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Rootstocks of the genus Pyrus are easily adapted to climatic conditions and such trees are more resistant to Erwinia amylovora, but they also have disadvantages because these trees are more lush and difficult to grow in dense composition. The production of pears in a dense composition is a tendency of intensive pear production, and quince rootstocks are used for this purpose, because it is easier to control the height of the stem. The increase in the density of the composition in pear orchards is directly related to the use of vegetative rootstocks of less lushness, such as rootstocks of the genus Cydonia sp.The research included five autochthonous pear varieties: Takiša, Jeribasma, Šećerka, Karamut i Huseinbegovača. The tests were performed at the location Voćni rasadnik, Špionica, City Srebrenik, Tuzla Canton, Bosnia and Herzegovina, during the vegetation of 2021. Morphometric analyzes were performed on a sample of 30 seedlings for each pear variety. Average results are presented using MS Excel software packages. Seedlings of grafted varieties on the basis of diameter did not meet the conditions of marketing, while on the basis of vegetative growth, three varieties met the conditions of marketing of planting material. The research was conducted within the project number 02 / 9-712-1-5-4 / 21. Grafted autochthonous varieties in the year of grafting showed extremely good adhesion with the vegetative rootstock BA-29, but did not have a good diameter. Due to the possibility of remanence, it is necessary to continue research after planting seedlings in plantations.

Plantation cultivation of grafted walnuts in Bosnia and Herzegovina did not exist until 6 years ago. Walnut seedlings (Juglans regia L) were mainly planted, which showed all the shortcomings related to the trees obtained from the seeds. In the last 5 years, there has been interest in planting grafted walnuts, so in this regard there was a need for controlled introduction of varieties suitable for this area. Research was conducted during 2020 - 2021 at four walnut tree cultivars, Chandler, Franquette, Fernor i Fernette. The aim of the research is to determine how certain varieties behave in agroecological conditions of the Majevica region and on that basis to give a proposal of the best variety for further spread in the area of this region. The research was conducted within the project number 02 / 9-712-1-5-3 / 21. The research was carried out at the Skakava Gornja site at an altitude of 192 m with a southwestern exposure (plot I) and a northeastern exposure at 172 m above sea level (plot II), with a terrain slope of 8%. The research related to vegetative growth included counting and measuring the average, then the minimum and maximum growth during two years. Yield monitoring included counting and measuring fruit number, average fruit size and calculating average yield. Generally the Chandler and Franquette varieties planted on the I plot had a stronger growth. Taking into account the vegetative growth, the number and size of fruits as well as the yield in the observed period, the Chandler and Franquette varieties are recommended for further expansion.

Pear as a fruit species has a special place because of its quality characteristic. The fact that about 20,000 pear seedlings are considered to be sold annually in Bosnia and Herzegovina, which are autochthonous or spontaneously expanded varieties, also speaks in favor. The main goal of this research is to analyze the genetic variability of nine autochthonous pear varieties in Tuzla Canton, Bosnia and Herzegovina to enable the conservation and expansion of existing genetic resources. The study included nine autochthonous pear varieties. Samples of young leaves were collected on the following localities: the town of Srebrenik, the town of Gradačac, the municipality of Čelić-Tuzla Canton, Bosnia and Herzegovina, in the spring 2019. To determine genetic diversity, 12 SSR (Simple Sequence Repeats) markers were genotyped. There were no cases of synonyms or homonyms in the analyzed set. Each of the nine tested varieties represents a unique genotype. Autochthonous pear cultivars analyzed in this paper represent an interesting genetic resource, with useful agronomic traits that can be used in future cultivation.

Organic food production contributes to the preservation of human health, preservation and protection of the environment and increase of soil fertility, reduction of all forms of pollution as a consequence of intensive agricultural production and animal husbandry. Hence by purchasing products that carry the label organic product consumers indirectly affect the protection and preservation of the environment Organic food is food that is worth investing in due to the smaller amount of harmful substances in the products. Cornel cherry (Cornus mas L.) is one of the most suitable species for organic production. It is adaptable to various abiotic factors and is resistant to numerous pests and diseases. Aims: The aim of the study was to select promising dogwood phenotypes from the natural population for further reproduction by grafting. Study Design: The subject of the research was selected 6 self-growing dogwoods from a rural area. Place and Duration of Study: Samples of fruit were collected at the site of Ćehaje, City of Srebrenik,Tuzla Canton, BiH in the spring of 2019. Methodology: In order to determine the best traits, the measurement of physical quantities, determination of coefficients of variation and analysis of chemical characteristics of dogwood fruits harvested from trees of 6 wild phenotypes marked as DKA1, DKA2, DKA3, DKA4, DKA5 and DKA6 were performed. Results: Based on the analyzed indicators, the DKA6 phenotype showed the best results.

The return of refugees and internally displaced persons is an activity in which all individuals are provided with the opportunity to return voluntarily, safely and with dignity to their homes that they had to leave during the conflict. Even after more than a decade, the problem of refugees and internally displaced persons is generally very topical [1]. Even eighteen years after the war, there are still many problems related to IDPs. It’s not just the return process that’s problematic. Displaced persons face various challenges related to access to employment, public services, education and infrastructure [2]. In Bosnia and Herzegovina (hereinafter BiH), during the 1992-1995 war, 2.2 million people were forced to flee their homes [3]. Upon return, returnees should seek restitution or compensation and should receive strong reintegration and rehabilitation support to build a livelihood and contribute to long-term economic and political development. Safe and voluntary return includes a guarantee of return choices and security for those who choose to return. The aim of the study was to examine the views of returnees on the problems in society faced by the population / returnees in three different time periods, in 1992, after return and today, to improve the conditions for sustainable return. Unemployment is ranked in the top three as the most significant problem of the population returning to their homes. The justice system, the problem of minorities, public funding, security, the slow EU accession process and climate change are not considered by returnees as significant problems for sustainable return.

Indigenous fruit varieties are the wealth and natural resource of every country. Their importance is reflected, in addition to economic and biological, through the growing consumer interest in consuming fruits produced without the use of chemicals. Proper and accurate identification and preservation of valuable assortment has resulted in studies of the physicochemical and pomological properties of the fruits of ten pear varieties and their comparison with standard varieties. The usable value of pear fruits is multiple. It is used for liqueurs, vinegar, fruit salads, jams, jam, as dried fruit. The aim of the study is to determine the pomological and chemical properties of indigenous pear varieties and their comparison with standard pear varieties grown in northern Bosnia. The size of the fruit was quite different in the tested varieties and ranged from very small to extremely large fruits with the content of total acids slightly lower than the standard varieties. The research was supported by the Federal Ministry of Education and Science as part of a scientific research project entitled "Investigation of phenological and pomological characteristics of indigenous pear varieties in north-eastern Bosnia".

The study included 30 autochthonous pears with analysis of the following parameters: blooming time, fruit ripening time, fruit weight, fruit height, fruit width, fruit index, fruit juice length, pH value of juice, total acidity mmol / 100 g, total acidity (%), pectin substances % Ca-pectate, raw fiber %, vitamin C mg / 100 g, natural invert sugar%, total invert sugar %, total phenol mg / 100 g fruit, soluble dry substance (° Brix).The aim of the research is to study the phenological and pomological characteristics of a detailed description of autochthonous varieties and to make chemical analysis of the fruit of a recommendation on the value of the fruit of the most interesting autochthonous pears in north-eastern Bosnia. This would at the same time create preconditions for recording these varieties on the sort list of Bosnia and Herzegovina and their further reproduction and marketing.The fruits of domestic varieties are seldom available. Given the opinion that domestic varieties are more resistant to diseases and some pests, they do not require a large number of chemical treatments and require no intensive care can be more easily adapted to organic cultivation, which is a trend in fruit productionThe differences in the blooming dynamics of autochthonous varieties of BiH indicate that this is an important detail that must be take care when expanding them, that is, introducing them into plantation cultivation and selecting pollinator varieties. The obtained values of soluble dry matter for all tested pear varieties (except Kajzerica kasna 9.75 Brix) had a value greater than 10.0˚ Brix, and according to this parameter, are suitable for marketing and processing according to the current legislation. The native varieties examined in this paper had values from 0.10 to 0.58% from the results of the analysis, it can be concluded that the tested varieties were not supplied with Ca-pectate. Based on the average content of vitamin C in the fruit of the pear, it can be concluded that the tested autochthonous and domestic varieties have an extremely good content of vitamin C, 15 out of 20 varieties have a higher content of vitamin C than the average or 75%. Research has been supported by the Federal Ministry of Education and Science within the framework of a scientific research project entitled "Investigating the phenological and pompological characteristics of indigenous pears in Northeast Bosnia".

Organic farming takes up more and more areas in agricultural production. It is based on the principles of preserving human and animal health and maintaining the balance in agrobiocenosis and therefore prohibits the use of a majority of water-soluble mineral fertilizers and phytopharmaceuticals of chemical origin (except those from the list of allowed products). In ecological farming of plums, optimization of fertilization is very important, which must comply with ecological principles and regulations which included fertilization with a relatively narrow range of allowed organic fertilizers (manure, compost, manure, slurry, peat, guano, sawdust) and mineral additives (calcium carbonate, crude phosphates, basic slag, raw potassium salt, potassium sulphate, gypsum, wood ash, calcium chloride, sodium chloride, etc.). Nutrition methods in organic plum production are different from nutrition in conventional production, primarily due to a limited selection of available fertilizers, and the most important difference is the inability to use water-soluble individual and complex fertilizers. It is precisely for this reason that in organic agriculture, the emphasis on maintaining humidity, optimum pH and soil moisture is considerably more important than necessary prerequisites for sufficient availability of nutrients in the soil.

Introduction:Autochthonous apple cultivars are present in the life of the population of almost every country. They have economic imporance, especially in the nourishment of the population, as well as very valuable genetic material in breeding process. There is little literature based on scientific methods related to the description of these varieties. Mostly the descriptions of local apple varieties are given through folk tales and poems. Task of the paper: The aim of this research is the description of autochthonous apple cultivars and creation of preconditions for their registration and their placing in the Bosnian and Herzegovina's list of culti-vars. Results and discussion: Varieties of apples covered by this work were monitored for two years in an ex situ collection of autochthonous apple cultivars in Špionica, municipality of Srebrenik. The description of fruits is given through the following parameters: fruit weight, axis height and diameter, fruit index, length of fruit stalk, depth of calix end and firmness of fruits. The results are statistically processed and presented in tables and graphs. Conclusion: Due to the diversity of the pomological characteristics of autochthonous apple cultivars, their quality and purpose of fruits and because of the longevity that is result of their resistance to unfavorable abiotic and biotic factors of growing, they represent a real small treasure because they are a source of genetic diversity and a factor of biodiversity.