of aluminum tri-sec-butoxide (ASB) in ethanol was investigated. The gel synthesis was carried out at 32 and 60 °C with different concentrations of water and precursor and different types and amounts of acid as catalyst. Rate of gel formation, efficiency of hydrolysis and polymerization and amount of gel production were measured and discussed. Results showed that acid addition around 0.2 ml and water to ASB malar ratio of 2 at 60 °C maximized the amount of gel produced and minimized the gelation time. Then, the alumina gel that synthesized at optimum conditions was dried by two different methods, at atmospheric pressure and temperature and at supercritical conditions of carbon dioxide and the results of Scanning Electron Microscopy were compared.

in recent years, most researchers are trying to seek out and develop effective and comparatively simple methods for producing nanostructures. In this regard, the methods of manufacturing self-regulated nanostructures with alternating arrays are given special attention. The anodization, which ends up within the formation of a porous metal oxide layer consisting of an everyday array of nanoporous, is one such method. The numerous applications of aluminum, research on the anodization has focused more on this metal. Anodic corundum may be a key sample material for creating nanostructures like nanowires, nanotubes. The anodic aluminum, which ends within the formation of porous alumina samples, is comparatively easy and ultimately leads to an array of high-density parallel nanoporous. During this paper, the final structure of porous anoxic alumina further because the growth mechanism of this layer within the presence of electrical field and therefore Penetration of Electrolyte species into the oxide layer, furthermore as explaining the expansion mechanism of porous oxide layer in steady state and hexagonal plasma membrane structure. Affecting the geometric parameters of the porous alumina structure like the pore diameter, the interpore distance, the wall thickness, and also Thickness of the Barrier Layer are discussed.

The magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) of (GO/Co3O4/Fe3O4) were synthesized, characterized, and then utilized to prepare magnetic solid-phase extraction (MSPE), introducing a new method for the determination of Fast Green dye coupled with UV–visible spectrophotometry. The results demonstrated that Fast Green dye was adsorbed on GO/Co3O4/Fe3O4 MNPs and was released using 1 mL of 0.01 N NaOH. Under optimal conditions, the linear range was 0.5–6 mg/L and the limit of detection (LOD) was 0.2648. The high values of the preconcentration factor (25) and enhancement factor (10.5789) indicate that the MSPE process has concentrated the Fast Green dye by 25 times and made it 10.5789 times more sensitive. This highlights the successful extraction and concentration of Fast Green dye into a small volume of 1 mL of 0.01 N NaOH through the MSPE process. Furthermore, the GO/Co3O4/Fe3O4 MNPs sorbent exhibited reusability for up to five cycles. The application of greenness assessment tools (AES, GAPI, and AGREE) confirmed that MSPE can be considered a green chemistry method.

Photolysis was employed to produce titanium dioxide (TiO2) with exposed (001) facets, which were then modified by incorporating reduce graphene oxide (rGO) sheets at (1, 3 and 5) wt.%.The chemical composition, optical properties, morphology, and electrochemical behavior of both the pure and composite nanomaterials were analyzed. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Raman spectroscopy techniques confirmed the formation of the anatase phase of TiO2 in the samples. The Debye Scherrer method was utilized to estimate the size of the particles. It was observed that the particle size decreased as the concentration of rGO increased; at 5 wt% rGO, the size was 11 nm. The morphology of the rGO/TiO2 nanocomposite was analyzed with transmission electron microscopy (TEM) which showed that TiO2 nanoparticles were dispersed on the surface of the rGO sheets. The analysis of the X-ray photoelectron spectrum (XPS) revealed that bonding of TiO2 with rGO occurred through the formation of Ti-C and Ti-O-C bonds. The results obtained from the diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) showed a decrease in band gap upon an increase in rGO concentration. Moreover, confirmation was obtained regarding the reduction of recombination carriers through the photoluminescence (PL) spectrum. The results indicated that the prepared nanocomposite had a high number of oxygen vacancies. The photodegradation mechanism of congo red dye under sunlight was studied by Liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC-Mass) and scavenger effect. The photodegradation of congo red dye (CR) utilizing TiO2, both pure and incorporated with rGO, was observed under normal conditions in the presence of sunlight. The study revealed that the optimal condition for achieving maximum photodegradation of CR dye was pH = 7, 100 min, 50 ppm initial CR dye concentration and 10 mg of catalyst dosage. The photodegradation data illustrated that 5 wt% rGO doped TiO2 exhibits higher efficiency than other 3; 1 wt% rGO and pure TiO2. Finally, the improving breakdown of CR dye using direct sunlight showed high efficiency without leaving behind any secondary intermediates.

The discharge of dyes into the water is a significant source of pollution, which is especially concerning given that textile mills are the primary contributor. Nanomaterial-based solutions to this issue have required extensive research and investigation due to their complex nature. In this research, novel nanoparticle were successfully synthesized using the leaves of the Eruca sativa plant. The nano was analyzed using scanning and transmission electron microscopy (SEM and TEM) measurements, and their crystal structure was determined using the X-ray diffraction technique (XRD). The incorporation of NPs resulted in an increase in the uptake of the Cibacron red dye. At a contact time of 30 minutes, observed a faster adsorption onto ES. In the process of describing the adsorption process, the Langmuir model (R2 =0.9817) and the pseudo-second-order model (R2 = 0.9884) were the most appropriate models to use. An investigation into thermodynamics was carried out in order to arrive at the following values for the parameters of G, H, and S: -1.173 kJ/mol, 16.794 J/mol K and 56.05 J/mol. In conclusion, the novel nano that was synthesized is an excellent adsorbate surface for the Cibacron- red dye.

Copper (Ⅱ) theophylline [Cu(THP)2(H2O)4] complex in nanoscale has synthesized by ultrasonic sonication method. This method was used in the development of smaller, dispersed, and unaggregated nanoparticles (NPs). The structure of nanocomplex was described and suggested by the molar conductance, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis), solubility, atomic fire absorption, and C.H.N. elemental analysis as octahedral geometry. The size and morphology of nanocomplex measured by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were 20 nm. The nanocomplex was studied on phosphodiesterase enzyme activity in human serum of Iraqi patient?s asthma disease. The results showed a highly significant (p < 0.01) increase in the serum levels of phosphodiesterase enzyme activity in asthma patients (mean = 14.939 ± 3.021 ng/mL) compared with a control group (mean = 9.974 ± 2.032 ng/mL). The result also showed a highly significant (p < 0.01) decrease in the serum levels of phosphodiesterase activity in patients of asthma disease with theophylline (mean = 11.253 ± 2.479 ng/mL) compared to serum patients without nano and control groups. It is vital that the result showed a highly significant (p < 0.01) decrease in the serum levels of phosphodiesterase activity in patients of asthma disease with copper nano complex (mean = 9.563 ± 2.082 ng/mL) compared in patients of asthma disease with and without theophylline. As for comparing asthma disease with copper nano complex and control group, the result showed there was no significant effect (p > 0.05).

Bacterial persistence is recognized as a major cause of antibiotic therapy failure, causing biofilms and chronic intractable infections. The emergence of persisters in K. pneumoniae isolates has become a worldwide public health concern. Despite this clinical threat, currently, there are no viable means for eradicating K. pneumoniae persisters. In this project, chromium oxide (Cr2O3) nanoparticles were synthesized by the photochemical method. The morphology, topographic and physical properties of nano-synthesized were described by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), and ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV. vis) measurements. The obtained average size of Cr2O3-NPs was to be ranging from 11 to 30 nm. The activities of the Cr2O3-NPs for antibacterial and antibiofilm formation against persistent K. pneumoniae were assessed. The result showed a significant inhibitory effect of Cr2O3-NPs against K. pneumoniae. A, where the zones of inhibition were 12-18 mm, and the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was 625 μg/mL. The concentration of Cr2O3-NPs of 10 mg/mL demonstrated the highest inhibition activity against biofilm formation (73.95 ± 2.17%), indicating the lowest inhibition (19.08 ± 1.32%) at a level of 0.625 mg/mL. Cr2O3-NPs therefore had a positive impact on biofilms that were produced by persistence isolates of K. pneumoniae.

This work was devoted to synthesizing α-γ Al2O3 nanocomposite by the electrolysis method. A plate of aluminum was used as the anode, while the graphite rod was used as the counter electrode (cathode). The structure and morphology were investigated and characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The results indicated the average size of α-γ Al2O3 nanocomposite was smaller than 10 nm. The value of inhibition zone indicated the nanocomposite's effect on different bacteria. The results demonstrated the newly synthesized nanocomposite as promising antimicrobial agents against bacteria.

Three nanocomplexes of Zn(Ⅱ), Mn(Ⅱ), Fe(Ⅱ) with theophylline were synthesized by ultrasonic sonication method. Melting point, molar conductivity, solubility, flame atomic absorption, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) spectroscopy and C/H/N elemental analyses were used to investigate and suggest the structure of the nanocomplexes. Size and morphology of the nanocomplexes were measurement by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), ranging from 6-22 nm. Efficacy of the nanocomplexes synthesized was examined against four types of bacterial strains: Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis (Gram-positive bacteria), Klebsiella pneumonia and Escherichia coli (Gram-negative bacteria). The results showed that all nanocomplexes had very high susceptibility to inhibit bacterial growth, as indicated by their inhibition zones between 98% and 100%.

Three nanocomplexes of Cu(Ⅱ), Co(Ⅱ), and Ni(Ⅱ) with theophylline were synthesized by ultrasonic sonication method. This method was used to produce smaller and narrow-distributed nanoparticles without any aggregations. Melting point, molar conductivity, solubility, flame atomic absorption, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and elemental analysis (C, H, N, and S) were used to identify and to suggest the structure of the synthesized nanocomplexes. The transmission electron microscopy (TEM) results exhibited that the size of nanocomplexes was in the range of 15-25 nm. The efficacy of the synthesized nanocomplexes was examined against four types of bacterial strains, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis (gram-positive bacteria), and Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia Coli (gram-negative bacteria). The results showed that all nanocomplexes had very high susceptibility to inhibit bacterial growth, as they resulted in an inhibition zone between 98% and 100%. The copper nanocomplex gave the highest inhibition zone by 100% for each type of bacterial strains, due to the surface plasmon. Therefore, a further test for the copper nanocomplex Cu(THP)2(H2O)2(Cl)2 was carried out on skin injuries of laboratory mice after it was converted into cream with vaseline and was found to have a very potent influence in healing skin injuries.