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There is strong association between meniscal lesions and anterior cruciate ligament injuries. Recently, light was shown on a new entity: ramp lesions. The incidence of these lesions and their management is still unclear. Although some believe that some lesions, when stable, can be managed conservatively, most surgeons repair ramp tears. Accessibility of these tears is challenging; they are best accessed through posterior portals, which is time-consuming and poses potential risk to vital structures. Our technique allows access to and management of ramp lesions through safe standard anterior portals. Ramp lesions are searched for as a routine step during anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction by advancing the scope through the intercondylar notch just beside the medial femoral condyle. If a lesion is found, it is repaired; only very stable small tears are treated with needling to refresh the edges and induce a healing response. A simple suture, horizontal mattress suture, or a circumferential stitch is used.

A series of (Z)-methyl 2(Z)-3-substituted-2-(cycloalkylidenehydrazono)-4-oxothiazolidin-5-ylidene)-acetate derivatives were synthesized via condensation alkylidene-N-substituted hydrazinecarbothioamides with dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate. The synthesized compounds were characterized by using different spectroscopic methods and confirmed by single crystal X-ray analysis. The behavior of (cyclic-alkylidene) hydrazinecarbothioamides in cyclization was presented. The mechanism of transformation of (Z)-methyl 2-((Z)-3-(cyclopentylideneamino)-4-oxo-2-(phenylimino)thiazolidin-5-ylidene)acetate (14) into the more stable (Z)-Methyl 2-[(Z)-2-(cyclopentylidenehydrazono)-4-oxo-3-phenylthiazolidin-5-ylidene]acetate (5a) was discussed and confirmed.

Substituted spiro-heterocycles containing 1,2,4-triazole-3-thione, were formed at room temperature via the reaction of N-cycloalkylidene hydrazinecarbothioamides 2 with benzo- as well as naphthoquinone derivatives. 2,3-Dithioxo-1,4-naphthalene-1,4-dione was synthesized upon heating compounds 2 with 2,3-dichloro-1,4-naphthoquinone. The synthesized compounds were characterized by using different spectroscopic methods and confirmed by single crystal Xray analyses. Rationales for the role of benzo- and naphthoquinone derivatives as well as the conversions are also presented.

An efficient route for the synthesis of (E)-2-(2-(2-nitrobenzylidene)-hydrazinyl)-4-phenylthiazol-3-ium bromide, (E)-2-(2(substituted benzylidene)hydrazinyl)-4-phenylthiazoles and (E)-4-(4-bromophenyl)-2-(cycloalkylidenehydrazono)-3-phenyl-2,3-dihydrothiazoles by reaction of 1-aryl-2-bromoethanones with 2-(1-substituted methylidene)hydrazinecarbothioamides and cycloalkylidene-N-phenyl-hydrazinecarbothioamides. The structure of the products has been confirmed by using IR, NMR, mass spectrometry and single-crystal X-ray analyses.

1,3-Thiazolylidenehydrazinylidene ethylpyridinium bromide monohydrate, 1,3-thiazolylidenehydrazinium bromide and 1,3-thiazolylidenehydrazine derivatives were synthesized by heterocyclization of 2-(1-substituted ethylidene) hydrazinecarbothioamides, characterized and screened for their anti-bacterial activities. The structures of synthesized compounds were established by spectroscopic (IR, 1H, 13C-NMR, Mass) and X-ray analyses.

A series of substituted ethylidenehydrazinylidene-1,3-thiazol-4-ones and dimethyl 2-{[4-1(-[5-(2-methoxy-2-oxoethylidene)-4-oxo-3-phenyl-1,3-(thiazolidin-2-ylidene]hydrazonylidene}ethyl)phenyl]aminofumarate were synthesised by condensation of substituted ethylidene- N-phenylhydrazinecarbothioamides with dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate. The synthesised compounds were characterised by spectroscopic methods and confirmed by single crystal X-ray crystallography. Some of the prepared compounds were screened for their in vitro antibacterial activity against different strains of microorganisms, compound 3b exhibited significant antibacterial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa compared to ciprofloxacin with MIC value of 1.12 μg mL−1.

In the title compound, C14H17N3S, the cyclohexane ring adopts a chair conformation. The dihedral angle between the triazole and phenyl ring is 77.2 (3)°. In the crystal structure, C—H...S hydrogen link molecules intoC(7) chains along theb-axis direction. The crystal studied was refined as as an inversion twin.

Aryl thiosemicarbazones react rapidly in a facile procedure with dimethyl acetylene-dicarboxylate to give substituted (ylidene) hydrazono(4-oxothiazolidin-5-ylidene) acetates in high yields. The synthesised compounds were characterised by spectroscopic methods and the structures confirmed by single crystal X-ray crystallography. Several mechanistic options involving nucleophilic interaction are presented.

Introduction Curcumin is an inducer of heme oxygenase enzyme-1 (HO-1) that is involved in erectile signaling via elevating cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP)levels. Aim To assess the effect of oral administration of a water-soluble long-acting curcumin derivative on erectile signaling. Methods Two hundred and thirty six male white albino rats were divided into four groups; group 1 (N = 20) includes control. Group 2 (N = 72) was equally divided into four subgroups; subgroup 1 received pure curcumin (10 mg/kg), subgroup 2 received the long-acting curcumin derivative (2 mg/kg), subgroup 3 received the long-acting curcumin derivative (10 mg/kg), and subgroup 4 received sildenafil (4 mg/kg). Subgroups were sacrificed after the first, second, and third hour. Group 3 (N = 72) was equally divided into the same four subgroups already mentioned and were sacrificed after 24 hours, 48 hours, and 1 week. Group 4 (N = 72) was subjected to intracavernosal pressure (ICP) measurements 1 hour following oral administration of the same previous doses in the same rat subgroups. Main Outcome Measure Cavernous tissue HO enzyme activity, cGMP, and ICP. Results In group 2, there was a significant progressive maintained elevation of HO activity and cGMP tissue levels starting from the first hour in subgroups 3 and 4, whereas, the rise in HO activity and cGMP started from second hour regarding the other rat subgroups. Sildenafil effect decreased after 3 hours. In group 3, there was a significant maintained elevation of HO activity and cGMP tissue levels extended to 1 week as compared to controls for all rat subgroups that received both forms of curcumin. In group 4, long-acting curcumin derivative exhibited more significant potentiation of intracavernosal pressure as compared to control and to the pure curcumin. Conclusion Water-soluble long-acting curcumin derivative could mediate erectile function via upregulating cavernous tissue cGMP. Abdel Aziz MT, El Asmer MF, Rezq A, Kumosani TA, Mostafa S, Mostafa T, Atta H, Abdel Aziz Wassef M, Fouad HH, Rashed L, Sabry D, Hassouna AA, Senbel A, and Abdel Aziz A. Novel water-soluble curcumin derivative mediating erectile signaling

Curcumin exerts a hypoglycemic action and induces heme-oxygenase-1 (HO-1). We evaluated the effect of curcumin on isolated islets of Langerhans and studied whether its action on insulin secretion is mediated by inducible HO-1. Islets were isolated from rats and divided into control islets, islets incubated in different curcumin concentrations, islets incubated in hemin, islets incubated in curcumin and HO inhibitor, stannous mesoporphyrin (SnMP), islets incubated in hemin and SnMP, islets incubated in SnMP only, and islets incubated in 16.7 mmol/L glucose. Heme-oxygenase activity, HO-1 expression, and insulin estimation was assessed. Insulin secretion, HO-1 gene expression and HO activity were significantly increased in islets incubated in curcumin, hemin, and glucose compared with controls. This increase in insulin secretion was significantly decreased by incubation of islets in SnMP. The action of curcumin on insulin secretion from the isolated islets may be, in part, mediated through increased HO-1 gene expression.

Introduction Activation of the renin‐angiotensin system which is common in diabetes mellitus might affect heme oxygenase (HO‐1) gene expression. Aim Assessment of the effects of administration of angiotensin II (Ang II) receptor antagonist (losartan) with HO‐1 inducer or inhibitor on erectile signaling in diabetic rats. Materials and Methods Seventy male rats were divided equally into seven groups; healthy controls, streptozotocin‐induced diabetic rats, rats on citrate buffer, diabetic rats on losartan, diabetic rats on HO‐1 inducer (cobalt protoporphyrin [CoPP]), diabetic rats on losartan and CoPP, and diabetic rats on losartan and HO‐1 inhibitor (stannus mesoporphyrin [SnMP]). Main Outcome Measure HO enzyme activity, HO‐1 gene expression, cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) assay, intracavernosal pressure (ICP), and cavernous tissue sinusoids surface area. Results HO‐1 gene expression, HO enzymatic activity, and cGMP were significantly decreased in the cavernous tissue of diabetic rats. These parameters were significantly elevated with the use of CoPP that restored the normal control levels of HO enzyme activity. Administration of losartan exhibited a significant enhancing effect on these parameters compared with the diabetic group, but not restored to the control levels, whereas administration of CoPP combined with losartan led to the restoration of their normal levels. ICP demonstrated significant decline in diabetic rats. The use of CoPP and/or losartan led to its significant improvement compared with diabetic rats. Administration of either losartan and/or CoPP led to a significant increase in the cavernous sinusoids surface area of diabetic rats. Administration of losartan with SnMP significantly decreased the enhancing effect of losartan on the studied parameters. Conclusion The decline in erectile function in diabetes mellitus could be attributed to the downregulation of HO‐1 gene expression. HO‐1 induction added to Ang II receptor antagonist could improve erectile function. Abdel Aziz MT, El Asmer MF, Mostafa T, Atta H, Mahfouz S, Fouad H, Rashed L, Sabry D, Hassouna A, Abdel Aziz AT, Senbel A, and Demery A. Effects of losartan, HO‐1 inducers or HO‐1 inhibitors on erectile signaling in diabetic rats.

To assess the extent of atherothrombosis and the use of the ankle-brachial index (ABI) in populations from the Middle East, we conducted a multicenter study similar to AGATHA (a Global Atherothrombosis Assessment), AGATHA-ME, which included 1341 patients from 18 centers from 5 countries (United Arab Emirates, Kuwait, Qatar, Bahrain, and Oman). Patients were assigned to 2 groups: the with-disease and at-risk groups. Abnormal ABI (≤0.9) was seen in 31.5% of at-risk patients and 28.2% of with-disease patients. Patients with peripheral arterial disease had the highest frequency of abnormal ABI (77.6%), with 97.8 negative predictive value. The AGATHA-ME study confirms that atherothrombosis disease often occurs at more than 1 site. The ABI is related to the risk factor profile and to the site and extent of atherothrombosis. Gender and diabetes mellitus are associated with the worst parameters.

Introduction. Cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) levels can be regulated by heme oxygenase-1 and 2 (HO-1 and HO-2)-derived carbon monoxide (CO). Aims. Assessment of the effect of upregulating CO in rat corpora cavernosa (CC) on cavernous cGMP. Methods. Three experimental groups were studied: first group (N = 40), short-term HO induction over 2 weeks by injection of intraperitoneal increasing doses of hemin; the second group (N = 40) was subjected to intracavernosal injection of CO donor, CORM-3, or its inactive form (iCORM-3) over 2 weeks; the third group (N = 60) was subdivided into three subgroups: the first one received a combined hemin and CORM-3, the second one received hemin and its inhibitor stannus mesoporphyrin (SnMP), and third one received a combined hemin, CORM-3, and SnMP. Main Outcome Measures. In CC, HO-1 and HO-2 gene expression, Northern blot and Western blot, cGMP levels, and HO enzyme activity. Results. In the first group, maximum induction of HO-1 gene expression, HO enzyme activity, and cGMP occurred with 4-mg hemin dose with a successive increase over 2 weeks. In the second group, CORM-3 increased cGMP by twofold compared with iCORM-3, and also increased HO-1 protein. In the third group, SnMP inhibited the enhancing effect of CORM-3 and HO on erectile signaling molecules; i.e., HO-1 gene, enzyme activity, and cGMP. Conclusions. CORM-3- or hemin-mediated CO release could increase cavernous tissue cGMP. Abdel Aziz MT, El-Asmar MF, Mostafa T, Atta H, Fouad HH, Roshdy NK, Rashed LA, Obaia EA, Sabry DA, Abdel Aziz AT, Drummond G, and Olszanecki R. Effect of hemin and carbon monoxide releasing molecule (CORM-3) on cGMP in rat penile tissue. J Sex Med 2008;5:336-343.

Aim: To assess heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) activity in the cavernous tissue of sildenafil citrate-treated rats. Methods: One hundred and ninety-two Sprague-Dawley male rats, divided into four equal groups, were investigated. Group 1, the control group, received regular animal chow; group 2 received sildenafil citrate by intragastric tube; group 3 received sildenafil and HO inhibitor (zinc protoporphyrin, ZnPP); and group 4 received sildenafil and nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitor L-nitroarginine methyl ester (L-NAME). Twelve rats from each group were killed after 0.5 h, 1 h, 2 h and 3 h of drug administration. Then HO-1 activity, cGMP levels and NOS enzymatic activity in the cavernous tissues were estimated. Results: In cavernous tissue, HO-1 activity, NOS enzymatic activity and cGMP concentration increased significantly in sildenafil-treated rats compared to other groups throughout the experiment. Rats receiving either HO or NOS inhibitors showed a significant decrease in these parameters. HO-1 cavernous tissue activity and NOS enzymatic activity demonstrated a positive significant correlation with cGMP levels (r = 0.646, r = 0.612 respectively; P < 0.001). Conclusion: The actions of PDE5 inhibitor sildenafil citrate in the cavernous tissue are partly mediated through the interdependent relationship between both HO-1 and NOS activities. (Asian J Androl 2007 May; 9: 377–381)

In the title compound, C14H17N3S, the dihedral angle between the planes of the benzene ring and the thiosemicarbazone group (r.m.s. deviation = 0.031 Å) is 8.45 (4)°. A short intramolcular N—H...N contact is seen. In the crystal, weak N—H...S hydrogen bonds connect the molecules intoC(4) chains propagating in the [010] direction, with adjacent molecules in the chain related by 21screw-axis symmetry.

The conformation of the title compound, C14H19N3S, is partially determined by an intramolecular N-H center dot center dot center dot N hydrogen-bond interaction, although the N-H center dot center dot center dot N angle of 108 degrees is quite small. The cyclohexylidene ring has a chair conformation and its mean plane is inclined to the benzene ring by 46.30 (8)degrees. In the crystal, molecules are linked by pairs of N-H center dot center dot center dot S hydrogen bonds, forming inversion dimers, with an R-2(2)(8) ring motif. The dimers are reinforced by pairs of C-H center dot center dot center dot S hydrogen bonds, and are linked by further weak C-H center dot center dot center dot S hydrogen bonds, forming chains propagating along [100].

In the title compound, C9H15N3S, the cyclopentyl ring adopts an envelope conformation with one of the methylene C atoms as the flap. The thiosemicarbazide fragment is almost planar (r.m.s. deviation = 0.038 angstrom) and a short intramolecular N-H center dot center dot center dot N contact occurs. In the crystal, molecules are linked into helical (4(1) symmetry) chains propagating in [001] by N-H center dot center dot center dot N and N-H center dot center dot center dot S hydrogen bonds. A very weak C-H center dot center dot center dot S interaction is also observed.

Cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) levels can be regulated by heme oxygenase-1 and 2 (HO-1 and HO-2)-derived carbon monoxide (CO).Assessment of the effect of upregulating CO in rat corpora cavernosa (CC) on cavernous cGMP.Three experimental groups were studied: first group (N = 40), short-term HO induction over 2 weeks by injection of intraperitoneal increasing doses of hemin; the second group (N = 40) was subjected to intracavernosal injection of CO donor, CORM-3, or its inactive form (iCORM-3) over 2 weeks; the third group (N = 60) was subdivided into three subgroups: the first one received a combined hemin and CORM-3, the second one received hemin and its inhibitor stannus mesoporphyrin (SnMP), and third one received a combined hemin, CORM-3, and SnMP.In CC, HO-1 and HO-2 gene expression, Northern blot and Western blot, cGMP levels, and HO enzyme activity.In the first group, maximum induction of HO-1 gene expression, HO enzyme activity, and cGMP occurred with 4-mg hemin dose with a successive increase over 2 weeks. In the second group, CORM-3 increased cGMP by twofold compared with iCORM-3, and also increased HO-1 protein. In the third group, SnMP inhibited the enhancing effect of CORM-3 and HO on erectile signaling molecules; i.e., HO-1 gene, enzyme activity, and cGMP.CORM-3- or hemin-mediated CO release could increase cavernous tissue cGMP.

4,5-Diphenyl-2-mercaptoimidazole (I) was reacted with hydrazidoyl halides IIa−d to give the S-alkyl derivatives IIIa−d. Cyclization of IIIa−d afforded imidazo[2, 1−b]-thiazole derivatives VIa,b and VII. Treatment of I with α-chloroethylacetoacetate (IV) gave ethyl 2-(4,5-diphenyl-2-imidazolinylthio)-3-keto-butyrate (V). Compound V coupled with benzenediazonium chloride to give the corresponding phenylhydrazo compound IIId. On heating V with polyphosphoric acid, cyclization took place and 2-acetyl-5,6-diphenyl-imidazo[2, 1−b]thiazol-3-one (VIII) was obtained. The compound VIII was condensed with aromatic aldehydes to yield the cinnamoyl derivatives IXa,b. The antimicrobial activities of compounds IIIa−d, V, VIa, VII were examined.

Summary This work postulated that heme oxygenase (HO) is partly responsible for controlling phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitor actions by modulating cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) cavernous tissue levels. Five hundred and four male Sprague–Dawley rats, divided into five groups, were investigated. Group 1 (n = 72) included controls, group 2 (n = 72) received sildenafil citrate (ViagraR) orally, group 3 (n = 72) received vardenafil hydrochloride (LevitraR), group 4 (n = 72) received tadalafil (CialisR). Group 5 (n = 216), subdivided into three subgroups (A, B and C, 72 each), received the same dose of each drug with the HO inhibitor, Zn protoporphyrin. Eight rats from each group/subgroup were killed at 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 18, 24 and 36 h when cGMP levels in the cavernous tissues were estimated. Cavernous tissue cGMP levels increased significantly in sildenafil, vardenafil and tadalafil-treated rats compared to the controls with significant decreases after HO inhibition. It is concluded that the effects of these PDE-5 inhibitors in rat cavernous tissue are partly mediated through HO activity via the cGMP signalling pathway.

Summary.— The study egtailed bacteriological investigation of 131 cases of impetigo contagiosa, including the isolation and identification of the offending organisms. The data showed the presence of Staphylococcus aureus in pure culture in 40.5% of the cases, and in mixed growth with betahaemolytic streptococci and other organisms in 47% of the cases. Streptococci came next in frequency and were isolated in pure culture from 9.1% of cases, and in combination with other organisms in 36.7% of the cases. A haemolytic diphtheroid having the characteristics of Corynebacterium pyogenes was isolated in pure culture from one case and in mixed growth in 5.3% of the cases.